R.V.

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, BENGALURU- 560 059

(Autonomous Institution Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi)

SELF STUDY REPORT

ON
ITS APPLICATION IN TRAFFIC AND TRANSPORTATION
MANAGEMENT

Submitted by-
Name: ARPIT RAI (1RV17CV018)
Semester: VIth
Section: A
Course: TRAFFIC ENGINEERING
Course code -16CV6C2

Submitted to-
Prof. L. Durga Prashanth
Assistant Professor
ITS APPLICATION IN TRAFFIC AND TRANSPORTATION MANAGEMENT

Department of Civil Engineering

R V College of Engineering, Bengaluru-59

CONTENTS

1. Introduction
2. Purpose of the ITS (Intelligent Transportation system)
3. What is traffic management?
4. Real time systems and ITS
5. User services offered by ITS
6. Conclusion
7. References

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INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND

Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) is the application of computer, electronics, and

communication technologies and management strategies in an integrated manner to provide
traveler information to increase the safety and efficiency of the road transportation
systems.These systems involve vehicles, drivers, passengers, road operators, and managers
all interacting with each other and the environment, and linking with the complex
infrastructure systems to improve the safety and capacity of road systems.

As reported by Commission for Global Road Safety(June 2006) , the global road deaths were
between 750,000 to 880,000 in the year 1999 and estimated about 1.25 million deaths per
year and the toll is increasing further. World health organization report (1999), showed that in
the year 1990 road accidents as a cause of death or disability were the ninth most significant
cause of death or disability and predicted that by 2020 this will move to sixth place. Without
significant changes to the road transport systems these dreadful figures are likely to increase
significantly. Traditional driver training, infrastructure and safety improvements, may
contribute to certain extent to reduce the number of accidents but not enough to combat this
menace. Intelligent Transport Systems are the best solution to the problem. Safety is one of
the principal driving forces behind the evolution, development, standardization, and
implementation of ITS systems.

ITS improves transportation safety and mobility and enhances global connectivity by means
of productivity improvements achieved through the integration of advanced communications
technologies into the transportation infrastructure and in vehicles. Intelligent transportation
systems encompass a broad range of wireless and wire line communication based information
and electronics technologies to better manage traffic and maximize the utilization of the
existing transportation infrastructure. It improves driving experience, safety and capacity of
road systems, reduces risks in transportation, relieves traffic congestion, improves
transportation efficiency and reduces pollution.

Classes of information technology deployed include the following:

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Wireless communications, High-bandwidth networks (i.e. fiber), Complex software, Sensors,

Video applications and Web applications.

THE PURPOSE OF ITS:

It refers to the use of information and communication technologies in transport. It concern a

wide range of services that can improve transportation and mobility.

WHY USE ITS?

• Improving the mobility of people and goods.

• Increasing safety, reducing traffic congestion and managing incidents effectively.

• Meeting transport policy goals and objectives – such as demand management or public
transport priority measures.

Early adoption of ITS is highly beneficial to developing economies as the rapid growth in
vehicular use that they experience places increased pressure to their existing infrastructure.
ITS makes best use of available road capacity.

WHAT IS TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT?

Traffic management refers to the combination of measures that serve to preserve traffic
capacity and improve the security, safety and reliability of the overall road transport system.

Traffic control centre responsible for regional networks have the job of coordinating traffic
management on the most heavily trafficked routes. Traffic management at this tactical level
involves the implementation of localised schemes, such as ramp metering, automatic incident
detection and use of CCTV supported by the widespread use of VMS.

Resources need to be deployed to deal with casualties, remove obstructions, provide driver
alerts, particularly in a tunnel or on a bridge where there are physical or geographical
restrictions.

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Red light running is a major traffic safety issue which can be prosecuted by automated
camera enforcement.

Traffic management means achieving an efficient balance between travelers’ needs and
network capacity, bearing in mind that many users of diverse means of transport share the
limited space of available infrastructure.
A prerequisite for traffic management is monitoring the traffic. This monitoring, which is not
an end in itself, supports other services, in addition to traffic management itself, such as
information to the user, emergency management, support for public and commercial
transport, etc. This field has made significant progress, with solutions such as road-embedded
detectors, television circuits, and “floating” sensors and information transmitters, as well as
the centralization of data dynamically.

ITS graphical user interface displaying the hungarian highway network (Wikipedia)

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Real-Time systems and ITS

In some occasions, distributed systems present timeliness requirements that are dictated by
the environment in which they operate. Since the environment has inherent temporal
dynamics, in order to properly interact with it, these systems not only have to produce
logically correct solutions but also need to apply them within a specified time intervals.
Systems, where the correctness of the system behaviour depends on both the logical
computations and the physical time instant when they are produced and applied are called
real-time systems. These systems can be found, for example, in industrial automation
systems, automotive applications, flight control systems and military applications. Real-time
systems are usually composed by computational activities, i.e. tasks, which implement
specific functionalities and have stringent timing constraints that must be met in order to
achieve proper behaviour. A typical constraint on a task is the deadline, i.e. the instant before
which a task should complete its execution without impairing the system. Depending on the
effects of a missed deadline, tasks can be categorized as

• Non real-time: task has no time constraints and always contributes to the system whenever
it completes its execution;

• Soft: task’s output still has some utility to the system after missing its deadline, however,
the system’s performance is degraded;

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• Firm: task’s output has no utility to the system after a deadline miss, however, it does not
cause catastrophic consequences on the system behaviour;

• Hard: task only contributes to the system if it completes within its deadline. A deadline miss
may cause catastrophic consequences, e.g. overall system failure with human and/or material
losses. Real-time systems can be categorized as soft or hard according to the supported task
types and the consequences raised by deadline misses

• Soft Real-Time Systems: Systems that only integrate soft and/or firm tasks are categorized
as soft real-time. In these systems, deadline misses may induce overall performance
degradation without catastrophic consequences. A typical example for this type of system is
video and sound streaming in which a deadline miss typically results in minor image/sound
glitches.

• Hard Real-Time Systems: Systems that contain at least one hard task are categorized as hard
real-time. In these systems, a deadline miss may result in a system failure with catastrophic
effects, e.g. material and/or human losses. A typical example for this type of system is a
nuclear power plant control in which a deadline miss could result in the failure of the nuclear
reactor. As stated earlier, proper temporal behaviour is required for the correct operation of
real-time distributed systems. The temporal behaviour of the whole system depends on
several elements such as the node’s software, e.g. running tasks, behaviour and the capacity
of the underlying communication system to provide timely delivery of messages.
Communication systems capable of delivering messages within specific temporal constraints
are known as real-time communication systems. The design of ITS in general and specifically
vehicular communication systems should take into account the fact that strong real-time
constraints are present in this type of scenarios, and therefore vehicular networks supporting
safety-critical applications should be analysed as hard real-time distributed systems. For
instance, in case of accident, the vehicles approaching the location of the hazard should
receive a warning message with sufficient time in advance, in order for them to take
appropriate measures, avoiding a possible chain collision. If these hard deadlines cannot be
met, catastrophic consequences may occur, possibly causing human, economic and
environmental losses. Beyond that, this type of safety-critical systems must exhibit a high

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probability to provide continuous correct service, in order to guarantee that real-time

activities are performed within stringent bounds.

USER SERVICES OFFERED BY ITS

1. Travel and traffic management

2. Public transportation operations
3. Electronic payment
4. Commercial vehicle operations
5. Advance vehicle control and safety systems
6. Emergency management
7. Information management
8. Maintenance and construction management

CONCLUSION

Issues for India in deploying ITS

A problem experienced in India is theft of roadside equipment and related communication

cables. Electrical wiring and electronic equipment has value and theft of equipment causes
higher operating costs and unreliable incident information. The physical road Condition can
also impact on the detection systems that can be used. Inductive Loops for instance, cannot
be installed in pavements that are in a poor condition. To some extent the move towards ‘non-
wired’ systems will open the way for more secure infrastructure deployment.

REFERENCES
• h6ps://sci-hub.tw/h6ps://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-28183-4_1

• h6ps://sci-hub.tw/h6ps://ascelibrary.org/doi/pdf/10.1061/40704%282003%292

• h6ps://www.civil.iitb.ac.in/~vmtom/nptel/591_ITS_1/web/web.html

• h6ps://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/traffic-management

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