MA8151 Question Bank With Answer

Sub. Name & Code: Engineering Mathematics-I, MA8151 Dept.
of Mathematics Academic Year: 2019-20
UNIT – I DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

PART – A
1. Find the domain of the function f  x   3  x  2  x . (Nov/Dec 2019)
Solution: The given function is
f  x  3  x  2  x
Since the square root of a negative number is not defined the domain of f  x  must be positive.
3  x  0 and x  2  0  x  3 and x  2.
Hence the domain of the given function is  2,3.
 x, x  0
2. Sketch the graph of the absolute value function f  x    .
  x, x  0
 x, x  0
f  x  x  
 x, x  0
The graph of f coincides with the line y  x to the right of the y  axis and coincides with the
line y  x to the left of the y  axis.
x3  2 x2  1
3. Evaluate lim .
x 2 5  3x
x3  2 x2  1  2  2  2  1 8  4  1 5
3 2
Solution: lim    .
x2 5  3x 5  3  2  56 11
t4  1
4. Evaluate lim . (Nov/Dec 2019)
t 1 t3 1
Solution: lim 3
t 4 1
 lim

 t  1  t  1 t 2  1 
t 1 t  1 t 1

 t  1 t 2  t  1
 t  1  t  1 1  1 1  1 4
2 2
 lim  
t 1
t  t  1
2
1 11
2
3
x
5. Prove that lim does not exists
x 0 x
 x, x  0
Solution: x  
  x, x  0
x x
For x  0 , x  x,  lim
 lim  1
x 0 x x 0 x
x x
For x  0 , x   x,  lim  lim  1
x0 x x0 x
St. Joseph’s Institute of Technology Page No: 1

Sub. Name & Code: Engineering Mathematics-I, MA8151 Dept. of Mathematics Academic Year: 2019-20
x x
 lim  lim
x 0 x x 0 x
 limit does not exists

1
6. Show that lim x 3 sin    0
x 0
 x
1
Solution: Let g  x   x3 sin  
 x
1
Since limsin   does not exists
x 0
 x
Hence let us use squeeze theorem (Sandwich Theorem).
(If f  x   g  x   h  x  when x is near a (except possibly at a ) and
xa   xa  
lim f x  lim h x  L then lim g  x   L. )
xa
1 1
 we cannot use lim x3 sin    lim x3 . limsin  
x 0
 x x 0 x 0
 x
1 1
Since 1  sin    1   x3  x3 sin    x3
 x  x
Since lim x3  0 and lim  x3  0
x0 x 0
 
 let us take f  x    x3 and h  x   x3 in squeeze theorem (Sandwich Theorem), so we get
1
 lim x3 sin    0 .
x 0
 x
3x  9
7. Check whether lim exist. (April/May 2019)
x 3 x  3
3x  9 3x  9
Solution: lim  lim  3
x 3 x  3 x 3   x  3
3x  9 3x  9
lim  lim 3
x 3 x  3 x 3 x  3
3x  9 3x  9 3x  9
lim  lim  lim does not exist.
x 3 x  3 x 3 x  3 x 3 x  3
8. Show that the function f  x   4  4  x 2 is continuous in the interval [2, 2] .

Solution: If 2  a  2 , then
   
lim f  x   lim 4  4  x2  4  lim 4  x2  4  4  a2  f  a 
xa xa xa
 f  x  is continuous at a if 2  a  2 .
Similarly lim  f  x   4  f  2  and lim f  x   4  f  2
x  2  x2
 f  x  is continuous on [2, 2] .
Define critical point.

9.
Solution: A critical point of a function f  x  is a point c in the domain of f  x  such that either
f '  c   0 or f '  c  does not exist.

10 Find the critical numbers of f  x   x 3/ 5  4  x 

Solution: Given f  x   x3 / 5  4  x 
3 
f '  x   x3/5  1   4  x   x 2/5 
5 
3  4  x  5 x  3  4  x  12  8 x
  x3/5   
5 x 2/5 5 x 2/5 5 x 2/5
3
f '  x   0  12  8x  0  x 
2
f '  x  does not exit when x  0 .
3
Thus the critical numbers are and 0.
2
11. Find the critical points of y  5x3  6x. (April/May 2019)
Solution: Critical points are given by
y '  15x2  6  0.
6 2 2
 x
15 x 2  6  x 2  .
15 5 5
Find an equation of the tangent line to the hyperbola y  at the point 1,1 .
1
12.
x
1
Solution: Let f  x   , the slope of the tangent at  3,1 is
x
1 1  1  h 
f 1  h   f 1  1
1 1
m  lim  lim 1  h  lim 1  h  lim   1
h0 h h0 h h0 h h0 1  h 1
 an equation of the tangent at the point 1,1 is y 1  1 x 1
Which simplifies to x  y  2  0.
13. Does the curve y  x4  2x2  2 have any horizontal tangents? If so where? (April/May 2018)
Solution: Horizontal tangent occur where the first derivative is zero
y  x4  2 x2  2
y '  4x3  4x  0
4 x  x2  1  0
x  0, x2  1 x  1
The given curve has horizontal tangents when x  0, x  1, x  1 and the corresponding points
are  0, 2 ,  1,1 and 1,1 .
14. Find the points on the curve y  x4  6 x2  4 where the tangent line is horizontal
Solution: Horizontal tangents occur where the first derivative is zero. We have
dy
 4 x3  12 x  0
dx
 
4 x x2  3  0
x  0 , x2  3  0  x   3
Therefore the given curve has horizontal tangents when x  0 , x  3 x   3 , the
corresponding points are  0,4  ,  
3, 5 ,  3, 5 
15. At what point on the curve y  e x is the tangent line parallel to the line y  2 x
y  ex ,
we have y '  ex .
Let the x  coordinate of the point to be a. The slope of the tangent line at that point is e a .
This tangent line will be parallel to the line y  2 x if it has the same slope, that is 2.
Equating slopes, we get ea  2 a  log2
 
 the required point is a, ea   log 2,2  .
16. State the extreme value theorem.
Solution: If f  x  is continuous on a closed interval  a, b , then f  x  attains an absolute
maximum value f  c  and an absolute minimum value of f  d  at some points c and d in
a, b.
17. State Fermat’s theorem.
Solution: If f  x  has a local maximum or minimum at c, and if f '  c  exists, then f '  c   0 .
18. If f  x   x , find the derivative of f. State the domain of f '  x  .
Solution:
f  x  h  f  x  xh  x  xh  x xh  x 
f '  x   lim  lim  lim  . 
h0 h h 0 h h 0
 h xh  x 
 x  h   x 
 lim    lim
1

1
h 0 
  
h x  h  x  h 0 x  h  x 2 x

We see that f '  x  exists if x  0 , so the domain of f '  x  is  0,  . This is slightly smaller than
the domain of f  x  , which is [0, ) .
dy
19. Find if y  x x
dx
Solution: Given
dy d

dx dx
 
x x  
d log  x  x
dx
e 

d
dx
 
e x log x  e x log x
d

dx
  2  log x 
x log  x   x x 
 2 x 

20. Differentiate f  x   log10  4  cos x 

Solution:
d 1 d  sin x
f '  x   log10  4  cos x   log10 e  4  cos x   log e
dx  4  cos x  dx  4  cos x  10
PART – B
if y  x 2e2 x  x 2  1 .
dy 4
1 Find (April/May 2019)
dx
Solution:
 
4
Given y  x 2e2 x x 2  1
Diff. w r to x on both side, we get
  x e  x  1 
dy d  2 2 x 2 4
dx dx  
 e2 x  x 2  1
4 d 2
dx
 x   x 2  x 2  1
4 d
dx
 e2 x   x 2e2 x
d
dx  x 1 
2 4
 e2 x  x 2  1 2 x  x 2  x 2  1 2e2 x  x 2e2 x 4  x 2  1 2 x
4 4 3
 2 xe2 x  x 2  1  2 x 2e2 x  x 2  1  8x3e2 x  x 2  1

4 4 3
 2 xe2 x  x2  1  x2  1  x  x2  1  4 x2 
3
 2 xe2 x  x 2  1  x 2  1  x3  x  4 x 2 
3
 2 xe2 x  x 2  1  x3  4 x 2  x  1
3
 2 xe2 x  x 2  1  x3  4 x 2  x  1 .
dy 3

dx
2 For what value of the constant b , is the function f continuous on  ,   if
bx2  2 x, x  2

f  x   3 . (April/May 2019)
 x  bx, x  2

Solution:
The function f  x  is continuous on  , 2  and  2,  as it is a polynomial function.
Now,
lim f  x   lim bx2  2 x  b  2  2  2  4b  4.
2
x 2 x 2
lim f  x   lim x3  bx  23  b  2  8  2b.

x2 x2
f is continuous at x  2 provided
f  2   f  2  
4b  4  8  2b
2
6b  4  b 
3
2
 f is continuous on  ,   for b  .
3
3 If f  x   2 x3  3x2  36 x find the intervals on which it is increasing or decreasing the local
maximum and local minimum values of f  x  . (April/May 2019)
Solution:
Given
f  x   2x3  3x2  36 x
f '  x   6 x2  6 x  36
 6  x2  x  6
f ''  x   12 x  6
The critical points are given by f '  x   0
6  x2  x  6  0
x 2
 x  6  0
 x  3 x  2  0
x  3, 2

Interval 6  x  3  x  2 f ' x f  x
x  3 - - + 
3  x  2 + - - 
x2 + + + 
Apply the first derivative test to find the local extreme values.
f  x  changes from increasing to decreasing at x  3.
f  x  has a local maximum at x  3
 f  3  2  3  3  3  36  3  81
3 2
f  x  changes from decreasing to increasing at x  2.

f  x  has a local minimum at x  2.
 f  2   2  2   3  2   36  2   44 .
3 2
e5 x 1
4 Guess the value of the limit (if it exists) for the function lim by evaluating the
x 0 x
function at the given numbers x  0.5, 0.1, 0.01, 0.001, 0.0001. (Nov/Dec 2018)
e5 x 1
Solution: The given limit is lim
x 0 x
e5 x  1
And we take y  lim
x 0 x
First we tabulate the values of the function as x approaches to 0 from the left hand side
x -0.5 -0.1 -0.01 -0.001 -0.0001
y 1.83583 3.93469 4.87705 4.98752 4.99875
0 3 7 0 0
First we tabulate the values of the function as x approaches to 0 from the left hand side
x 0.5 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.0001

y 22.36498 6.48721 5.12710 5.01252 5.00125
7 2 9 0 0
e5 x  1
From the above table, we see that as x approaches to 0 the function y  lim
x 0 x
approaches to 5. Hence
e5 x 1 5e5 x  0
lim  lim lim5e5 x  5e0  5
x 0 x x 0 1 x0
5 For the function f  x   2  2x2  x4 , find the intervals of increase or decrease, local
maximum and minimum values, the intervals of concavity and the inflection points.
Solution: Given the function f  x   2  2x2  x4 ,
f '  x   4 x  4 x3
 4 x 1  x 1  x 
f '  x   0  x  1 or 0  x  1 and
f '  x   0  1  x  0 or x  1.
So, f is increasing on  , 1 and  0,1 and f is decreasing on  1,0 and 1,   .
f changes from increasing to decreasing at x  1 and x  1

So, f  1  3 and f 1  3 are local maximum values.
f changes from decreasing to increasing at x  0 , so f  0  2 is a local miximum
value.
f ''  x   4 12 x2
 4 1  3x 2 
1
f ''  x   0  1  3x2  0  x  
3
 1 1   1   1 
f ''  x   0 on   ,  and f ''  x   0 on  ,   and  , .
 3 3  3  3 
 1 1 
So, f is convace upward on   ,  and
 3 3
 1   1 
f is concave downward on  ,   and  , .
 3  3 
 1  23
f   .
 3 9
 1 23 
Therefore, the points of inflexion at   , .
 3 9 
6 Find the values of a and a that make f continuous on  ,  
 x3  8
 x2 , if x  2

f  x   ax 2  bx  3, if 2  x  3 (Nov/Dec 2018)
2 x  a  b, if x  3


 x3  8
 x2 , if x  2

Solution: The given function is f  x   ax 2  bx  3, if 2  x  3
2 x  a  b, if x  3


We know that a function f is continuous at a point x  2 of
lim f  x   lim f  x 
x2 x2
x3  8
lim f  x   lim
x 2 x 2 x2
 x  2  x2  2 x  4
 lim
x 2  x  2
 lim x2  2 x  4  4  4  4  12
x2
lim f  x   lim  ax 2  bx  3  4a  2b  3
x  2 x 2
Hence
4a  2b  3  12
4a  2b  9
Also we know that a function f is continuous at a point x  3 if
lim f  x   lim f  x 
x3 x3
lim f  x   lim  ax 2  bx  3  9a  3b  3
x 3 x 3
lim f  x   lim  2x  a  b   6  a  b
x3 x3
9a  3b  3  6  a  b
10a  4b  3
Solving (1) and (2) we have (2) – 2(1)
10a  4b  3
8a  4b  18
15
2a  15  a  
2
 15  39
4   2b  9  b  
 2  2
 b  a cos x 
7 i) Find the derivative of f  x   cos1  . (Nov/Dec 2018)
 a  b cos x 
 b  a cos x 
Solution: Given that f  x   cos 1  
b  a cos x
Putting u  , then given function become
a  b cos x
f  x   cos1 u
d
f ' x 
du
 cos1 u 
1 du

1  u 2 dx
1 d  b  a cos x 

2 dx  a  b cos x 
 b  a cos x   
1  
a  b cos x
 
 a  b cos x    b  a cos x 
2 2
 d d 
  a  b cos x  dx  b  a cos x    b  a cos x  dx  a  b cos x  
 
 a  b cos x 
2
 
 
a  b cos x
 
 a  b cos x  2ab cos x   b2  a2 cos2 x  2ab cos x 
2 2 2
  a  b cos x  a sin x    b  a cos x  b sin x  

 
  a  b cos x 2 

a  b cos x
 
a 2  b2   a 2  b2  cos2 x
 a 2 sin x  ab sin x cos x  b2 sin x  ab sin x cos x 
 
  a  b cos x 2 
a  b cos x   a 2  b2  sin x 
   
 a  b 1  cos x      2
2 2 2
 a b cos x 

a 2
 b2  sin x
 a  b cos x  sin 2 x  a 2  b2 

a 2
 b2  sin x
sin x  a  b cos x  a 2  b2
a 2  b2

a  b cos x
y
ii) Find y ' for cos  xy   1  sin y and tan  x  y   . (Nov/Dec 2018)
1  x3
Solution: Given that cos  xy   1  sin y
 sin  xy   x  y '  y 1   0  cos y  y '
 xy 'sin  xy   y sin  xy   y 'cos y
xy 'sin  xy   y 'cos y  y sin  xy 
 x sin  xy   cos y  y '  y sin  xy 
y sin  xy 
y' 
x sin  xy   cos y
y
Given tan  x  y  
1  x3
Differentiate with respect to x,
 dy  1  x3   y(0  3x 2 )
dy
dx
sec2 ( x  y) 1   
  1  x3 
2
dx
1  x   3x y
dy 3 2
1  tan ( x  y)  1  dy
2 

dx
dx  1  x  3 2
  y    dy  1  x  dx  3x y
dy 3 2
2
1     1   
  1  x    dx  1  x  3 2
3
 1  x   y 

3 2 2
 1  dy  
1  x   3x y
dy
dx
3 2
 1  x    dx   

3 2
 1  x  3 2

1 x   y  1 dydx   1 x  dydx  3x y

3 2 2 3 2
1  x   y  1  x   y  dy
3 2 2 3 2
dx
 1  x   3x y
2 dy
dx
3 2
3x y  1  x   y  1  x    1  x   y 
2 3 2 2 dy 3 dy 3 2 2
dx dx
1  x   1 x   y  dx  1 x   3x y  y

3 3 2 dy 2 3 2 2 2
1  x3   3x 2 y  y 2
2
dy

dx 1  x3   1  x3 2  y 2
1  x, if x  1
8. A function f  x  is defined by f  x    2 . Evaluate f  2 , f  1 and
 x , if x  1
f  0  and sketch the graph
Solution:
1  x, if x  1
Given f  x    2 ,
 x , if x  1
Since 2  1, f  x   1  x , f  2  1   2  3
1  1, f  x   1  x, f  1  1   1  2
0  1, f  x   x2 , f  0  0
We observe that if x  1, then f  x   1  x , so the part of the
graph of f that lies to the left of the vertical line x  1 must
coincide with the line y  1  x , which has slope -1 and y-
intercept 1. If x  1 , then f  x   x2 , so the part of the graph of f that lies to the right of the
line x  1 must coincide with the graph of y  x2 , which is a parabola. This enables us to sketch
the graph.
1  sec x
9 If f  x   , then find the derivative of f  x  .
tan x
Solution:
1  sec x
Given f  x  
tan x
Differentiate with respect to ' x ' on both sides, we get
d  1  sec x 
f ' x   
dx  tan x 
d d
 tan x  1  sec x   1  sec x   tan x 
 dx dx
 tan x 
2
 tan x  0  sec x tan x   1  sec x  sec2 x 


tan 2 x
 sec x tan 2 x  1  sec x  1  tan 2 x 

tan 2 x

 sec x tan 2 x  1  sec x  tan 2 x  sec x tan 2 x 


tan 2 x
 sec x tan 2 x  1  sec x  tan 2 x  sec x tan 2 x

tan 2 x
sec x  1  tan 2 x 

tan 2 x
sec x  sec2 x

tan 2 x
sec x 1  sec x 

tan 2 x
10 Find the absolute maximum and absolute minimum values of f  x  on the given interval
a) f  x   3 x 4  4x3  12x2  1,  2, 3
 
b) f  x   2cos x  sin 2 x, 0, 2 
 
Solution (a):
The given function f  x   3x4  4 x3 12 x2  1 is continuous on [-2, 3].
f  x   3x4  4 x3 12 x2  1
f '  x   12 x3 12 x2  24 x
f '  x   0  12x3 12x2  24x  0
12x( x2  x  2)  0
x( x2  x  2)  0
x  0, x2  x  2  0  ( x  1)( x  2)  0
 x  0,  1, 2 Hence x  0,  1, 2 are the critical points.
To find the absolute maximum and absolute minimum values of f(x), we find the function value
at the critical points and at the end points of the given interval.
f  0  3(0)4  4(0)3 12(0)2  1 1
f  1  3(1)4  4(1)3 12(1)2  1  4
f  2  3(2)4  4(2)3 12(2)2 1  31
f  2  3(2)4  4(2)3 12(2)2  1  33
f  3  3(3)4  4(3)3 12(3)2  1 28
Comparing these values, the absolute minimum value is f (2)  31 and the absolute maximum
value is f (2)  33.
Solution (b):
f  x   2cos x  sin 2x
f '  x   2sin x  2cos 2 x
f '  x   0  2 sin x  cos 2x   0
sin x  cos 2 x  0

x  is the critical point and
2
 
f  0
2
 
Also at the end points f (0)  2, f    0
2
 
Hence the absolute minimum value is f    0, and the absolute maximum value is f (0)  2.
2
UNIT – II FUNCTIONS OF SEVERAL VARIABLES

PART – A
 , find the value of x u  y u  z u

y z
1. If u 
z x x y z
y z
Solution: Given u 
 ,
z x
u z u 1 u y 1
 2 ;  ;  2 
x x y z z z x
u u u  z  1  y 1
x y z = x   2   y   z  2  
x y z  x  z  z x
u u u z y y z
x y z =     0
x y z x z z x
du
2. Find when u  x2  y2 , x  t 3 , y  t 2
dt
Solution:
u  x2  y2 , x  t 3 , y  t 2
du u dx u dy
 
dt x dt y dt
u dx
 2x  3t 2
x dt
u dy
 2y  2t
y dt
du
dt
 
 2 x 3t 2  2 y  2t   6 xt 2  4 yt
du
dt
 6t 3t 2  4t 2 t  2t 3 (3t 2  2)  x  t 3
y  t2 
du
3. If u  x 3  y 3 and x  at 2 , y  2at , find (May2019)
dt
Solution:
Given u  x3  y3 and x  at 2 , y  2at
du u dx u dy
 .  .
dt x dt y dt
u dx
 3x 2  2at
x dt

dx dy
 3y2  2a
dt dt
du
dt
 (3x2 )(2at )  (3 y 2 )(2a)  (3(at 2 )2 )(2at )  (3)(2at) 2 (2a)  x  at , y  2at 
2
 6a3t 5  24a3t 2  6a3t 2 (t 3  4)
dy
4. If x y  y x  c , find (Nov2018)
dx
Solution: Let f  x, y   x y  y x  c
f f  d x 
x
  yx y 1  y x log y
y
 x y log x  xy x1 
 dx
 
a  a x log a 

dy f / x  yx y 1  y x log y 
   y x 1 
dx f / y  x log x  xy 
dy
5. Find if 3x2  xy  y 2  4x  2 y  1  0
dx
Solution: Let f  x, y   3x2  xy  y 2  4x  2 y  1
dy  f / x  6x  y  4 
   
dx f / y  x  2y  2 
du
6. Find , if u  xy  yz  zx where x  t , y  e t , z  t 2
dt
Solution:
du u dx u dy u dz
 .  .  .   y  z 1   x  z   et    y  x  2t 
dt x dt y dt z dt

 3t 2  et 1  3t  t 2 
du
7. Find , if u  log(x2  y 2  z 2 )where x  et , y  sin t, z  cost
dt
Solution:
du u dx u dy u dz
 .  .  .
dt x dt y dt z dt
 1   1   1 
 2 2 
(2 x)(et )   2 2 
(2 y)(cos t )   2 2 
(2 z)( sin t )
x y z  x y z  x y z 
2 2 2
 1 
2 
 2 ( x( x)  yz  zy 
x y z 
2
 2e2t   2e2t 
  2t 2 
  2t 
 e  sin t  cos t   e  1 
2
8 State the properties of Jacobian. (Nov2018)

Solution:
(i) If u and v are functions of r and s , r and s are functions of x and y then,
(u,v) (r,s) (u,v)

(r,s) (x,y) (x,y)
(ii) If u and v are functions of x and y then, (u,v) (x,y) = 1 (i.e) JJ ' = 1
(x,y) (u,v)
(iii) If u,v,w are functionly dependent functions of three independent variable x,y,z then
(u,v,w)
0
(x,y,z)
9. If x  u2  v 2 and y  2uv , find the jacobian of x and y with respect to u and v(May2019)
x x
( x, y) u v 2u 2v
Solution: = 
  u, v  y y 2v 2u
u v
 4 (u 2  v2 )
u ( x, y)
10 If x  uv and y  find (Jan2018)
v  ( u, v )
Solution:
x x
v u
( x, y) u v
  1 u
(u, v) y y
v v2
u v
 u  1  u u  2u
 v 2   u    
v  v v v v
 (r , )
11. If x  r cos  , y  r sin  then find (Jan2018)
( x, y )
Solution:
x x
( x, y) r  cos  r sin 
  r
(r , ) y y sin  r cos 
r 
 (r , ) 1 1
  
( x, y) ( x, y) r
 (r ,  )
2x  y y  (u, v )
12. If u  , v  , find
2 2 ( x, y )
u u 1
1 
Solution: (u, v) x y 2 1
 
( x, y) v v 1 2
0
x y 2
 xy  u u 1
13. If u  cos1   show that x  y  cot u
 x y x y 2
 

 xy  xy
Solution: u  cos1    cosu 
 x y x y
 
1
Cos u is aa homogeneous function of degree in x and y.
2
Therefore, by Euler’s theorem we get,
  cos u    cos u  1
x y  cos u  (1)
x y 2
u u 1
x   sin u   y   sin u   cos u
x y 2
 u u  1
 sin u  x  y   cos u
 x x  2
u u 1 cos u 1
x y    cot u
x x 2 sin u 2
14. Find Taylor’s series expansion of x y near the point (1,1) up to first degree terms.
Solution:
f(x ,y) = f(a ,b) + [(x–a) f x(a ,b) + (y–b) f y(a ,b)]+…
f(x ,y) = xy, f(1,1) = 1
y–1
f x(x , y)=yx , f x(1,1) = 1
y
fy(x ,y) = x logx , f y(1,1)= 0
f (x ,y) = 1 + (x–1) (1) + (y–1) (0) +…
x y = x+…
15. Obtain Taylor’s series expansion of e x  y in powers of x and y upto first degree terms.
Solution:
f (x , y) = e x  y , f x(x , y) = e x  y , fy(x ,y) = e x  y
f(0,0) =1, fx(0,0) =1, fy(0,0)=1 .
f(x ,y) = f(a ,b) + (x–a) f x(a ,b) + (y–b) f y(a ,b)+…
At (0,0), f(x ,y) = f(0 ,0) + (x) f x(0 ,0) + (y) f y(0 ,0)+…
e x+y = 1+x+y+…
16. Expand excosy in Taylor’s series in powers of x and y up to terms of first degree.
Solution:
f(x,y) = ex cosy , f(0,0) = 1
x
fx(x,y) = e cosy , fx(0,0) = 1
x
fy(x,y) = –e siny, fy(0,0) =0.
 f(x ,y) = f(a ,b) + [(x–a) f x(a ,b) + (y–b) f y(a ,b)+…]
At (0,0), f(x ,y) = f(0 ,0) + (x) f x(0 ,0) + (y) f y(0 ,0)+…
excosy = 1 + x+…
17. State the conditions for maxima and minima of f  x, y  .

Solution:
If f x  a, b   0, f y  a, b   0 and f xx  a, b  A, f xy  a, b   B, f yy  a, b   C then

(i) f  x, y  is maximum value at  a, b  if AC  B2  0 and A< 0
(ii) f  x, y  is minimum value at  a, b  if AC  B  0 and A > 0

2
18. Find the maxima and minima of f(x, y) = x2 + y2 + 6x +12

Solution:
fx= 2x +6 = 0 x = –3; fy= 2y = 0 y = 0 .
The stationary point is (-3,0).
A = f xx = 2 ; B = f xy = 0 ; C = f yy = 2,
2
AC – B = 4 > 0 and A > 0 .
f is minimum at (–3,0) and the minimum value is
f (–3,0) = (-3)2 + 02 + 6(-3 )+12=21-18=3.
2 2
19. Find the possible extreme point of f  x , y   x 2  y 2  
x y
Solution:
2 2
f  x, y   x2  y 2  
x y
f 2 f
 2x  2 ;  0  x 1
x x x
f 2 f
 2y  2 ;  0  y 1
y y y
The possible extreme point is 1,1 .
20. Find the stationary points of f  x, y   x 3  3 y  y 3  12 x  20
Solution:
f  x, y   3 x 2  12  0 , , f  x, y   3 y 2  3  0 .
3 x 2  12  0 3 y2  3  0
 x2  4  0 ,  y2  1  0
 x 2  4  x  2  y  1
 The stationary point is (2,1),(2,-1),(-2,1)(-2,-1).
PART – B
 y x z x 2 u u 2 u
If u  f  ,  ,Find x  y2 z
1.  xy xz  x y z
(JAN2019)
y x z x
Solution: Given z = f(r,s), r s
xy xz
y x
r=
xy
r xy( 1)   y  x  y  xy  y 2  xy r  y 2 1
   
x x2 y2 x2 y2 x x 2 y 2 x 2

r xy(1)   y  x  x xy  xy  x 2
 
y x2 y2 x2 y2
r x2 1
 2 2 2
y x y y
r
0
z
z x
s
xz
s xz  1   z  x  z  xz  z 2  xz  z 2 1
   2 2 2
x x2 z2 x2 z2 x z x
s
0
y
s xz  1   z  x  x xz  zx  x 2 x2 1
   2 2 2
z 2 2
x z 2 2
x z x z z
u u 2 u u u 2 u
x2  y2 z  x2  y2 z
x y z x y z
u u r u s
 .  .
x r x s x
u u  1  u  1   1  u u 
  . 
x r  x 2  s  x 2   x 2 
. + 
 r s 
u u r u s
 .  .
y r y s y
u u u  1  u  1 
  0   2    2 
y s r  y  r  y 
u u r u s
 .  .
z r z s z
u u u 1 u 1
 . 0 . 2  .
z r s z s z 2
u u 2 u  1  u u  z  1  u 1
x2  y2 z  x 2  2  +   y 2  2   z 2 .
x y z  x  r s  r  y  s z 2
u u u u
    0
r s r s
1
 2u  2u  2u
 

2. If u  x 2  y 2  z 2 2 then Find the value of   (JAN 2018)
x 2 y 2 z 2
Solution:
1
 

u x  y z2 2 2 2
u 1
u 3
   
1  1 
  x2  y2  z2 2  2 x      x  x2  y2  z2 2
x 2 x
u 1
u 3
 x  y z  2 y     y x  y  z  2
1 2  1 
2 2 2 2 2 2
y 2 y

u 1
u 3
   
1  1 
  x 2  y 2  z 2 2  2z      z  x2  y2  z2 2
z 2 z
 2u   3 2 5 3

   
 
 2   x x  y  z 2 2 2
 2 x   x  y  z 2 (1)  
2 2 2
x   2  
 5 3

   
 
 x
2
  3 x2  y2  z2 2  x2  y2  z2 2

 
 2u  5 3

   y   x 
 2 
  3 x2  y2  z2 2 2
 y2  z2 2

y 2  
 2u  5 3

   z   x 
 2 
  3 x2  y2  z2 2 2
 y z 2 2 2

z 2
 
Now,
Adding, all the above three values
2u 2u 2u  
5 3
   x   x 
 2 
 2  2   3 x2  y2  z2 2 2
 y z 2 2 2

x y z 
2

 5 3

   y   x 
 2 
  3 x2  y2  z2 2 2
 y z
2 2 2

 
 5 3

   z   x 
 2 
  3 x2  y2  z2 2 2
 y z 2 2 2

 
5 3
   x  y  z   3 x  y 
 
3 x  y z 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
z 2 2
3 3
 3 x   3 x  y  z   0
 
2
 y2  z2 2 2 2 2 2
2z 2z 2   z 2z 

2
3. If z  f  x, y  , where x  u2  v 2 , y  2uv , prove that   4( u 2
 v )  2  2 
u2 v 2  x y 
Solution: Given z = f(x,y), x = u2-v2, y = 2uv
z z x z y z z
 .  .  2u.  2v.
u x u y u x y
 z  z 2  z
2 2 2
z  z2
 2 4u  8uv  2  2 4v 2 -------(1)
u 2
x yx x y
z z x z y z z
and  .  .  (2v).  (2u).
v x v y v x y
 z  z 2  z
2 2 2
z  z 2
2 z 2
 4 v  4uv  2  4uv  4u --------(2)
v 2 x 2 yx x xy y 2
(1)+(2) 
2 z 2 z 2  z 2  z 2 z 2 z 2  z 2 z 
2 2 2
  4(u  v ) 2  4(u  v ) 2  2  2  4(u  v )  2  2  .
2 2 2
u 2 v2 x y u v  x y 

1 u 1 u 1 u
If u  f  2 x  3 y, 3 y  4z,4z  2 x  , then find   (JAN 2019)
4. 2 x 3 y 4 z
Solution: Let u=f(r, s, t)
r=2x-3y s=3y-4z t=4z-2x
r s t
2 0  2
x x x
r s t
 3 3 0
y y y
r s t
0  4 4
z z z
u u r u s u t
 .  .  .
x r x s x t x
u u u u
  2   0   2
x r s t
u u u
 2 2
x r t
 u u 
 2  
 r t 
u u r u s u t
 .  .  .
y r y s y t y
u u u u
  3   3   0
y r s t
u u u  u u 
 3  3  3  
x r s  s r 
u u r u s u t
 .  .  .
z r z s z t z
u u u u
  0   4   4
y r s t
u u u  u u 
 4  4  4  
x s t  t s 
1 u 1 u 1 u 1   u u   1   u u   1   u u  
   2   3   4 
2 x 3 y 4 z 2   r t   3   s r   4   t s  
 u u   u u   u u 
         0
 r t   s r   t s 
5. (i) Find the Jacobian of y1 , y2 , y3 with respect to x1 , x2 , x3 if
x x x x x x
y1  2 3 , y2  1 3 , y3  1 2
x1 x2 x3

y1 y1 y1  x2 x3 x3 x2

x1 x2 x3
2
x1 x1 x1
  y1 , y2 , y3  y2 y2 y2 x3  x3 x1 x1
Solution:   4
  x1 , x2 , x3  x1 x2 x3 x2 x2
2
x2
y3 y3 y3 x2 x1  x1 x2
x1 x2 x3 x3 x3 x3
2
(ii) If u  xy  yz  zx, v  x 2  y 2  z 2 and w  x  y  z , prove that they are functionally

dependent and also determine the functional relationship between u, v, w
Solution:
are functionally dependent.
(i.e.,) is the required relationship.

6. Expand x y  2 x y  3 xy in powers of( x+2) and (y-1) up to third degree using Taylor’s
2 2 2 2
series. (MAY2019)
Solution:
Function Values at (-2,1)

f ( x, y)  x y  2x y  3xy
2 2 2 2 f 6
f x  2 xy 2  4 xy  3 y 2 f x  9
f y  2x2 y  2x2  6xy fy  4
f xx  2 y 2  4 y f xx  6
f xy  4 xy  4 x  6 y f xy  10
f yy  2 x2  10 f yy  4
f xxx  0 f xxx  0
f yyy  0 f yyy  0
f xyy  4 x  6 f xyy  2
f xxy  4 y  4 f xyy  8
1 2
f  x , y   f  a ,b  h fx  a,b  k fy a,b  h f a,b   2hkfxy a,b   k2fyy (a,b)  .......
2  xx 
1
 6  ( x  2)(9)  ( y  1)(4)  ( x  2)2 (4)  ( y  1) 2 (10)  2( y  1)( x  2)(10) 
2!
1
( x  2)3 (0)  ( y  1)3 (0)  3( y  1)2 ( x  2)(2)  3( y  1)( x  2) 2 8 
3!
 6  9  x  2  4  y  1  2  x  2   5  y  1  10  x  2  y  1  4  x  2   y  1   x  2  y  1
2 2 2 2

7. Find using Taylor’s series expansion of function of f ( x )  1  x  y 2 in powers of ( x-1)

and (y) up to second degree (JAN2019)
Solution:
Function Values at (1,0)

f ( x, y)  1  x  y 2
f  2
1 1
fx  fx 
2 1 x  y2 2 2
1 y fy  0
fy   2y 
2 1 x  y2 1 x  y2
3 1
f xx 

1 1  x  y 2
 2
11  1  0 
3
 2   3
2
 
2
4 f xx 
4 4
1 1
 
4. 8 8. 2
3
f xy  0
f xy 

1 1  x  y 2  2 y 2
2  2
3


 y 1 x  y 2
 2
2
1  x  y 2 1  y
2 y f yy 
11

2

2
3 1
f yy 
2 1 x  y2 1  1  0  2 (2)3  2 8
1 x  y2 2 1
y2  
1 x  y2  4.2 2
1 x  y2

1 x  y2
1 x  y2  y2
1 x  y2

1 x  y2
1 x
 3
1  x  y  2 2
1 2
f  x , y   f  a ,b  h fx  a,b  k fy a,b  h fxx a,b   2hkfxy a,b   k2fyy (a,b)  .......
2  
1 1 1  1  
 2  ( x  1)  ( y)  0  
 ( x  1)2  ( y) 2    2( y)( x  1)(0) 
2 2 2!  8 2  2 
1 1 1  1 
 2  ( x 1)  ( x 1)2  ( y) 2  
2 2 2!  8 2  2 

8. (i)Find the maximum and minimum values of f  x, y   x 3  3 xy 2  15 x 2  15 y 2  72 x

(MAY2019)
Solution: f  x, y   x 3  3 xy 2  15 x 2  15 y 2  72 x
f x ( x, y)  3x 2  3 y 2  30 x  72; f y ( x, y)  6 xy  30 y
A  f xx ( x, y)  6 x  30; B  f xy ( x, y)  6 y; C  f yy ( x, y)  6 x  30
To find the stationary points:
f x ( x, y)  0  3x2  3 y 2  30 x  72  0
x 2  y 2  10 x  24  0...........................(1)
f y ( x, y)  0
6 xy  30 y  0
6 y  x  5  0  y  0 or  x  5  0
i.e y  0 or x  5
Substitute the value of y in (1)
 x2  02  10 x  24  0 x2  10 x  24  0
 x  4 ( x  6)  0  x  4,6
Now the Substitute the value of x in (1)
25  y 2  50  24  0  y 2  1  y  1
 The stationary points are (4.0), (6,0), (5,1), (5,-1)
(4,0) (6,0) (5,1), (5,-1)
A = 6x-30 -6 6 0 0
B = 6y 0 0 6 -6
AC B2 =(6x-30)2-(6y)2 36 > 0 36 > 0 –36 < 0 –36 < 0
Conclusion max. point min. point saddle point saddle point
Extreme Value 112 108
(ii)Find the maximum and minimum values of f  x, y   x 4  y4  2 x 2  4 xy  2 y 2

Solution:
f x ( x, y)  4 x3  4 x  4 y ; f y ( x, y)  4 y 3  4 x  4 y
A  f xx ( x, y)  12 x 2  4; B  f xy ( x, y)  4; C  f yy ( x, y)  12 y 2  4
To find the stationary points:
f x ( x, y)  0
 4 x3  4 x  4 y  0  x3  x  y  0                  (1)
4 y3  4 x  4 y  0  y 3  x  y  0                  (2)
Adding 1 and 2
x3  y 3  0  y 3   x3
y  x
Substitute the value of y in (2)

  x3  x  x  0  x3  2 x  0
x  x2  2  0
x  0, x   2
Now the Substitute the value of x in (1)
y  0, y   2

 The stationary points are  0,0  2,  2  2,  2   
2, 2  2, 2 
 0,0  2,  2   2,  2   2, 2   2, 2 
A  12 x 2  4 -4 20 20 20 20
B4 4 4 4 4 4
C  12 y2  4 -4 20 20 20 20
AC  B 2 0 386 386 386 386
Further
Conclusion investigation
required
Extreme
-8 8 8 8
Value
9. Find the dimensions of the rectangular box without a top of maximum capacity, whose
surface is 108 sq.cm (JAN2018)
Solution: Let x , y, z be the length ,breadth and height of the box
surface area  xy  2 yz  2zx  108
volume  xyz
Let the auxiliary function be,
F (x, y, z)  ( xyz)  ( xy  2yz  2zx  108) (1)
where λ is langrange multiplier
Fx  yz  ( y  2z ); Fy  xz  ( x  2z ); Fz  xy  (2x  2 y)
To find the stationary point:

Fx  0  yz   ( y  2z )  0
  ( y  2z )   yz
y  2z 1 1 2 1
           (1)
yz  z y 
Fy  0  xz  ( x  2z )  0
  ( x  2z )  xz
x  2z 1 1 2 1
           (2)
xz  z x 
Fz  0  xy   (2x  2 y)  0
2x  2 y 1 2 2 1
           (3)
xy  y x 
From (1) (2 and (3)
1 2 1 2 2 2
    
z y z x y x
 x  y  2z
Substitute x  y  2z in xy  2 yz  2zx  108
2z 2z   2 2z  z  2z 2z   108
 12z 2  108
 z2  9  z  3
x  y  2z  2  3  6
Thus the dimension of the box are 6,6,3
 25 
10. (i) Find the length of the shortest line from the point  0,0,  to the surface z  xy
 9 
Solution:
2
 25 
F  x, y, z   x  y   z      z  xy 
2 2
 9
F 2x
 2 x   y  0    .........(1)
x y
F 2y
 2y  x  0    .........(2)
y x
F  25   25 
 2  z      0    2  z   .....  3
z  9   9
From (1) and (2), x   y
16
x  y in (3) , z 
9

 z  x2 when x  y
16 4
x2   x  
9 3
 Min. Distanceis
2
2 2 25  41
x  y z   
 9  3
(ii) Find the shortest and longest distance from the point (1,2,-1) to the sphere x2+y2+z2=24
(MAY2019)
Solution:
Let (x,y,z) be any point on the sphere x2+y2+z2=24. The distance from (1,2,-1) to (x,y,z)
d  x  1 2   y  2  2   z  1 2
d 2   x  1   y  2   z  1
2 2 2
Now , Optimize d 2   x  1   y  2   z  1 Subject to x2+y2+z2=24

2 2 2
Let F  f   g
  x  1   y  2   z  1  (x2 +y 2 +z 2 -24)
2 2 2
F
 2( x  1)  2 x  0....................(1)
x
F
 2( y  2)  2 y  0....................(2)
y
F
 2( z  1)  2 z  0....................(3)
z
F
 x2 +y 2 +z 2 -24=0....................(4)

(1)  2( x  1)  2 x
( x  1)
   .....................................(5)
x
(2)  2( y  2)  2 y
( y  2)
  ..........................................(6)
y
2( z  1)  2 z
(3)  ( z  1)
  ................................(7)
z
By Comparing (5),(6),(7)
( x  1) ( y  2) ( z  1)
 
x y z
1 1 1
1  1  1
x y z
1 2 2 1 1 1
 1  1 , 1  1 , 1  1
x y y z z x

1 2 2 1 1 1
  ,   , 
x y y z z x
1 2 2 1 1 1
  ,   , 
x y y z z x
 y  2x ,  2z  y, x   z .................(8)
Now substitute all the values (8) in (4)
x2 +y 2 +z 2 =24
x2 +(-2x)2 +x2 =24
x2 +4x2 +x2 =24
6x 2 =24
x2  4
x  2
substitute all the value x  2 in (8)

if x=2, then (x,y,z)=(2,4,-2)
if x=-2, then (x,y,z)=(-2,-4,2)
At (2,4,-2), d   2  1  2   4  2  2   2  1  2
d 6
At (-2,-4,2), d   2  12   4  2 2   2  12
d  54  3 6
Therefore the Shortest and Longest distance are 6 and 3 6 respectively.
UNIT III – INTEGRAL CALCULUS

PART - A
1 State the fundamental theorem of calculus. [Nov/Dec 2018]
Solution: Suppose f is continuous on [a, b]
x
 If g ( x)   f (t )dt , then g ' ( x)  f ( x)
a
b
  f (x)dx  F (b)  F(a), where Fis anyantiderivatives of f , that is F '  f .
a
2 State the properties of Integrals.

Solution:
(i) If k is any constant, then  k f  x  dx  k  f  x  dx
(ii) If f  x  and g  x  are any twofunctions in x then   f  x   g  x  dx   f  x  dx   g  x  dx

3 State the properties of definite integrals.

Solution:
a
 i  If f  x  is odd function of x then  f  x  dx  0

a
a a
 ii  If f  x  is even function of x then  f  x  dx  2 f  x  dx

a 0
2
 2 
2
4 3
4 What is wrong with the equation  3 dx   2   ? [Jan 2018]
1
x  x  1 2
4
Solution: The given function is not continuous at x = 0. Hence the given integration does not
x3
exist. [By the fundamental theorem of calculus] i. e. the function f(x) has infinite discontinuity at x
2
4
= 0. Hence x
1
3
dx does not exist.
4 2
5 If f is continuous and  f ( x)dx  10 , find  f (2 x)dx .

0 0
[Nov/Dec 2018]
Solution: Since f is continuous, let 2x = t, differentiating 2dx = dt or dx = dt/ 2. When x = 2, then

t = 4.
2 4 4
dt 1 10
  f (2 x)dx   f (t )   f (t )dt   5
0 0
2 20 2

1
6 Evaluate 
4 x
dx and determine whether it is convergent or divergent. [Jan 2018]
Solution:
x
 211  x

1

1  x   12 
 x
dx  lim 
x  x
dx  lim 1
x   1 
 lim 2 x   2 lim  x  4   2   4   
x 
 4 x 
  4
4 4 2
The limit does not exist. Hence it is divergent.

0
 2 dr
r
7 Examine whether is convergent or divergent?
-
Solution:
0
0 0
 2r  1  2t  1 1
 2 dr  t 
Lt  2 dr  Lt    Lt   0   finite
r r
 
t 
t  log 2
t log 2 t   log 2  log 2 log 2
So the integral is convergent.

dx
8 Evaluate  3
and determine whether it is convergent or divergent. [Apr/May 2019]
3
 x  2 2
Solution:
 b
 2   2 2 
b
dx dx
Let I    lim   lim    lim   2
 x  2 3 b  b  2 3 2 
3 b 3 b
3  x  2 2 3  x  2 2
Hence the given integral is convergent.

e
x log2
9 Find e x dx
 2e
x
e e dx   e e dx   2 e dx    2e  dx  c
x log2 x log2x x x x x
Solution:
log 2e
cos x
10 Find 
sin x
dx by substitution method.
Solution:
du
Put u  sin x then cos x dx  du  I    2 u  c  2 sin x  c
u
e x  e x
11 Evaluate  dx
e x  e x
Solution:
Put e x  e  x  t
e x
 e  x  dx  dt
e x  e x
 e x  e  x dx   t  log t  log  e  e   c
dt x x
12 Evaluate  tan1 x dx
Solution: Take u  tan 1 x , dv  dx
1
du  dx , v  x
1  x2
 tan x dx  uv   vdu
1
dx
 x tan1 x   x
1  x2
1 2x f ' ( x)
 x tan x  
1
 dx  log f ( x )
2 1  x2 f ( x)
 x tan1 x  log  1  x 2   c
1
2
dx
Evaluate 
13
 
2
1  x2
dx sec2 d
Solution: Put x  tan , dx  sec2 d ,  
1  x 2 2
1  tan  
2 2
 1  cos 2 
  cos2  d     d
 2 
1  cos 2  d  1   sin 2      sin 2   c

1

2  2 2  2 4 

 1 
2
  3x
1

x 2 
14 Evaluate 2
dx
1
Solution:
2 2 2 2
 1  1
  
1
 3x  2 dx  3 x dx  2 dx  2 x  
1 1 3
2 2 2
1
 x 
1 1
x  x 1

 
1
  2 2 2    2 12  1 

3
2
3 

   

 
1 
  2 2 2    3  4 2 

3
2 
5
2
15 Evaluate  tan3 x dx
Solution:
 tan
3
x dx   tan x tan 2 x dx   tan x sec 2 x  1 dx
   tan x sec2 x  tan x  dx
put u  tan x  du  sec2 x dx in thefirst integral
  u du   tan x dx
u2 tan 2 x
  log  sec x   c   log  sec x   c
2 2
dx
16 Evaluate  by decomposition method.
1  cos x
Solution: Multiply and divide by conjugate factor of the denominator term
 1  1  cos x   1  cos x 
  1  cos x 
 1  cos x 
 dx   
 1  cos x 
2  dx
 1  cos x   1 cos x 
   dx    2  2  dx   cos ec x  cos ecx cot x  dx
2
 sin x   sin x sin x 

2
  cos ec2 xdx   cos ecx cot x dx   cot x    cos ecx   c

1
 dx  cos ecx  cot x  c
1  cos x
17 Find the Integral of x sin x using integration by parts.
Solution:
 udv  uv   vdu ; put u  x and dv  sin x dx,du  dx, v   dv   sin x dx   cos x
 x sin x dx  x   cos x      cos x dx  x cos x  sin x  c  sin x  x cos x  c

18 Evaluate  x log x dx using integration by parts.
dx x2
Solution:  udv  uv   vdu ;put u  log x and dv  xdx, du  , v   dv   xdx 
x 2
x2 x2 x2 x3
 x log x dx  2
log x   dx  log x   c
2 2 6


2
19 Evaluate  sin x cos x dx
6 5
Solution:

2
n 1 n  3 n 5 1
 sin x cosn x dx 
m
......
0
mn mn 2 mn 4 n2
here m  6, n  5
4 2 1 8
 
11 9 7 693

2
dx
20 Evaluate [Apr/May 2019]
0
1  tan x
Solution:
  
2 2
2
dx dx cos x dx
Let I          (1)
0
1  tan x 0 1  sin x 0 cos x  sin x
cos x
    
a a cos   x  dx
2 
2 2 2
cos x dx sin x dx
Since  f ( x)dx  f (a  x)dx   
cos x  sin x 0    

cos x  sin x
0 0 0
cos   x   sin   x  0
2  2 

2
sin x dx
I      (2)
0
cos x  sin x

2
cos x  sin x dx 
(1)  (2)  2I   
0
cos x  sin x 2

2
dx 
I   
0
1  tan x 4
PART - B
(ln x)2
1 (i) Using integration by parts, evaluate  x2 dx [Nov/Dec 2018]
dx
Solution: Let u  (ln x)2 dv  2  x 2 dx
x
2(ln x) 1
du  v
x x
 1  2ln x
2 2
(ln x) (ln x)
 x2 dx   x2    x  x dx
(ln x)2 2ln x
 2
 2 dx
x x

dx
Again let u  ln x dv  2
 x 2 dx
x
dx 1
du  , v
x x
(ln x) 2
(ln x)2   ln x dx 
Hence,  x2 dx 
x 2
 2
 x
 2
x 
(ln x) 2
  ln x 1 
  2  c
 x x
2
x
(ln x)2 ln x 2
 2
2  c
x x x

(ii)Evaluate 0
e ax cos bx dx (a  0) using integration by parts.
Solution: Let
𝐼=0∞𝑒−𝑎𝑥cos𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥 −−−−−(1)
Put
u=cos𝑏𝑥𝑑𝑣=𝑒−𝑎𝑥𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑢=−𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥𝑣=𝑒−𝑎𝑥−𝑎
We know that Integration by parts is
𝑢 𝑑𝑣=𝑢𝑣−𝑣 𝑑𝑢
𝐼=cos𝑏𝑥𝑒−𝑎𝑥−𝑎0∞−0∞𝑒−𝑎𝑥−𝑎 −𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐼=0+𝑒0𝑎cos0−𝑏𝑎0∞𝑒−𝑎𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐼=1𝑎−𝑏𝑎0∞𝑒−𝑎𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥 −−−−−(2)
Put
u=sin𝑏𝑥𝑑𝑣=𝑒−𝑎𝑥𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑢=𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥𝑣=𝑒−𝑎𝑥−𝑎
2 ⇒ 𝐼=1𝑎−𝑏𝑎sin𝑏𝑥𝑒−𝑎𝑥−𝑎0∞−0∞𝑒−𝑎𝑥−𝑎 𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥
=1𝑎−𝑏𝑎0+𝑒0𝑎sin0+𝑏𝑎0∞𝑒−𝑎𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥
=1𝑎−𝑏𝑎0+0+𝑏𝑎𝐼 𝐵𝑦 (1)
𝐼=1𝑎−𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑎𝐼 =1𝑎−𝑏2𝑎2𝐼
𝐼+𝑏2𝑎2𝐼=1𝑎
𝐼𝑎2+𝑏2𝑎2=1𝑎
𝐼=1𝑎𝑎2𝑎2+𝑏2
𝐼=0∞𝑒−𝑎𝑥cos𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥=𝑎𝑎2+𝑏2
2
3
dx
2 Evaluate  [Nov/Dec 2018]
2 x5 9 x2  1
3
2
3
dx
Solution: Given  x5 9 x 2  1
2
3
1 1
Let x  sec  dx  sec tan  d
3 3
2 
When x   
3 4
2 
When x    
3 3

 1  
sec tan  d
 1  cos 2 
3 3 3 2
I 3  34  cos4  d  81   d

 2 
5 2
 1  1  
4  sec   9  sec    1 4 4
3  3 
 
81 3 81  sin 4 sin 2  3
   3  cos 4  4cos 2  d   3  4
4 4 4 2 
4
4
81   7 3 
    7 
8 4 8 
 /2
3 Establish a reduction formula for I n   cosn x dx . Hence find 0
cos n x dx
Solution:
𝐼𝑛=𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥=𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛−1 𝑥 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Integrating by parts, we get
𝐼𝑛=𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥−𝑛−1𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛−2 𝑥 −𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥sin𝑥 𝑑𝑥
=𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥+𝑛−1𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛−2 𝑥 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥𝑑𝑥
=𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛−1 𝑥sin𝑥+𝑛−1𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛−2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥−𝑛−1𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
=𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛−1 𝑥sin𝑥+𝑛−1𝐼𝑛−2−𝑛−1𝐼𝑛
Or
(1+𝑛−1)𝐼𝑛=𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛−1 𝑥sin𝑥+𝑛−1𝐼𝑛−2
𝐼𝑛=1𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛−1 𝑥sin𝑥+𝑛−1𝑛𝐼𝑛−2 −−−−−(1)
Now if we consider the definite integral
𝐼𝑛=0𝜋2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Then relation (1) becomes
𝐼𝑛=1𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛−1 𝑥sin𝑥0𝜋2+𝑛−1𝑛𝐼𝑛−2=0+𝑛−1𝑛𝐼𝑛−2
Thus
0𝜋2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥� � 𝑥=𝑛−1𝑛0𝜋2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛−2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 −−−−−(2)
The above reduction formula can be written as
𝐼𝑛=0𝜋2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥=𝑛−1𝑛0𝜋2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛−2𝑥 𝑑𝑥=𝑛−1𝑛𝐼𝑛−2 −−−−−(3)
Applying the reduction formula (3) repeatedly, we get
𝐼𝑛=𝑛−1𝑛𝐼𝑛−2=𝑛−1𝑛.𝑛−3(𝑛−2)𝐼𝑛−4=𝑛−1𝑛.𝑛−3(𝑛−2).𝑛−5(𝑛−4)𝐼𝑛−6=…
Two cases arise here for n being even or odd.
𝐼𝑛=𝑛−1𝑛.𝑛−3(𝑛−2).𝑛−5(𝑛−4)…34.12𝐼0 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑛−1𝑛.𝑛−3(𝑛−2).𝑛−5(𝑛−4)…45.23𝐼1
𝑖𝑓 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑
Now
𝐼0=0𝜋2𝑐𝑜𝑠0𝑥 𝑑𝑥=0𝜋2𝑑𝑥 =𝜋2
And
𝐼1=0𝜋2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥=1
𝐼𝑛=0𝜋2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥=𝑛−1𝑛.𝑛−3(𝑛−2).𝑛−5(𝑛−4)…34.12.𝜋2 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 𝑖𝑠
𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑛−1𝑛.𝑛−3(𝑛−2).𝑛−5(𝑛−4)…45.23.1 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑
 1
4 For what values of p, is 
1 xp
dx convergent? [Nov/Dec 2018]
Solution: Given


x  p 1
t
1 1 1
1 x p t 1 x p t  p  1  lim
dx  lim dx  lim
t  (1  p) x p 1
1  1 
 lim  
 1
t  (1  p) t
 
p 1
1
If p = 1, then the integral is divergent. If p >1, then t p 1   as t   and p 1
 .
t

1 1
Therefore  dx  if p 1.Hence the integral converges.
1 x p
p  1

1 1
If p < 1, p 1
t 1 p
  ast  . Hence the integral diverges. So  p
dx is convergent if p > 1 and divergent if p  1.
t 1 x
 /2 sin x cos x
5 (i) Evaluate  0 cos x  3cos x  2
2
dx [Apr/May 2019]
Solution: Let
Let t  cos x  t  cos 0  1

dt   sin x dx  t  cos 0
2
  dt  sin x dx

2
sin x cos x
0
t (dt ) 0
t dt 1
t dt
0 cos2 x  3cos x  2 dx  1 t 2  3t  2  1 t 2  3t  2  0 t 2  3t  2    (1)
t t A B
Consider 2       (2)
t  3t  2 (t  1)(t  2) (t  1) (t  2)
 t  A(t  2)  B(t  1)
Put t  2  B  2
Put t  1  A  1
t 1 2
 (2)   
(t  1)(t  2) (t  1) (t  2)
1
t dt 1
 1 2 
1
2
1
1
(1)   2  0  (t  1)  (t  2)  dt  0 (t  2) dt  0 (t  1) dt
0 t  3t  2
 2 log(t  2)0  log(t  1)0

1 1
 2log3  log 2  log 2  log1

 2log 3  2log 2  log 2  0  log1  0
 2log 3  3log 2
 log32  log 23
 log 9  log8
9
 log
8
 /4
Evaluate  0
x tan 2 x dx [Apr/May 2019]
Solution:


4
Given :  x tan 2 x dx  I (say)
0
 x tan x dx  x(sec2 x  1) dx  x sec2 xdx   xdx

2
Consider
x2
 x tan x   tan xdx 
2
x2
 x tan x  logsec x 
2
 
4
 x2  4
 I   x tan 2 x dx   x tan x  log sec x  
0  2 0
   
2
 
   4
  tan  log sec      0  log sec0  0
4 4 4 2 
 
 
 2
  log 2 
4 32
2x  5
6 Evaluate  dx [Apr/May 2019]
x 2  2 x  10
Solution:
2x  5
Given : 
x2  2 x  10
dx
d
2 x  5  A ( x 2  2 x  10)  B
dx
2 x  5  A(2 x  2)  B    (1)
2 x  5  2 Ax  2 A  B
 2  2A  A  1
5  2 A  B  5  2(1)  B  B  7
 (1)  2 x  5  (2 x  2)  7
2x  5 2x  2 1
 x2  2x  10 dx   x2  2x  10 dx  7 x2  2x  10 dx    (2)
2x  2
Consider  dx
x2  2 x  10
Let t 2  x 2  2 x  10  t  x 2  2 x  10
 2t  (2 x  2)dx
2x  2 2t t
 x2  2x  10 dx   t 2 dt  2 t dt  2 dt  2t  2 x  2x  10
2
Now consider
1 1 1  x  1
 x  2 x  10
2
dx  
x  2x  1  9
2
dx  
( x  1)  3
2
dx  sinh 1 
2
 3 

2x  5  x  1
 (2)   dx  2 x 2  2 x  10  7sinh 1  c
x  2 x  10
2
 3 
3x  1
7 (i) Evaluate  dx by partial fraction method.
 x  1  x  3
2
Solution:
3x  1 A B C A( x  1)( x  3)  B( x  3)  C ( x  1) 2
   
x  12 x  3 x  1 x  12 x  3 x  12 x  3
3x  1  A( x  1)( x  3)  B( x  3)  C ( x  1) 2
put x = 1  4B = 4  B = 1
put x = -3  16C = -8  C = -1/2
Equating the coefficient of x 2 we get
A + C = 0  A = -C  A = 1/2
3x  1 1/ 2 1  1/ 2
   
x  1 x  3 x  1 x  1 x  3
2 2
3x  1 1/ 2 1 1/ 2
  
 x 1  x  3 x 1  x 1 x  3
2 2
3x  1 1/ 2 1 1/ 2
  x 12  x  3   x 1 dx   x 12 dx   x  3 dx
1 1
 log( x  1)   ( x  1)2 dx  log( x  3)  c
2 2
1  x 1  1
 log    c
2  x  3  x 1
x3
(ii) Evaluate  dx by partial fraction method.
 x  1 x  2
Solution:
Here the degree of the Nr is greater than that of Dr. Hence divide Nr by Dr
x3 7x  6
   x  3 
 x  1 x  2  x  1 x  2
x3 dx  7x  6 
 ( x 1 )( x  2 )    x  3   x 1 x  2 dx
 
7x  6
   x  3 dx    x 1 x  2 dx       ( 1 )
7x  6 A B
now  
 x  1 x  2 ( x  1 ) ( x  2 )
7 x  6  A( x  2 )  B( x  1 )
Put x = 1  A = -1
Put x = 2  B = 8

7x  6 1 8
  
x  1x  2 (x  1) (x  2)
7x  6 1 8
 x  1x  2   (x  3)dx  (x  1) dx   (x  2) dx
x2
 3x  log( x  1)  8 log( x  2)  c
2
2x  1
(iii) Evaluate  3 dx by partial fraction method.
x  2 x2  x  2
Solution: Consider
Put
Put
Equating the coefficient of , we get
 1
8 Evaluate the improper integral  1  x 2
dx
Solution:
 0 
1 dx dx
- 1  x 2 dx  1  x 2 0 1  x 2


0 t
dx dx
 lt 
t  1  x
t
2
 lt 
t  1  x 2
0
 lt (tan 1 x ) 0t  lt (tan 1 x ) 0t
t  t 
 lt (tan 0  tan 1 t )  lt (tan 1 t  tan 1 0)

1
t  t 
  
 0      0
 2 2
1 dx
 
a
9 Evaluate by substitution method ( i ) dx ( ii )
9x  4
2 0
x  a2  x2
Solution:
1 dx
 dx   -----------------(1)
9 x2  4 3x   22
2
dt
Put 3x = t  3dx = dt  dx 
3
Sub in (1)
dx 1 dt 
    
 3x  2
2 2
t 2  3 
2 2
1

 log t  t 2  22  c
3

1

 log 3x  9 x 2  22  c
3

Solution:
Put

Since
 /2 sin x
10 Evaluate 
0
sin x  cosx
dx
Solution:

2
sin x dx
let I        (1)
0 sin x  cosx
  
sin   x  dx
2 
2
     
0
sin   x   cos   x 
2  2 

2
cosx dx

0

cosx  sinx
     (2)
Adding (1) and (2) we get

 
2
sinx  cosx dx 2

   dx   x 02 
0 sinx  cosx 0
2

I
4

UNIT – IV MULTIPLE INTEGRALS
PART – A
dxdy
Evaluate  
a b
1. . (APR/MAY 2019)
1 2 xy
dxdy a b  dx  dy a 1 1 b a 1
Solution: I          log x2 dy   log b  log 2 dy  log    dy
a b b a
1 2 xy 1 2
 x  y 1 y 1 y 2 1 y
b b b
 log   log y 1  log   log a  log1  log   log a.
a
[Since log1 = 0]
2 2 2
 
ln8 ln y
2. Evaluate e x  y dxdy . (NOV/DEC 2018)
1 0
Solution:
I   e x  y dxdy    e x e y dxdy   e y e x  0 dy
ln8 ln y ln8 ln y ln8 ln y
1 0 1 0 1
  e y  eln y  e0  dy   e y  y  1 dy  e y  y  1  e y 1   udv  uv  u 'v1  ...

ln8 ln8 ln8
1 1
 eln8  ln8  1  eln8   0  e1   eln8  ln8 1 1  e  8  ln8 1 1  e  8ln 8  16  e.
 x  y 2  dxdy
x2
Evaluate the double integral 
1
2
3.
0 0
Solution: The given order of integration is not correct. So Rewrite the integration order as
1 x2 1 x2  1  x2
  (x  y )dxdy      
  dx
2 2 2 2 2 2
(x y )dydx = (x y )dy
0 0 0 0 00 

  
2 3
1 23 x 1 1 6
y  2 2 x  4 x
   x y   dx    x .x 
2
 dx   x   dx
0 3 
0 0
3  0  3 
 
1
 x5 x7   1 1   1 1  26
       
 5 21  0  5 7.3   5 21 105
4 Find the area bounded by the lines x = 0, y = 1, y = x using double integration. (JAN 2014)
Solution:
1
 y2  1
Area   dxdy    dxdy    x0 dy   ydy     .
1 y 1 y 1
R
0 0 0 0
 2 0 2
a2  x2

a
5. Shade the region of integration in dxdy.
0 ax  x2
a2  x2

a
Solution: The given order of the integration is not correct. So Rewrite order dydx.
0 ax  x2

2 2
y  ax x2  x  y  ax  0
 
2  2
2 2
 x  ax   a    a   y  0
 2  2
 
2 2
2  
  x a   y   a 
 2  2
which is a circle with centre at ( a 2 , 0) and radius a 2
y = a 2  x 2 x2 + y2 = a2 which is a circle with centre at

(0,0) and radius a
6. Evaluate  (x
2
 y 2 )dy dx over the region R for which x, y  0, x + y  1.
R
Solution: The region of integration is the triangle bounded by
the lines x = 0, y = 0 and x + y = 1. Limits of y : 0 to 1-x
Limits of X: 0 to 1.
1 x
1 1 x  2 1
y3
 (x
2
 y )dy dx =
2
 0  x 2
y  2
dydx =  x y 
  dx
R 0 
0
3 
0
 2
1
(1  x)3  1
 (1  x)3 
   x (1  x)   dx    x 2  x3 
3 
dx
0 3  0
1
 x3 x 4 (1  x)4 
=    0         
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
    
 3 4 (3)(4)(1)  0  3 4   12  3 4 12 6
7. Compute the area enclosed by y2 = 4x, x + y = 3 and y = 0.
2 3 y 2
  x
3 y
Solution: Area A =  dx dy =   dx dy = y2 / 4
dy
R y 0 x  y2 4 y  0
2
2  y2   y 2 y3 
  3  y   dy  3 y   

y 0  4 
 

2 12 
0
4 8 8 2 10
=6–  =6–2– =4– =
2 12 12 3 3
Change the order of integration in   f  x, y  dxdy.
1 y
8. (NOV/DEC 2018)
0 y2
Solution:
  f  x, y  dxdy..
1 y
Given, I =
0 y2
Limits of X: y2 to y and Limits of Y: 0 to 1

After changing order of integration
I   f  x, y  dydx
1 x
0 x
a a2  x2
9. Change the order of integration in   (x2  y 2 )dxdy.
a 0
Solution:
x a y  a2  x2
I =   ( x 2  y 2 ) dy d x ( Correct Form )
x  a y 0
y a x  a2  y 2
2 2
I    (x  y ) dy dx
y 0
x a2  y2
1 2 y
10. Change the order of integration in   xy dx dy .
0 y
1 2 y
Solution: Given, I =  
0 y
xy dx dy
x limits : y to 2-y; y limits : 0 to 1

After changing order of integration
1 x 2 2 x
I    xy dy dx    xy dy dx
0 0 1 0
π 5
11. Evaluate   r sin 2θdr dθ.
0 0
5
 5   r 2 
Solution: I =  sin 2    r dr  d =  sin 2    d =
0 0  0  2 
0
 
25 25 1  cos 2
2 0 sin 2  d  
2 0 2
d

25   25   sin 2   25  sin 2   25 
=  
1  cos 2  d =      =      0 =
4 0  4  2  0  4   2   4
π
2 
r dr dθ
12. Evaluate   (r 2  a2 )2
.
0 0
Solution: I =

2 
 
r dr d
= 

 
 2
2 1  d r a 
2 
 d
 
2  a 2 )2 2 2 2
0 0 ( r 0 2  0 ( r  a ) 
 

2
1  1 

   f ( x) 
 f ( x) 
n 1
 d d ( f ( x)) 
n
=
0
2  r 2  a 2  0 n 1

1 2  1 1 1  1  1    
 0  2  d =  2   0   2    0 =
 2
=
2 0  a  2a  2 a  2  4a 2

π cos
13. Evaluate   r drdθ . (APR/MAY 2017)

0 0
Solution:
cos 
  r2  1 1  1  cos 2 1
I  1  cos 2  d
2 0 2 0 4 0
2  cos 2
 d  d 
0
 0 2

1 sin 2  1 
      
4 2 0 4 4
14. Evaluate  dxdy
R
where R the shaded region in the figure is.
Solution:  dxdy  Area of the shaded region

R
The shaded region is the semicircle with radius 2.

 r2  22
Area of the shaded portion =   2 square units
2 2
15. Compute the entire area bounded by r2 = a2 cos2.
 / 4 a cos 2
Solution: Area A =  r dr d  4   r d r d
R  0 r 0
 /4 a cos2
r 
2
4   2 
 0
d
0
 4  a 2 cos 2 
=4    d
0  2 
 4
  
 sin 2

 2a 2 
sin 2 
 2a 2  4  0  a 2 sin   a 2
 
 2 0  2  2
 
 y
16. Transform the integration   dx dy into polar coordinates.
0 0
Solution: Let x = r cos and y = r sin , dxdy = r drd

y 2 
  dx dy    r dr d
0 0  r 0

4
2a 2ax x2
17. Transform the integration   ( x2  y 2 )dxdy to polar co-ordinates
x0 y0
Solution:
Let x = r cos and y = r sin, dxdy = r drd
2a 2ax x 2  /2 2 a cos
  ( x 2  y 2 ) dx dy =   r 3 dr d
x 0 y 0 0 0
18.
Express the volume of the region bounded by x  0, y  0, z  0, x 2  y 2  z 2  1 as a triple
integral.
Solution: Here z varies from 0 to 1  x2  y 2 , y varies from 0 to 1  x2 , x varies from 0 to 1
1 1 x2 1 x2  y2
 Volume I     dz dy dx
0 0 0
1 1 1
19. Evaluate 0 0 0 ex y zdxdydz
e
1 1 1
  e
x y  z 1 1
Solution: I = dxdydz = 1 y  z
 e y  z  dydz
0 0 0 0 0
1
 e 
 2e z 1  e z dz  e 3  3e 2  3e  1  e  13
z 2
=
0
4 x x y
20. Evaluate   z dxdy dz.
0 0 0
x y x y
4 x 4xz2  1 4x
Solution: I =    z dz dy dx =     dydx =   x  y dydx
0 0 0 0 0  2  0 2 00
4
3  x 3 
x
1  y  1  2 x  34 2
4 2 4 2
=   xy   dx =   x   dx =  x dx   16
20  2 0 20  2  40 4  3 
0
PART – B
a x
2 2
Evaluate  
a
1. a 2  x 2  y 2 dxdy . (NOV/DEC 2016)
0 0
Solution:
a2  x2
 
a a 
y 2 2 a 2  x 2 1 y
I  ( a 2  x 2 )2  y 2 dy dx    a  x  y2  sin  dx
0 0 2 2 a 2
 x 2
0
a2  x2  
a
aa x 2 2 dx   ( a 2  x 2 )dx
a
 sin 1 dx  2
1
2 40
0 2 0
a
 x3    3 a3   a3  3
  a x     a   0  2  a
2
4  3  4  3  4 3 6
0
2. Find the area bounded by the parabolas y 2  4  x and y 2  x (NOV/DEC 2018)

Solution:
y 2  4  x  y 2    x  4
it is a parabola with vertex  4,0
y2  x is a parabola with vertex  0,0 .
Obtain the points of intersection of y2  x
y2  4  x
Substitute (1) in (2)
x  4 x
2x  4
x2
When x  2
From (1), y2  2
y 2

The points of intersection are 2, 2 & 2.  2   
The required Area
4 y 2
  dxdy    xy
4 y
2 2 2
2 dy
 2 y 2
 2
  4  y  y  dy
2
2 2
 2
   4  2 y  dy
2
2
 2
 y3   2
2
3
 3
 2 4 y  2   2 (4 2  2 )  (0)   2 2 2
 3 0  3 
 4   1 2 16
 2 4 2  2   24 2 1    24 2  2 sq.units.
 3   3 3 3
2 x

1
3. Change the order of integration in xydydx and hence evaluate it. (MAY/JUN 2016)
0 x2
(JAN 2014)
Solution:
We change the order of integration the first integration should be w.r.to x and then w.r.to y.

1 2 x 1 y 2 2 y
 2 xy dx dy    xy dx dy    xy dx dy
0 x 0 0 1 0
1 y
 x2 
1
y
1
 y2  1 1 2 1  y3 
1
1 1  1
 
  xy dx dy   y   dy   y
0
 2 0
0  2
 0 dy   y dy       
 2 0 2  3 0 2  3  6
0 0  
2 2 y 2 y
2  x2  1 2  1 2
  xy dx dy   y    y  2  y   0   y  4  y 2  4 y dy
2

1 0
1
 2 0 2 1   2 1
2
1  4 y2 y3 y 4  1  4 1 
2
1
21

  4 y  4 y 2  y 3 dy  
2 2
43
    8 
4 1 2 
32
3
 
 4    2   
  3 4 
1 28 1  1 5 5
 10    
2 3 4  2 12 24
1 2 x
1 5 3
  xy dx dy   
6 24 8
0 x2
  y
e
4. Change the order of integration in  y
dy dx and hence evaluate it. (APR/MAY 2019)
0 x
Solution:
Changing the order of integration, we get

   y
e y e y e
y
  y dy dx    y 0 y dy  x 0
y
dx dy 
0 x 0 0
 e y  
 dy  y    e  y dy   e  y    e   e 0   (0  1)  1
0 y 0 0
2 4 y 2
5. Change the order of integration in   xy dx dy and hence evaluate it.
0 0
Solution:
2 4 y 2
  xy dx dy
0 0
Changing the order of integration, we get

4 x2 4 x2
2
 y2 
2
1
2
1
2
  xy dy dx  x  
2 0
dx 
20 x(4  x 2 )dx   (4 x  x3 )dx
20
0 0 0 
2
1  x2 x4  1 (2)4 
 4    2(2)2   (0)   2
2 2 4 0 2  4 

  x2  y 2 
6. Transform the integral into polar co-ordinates and hence evaluate  e dxdy and
0 0

hence find the value of  e  x dx
2
0
Solution: Let us transform this integral in polar co-ordinates by taking x  r cos , y  r sin  and
dx dy  r dr d
 

 x2  y 2  dx dy   / 2  er2 r dr d   / 2  e r 1
 
    
2
e d r 2 d
0 0 0 0 0 0
2
 /2 
1  e r 2  d

2    0
0
1  /2  
2 0
  e  e0 d
1  /2
  d
2 0
1  /2
   0
2
 

 x2  y 2  dx dy  
 e 4
0 0
x2dxdy
Evaluate by changing into polar coordinates  
a a
7. (APR/MAY 2019)
0 y
x2  y 2
Solution:
Let us transform this integral in polar co-ordinates by taking x  r cos , y  r sin  and
dx dy  r dr d


x2 dxdy a sec  r 2 cos2 
 4
a a
rdrd
0 y
x2  y 2 0 0 r
  a sec 
a sec   r3 
 4
 r cos  drd  
2 2 4
  cos2  d
0 0 0
 3 0
1 4 a 3 4 3 1
  a sec  cos  d 
3 2
 sec  d
3 0 3 0 sec2 
a 3 4 a3 

3 0
sec  d  
3
 log(sec   tan  ) 04
a3     a3
 log(sec  tan )  log(sec 0  tan 0)   3 log( 2  1)  log(1  0)
3  4 4 
a 3 log( 2  1)

3
8. Find the area of the cardioid r  a  1  cos 

Solution:
The curve is symmetrical about the initial line.
   r  a1 cos    a 1 cos  

 r2 
The required area  2   r dr d  2   d
 0 r 0 0 
2 0
  
 1  cos 2 
  a2 1  cos    0 d  a2  1  cos2   2cos  d  a2   2cos  d
2
  1 
0 0 0  2 

3 sin 2   3   3
 a2     2sin    a 2    0  0   0  0  0   a 2 Sq.units. .
2 4 0  2   2
9. Find the value of    xyz dzdydx through the positive spherical octant for which
x2  y2  z2  a2 (APR/MAY 2019)
Solution:
a2  x2 a2  x2  y2
   xyz dzdydx    
a
xyz dzdydx
0 0
a2  x2  y2
a2  x2  z2  1 a a2  x2
  2 0 
a
xy    xy a 2  x 2  y 2  dydx
0
 2 0
a2  x2
1 a a2  x2 1 a y2 y2 y4 
   (a xy  x y  xy )dydx   a 2 x
2 3
 x3
3
x
4  0
y dx
2 0 2 0 2 2
1 a  a2 x 2 2
  
2 0 2
 a  x 2
  
x3 2
a  x2    a2  x2   dx
x
2 4 
a
1  a 4 x2 a 2 x4 a 2 x 4 x6 a 2 x 2 2a 2 x 4 
       
2 2 2 8 2 4 12 4 2 4 4 0
1  a6 a6 a6 a6 a6 a6 a6 
        
2 4 8 8 12 8 8 24 
1  a6 a6 
   
2  12 24 
1  a6  a6
  
2  24  48
10. Evaluate  dx dy dz
V
where V is the finite region of space (tetrahedron) bounded by the planes
x  0, y  0 , z  0 & 2 x  3 y  4z  12 . (NOV/DEC 2018)

Solution:
12  2 x 12  2 x  3 y
 dx dy dz    
6
3 4
dzdydx
0 0 0
V
12  2 x 12  2 x  3 y
   z
6
3
0
4 dydx
0 0
12  2 x
12  2 x  3 y 1 6 12 2 x 12  2 x  3 y
  dydx    3
6
3
dydx
0 0 4 4 0 0 4
12  2 x
 3 y2  1 6  12  2 x   12  2 x  3  12  2 x 
2
3
    dx    2x  
2  0
12   2  3 
12 y 2 xy dx
 4 0
 3   3 
1 6  144  24 x 24 x 4 x 2 3 
       144  48 x  4 x 2  dx
4 
0 3 3 3 18 
1 6  144 48 x 4 x 2 2 2 1 6  72 24 x 2 x 2 
4 0  3 4 0  3
          dx
3 
24 8 x x dx
3 3 3 3 
6
1  72 x 24 x 2 2 x 3  1 1
       24 * 6  144  48   (48)  12
4 3 3 2 3 3 0 4 4
UNIT V - DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

PART A
1. Solve D 3

1 y  0 (Nov./Dec. 2018)
Solution: Given D3  1 y  0  
The Auxiliary equation (A.E) is m3  1  0
 m  1  m2  m  1  0
1 i 3
m  1 and .
2
x
x
  3   3 
Complementary function is (C.F)  Ae e 2  B cos  x   C sin  x   ,
2 2 
    
Since R.H .S  0 P.I .  0
y  C.F .  P.I .
x
x
  3   3 
The general solution is y  Ae e 2  B cos  x   C sin  x  
2 2 
    
2. Find the Particular integral of (D2 + 1)y = sin2 x
Solution:
sin 2 x 1 1  cos 2 x 1 1 cos 2 x  1-cos2x 
P.I .=   [ 2  2 ]  sin x 
2

D 1 2 D 1
2 2
2 D 1 D 1  2 
1 1
P.I. =  cos 2 x
2 6
3. Solve the initial value problem y  y  0, y(0)  2, y(0)  3
Solution: Given  D2  1 y  0
The Auxiliary equation (A.E) is m2  1  0  m  i  0  i    i
C.F.  e x ( A cos  x  B sin  x)
 A cos x  B sin x
P.I .  0
General Solution y ( x)  A cos x  B sin x
y( x)   A sin x  B cos x
y(0)  2  y(0)  A cos 0  B sin 0
2 A
y(0)   A sin 0  B cos 0
3 B
Hence y ( x)  2cos x  3sin x
4. 
Find the Particular Integral of D2  2 y  x 2 
1
1 x2 1  D2 
Solution: P.I .  x 2
 1   x2
2  D2  D 2  2  2 
2 1  
 2 
1  D2 D4 
 1  x 1  1  x  x2  
 1     x2
2  2 4   

1  D2  2 1  2 D x 
 1   x  x 
2 2 
  2
(Omitting Higher terms of D )
2  2  2 2 
 
1 D  2x  1 2
  x2    P.I   x  1
2 2  2
5. If 1  2i ,1  2i are the roots of the auxiliary equation corresponding to the fourth order
homogeneous linear differential equation f(D)y=0,find its solution.
Solution: y  e x  ( Ax  B) cos 2 x  (Cx  D)sin 2 x 

6. Solve (D – 1) 2 y = sinh2x.
A.E is (m – 1)2 = 0
m = 1,1
C.F = (A + Bx) ex
sinh 2 x 1 (e 2 x  e 2 x ) 1 e 2 x 1 e 2 x
P.I =   
( D  1) 2 ( D  1) 2 2 2 ( D  1) 2 2 ( D  1) 2
1 e2x 1 e 2 x e 2 x e 2 x
=   
2 (2  1) 2 2 ((2)  1) 2 2 18
e2 x e2 x
Solution is y = C.F + P.I = (A + Bx) e +  x
2 18
Find the Particular Integral of  D  a  y  eax sin x

2
7. (Jan 2018 & Apr./May 2019)
Solution:
1
P.I .  eax sin x
 D  a 2
1
 eax sin x
 D  a  a 2
1
 eax sin x
D2
 eax   sin x 
 eax sin x
8. 
Find the Particular integral of D 2  6 y  sin x cos x 
1  sin 2 x 
Solution: P.I .  sin x cos x  sin 2 x  2sin x cos x  sin x cos x  
D 6 2
 2 
1  sin 2 x 
 
2  4  6 
 D 2   22   
1  sin 2 x  sin 2 x
    P.I  4
2 2 
dy dx
9. Find the Solution of x from  x, y
dt dt
Solution: Given Dy  x, Dx  y
Dy  x  0 -------- (1)  y  Dx  0 ------------ (2)
Eliminate y from (1) and (2), we get

(1)  Dy  x  0     (3)
D(2)   Dy  D 2 x  0    (4)

(3)  (4)  D 2  1 x  0 
A.E. is m2  1  0 , m  1
C.F .  Aet  Bet Since R.H.S.  0  P..I .  0
x(t )  C.F .  P.I .  x  t   Aet  Bet
dx dy
10. Obtain the differential equation in terms of y,  2 x  3 y  5t ,  3x  2 y  0
dt dt
Solution:  D  2  x  3 y  5t -------- (1) 3x   D  2 y  0 ------------- (2)
Eliminate x from (1) and (2), we get
1  3 3  D  2  x  9 y  15t
 2 D  2  3  D  2  x   D  2  y  0
2
__________________________
 D  2  9 y  15t
2
 D2  4D  4  9 y  15t
The required differential equation is
 D2  4D  5 y  15t
11. Write Cauchy’s homogeneous linear differential equation.
Solution:
n 1 n2
dny n 1 d y n2 d y
a0 x n
n
 a1x n 1
 a2 x n2
 ...  a n y  f  x 
dx dx dx
where a0, a1, a2 ,..., a n areconstants
d2 y dy
12. Solve x 2  4x  2y  0
dx 2 dx
Solution: Given  x2 D2  4xD  2 y  0
x  e z , z  log x, xD   , x 2 D2     1

   1  4  2 y  0   2  3  2 y  0 
The A.E. is
m2  3m  2  0
 m  2  m  1  0  m1  2, m2  1
The roots are real and distinct
C.F .  Ae2 z  Be z = Ae2log x  Be log x

A B
C.F .  2 
x x
 R .H .S  0 P.I .  0
The complete solution is y  C.F .  P.I .
A B
 y 2 
x x
13. Covert x 2 y''  2 xy'  2 y  0 in to linear differential equation with constant coefficients. (Jan
2018)

Solution: x 2 D 2  2 xD  2 y  0 
x  e z , z  log x, xD   , x 2 D2     1

   1  2  2 y  0   2  3  2 y  0 
d2 y dy
14. Transform the equation x 2
 6 x  2 y  x log x into linear differential equation with
2
dx dx
constant coefficients.
Put x = ez ,z = logx, xD =  ,x2 D2 =  (-1)
The given equation => ((-1) +6 + 2)y = ez z
(2 + 5 + 2)y = z ez
15. Write the Legendre’s linear differential equation.
dny  d n1 y  d n2 y
Answer: A0 (a  bx)  A1(a  bx)
n n 1
 A2 (a  bx) n 2
 ...  A n y  f ( x)
dxn dxn1 dxn2
where A0 , A1, … ,a & b are constants.
Transform the differential equation  2 x  3  D 2   2 x  3  D  12 y  6 x into linear

2
16.
 
differential equation with constant coefficients.
ez  3
Solution: Put 2 x  3  e , z  log  2 x  3 , x 
z
2
 2x  3 D  4  2  
2 2
 
 2 x  3 D  2
 z 
  
 4  2    2  12 y  6  e  3 
  2 
 

Hence the D.E is 4 2  6  12 y  3e z  9 
17. Solve x 2 y''  xy'  y  0 (Apr/May. 2019)
Solution:
Multiply by x, we get x2 y''  xy'  y  0
Put x  e z , z  log x, xD   , x 2 D2     1
Hence the given equation becomes
    
  2      1 y  0   2  2  1 y  0    12 y  0

The A.E.  m  1  0  m  1,1

2
C.F. y   Az  B  e z   A log x  B  elog x  x  A log x  B 

 8 
Transform the differential equation ( x  2) D 2  6 D  y  0 into linear differential
18.
 ( x  2) 
equation with constant coefficients.
Solution: Pre multiply (x–2) on both sides ( x  2)2 D 2  6( x  2) D  8 y  0

 
( x  2)  e z , z  log( x  2)
 x  22 D2 12 ( 2   )   2  
 x  2  D 1   
 
  2    6  8 y  0
 
 2  7  8 y  0
 
19. Write the P.I. formula of solving Second order ODE using Method of Variation of
Parameters.
Solution:
P.I .  P f1  Q f 2
 f2 R f1R
where P   dx ; Q   dx
f1 f 2  f1 f 2
' '
f1 f 2  f1' f 2
'
where R is the right hand side function in the differential equation
20. 
Find Q from the given C.F and D2  4 y  4tan 2 x 
Solution: C.F  C1 cos 2 x  C2 sin 2 x
f1  cos 2 x, f 2  sin 2 x
 
f1 f 2'  f 2 f1'  cos 2 x  2cos 2 x   sin 2 x  2sin 2 x   2 cos 2 2 x  sin 2 2 x  2
f1R cos 2 x  4tan 2 x 
Q dx  dx 2 sin 2 x dx   cos 2 x  c
f1 f 2  f 2 f1 2
PART - B
1.  
Solve D  4 D  5 y  e  x  cos 2 x  1
2 x 3
(Nov./Dec. 2018)
Solution:
The A.E. is m2  4m  5  0
 m  2  i
 C.F .  e2 x  A cos x  B sin x 
1 1 ex
PI1  e x
 e x

D2  4 D  5 1  4  5 10

1   4D  D2   3
1
PI 2  2
1
D  4D  5
 x  1  5 1   5    x  1
3
   
1   4D  D2   4D  D2   4D  D2  
2 3
 1   
      ...  x3  1
5  5   5   5  

1  4 D 11D 24 3  3
D  x  1
2
 1   
5 5 25 125 
1 12 66 x 19 
  x3  x 2  
5 5 25 125 
1 1 1
PI 3  2  cos 2 x   cos 2 x  cos 2 x
D  4D  5 4  4 D  5 1  4D
1  4D cos 2 x  8sin 2 x
 cos 2 x 
1  16 D 2
65
1 x 1  3 12 2 66 x 19  cos 2 x  8sin 2 x
y  e  A cos x  B sin x   e   x  x 
2 x
 
10 5 5 25 125  65
2.  
(i) Solve D2  2 D  1 y  xe  x cos x
Solution:

Given D2  2 D  1 y  0
The Auxiliary equation (A.E) is m2  2m  1  0
 m  1 m  1  0
m1  1, m2  1The roots are real and equal.
Complementary function is (C.F)  ( Ax  B)emx  ( Ax  B)e x
1 1 1
P.I1  xe x cos x  e x x cos x  e x 2 x cos x
 D  1 2
 D  1  1 2
D
1 1
 e x  x cos x dx  e x  x sin x  cos x  y  C.F .  P.I .
D D
 e   x sin x  cos x  dx
x
 e x   x cos x  sin x  sin x   e x x cos x

The general solution is y   Ax  B  e x  e x x cos x
(ii) Solve ( D2  4) y  x4  cos2 x

Solution:
The A.E. is m2  4  0
m  2i
C.F.: A cos 2 x  B sin 2 x
1 1  1  cos 2 x 
P.I  2 x4  2  
D 4 D 4 2 
1 1 1 1 1 1
 x 4
 e 0x
 cos 2 x
4  D2 
1  4 

2 D2  4  2 D2  4
 

 x sin 2 x 
1
1  D2  4 1
 1   x  
4 4  2  4 2  2 2 
1  D2 D4  4 1 x sin 2 x
 1   x  
4 4 16  8 8
x4 12x2 4.3.2.1 1 x sin 2 x
     .
4 16 64 8 8
4 3x2 x4 x sin 2 x
The General Solution is y  A cos 2 x  B sin 2 x    
8 4 4 8
3. (i) Solve ( D2  4D  3) y  e x sin x  xe 3 x
Solution:
A.E is m2  4m  3  0  (m  1)(m  3)  0  m  1,3
C.F= Ae  x  Be 3 x
P.I=P.I1+P.I2
1
P.I1= e x sin x
D  4D  3
2
1
= ex sin x Replace D by D+1
( D  1)  4( D  1)  3
2
1
= ex 2 sin x
D  2D  1  4D  4  3
1
= ex 2 sin x
D  6D  8
1
= ex sin x
 1  6D  8
1
= ex sin x
6D  7
6D  7
= ex sin x
36 D 2  49
(6cos x  7sin x)
 ex
36(1)  49
(6cos x  7sin x)
 e x
85
1 1
P.I2= 2 xe3 x  e3x x
D  4D  3 ( D  3)  4( D  3)  3
2
1 1
 e3 x 2 x  e3 x x
D  10 D  24  D 2  10 D 
24 1 
 24 
e3 x   D 2  10D   D 2  10D  
1 2
e3 x  D 2  10 D 
      
   x
24  24 
1 1 .......
24   24   24  

e3 x  D 2 10 D  e3 x  5
 1    .... x   x 
24  24 24  24  12 
The complete solution is y = C.F + P.I1 + P.I2

(6cos x  7sin x) e3 x  5
y  Ae x  Be3 x  e x   x 
85 24  12 
(ii) Solve ( D –3D+ 2 ) y = 2cos(2x+3)+2ex
2
Solution:
A.E is m2  3m  2  0
(m  2)(m  1)  0
m  1, 2
C.F = Ae2 x  Be x
1
P.I = 2 2cos(2 x  3)  2e x
D  3D  2
P.I = P.I1 + P.I2
1
P.I1 = 2 2cos(2 x  3)
D  3D  2
1
= 2 2cos(2 x  3)
2  3D  2
1
 2 cos(2 x  3)
3D  2
1 3D  2
 2  cos(2 x  3)
3D  2 3D  2
3D  2
 2 2 cos(2 x  3)
9D  4
3D cos(2 x  3)  2cos(2 x  3)
 2
9(4)  4
6sin(2 x  3)  2cos(2 x  3)
 2
40
1
  (3sin(2 x  3)  cos(2 x  3))
10
1
P.I2  2 2e x
D  3D  2
1
 2e x  D  1
1 3  2
1 x
 2e
0
x
 2e x  2 xe x
2D  3
General Solution is
y  C.F  P.I1  P.I 2
1
y  Ae2 x  Be x  (3sin(2 x  3)  cos(2 x  3))  2 xe x
10
4.  
(i) Solve D 2  a 2 y  tan ax by Method of Variation of Parameters. (Apr./May 2019)
Solution:
 
Given D 2  a 2 y  tan ax
The A.E. is m2  a2  0
m   ai
C.F.  c1 cos ax  c2 sin ax
f1  cos ax, f 2  sin ax
f1 '  a sin x, f 2 '  a cos x
f1 f2 ' f1 ' f2  a cos2 ax  a sin 2 ax  a
f2 X sin ax tan ax sin 2 ax 1  cos2 ax
P   dx   dx   dx   dx
f1 f 2 ' f1 ' f 2 a cos ax cos ax
1 1
   sec ax  cos ax  dx   log  sec ax  tan ax   sin ax
a a
f1 X cos ax tan ax 1 cos ax
Q dx   dx   sin ax dx  
f1 f 2 ' f1 ' f 2 a a a
 1 1   cos ax 
P.I .  f1P  f 2Q  cos ax  log  sec ax  tan ax   sin ax   sin ax  
 a a   a 
1
y  c1 cos x  c2 sin x  cos ax log  sec ax  tan ax   c
a
d2 y
(ii) Solve by the Method of Variation of Parameters  y  x sin x
dx 2
Solution:
 
Given D2  1 y  x sin x
The A.E. is
m2  1  0
m  i
C.F.  c1 cos x  c2 sin x
f1  cos x, f2  sin x
f1 '   sin x, f 2 '  cos x
f1 f2 ' f1 ' f2  cos2 x  sin 2 x  1
f2 X sin x x sin x  1  cos 2 x 
P   dx    dx    x sin 2 x dx    x   dx
f1 f 2 ' f1 ' f 2 1  2 
1 1  x 2  1   sin 2 x    cos 2 x  
    x  x cos 2 x  dx       x    1  
2 2  2  2   2   4 
x2 x 1
  sin 2 x  cos 2 x
4 4 8
f1 X cos x x sin x 1
Q dx   dx   x sin 2 x dx
f1 f 2 ' f1 ' f 2 1 2
1    cos 2 x    sin 2 x   x 1
  x   1      cos 2 x  sin 2 x
2  2   4  4 8
 x2 x 1   x 1 
P.I .  f1P  f 2Q  cos x   sin 2 x  cos 2 x   sin x  cos 2 x  sin 2 x 
 4 4 8   4 8 

 x2 x 1   x 1 
y  c1 cos x  c2 sin x  cos x   sin 2 x  cos 2 x   sin x  cos 2 x  sin 2x 
 4 4 8   4 8 
5. (i) Solve y   4 y   4 y   x  1 e 2 x by Method of Variation of Parameters. (Nov./Dec. 2018)
Solution:
The A.E is m2  4m  4  0
m  2, 2
C.F = Ae  Bxe .
2x 2x
To Find Particular Integral

P.I = Py1 + Qy2
y1  e 2 x ; y2  xe2 x
y   2e2 x ; y   2 xe2 x  e2 x  (2 x  1) e2x
1 2
y y  y y  (2 x  1)(e2x )2  2 x(e2 x )2  e4 x
'
1 2
'
1 2
y2 R
Now, P =   y1 y 2'  y1' y 2
dx
=  xe (1 
2x
x)e2 x
4x
dx
e
   ( x  x 2 )dx
 x 2 x3 
   
 2 3 
y1 R
Q=  y1 y 2'  y1' y 2
dx
e2 x (1  x)e2 x
 e4 x dx
=
  (1  x)dx
 x2 
x 
 2 
The General Solution is
 y = C.F + Py1 + Qy2
 x 2 x3   x2 
= Ae  Bxe     e2 x +  x   xe 2 x .
2x 2x
 2 3  2

(ii)Solve D 2  6 D  9 y   e3 x
x2
by Method of Variation of Parameters.
Solution:
The A.E is
m2  6m  9  0
 m  3 0
2
m  3,3
C.F = Ae  Bxe .
3x 3x
To Find Particular Integral

P.I = Py1 + Qy2
y1  e3 x ; y2  xe3 x

y1  3e3 x ; y2  3xe3 x  e3 x  (3x  1) e3 x

y1 y2'  y1' y2  (3x  1)(e3 x )2  3x(e3 x )2  e6 x
y2 R
Now, P =  yy 1
'
2  y1' y 2
dx
2
3x 3x
=  xe e6 x x dx
e
1
  dx
x
  log x
y1 R e3 x e3 x x2  x1 
Q= 
y1 y  y1' y 2
dx
'
2
=  e6 x dx   x2 dx  
 1 

1
x
The General Solution is
 y = C.F + Py1 + Qy2
y  Ae3 x  Bxe3 x  log x  e3 x  
1 3x
xe
x
d2 y dy
(i) Solve  x  2    x  2  y  3 x  4
2
6. 2
(Apr./May 2019)
dx dx
Solution:
Put
x  2  e z then x  e z  2
 x  2 D  
 x  2  D2     1
2
Weget
 2
 2  1 y  3e z  2
The A.E.is  m  1  0, m  1,1
2
C.F .   Az  B  e z   A log  x  2   B   x  2 
z e   log  x  2    x  2 
1 3 2 z 3 2
P.I .1  3e z 
  1 2
2 2
1
P.I .2   2   2
  1
2
y  CF  PI
  A log  x  2   B   x  2    log  x  2    x  2   2
3 2
(ii) Solve  3 x  22 y  3  3 x  2 y  36 y  3 x 2  4 x  1

Solution:
Given  3x  22 y  33x  2 y  36 y  3x2  4x  1
Put 3x  2  e z  log  3x  2   z
ez 2
x 
3 3
Let  3x  2 D  3D '
3x  22 D2  9D ' D ' 1
2
 ez 2   ez 2 
9D '  D ' 1  3  3D '   36 y  3     4     1
 
 3 3   3 3 
 2z 
9D ' 2  9D ' 9D ' 36 y  3  e  4  4 e z   4 e z  8  1
   9 9 9  3 3
2z
9D ' 2  36 y  e  1
  3 3
 D ' 2  4 y  1 e2 z  1
  27 27
The A.E. is m  4  0
2
m  2
2
C.F.  Ae2 z  Be2 z  A 3x  2  B 3x  2
2
 e2 z  1 1 2 z 1 1 2z z e2 z ze2 z log  3x  2 
P.I1 
1
   e  z e     3x  2 2
D '  4  27  27 4  4
2 27 2 D ' 54 2 108 108
1  e0 z  1
P.I 2     
D '  4  27 
2 108
2 log  3x  2  1
y  C.F  P.I1  P.I 2  A  3x  2   B  3x  2   3 x  2 2 
2

108 108
2
d2 y dy  ln x 
7. (i) Solve x 2 x  y  (Nov.Dec. 2018)
dx 2 dx  x 
Solution:
Let
x  et ,
xD   , x 2 D 2     1
Weget ,    1  1 y  t 2 e2t
 2
 2  1 y  t 2 e2t
A.E. is m2  m  1  0, m  1,1
1
C.F   At  B  et   A log x  B 
x
1 1 1
P.I .  e2t t 2  e2t t 2  e2t t2
  1   2  1   3
2 2 2
2
1   1  2 3 2  2
 e2t 1   t 2  e2t 1   t
9 3 9  3 9 

e2t  2 4t 2 
9 
t    
3 3  27 x
1
2
2

3  log x   4log x  2 
1
y  x    A log x  B  
1
x 27 x 2 
3  log x   4log x  2
2

 
(ii) Solve x 2 D2  3 xD  4 y  x 2 cos  log x 
Solution:
Put x  e z  log x  z
xD  D '
x D2  D '  D '  1
2
(1)   D '  D '  1  3D '  4 y  e2 z cos z

 D ' 2  4 D '  4 y  e2 z cos z
 
2
 D '  2 y  e2 z cos z
The A.E. is
 m  2 2  0 m  2, 2
C.F.   Az  B  e2 z
1 1 1
P.I .  e2 z cos z  e2 z cos z  e2 z   sin z   e2 z cos z
 D '  2 2
D' 2 D'
 y  C.F  P.I   Az  B  e2 z  e2 z cos z   A log x  B  x2  x2 cos  log x 
dx dy dx dy
8. (i) Solve   2 y  cos 2t ,  2x   sin 2t (Nov.Dec.2018)
dt dt dt dt
Solution:
Eliminating y from the given equations, we get
D 2
 2 D  2  x  cos 2t  2sin 2t
A.E is m2  2m  2  0  m  1  i
C.F  et  A cos t  B sin t 
1 1
PI   cos 2t  2sin 2t    cos 2t  2sin 2t 
D  2D  2
2
4  2 D  2
1 1 1 D 1
  cos 2t  2sin 2t    2  cos 2t  2sin 2t 
2 D 1 2 D 1
1
  cos 2t
2
1
 x  et  A cos t  B sin t   cos 2t
2
1
 y  x  x'   sin 2t  cos 2t 
2
1
 et  A cos t  B sin t   sin 2t
2
dx dy
9. Solve  5x  2 y  t,  2 x  y  0 given that x  y  0 when t  0
dt dt
Solution:
The given equation can be written as
 D  5 x  2 y  t -------- (1) 2 x   D  1 y  0 ------------- (2)

1  2  2  D  5 x  4 y  2t
 2    D  5  2  D  5 x   D  1 D  5 y  0
__________________________
 D  1 D  5  4 y  2t
 D2  6D  9 y  2t
A.E is
m 2  6m  9  0
m  3, 3
 C.F  ( At  B)e3t
1
P.I  2 (2t )
D  6D  9
 1 
2   D 2  6 D  
 1   (t )
9   9  

2   D 2  6 D   2  2 
 1     (t )  t
9   9   9  3 
 y  C.F  P.I
2  2
y  ( At  B)e3t  t  
9  3
dy
eqn (2)  2 x    y
dt
dy 2
 3( At  B)e3t  Ae3t 
dt 9
2 2  2
2 x  3( At  B)e3t  Ae3t   ( At  B)e3t  t  
9 9  3
2 2
 2( At  B)e3t  Ae3t   t
27 9
A 1 1
x  ( At  B)e3t  e3t   t
2 27 9
x  0 when t  0
A 1
 B   0
2 27
y  0 when t  0
4 4 2
 B  0 B , A
27 27 9
2 4  1 1 1
 x    t   e3t  e3t  t 
 9 27  9 9 27
2 4  2 4
y    t   e3t  t 
 9 27  9 27

10. (i) Solve by the Method of undetermined co-efficients ( D2  2D  1) y  e x sin 2 x

(Apr./May 2019)
Solution:
The A.E. is
 m  1  0, m  1
2
CF   A  Bx  e x
y p  e x  C1 cos 2 x  C2 sin 2 x 
dy
 e x  C1 cos 2 x  C2 sin 2 x   e x  2C1 sin 2 x  2C2 cos 2 x 
dx
 e x  C1  2C2  cos 2 x   C2  2C1  sin 2 x 
d2 y
2
 e x  C1  2C2  cos 2 x   C2  2C1  sin 2 x 
dx
e x  C1  2C2  2sin 2 x    C2  2C1  2cos 2 x 
 e x  4C2  3C1  cos 2 x   4C1  3C2  sin 2 x
Subin 1
8C2 e x cos 2 x  8C1e x sin 2 x  e x sin 2 x
Equating correspoing coeffs,
1
C2  0, C1  _
8
1
y p   e x cos 2 x
8
1
Y  CF  PI   A  Bx  e x  e x cos 2 x
8
(ii) Solve by the Method of undetermined co-efficients y  4 y  xe x  cos 2 x
SOLUTION:
Given y  4 y  xe x  cos 2 x
i.e., ( D2  4) y  xe x  cos 2 x
Auxiliary equation is m2  4  0
m  2
C.F .  Ae2 x  Be2 x
P.I .  P.I1  P.I 2
To find P.I.1:
Consider y  4 y  xe x  (1)
Let y p1 ( x)  (c1x  c2 )e x
y 'p1 ( x)  (c1x  c2 )e x  e x c1  (c1x  c1  c2 )e x
y ''p1 ( x)  (c1x  c1  c2 )e x  e xc1  (c1x  2c1  c2 )e x

(1)  (c1x  2c1  c2 )e x  4(c1x  c2 )e x  xe x

(3c1x  2c1  3c2 )e x  xe x
3c1x  2c1  3c2  x
Equating the co-efficients,
1
3c1  1  c1 
3
2 2 1 2
2c1  3c2  0  c2  c1  . 
3 3 3 9
  1   2   (3x  2) x
y p1 ( x)     x     e x  e
 3   9  9
To find P.I.2:
Consider y  4 y  cos 2 x  (2)
Let y p2 ( x)  c3 cos 2 x  c4 sin 2 x
y 'p ( x)  2c3 sin 2 x  2c4 cos 2 x
2
y p ( x)  4c3 cos 2 x  4c4 sin 2 x

''
2
(2)  4c3 cos 2 x  4c4 sin 2 x  4(c3 cos 2 x  c4 sin 2 x)  cos 2 x
 8c3 cos 2 x  8c4 sin 2 x  cos 2 x
Equating the co  efficients,
1
8c3  1  c3 
8
8c4  0  c4  0
 1 
y p2 ( x)    cos 2 x
 8 
(3x  2) x cos 2 x
General Solution is y  Ae 2 x  Be 2 x  e 
9 8

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Sub. Name & Code: Engineering Mathematics-I, MA8151 Dept.

of Mathematics Academic Year: 2019-20

UNIT – I DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

St. Joseph’s Institute of Technology Page No: 1

 limit does not exists

8. Show that the function f  x   4  4  x 2 is continuous in the interval [2, 2] .

Define critical point.

St. Joseph’s Institute of Technology Page No: 2

10 Find the critical numbers of f  x   x 3/ 5  4  x 

20. Differentiate f  x   log10  4  cos x 

 2 xe2 x  x 2  1  2 x 2e2 x  x 2  1  8x3e2 x  x 2  1

lim f  x   lim x3  bx  23  b  2  8  2b.

St. Joseph’s Institute of Technology Page No: 5

f  x  changes from decreasing to increasing at x  2.

x 0.5 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.0001

f changes from increasing to decreasing at x  1 and x  1

  a  b cos x  a sin x    b  a cos x  b sin x  

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1 x   y  1 dydx   1 x  dydx  3x y

1  x   1 x   y  dx  1 x   3x y  y

 tan x  0  sec x tan x   1  sec x  sec2 x 

St. Joseph’s Institute of Technology Page No: 10

 sec x tan 2 x  1  sec x  tan 2 x  sec x tan 2 x 

UNIT – II FUNCTIONS OF SEVERAL VARIABLES

 , find the value of x u  y u  z u

St. Joseph’s Institute of Technology Page No: 12

 6a3t 5  24a3t 2  6a3t 2 (t 3  4)

8 State the properties of Jacobian. (Nov2018)

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17. State the conditions for maxima and minima of f  x, y  .

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(i) f  x, y  is maximum value at  a, b  if AC  B2  0 and A< 0

(ii) f  x, y  is minimum value at  a, b  if AC  B  0 and A > 0

18. Find the maxima and minima of f(x, y) = x2 + y2 + 6x +12

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2z 2z 2   z 2z 

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y1 y1 y1  x2 x3 x3 x2

(ii) If u  xy  yz  zx, v  x 2  y 2  z 2 and w  x  y  z , prove that they are functionally

are functionally dependent.

(i.e.,) is the required relationship.

Function Values at (-2,1)

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7. Find using Taylor’s series expansion of function of f ( x )  1  x  y 2 in powers of ( x-1)

Function Values at (1,0)

St. Joseph’s Institute of Technology Page No: 21

8. (i)Find the maximum and minimum values of f  x, y   x 3  3 xy 2  15 x 2  15 y 2  72 x

(ii)Find the maximum and minimum values of f  x, y   x 4  y4  2 x 2  4 xy  2 y 2

St. Joseph’s Institute of Technology Page No: 22

AC  B 2 0 386 386 386 386

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Now , Optimize d 2   x  1   y  2   z  1 Subject to x2+y2+z2=24

St. Joseph’s Institute of Technology Page No: 25

substitute all the value x  2 in (8)

if x=-2, then (x,y,z)=(-2,-4,2)

UNIT III – INTEGRAL CALCULUS

2 State the properties of Integrals.

(ii) If f  x  and g  x  are any twofunctions in x then   f  x   g  x  dx   f  x  dx   g  x  dx

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