Q1.

Ans:

1.Waterfall model:

The Waterfall Model was the first Process Model to be introduced. It is also referred to as a linear-sequential
life cycle model. The waterfall model is analogous to a waterfall which follows a sequential approach for its stages
while developing a product. In a waterfall model, each phase must be completed before the next phase can begin
and there is no overlapping in the phases. The following illustration is an example of Water fall model:
Requirement
Definition

System-Design

Implementation

Integration &
system testing

Fig-1. Waterfall model Operation and

maintenance
The sequential phases in Waterfall model are −
Requirement Definition − All possible requirements of the system to be developed are captured in this phase and
documented in a requirement specification document.

System Design: The requirement specs from first phase are studied and the system design is prepared which helps
in specifying hardware and system requirements and helps in defining the overall system architecture.

Implementation: With inputs from the system design, the system is first developed in small programs called units,
which are integrated in the next phase. Each unit is developed and tested for its functionality, which is referred to
as Unit Testing.

Integration and Testing: All the units developed in the implementation phase are integrated into a system after
testing of each unit. Post integration the entire system is tested for any faults and failures.

Operation & Maintenance: Once the functional and non-functional testing is done; the product is deployed in the
customer environment or released into the market. There are some issues which come up in the client environment.
Those issues are fixed and to enhance the product some better versions are released. Maintenance is done to deliver
these changes in the customer environment.

2.Spiral model:

The Spiral Model was introduced to address the inadequacies of the Waterfall Model. The major
distinguishing feature of the Spiral Model is that it creates a risk-driven approach to the process rather than a
primarily document-driven or product-driven process. It incorporates many of the strengths of other models and

Date: 08/04/2020
resolves many of their difficulties. A typical project encompasses many different areas of risk such as project cost
overruns, changed requirements, loss of key project personnel, delay of necessary hardware, competition from other
vendors, technological breakthroughs which obsolete the project, and many others. The essential concept of the
Spiral Model is to minimize risks by the repeated use of prototypes and other means. Unlike other models, at every
stage risk analysis is performed. The following illustration is an example of Spiral model:

Fig-2. Spiral model

The Spiral Model works by building progressively more complete versions of the product by starting at the
center of the spiral and working outwards. With each loop of the spiral, the customer evaluates the work and
suggestions are made for its modification. Additionally, with each loop of the spiral, a risk analysis is performed
which results in a 'go / no-go' decision. If the risks are determined to be too high, then the project is terminated.
Thus, the Spiral Model addresses the problem of requirements engineering through development of prototypes, and
it addresses the need for risk management by performing risk analysis at each step of the life cycle.

Q2. Ans:

The key differences between the Waterfall model and the Spiral model are as follows:

Waterfall model Spiral model

01 Waterfall model is analogous to a waterfall which Spiral model is founded on an evolutionary strategy
follows a sequential approach for its stages while where a spiral is subdivided into several task regions
developing a product
02 Requirement gathering is done only once in the Requirement can be gathered after each iteration.
whole process
03 Risks to the product can only be identified at the Recognizes risk at earlier phases of the process which
end of the process is revised at each iteration too.
04 Produces the single final product at the end of the Generates a rough working product at each iteration.
process
05 Waterfall model is suitable for small systems Preferred when the large system is developed.

Date: 08/04/2020