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Best Available Copy
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__ *
VNI

130
Techniclco Report-----~ WATER VAPOR TRANSMISSION OF

.......... PLAIN CONCRETE

C- 16 May 1%I

.. . ...
LLJ~

.F4.

U.S.NVL..ILEGIERIGLAOATR

Pbr Hueeme Caior

UZA
 Sr _

WATER VAPOR TRANSMISSION OF PLAIN CONCRETE

Y-RM1 1-01-025

Type C

by

D. F. Griffin, R. L. Henry

OBJECT OF TASK

To measure water vapor permeability of concrete and relate it to corrosion of

embedded steel; to investigate sa!t whisker crystal growth on cocreMte; and to meas-
ure electriial resistivity of concrete.
I
I
I
ABSTRACT
I

The effects of water-cement ratio, relative h."n idity, aggregate size, concrete
slsee positi,, and ccrtain admixturmS such as oleic acid and sodium chloride on the
permeability of plain concrete were investigated. lcluded is a qtorter replicate
statistical experiment for two levels of each of six factors to permit an analysis of
variawce of different variables in the permeability study. Salt whisker crystal growth
on specimens with sodium chloride as an admixture, believed to be reported for the
first time, is discussed.

Water vapor ir ion values were found to be significantly higher for

hither water-cement ratios, .maller oggega~e, and the absence of sodium chloride.
Concrete slice position, oleic =cid, and relative humidity were found to have no
signficant effect when compvred w-ith eqerimental variability.

The study demonsmTates that water vapor transmission is not directly proportional
to -water a-pressum differentials between the ends of the flow path.

The investigation of water vapor transmission in plain coi.-.crete will continue,

together with studies of the electrical restivity of concrete and the relation of water
vapor transmission to the corrosion of steel in reinforced concrete.

j:- i
 II

II

CONTENTS
page
BACKGROUND .............................. 1
SSTATEMENT OF THE PROBME•. ...................... 4

APPROACH TO THE PROBLEM ...................... 4

RESEARCH PROGRAM .......................... 4

Phasel . ..... .......... ...... ...... .......... 4

Discuss7io of Phase I (Results) ... .... .......... .... .... 14

Phase if ..................... 0........ . 21

D.scussion of Phase 11 (Results) .................... 23

Comparison of Phase I cnd Phase II ........... * ...... 26

Sodium Chloride Study ........................ 29

Sodim Chloride Whisker Crystals .......... .. *. .. .. 33

FINDINGS . .. ............................ *. 36

CONCLUSIONS ............................. .3

FUTURE PLANS ................. ...... ... 37

ACW•NOWLEDGMENT .......................... 37

REFERENCES ... . ............. ................ 38

APPENDIXES'

A - PLASTIC WET CUP DESCRIPTION ................. 39

B - WET CUP ASSEMBLY ................................. 40

,

C - ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE ..................... 42

DISTRIBUi ON LIST .............. o ............ 45

LISARY. CATALOG CARD .......... o .............

£
"St'iN - [Na!! i!,- ,,
 1
I
I I

L
1
I

1
I

I
I

I
Figuu I. Galvanized steel wet cup and manometer.

a.

I
 InI -rowith a fil .- d of renocc cl o.t stiN
[IN tu inJ dII

iT .
I I
t- BA KGl~flL:-'O

Stropical
r ]~5 Marc:
"•.
::-..
S~~in
:tion with a *illi v~udy of reinforced coral con•crete structures in
conducted b"y Pro.fe•_sr C. s. $cho!e• =-nder Contract NBy-3171 of
59,t en in conf-,•'ctk.n -with Task Y-RO07-05-( i2-. core sonples were
I
frr theseSdrilled
struc!~,.res in ord.r to determine their water v•)or permeability.
SThe
wet- -.-- method v: !-•ee'eJ most suitable for this psrps.

Twenty-six sanples, approximately 3.5 inches in diameter and 1.5 inches

thick, were sealed in galvanized steel cups by using alternating layevs of plaster
af Paris and 3M secler (EC879), assho in the cron sctrio. of a cup in figre 1.

A few days afttr ie;rng placed in a 2D-p-.tc;--r riy ivr a-ldiy room at
73.4 F. several of the specimens showed a •z.--" vh -=- ts. surface
(Fi=e 7j. An X--ruy iifrctrion analys:s rxvecied thi- Qti-.j%. e pimarily
sodiurm chloride. A setniquatitctive Vec trogaphic m-uty-sim L-i-uc-.4 the principal
cation to be No; traces of Ca, Al, Mg, Si, Fe, and Cu wrere i •tected.

thc. wa: no direct conraction between the c-Spaent qiantity of salt whisker
growth r.id the amount of salt present in the concrete. A cia--nica; - -alysis of the
€crex tv, ••- that all chl-wides expes',e4 as a p-ercentage of N•.-!- by weig.ht
of osue ronged from 0.1,6 to 1.95. Vigorous -qaisker grow4h as well as traces

of WAf wwe Observed oni Sjscimens to-t!nirdne higk. C*W--* as 'low salt
gi..r
ý, k.q'icatinfi that oil- for. s Lnflve.ncin-s ,i'sker gir._w wth,.epresent.

The quantitativ v • pea-oility were incon.clusive because over a

ar.
period of time many a f sov--imens ware di-l.6dged in the cups by internal pressures
fF'i~re 3). To . .eg -is pher.ommeron, a mercury manometer was placed on an
n.-stu pcdos
-p t ,-- Fire 1. it behaved in a repeatable manner, during
thmt fPast -- ý cyzcury vacuum pressure developed and during the follow-
ý.--4
ing six w-,.e- c pv-ire of up to 74 -- " e",,-.";oped. It was
concluded '-- . invers.iotors tf.-Ai sch pressures cojld . a specimen from
its seal.

Il

rl

I-'
 ii

I! c r con l ret J~go. .•--i

. ~i
]
t n
2. ordSo wh s e
iu
Figure- ch

j1
II

... glaie steel cu-cetem talt

.amic cope causin reeseomyda

Figurre 2. Sodium chlc~rde whisker crsal growth on cora concrete.

A. moss spect-ometric analysis o' the gas in ,•he cup indicated that .oporoximatety
20 percent by volume wos hydoe; no nantccnos~he~ric gas was detected~. One- pos-
sible explanation For tho presence of hydroge is that the zinc nd the iron in the
galvanized steel cup created an electrolytlc couple, causing a release of hy/drogen
gas.

T
2

I" --
 I.
-j-f
II

Rgure 3. Effects of ntemol pressure coused by generction of I

hy&ooen gas ;n goivzed steel cup.

3
I
L
J
 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

As an outgrowth of the above study, it was desired to explore the subject

further. A literature search revealed tfvt very little information exists about water
apor permeability of portland cement concrete. Therefore, a Laboratory Selected
Research Task was established to determine whether or not significant relationships
exist btween the spoiling and cracking of reinforced concrete, the effects of
"mrlh, chloride incorporated in the concrete, electrical conductivity of concrete,
cnd waohm vapor permeability of the concrete. The corrosion of reinforcing stet:s
associated with concrete strictures, spalling and cracking of concrete, and elec-
trictal conductivity of concrete will be subjects of separate reports.

APPROACH TO THE PROBLEM

An inert material was needed to replace the steel cup; therefore, acrylic
resin tubes and sheets were chosen as the most economical inert materials for fabri-
cation of the wet cups.

Concrete cylinders 4 inches in dimneter and 8 inches long were cast, from
which 1.5-inch-thick speci.-nens were cut. Thirty cylinders were cast from each
2.25-cubic-foot batch of concrete mixed in a Lancaster mixer.

Since the sealer used for previous specimens was inadequate, another material
had to be found. A sealer was required that would (1) bond to the concrete as well
as the acrylic tube, (2) be inert, (3) be impervious to vapor t!,m.ission, and (4) be
able to withstand unpredictable pressures inside the cups., Shell Epon Resin No. 815
combined with Shell Epon Curing Agent T-1 was fo'-nd to meet the requLrements.

RESEARCH PROGRAM

Phase

The first study, hereafter referred to as Phase 1, was = follows:

1. The first factor in the experiment to be varled with respect to the

pe'meability was strength of concrete - defined by water-cement ratio. All three
concretes - high, mediiti, and low strengths - were designed for equial water

LI 4

J'll i
i,

contents and a 3/4-inch maximum ogg~rete particle size. The strength was varied
by varying the cement content and adjusting the proportions of fine and coarse
aggregate. All concrese mixes were designed for equal consistencies without addi-
tives or odnixtures; a 3-inch slump was used as the measure of consist!ncy. See
Table I for the complete mix designs. The cylinders not cut for wet cups were rested
for compm.-•sive strength after fourleen days of fog curing at 73.4 F to obtain basic
information about the standard deviattons of compressive strengths.

2. The second fator to b varied was the absence or presence of sodium

chloride as an admixture. The Gnount of NaCI to be added was 1.5 percent by
weight of plastic concrete, based on the NaCI contert of the coral concrete samples.
The NaCI was dissolved in the mixing water before the a,,.mtwas cdded ,o the batch.

3. The third factor to be varied was the anbient con1it&,n in vhl;- ibe
permeability would be studied. The cups were placed in eithte a 60-perc-nt or a
21-perzent relative humidity (RH) room at 73.4 F.

4. The fourth factor to be varied was the Iocation of the spimen (disk) within
the length of the cylindr. On the bamis of information obtal-ned informalyl from the
Waterways Experiment Station that the upper half of a concrete cylinder as cast is
more permeable than the lower half, it was decided to investigate slices taken f-o
te upper, middle, and lower portions of the cylinder.
To su.mmarize; all the variablo es invol ID Phase I of this experiment were as

follows:

1. Low QL), medium (M), or high (H) strength of concrete.

2. Absence (A) or presence (P) of NaCI.

3. 261 percent fLV

or pcent (M) RH at 7.4 F.

4. Lower (1), middle (M), or upper (U) slice fi-m the test cylln~r of concrete.

Thus, there were four factors, two wIs.h two levels and two with three levels, making
a total of 36 combinations in all. The design v-ariables identified by batch number
appear in Table II.

5 I:
 Table L. Summary of Concrete Mix Design Data

A. Characteristics of Materials

Cement: Victor, Type Ii

Aggregate: San Gabriel

Coarse: sp gr = 2.66; 24-hrobs = 1.6 percent

Fine: sp gr = 2.63; 24-hr abs = 1.8 percent
Grading:
Po-nds Retained on Eah Sieve

3/4-inch m-3x 3/8-inch max

Sieve H M L . L

3/4 7.4 7.8 6.2 0 0

3/8 74.1 75.5 73.7 0 0
No. 4 46.9 44.2 45.4 103.9 106.2
No. 8 27.2 28.6 32.2 38.3 339.8
No. 16 24.7 31.2 31.1 27.0 31.8
No. 30 27.2 28.6 31.3 23.6 23.7
No. 5D 22.2 23.4 28.6 18.7 24.0
No. 100 12.4 13.0 14.6 18.4 21.0
Pan j 5.0 7.8 7.0 17.2 19.2
Total 247.1 260.1 270.1 247.1 265.7
Water:. Port Hueneme tap water a 73.4 F

Chemical analysis (ppm): hydoxlde (0.0); carboncte (0.0);

bicarbonate (137.0); chlordles (62.0); caocium (38.0); mag-
nesiun (14.6); sulphate (465.0,1 docdiU =d potaj, 1219.0)
Slump: 3 In. (without additives)
Additives: Sodi= chloride, U.S.P. ganular; F.W- = 58.45 (1.5 percent
by weight of plastic concrete unless c4-.eiwise noted); olelc acid,
U.S.?. (0.25 permct by wele.t of cement)

6
h .
i I
Im

Table 1. Sumary of Concrete Mix Design Data (CO.t'd)

B. Batch of 2.25 cu ft consisted of the following: (Phases 1 rid Ii, large ccrev.,4te)

Gravel: 3/4-in. max. particle size

Sand: FM = 3.16
Com.er.z Watera Cement Fac.'o-
mix (ib) (ib) (socks per cu yd) WI/C

H 5?.50 26.4 7.62 0.444 l

M 46.25 26.4 5.92 0.571
L 37.60 26.4 4.81 0.702
C. Batch of 2.25 cu ft conssted of the following: (Phase Ii, small aggmgae)m

GCravel: 3 /8-in.
max. particle size
SandJ: FM = 2.95
mi CemWit Water- Cement Factor
Mix (Ib) (lib) (cs per cuW/C
H 61.9 27.5 7.92 0.444
L 39.2 27.5 5.02 0.702

'The quntity of water added at the mixer w*s corrected for moistu
present in the aggregate and moistue req;red for absmptlon.

7
_ _ _E__E__
_ _ _ _ _E__E__ _ E__E

r- C* e

8' 'to) E~~S 3

aE

-E a

-co

-0 z

-C -l C%
I!I

z A batch de•ign sheet was made to include identificatiorn, aaounts of

materials, including a&nixtures, to be used, •nd the mixing procedure. Mixing
instructions on the design sheet were as folloss:

1. Add gravel, sand, cement.

2. Mixdyfor 30 seconds.

3. Add water (73.4 F) in shortest time possible with mixer running.

4. Mix for 15D seconds, or a total of 3 minutes including items 2 and ".

5. Take slump test: designed for 3 inches; actual slump - inches.

6. If slump is too low, add water and mix for 30 seconds.

7. Repect slump test. Final slump inches.

8. Place concrete in molds and vibrate with a l-inch stud vibrator.

9. Smooth off tops with wooden float.

10. Cover with metal plctes and place in fog roam.

11. After 24 hours, strip molds, number specimens, and place them in fog
room on shelves.

Although the mix was designed for a 3-inch slump, the NaCI Ircreased the slump to
opproW mxtely 7 inches. After the hardened cylindes were numbered, a table of
rando. numbers was used to 6esignate two qylinders from each batch for permeability
tests.

After 14 days in the fog room at 73.4 F, the 28 cylinders not chosen for the
permeability experiment were tested in compresslco. The compressiv smrengths as
well as their stand•rd deviations were cmputed and appea in Table 1i. Disks were
sawed from the two cylinders chosen randomly, then placed in wet cups.

Before being sawed, each cylinder was embedded in plaster of Paris to avoid
chipping the edges of the disk at the breakthrough of the saw. A 3/4-In*,,s ike
was removed from either end of the embedded cylinder, then a 1-1/2-inch slice wos
cut from each end and one from the middle of the cylInder. After sawing, the
plaster of Paris was broken away from the disk (Figure 4). The disk was then qcic!&y
prepared for sealing in the cup by washing, surface drying, and stamping with w.
identification number.

u7
 alohla~nd chckn al ih
mt o ih i.Th ikvste di h

m mm

igure 4. Plaster of Pais casting aound concrete cylinder to,

prevent chipping of concrete at breclcthrough of

A detailed description of the plastic cup and component pm-ts (Figure 5) is

given in Appendix A. The cup was prepared for assembly by cleaning with ethyl
wet cup in the up~iiqt position with respect to the as-cast position, aid the cup
1was assembled, it wshalf filled with distilled water. The water inside the cup
was considered to be an infinite source for water Yano at 100-perens- RH.

-- A mercury manmmeter
pevetwas attached
chppig to the top•' cutlet. hn~h
c €onret Before oplaci" the
mercury, the air inside the cup was washed out with helium in order to eliminate
unknown effects of any active gases that migh-t be p.-,sent. Tygon flexible plastic

I tubing was used on the cup system - a short piece- dbout 2 inches long on the bottom
outlet nda lIonger -p'.-- about 12 inches long conned~ing the top out-let to the man-
ometer (Figure 6). All cornections were wrop-sealed with Scotch Plastic Elecirical
Tape Wo. 33 to prevent leakage, and a showt legth of rmsking tape was applied
1ver gure 4.tape o pr 'is me on
10n rt cyl
e ln .
 Figure 5. Cormpoent Darts of acrylic Wet CUP.

The wet cup was then placed in the ppropriate RH room. Five to six ors
..
elapsed from the e disk was sawed to the time the wet cup was placed in thIe
RHi room. Another twelve hours or so were allowed for the cup and contents to
reach the 73.4 F temperature of +-e RH room before the Initial weight was taken
and the mnercury in tha manometer was leveled.

The wet cup Was 1wcighed in the RH room to the nearest gram (estimated to the
nearest half gramn). At! cups were weighed weekly. Weight losses in grims versus
time in days were plotted on agraph like the typical one in Figure 7.

After the first rday each%ctup developed a few miliimeters of vacuum, as

indicated on the manometer. The vacum increased at a different rate for each cup;
offr a month some cups developed a vacu.m of over 200 millimeters of mercury.
The vacutu continued to inchease, but as the mercury ia ched its limit of travsel,
clamps were placed
ga.)
nret al Al wr wigedwekl.Wegh were
on theupTygond tubing and the manometers lsssremoved without
ngrmsvesu1
distRroin
trn apcloeiof the
interior
ndy the ee'ote cup. A likelyh
nagahlk explonatien for the
iue7vacutan in the wet
cups is that the helium has a diffusion coefficient through most substances grtater
than that of the atmosphere; therefore, a dsp in internal pressure developed in
each cup as the helium diffused through the cup system.
nsemabled
I SiJ

Fiur 6.ArlcwtcpLIldwihseie n cn tr
12j
 __-_..
i ,I
•0 . _ . _.. ._ _ ._ _.
i

- 1 Wi Cup No. P344T, Botch S-16

73.4 F. 50 patc-1t RH

V 60 1, - -

I I

a 40 I I
3t

-J

:40

* -i

h. i mn
fssd. slt , fl-w

10

•
e1 -'_fl
1 I I II'I
I1 1
10
Figure 7.
InlI
1 Typical weight iloss vem-s timne for wet cup. Iie
13
 Discussion o. Phase I (Results)

Cotnpiessivc Strenth. The curv-e in Figure 8 were plotted from Table fl.
The tep twc crves, representing compessive strengo plotted with respect to water-
cement rati:, relate concrete without NoCI to concrete with 1.5 percent NoCI by
weight of pl-3stic concrete. These cu-ves show that concrete without NaC! has a
higher 14-d 3y compre"sive strength than concrete with 1.5 percent NaCI. This
relation helJ true for all the watw-ce€ent ratios used - 0.444, 0.571, and 0.702
for high-,fedium-, and low-tranth concretes, re ly. r'S"'Melation was
also verifi"<4 later ;n PhI ases Ill . i1

The -.--tram two curves of Figure 8, representing standard deviation of

compressiv, strength vetsus water-cement ratio, relate concrete with 1.5 percent
NodC and vithm-t NcCL. The standard deviation for concrete with 1.5 percent
NoC! is cefinitely lower than the standard deviation for concrete without NaCI.
There also eefs to be a m~nimum -standrddeviation -t a tL -c.r--nt
ratio; i;n .,.me plots the minietum standard deviation occurs at a wdar-cemnt ra(0o10
of 0.61 fL- b~tb concretes. At each of these water-cement ratios there is the least
deviation -.-variation of compressive strength among samples.

Peru eability. The equation, based on a form of Fick's law, that generally
has been ued to calculate water vapor permeability (WVP) coefficients for concrete

W9
Atz•P

where: W = total weight of vapor transmitted, grains (1 gram = 15.43 grains)

I = length of flow path (or thickness of specimen), inches

A = arec of cross section of flow path, square feet

time during which the vapor transmission occurred, hours

t.P = difference of vcpor pressure between ends of flow path, inches of

mercury (at 73.4 F: 100-0 percent RH,, AP = 0.82948; foi
100-2D percent RH, A? 0.8 (0.82948) = 0.66358; for I00-50
percent RH, AP = 0.5 (0.82948) = 0.41474) k

WfW'P permeability coefficient, grain-inches p-- square foot per hour

per !nch of mercury vapor pressure difference

14

Ii:II
- ii iii i' i l il'm " "1 i'l , , r
 0-O-- 1.5 percent NOCI Helium
Each point represents 23 Fettaod c mentconcrefte
cylinders, 4-in. diont by a au.

NI
70M________ ___________ ___________ __________

60M

L_ __ _ __ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ __ _

0%0

O.4 0.5 0U 0.7 O

water-ce-ne-V ratio - Phase I.

15
 SI I

Wisng Euction I to calculate WVP gave Eg!er values for wet cup ;n .he
0-percent .RH room than for companion cups in the 20-percent RH room. After
examination and comparison, it was decided that such calculated WVP values were
incompatible. For specimens of identical mix design, A was constant and I was
virtually constant; for equal values of t, W was measureed and found to be nearly
constant; therefore, the only variable thought to be significant was. AP the =tivating
force.

The Building Research Advisory Board Report No. 14 to the Federal Housing
Administration3 has sumrnmarized the current professional thinking about the ve'; in
which water moves in =oncrete as follows:

"The Committee (Advisory Committee of BRAS) believes that moisture is

transferred through partially dry concrete in the absorbed or condensed
state by surface diffusion and does not move as vapor through concrete.
Also, where good practice has been followd.-in the design and curing
of concrete, ;t is be!.ev.d that moisure does not move throngfh the con-
crete by capillarity as it is usually understood. The transfer process is
considered to be the some where either liquid water or water vapor are
present directly beneath a slob-on-ground. However, other conditions
being similar, there is believed to be a much slower transfer to the
aborb-d state when vapor rather than liquid water is in contact with
the slab. This results in a slower rate of moioture transfer through the
slab where oniy vapor is present."

Further, "Due to the hygroscopic nature of concrefe it is believed

incorrect to consider the rate of moisture transfer pr t.a
hOtiol!e
vapor pressure differential between a moist anr -. dry side of a slab.
This is because moisture moves through a mature concrete in an absorbed
or condensed state cnd not in a vapor phase. For water moving through
concrete in a condensed state, the driving force is not comptoed from.
the difference between the two pressures but from the ratio between the
two relative humidities.

Moreover, 9The Committee reommends against expressing results in

terms of pemeeonce as defined in ASTM Designation: E96-53T,
Appounix 2. Computation of permeance is based on the assumption
that moisture travels through partially dry concrete as v:aor, whereas,
tnder the conditions of these tests., it is transferred in the absorbed
state by surface diffusion. Motive force is proportional to the loga-
rithm of the ratio between the vapor pressure on the moist side and
that on the dry side; it is not equol to the difference between the two
vapor pressures as assumed in the ASTM definition."

16
 tI

According to Babbitt, 4 Fick's law states that the concentration gradient is

the driving force for diffion and, since concentration is independent of the phys-
ical state of the molecules, Fick's law does not distinguish absorbed moisture from
£ maisture in the gaseous or liquid phases, and therefore is not applicable to
* hygroscopic materials such concrete.

Babbitt 4 further points out that "...movement of moisture through porous or

granular solids is a complicated ".enomenon that cannot be solved completely by
any single approach." Moreover, "...any satisfactory explanation of the movement
of moish-w-e not only must consider. the physical state of the water molecules "vithin
the solid but also must include all possible modes by which t'e mnolecules might
move. He distinguishes six possible states: vapor, liquid, ice, chemical compound,
aix-'bed, crd dissolved; and adds: "In each of these states, the woter molecules,
imder certain conditions, are capable of movement, and all six states may contri-

bute to the migration of the moisture. He then presents a form of the Stokes-Navier
equation as a generalized equation of flow, since "...any movement of * fluid must
cbm•an- eqation of transport of the form of the Stokes-Navier eqtlotton-:

6P
6x. Ax = 0

In the absence of a numerical evaluation for concrete of the pressure gradient

6P/6 x, and the resistive force A the foliowing expression for water vapor trans-
mission (WVT) was arbitrl•l!y adopted for this study:

WV = _w (2)
At

where: f = length of flow path (or thickmess of specimen), inches

W = weight of vapor traniitted, grains (I gram = 15.43 grains)

A = area of c.-oss section of flow path, square inches (11.12 square

inches for specimens reported herein)

t = time during v•tch the vapor transmission occurred, days (100 days
for this study)

WVT = water vapor transmisslor, inch grains per square inch p day

17

• •.I.
 Equation 2 can be reduced to the following simple w-rking form:

WVT WC (3)

whare C = 0.13876, anS and V1W

e;e used in units of inches and grams, respectively.
The weight of water loss for erch cup for a period of 100 days was interpolated
from the straight-line portion of a graph like the typical one in Figure 7. Subsestuting
values of W and z from Table Ill into Equation 3, the ViT values were computed
for each wet cup. All three cups (top, middle, and bottom slice) of the same design
were averaged because there was no appreciable difference in their values ( le i;•

It is interesting to note that the WVT values are a!most equal for identical
specimens In the different RH rooms, it must be remembered that all specimens had
nearb-y eqiiotiren'on; therefore, W is the only significant variable in Equation 3
for this study. Since meas-red values of W were almost equal for identical speci-
mens, it is apparent that ambient relative humidity hod no significant effect with
reference to WVT. Therefore, ambient relative humidities used in this study seem
to have little or no effect on the transmission of moistuwe .I-.ough a concrete disk.
This condition can be better understood by examining Figure 9. This fIgure shows
that the upper two curves representing concrete without NaCi lie very close to each
other, as do the lower two curves for concrete with 1.5 percent NoCi. The WVT
increases with an increase in water-cement ratio (lower strength concrete).

It is most important to note that the WVr"for concrete without NaCI Is about
twice that for concrete with 1.5 percent NaCI. The following is a summary of the
effect of 1.5 percent NaCI in concrete with a high water-cement ratio:

1. The slum-p 's increased from 3 inches to 7 inches.

2. NaCi whiskers develop on the wet cup specimens.

3. The compressive strength is reduced.

4. The WVT is reduced.

A faint growth of whiskers was first detected after the low-strength specimens
c,-ta!ning NaCi were in the RH room for three days; the higher the concrete strength
(the lower the water-cement ratio), the longer t+e tL-ne that was required for the
initial growth of whiskers to begin. A discussion appears later in this report under
the heading 'Sodium Chloride Whisker Crystals.a

18

II I I I l

Ii i - I II II I I II I I I i l I I II I I I II
 04 C14

t 11C14
,4 111 M1
_ _ _ _~_ ____~~ _ 0_ ___ ___ ___ ____,4

"I0-
10m3I "1% ."t . . 9

- 000l .)W 00 C;a 006

0 , CN0 N C4 CI C 14CJ

C.

W.__ zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzI .

a Z

a za

c
N.co- C-4 -0 ttco'oNr Rr ooD .I 0-

ro C4' rý V! -u!
t% .4O

rD - -- - - - 0

-t Lo

C 0

zz-33zzzzzzzzzzz co~
-J -J - -
Z 0

- ------ - I-
19
 20-
Sptrcso RH, 73.4 F
Larg. AW.got. Helium. each palut is aw for 3 tests

0.70__ _ _ _ _ _

4 1

0.0 petcmit NCI

0.10

a.~0.5 - 060. .

-c~i
£ _ _ _ _ / _2D
 Phase Ifwas initiated to cosnsid&- tw oddithona fctors. ',r- cw~~iffi
tht Laborctory's "Hydrophobic Cem~ent" TaskI- No. Y-MV0-05-0e6t ~!c -- Id I.S
wead ca an addliiiye to make cement .'es twt tz, sakhdonlng, prticuhirly in
tropical locattonw, 'hsrefore, it was dccidad :c frnckze o-!e.c o--d as a a~-
in t-Aition, *-e efect of mai-w awgegcde sime w-,. of tnter123t. it v:,s d~iec'..
.e res-,-ts ef Plioe I t.at thie me)u
th conxretv
c4~ntoa h nt sk
e
Fi - th~e ira cylizgra v,-;r noti nwvý-; P1~
zz1 rn Hh Wy voii-mw
involved in Mhae 11 of this e.Trhent wee9 as fotlow--

i~Law (L)or hish 00i stren~1h * onf rsz

2. 3/8-inch (S)or 3/-4-Inch WLgaxi.ý csav.cateb zle.

3. Absence (A)or prsence f N*Ck.

oP

4. -Absence(A) orpraec-e(P) of ofle 1dc.

S. Lower (L.) or uvper(% ic i h e hefndr f on e

Thus there were tvg* eo+cof six f~o~ ~~~

PE~io a total o! 64
com~bhxnat-ios !n alI. A c~jter r-e-cote- :ieý ;I;, one ?-a$vin 16
cowiibinations - was msd cz Phase fl. This pAhee badsnr- 'Ws~~ - Phaise I
but took le.- thtm halF the nt.Ybr oa wet cu-ps, afewuoh It crid no., r--- the %spaps
of the trend cu~vrs a- deflned by 4-4=& polnr4. T-hr vn~wiables identiffied by
batch nmxber appe= in T~ka IV.

The proced=-e* Far Phot. It W-me Tho ---

ue Sl~h=s for Phase I except thet
nitrogen gas was use4 in p~tae of helium gms -,3 ar-d develolmet, of a
Oleic ocdd artd dry cement ý.- mi'X64ed a pabble mill (wti-hout the *ebbles) fbr
25,000 revolutions.

After a wert cup was assamnbled, D~ %*=;4z if- its designo!id RH jo~ and
peeliadic weight anzd mameter reaw%,.% Ywvt& *. as In 1h we 1. The rmercuy
rees
revealed little zz, r,- avi~i. Afý*r six weeks it wvas 4teided the %im
mm~zmeters. wer.: of no Finfrthr cas~quexmce and thyw re=re ed ft~ allte
we- cupz.

The NoCI -Aiijce devreloped, as pfewtcusly 4escribed, on. oil thasa *vckisns
whiich cormtalned 1.5 perent Na~i,

21
 C

0 -4. C- a

- --- 4* . U 0 vs VI 4 %n

x
ii

CM A

0
4-

0% Co 0 r Q
0

** r- m
C% Mm_

0 "U

C4.-9 9t-q 4it I&,"

*~~~~I . I______I.

-"I V-4-C4 " CO C

c a~
30 2 .1 -
I- ME

e ooi

22
'I
 To cscertain if the cup assmbly system was impervious to moisture, three
types of control cups were assembled 2s follows:

1. In place of a concrete disk, an acrylic disk was cemented to the top of

the cup, the cup half-filled with water, the air flushed out with. helium,
and the small access tubes clamped tight.

2. Some as (1), but flus-hed out with nitrogen.

3. A =p w cocr"•- ie disk was sealed across the top with a 1/4-inch

layer of epoxy.
One of each of the above assembiles was placed in the 5)-percent RH room
cpd • e_,-v w=P lace .. 2D-perceist RH oron. After six months there was no
detectable weight loss, $.usshowing thai the system was impervious to moistuhe.

Discussicn of Phase I! (Results)

The curves for small ond large aggregate with and without NaCi were plotted
from Table IV ard appear as the top four curves in Figure 10. Here again, it is
shown that the presence of 1.5 percent NoCi in concrete lowers the compressive
strength. Figure 10 also relates the effect of aggregate size and strength. With
and without NaCI, the concrete containing small aggregate had a higher compressive
stre-ath than the concrete containirg large aggregate. (The designation of 3/4-inch
aggegote as "large aggregate" is a relative term within this expe-iment.)

Figure 10 also contains curves for star•drd deviation of cacnpesive strength

versus water--cement ratio fc- oncrete containing small as well as large aggreggre
with and without NoCI. Here again, the standard deviution foi concrete with
1.5 pe•r•et NaCi is less thcm concrete wi.•tho NaCI. For some unexplainable rea-
son the spread of the curves is greater for icrge ag.--regate with and without NoCl
than for small aggregate with and without NoCI. The NaCl seemed to have slightly
less effect on the small than on the large aggregate concrete.

As in Phase I the weight of vapor loss for a period of 100 days was taken From
tihe straight line portion e. týh weight-time ggaphs for each cup. Cmputed values
of water vaor t isson ppea in Table V.

23
.4
 I I

~IC,

a.6 ~ 0.7?~eeeI ~.~ ~

Tat Ceam Ras;~ff* 4i.d

g£rt and ii-s -£ w Lv ci n v rt

wt-ennraio hs It

I 24
 ==- 3. ••.

i ll
_• I II II I I ii i l iI ; ; ]

•-•l~llll ii NO ini.

I~ SV 734F

I
_ 1percent
73.4 F, W]/ •c,
In.
w•

S11 N-972B D3. .9 0.714

S2 P24T 2 14.0 i.3 0.292
IS :3 N T 5D 13.2 1.491 0.274
S i P41803 15.5 1.5 0.329
S6
5 7I
j P22485
NI52T I
50
5D
18.3
27.1
1.9
1.481
0:3811
0.558
sS
S 9
P•-T
4•-"7T
j 20.7
18.6
1.539
1.503
0.443
0.389
SI P-214S 2D 28.3 146 0.8
SI1 -4.910 17.9 1.513 0.376
Si2 Pi
POT 5D 7.7 1.497 0.160
S !a 13.4 1.5D9 0.281
SU1 P-9,6 2D 10.8 ,.520 0.228
$ i5 P17T 2D 19.6 1.499 0.408
$i6 P344T 5D 38.6 1.522 0.817

i • •~s..'T,Mr e•- U, M, Lon Table iI.

.,'Welght of water toss for 100 days on straight-lime portion of groah.

£ Leng•h of flow pt
Z (or thlckmess of specimen).
4-~e~per sQuare inch per dlay.
Note: A.-eG of cross section or flow path 11.12 square inches.
t

., ...

25
3 - -

¶i a

! f i!' i! l! ,4
 IIi

These vczues of WVT were plotted wilh respect to water-cement ratio for
snail and large aggregate with and without NaC! (Figure 11). The shapes of these
two-point curves were based on the three-point curves of Figure 10. Again the
fact that the presence of 1.5 percent NaCI lowers the WVT value is demonstrated.
The top two curves, representing concrete without NaCI, clearly show that the
small aggregate concrete has a higher WVT value than the large aggregate •ancrete.
Unfor.turzcly, because of a condition referred to as a "random deviate" by
statisticians, .thecurves representing small and lrge agwegate concrete with
1.5 perc•.t NaCI in.- rsect, and therefore do not allow any direct conclusion to be
drawn, without benefit of analysis of variance. The "expected" rates of WVI,
plotted on Figure 11, demonstrate the probable relationships. These two curve-, i
identified by a triangular symbol, help to explain these variables in that they follow
the same pattern as the o*.tr comparative curves. All the curves show that higher
water-cerent-ratio concrete has a much higher WVT value than tow vwter-cement-
j
ratio concrete.

It may be noted on Figure 11 that there isan

mpparent inconsistency in data
sources for ambient RH, NaCl, and aggregate cures. Because of the quarter repli-
cae c'hosen to be investigated, there was neither a specimen with small aggregate
and without NaCl in the s-percent RH room nor a specimen with large aggregate
Ind without NaC! i. the 20-percent RH room. The opposite situation existed for
i with 1.5 percent NaCI. But since it has been concluded that RH has no
specines•
si•nificrnt effect on WVT, the curves can be compared on a sound basis.

The resultin-% values of WvIT, as found in Table V, were subjected to an

analysis of variance. Results of this analysis are presented in Appendix C. Water
v'por transmission values were found to be significantly higher for hight wafer-
cement ratios (lower concrete strýgths), the absence of NaCI, and, to c lc I
extent, the smaller aggregate size. Concrete slice p•iJian, oleic acid, a:ld RH
were found to have no s;9nii~ican1 effect.

Comparison of Phase I and Phase 11

Phases I rd If were similarly conducted except for the gas used to flush the
inside as' the wet cups and the kind and number of va-iables st.died. The curves
in Figure 12 represent IWW valures fr both ph.ass plotted with repect to water-
S III =,cement ratio for nitrogen and helium gases for concretes with and withot NaaCI.
The top two curves, representing conc.rete without NaCI, show the effect of nitrogen
relative to helium to give a higher 'iVT. The sane relation holds true for concrete
with 1.5 percent NaCl. This is sh-ow further by the following exomple. By taking
the WVT value for a wet cup containing helium fro Phase I ad adding to it the
correction factor taken from Figure 12 (The ordinate value between two curves with
Ssimilar variables), it was found tit the new point falls on or very near the curve
representing a wet cup with similar variablet containing nitrogen from Phase IU. The
effect of different gases was not intended to be a variable in this exeriment, but
interesting devepmeats have come from their use.

S26
 O-- OLet Aq, 90 ,, 4
7 * Tamp 73.4 F. each point te,.wwents one fts?

1ec lip0 r RH _ _

II 0.0 Percent mCe

II a.1 _ _ _ _ _ _

Cc

(L20

Ex$*de Curves

0.10 ______ &I

OAJ 0.5 0.6 0.7 0-8
Water - Cceent Ratio

Figure I1I. Wazter vopor transmission versus water-cement

rot~o - Aggregee size effect, Phase 11.
27
I

e i for tests

S o.Io I
I
0.70-1t

I i

W Percen RH

0-"I

SI -S PercenteNt.

3-0 1
GA 0.5 0src6 0-7CI
Wwa(
Comm Rati 20
o !1
,,, ,. , ,o,,,_____._. 0202_
,,;,,,,,__. . 1__ II_

iiilI ii
I llII II]
Il i ir i " i/ i 'i ii .n . - . . ..
I" I I I0 I I ! ; ; ; 1; -i ,
 Sodrium Chloride Study

AatfromPhases Iand11, but asnoutgrtoftho+e effectofNaCt'on the

compressive strength of the concrete of those studiies, cm investigation was conducted
* varyihig the percent of NaCI in the concrete. Additional specimens were mode
following the some procedure as !n Phase 11 but varying the percen! NaCI between
0 and 1.5. Trhe design variables. compressive strengths, and standard deviations
appear in Table V1. Some specimens r i..
1 Phae I and 11 are listed in Table VI for
comparison arzi convenience.

A graph of coompressive strength plotted with respect to percent Nod- (11=*!e f)

cpoears-x- a: the top curve in Figure M3 Note that with an increase of NoCi from
o to 0.6 percent there is an increase of comp~resise vtrength; with additional salt
the compressive strength decreases to the limit of the experiment. The bottomn curve,
though inconclusive, represents the standwd deviation of compressive strength
(Table VI) also plotted wilth respect to percent Nodl. 8o" -uryes in Figure 13 cre
for low-strength :oncrete (water-cement ratio, 0.702). Table VI1 summairizes the
'A"%.CI stud data a is included for informational and comparative purposes.

As small an amount of sadhxn chlord'e as 0.075 percent by weighit of plasitic

concrete xcisdthe slun-. from 3 to 6 inches. Increasing the camounts of salt up
to 1. 5 percent further ;ncreased the slump to 7 inches. The data in Figure 13 are
for a constant water-cament ratio of 0.702. If the water-cement ratios were reduced
to provide equal consistencie-s (slunips), the cur-e dhold shicw significantly higher
com pressive strength values.

Nothing was found in the liteafture to =ither verify or nullify the finding of an
optimum salt content for moximum strength; however, IKleinlogel 5 reported that experi-
ments mode by the building department of ti-e city or S.-lin-Charlottenburg and by
Dieckmnsann resz),'ed in an increase in strength in most cases when sodium chloride
-1 was added- to concrete. sanraoo•rsi•••rt;wlho~ilnlsl
0o0_prettee He finrther added that American publications reported a loss
in strength. of from 7 tr-40 percent when 1 to 20 ppercant sodium chloride solutions
were o_..A to the concrete mix. He also mode the following interesting observaions:
Sodium chloride may cause effloresence;d it will cause reinforcing steel to rust; w-d
cot Aaretzec with chloride absorbs muah moistgre from the air.

1r-.ie results of the present study point out the net d for further investigation
a620.he effects of NaCo on concrete. At present a detailed investi ran of salt-
waivrconcrete is being conducted under Task Number V-RG07-05-012.

Mis may have been san

t whisker crystals.

29
 0 -_

22 _ _ _ - I

0-0

-Is-

>1 M

.2 =0
qj~ _ _ ~~~~_Z;__ _ _ a- -

c- -a

E CQ~0 _Z *-

0 0 '3 m

4C 4
4;~~% O0 fC

Ij_ -i <-

in - n n ~
---- - 4- - -

* 00
1' C

I= co 4 4 4c

2
E 00 c c .2

10~
go 0!fta
-~IA

u 00

a C*

0-
-
E4

i-o

________o 4.!L~

Ua 0
S 0

I
00)

NC312
irnw.4i.dcsb WMW n
41C

[ 4
StT~ gI~* WjC 0AD2D

4z0
C6

36
00
2___

aw-2

320
 _: I

Sodium Chloride Whisker Crystals

a IWhisker crystal growth on portland cement concrete incorporating sodium

chloride is believed to hove been first reported in this study. Within three days
after being placed in either of ;he test envirenments, the high vwer-cement r-atio
or low-strength concrete containing NoCI developed ,visible whiskers. The rate of
growth appeared to be somewhat more rapid in 20 percent than in 5D percent RH;
in general, however, the ultimate amount of growth over three or four mon.hs
appeared to be about the some.

One of the authors (Griffin) observed the sane type of growth in an air-
conditioned building on.Y.i•.crdy, where the external temperature ranged between
70 and 100 F and the relative humidity ranged between 100 and SD percent. On
6 July 1960, in an air-conditioned room inside the b--ilding the tempercture was
69 F and the RH was 51 percent. In a non air-conditioned room, where whiskers
were a!= growing, the temperature was 80 F and the RH was 54.5. These whiskers
emerged through a layer of paint and the surface of the walls had floked off to a
depth of 1/32 inch. The whiskers were fine enough to move cbout in the room on
air currents and thus damage the large amount of electronic equipment that was
housed in the building. It is not known whether the whiskers had the same ultimate
deteriorating effect on this equipment as do metal whiskers that develop short circulit
on microminiature electronic devices.

Many articles about whisker crystals have appeared in various journals and
magazines in recent years. Reference 6, an authoritative and comprehensive single
volume deaiig with the growth and perfection of crystals, describes whiskets of
many substances, including sodium chloride. The description of these whiskers cor-
responds very closely with observations mode by the authors in this study.

On some of the Labore!ory' s specimens the whiskers wer like lamb' s wool,
on others they w.-.:. -ubb-y and coarse. Figure 14 shows _he whisker grwh on low-
strength concrete after 5 .months. Figure 15 sh-4 s growths magnified 15 times.
Individual whiskers were obse'ved to be as !ong as 4 centimeters and ca small as
0.025 miillimeter in diameter. Geometric configurations on a single concrete disk
included spirals, helices, and noncurvlinear shapes. In addition to individual
whi4er;, dense mats of closely pocked parallel whiskeLs emerged, usually separated
from c-•h other near the tips.. ndiv-Mual whiskers were striated longitudinally and
had the appecronce of having been extruded from a die as they continued to grow
from iust under fhe Surface of the concrete. They definitely appeared to have groimn
from the base. In fact, if viewed at the proper time tnder G low-powered.microscope,
they may be observed breaking thxi h a crust in the matrix that has been fifted above
its original psitimm by tho formation of the whiskers.

r
33Iit

--"'""--
'""
'( " :=i -
 0

CL
C-4

-14
i
(

I-

-r*1

-ii
1
0
V
-a
E
0
x
Lu

IL

35

I
 3.

FINDINGS

Water VCPGr PermeabI Iity,

1. The formn of Fickss law which is co-ranonly used to determine water vapor
permeability for concrete was not verified.
2. An equation for a WVT (water vapor transmission) quantity equal to W
is mo~re suitable for the observed pherxnomnon. than Fick's law At

Strengtsfh, * Concrete

1. There is an *:otinu~m concentration of NoCI for maximum, compressive

,strength of c-onacrete with2 a given high water-cement ratio.

2. Cancrere --iiih 1.5 percen.t NaClI-has !ess, strength than concrete wi thout
NaCi, other foc-lors being equal.
3. Concre-te containing srall aggregate is strcnger than concrete contcIning
Vlarge aggregate for I'identical water-cernent ratios.

Water Vapo Transjnission

1. WWV increases with an increase in water-cement ratio.

2. WPVT increases wifCi a decrease in maximum partitcle size of aggregcte.

3. WWT dpecrec-.*s with the presence of 1.5 percent NaCI in the concrete.

4. WV'T decreases with the presence of helium inside wet cups.

5. WVT is independen~t of the location of segments in a con~crete cylinder.

6. WVT, is independent of the presence c.f absence of oleic acid.

7. VJVT cte appears to increase slightly in a majority of cases as ombient

PM dec.'-eases (partial vapor pressure increases), but for the range of the
tests, 2D and 5D percent RH at 73.4 F, thie trend is not significant when
~ compared with the experimental variability.

I 36
 General

1. Salt whisker crystal gr ieteriorates the surf•ce of the concrete where

the whiskers form.

2. Acrylic cups, whiic are Inert, proved to be imper'Aous to vapor leak as

indicated by the control cup tests.
23. The results of Phase ii (Wqarter replicate) were verified by results of
Phase I (full replicate).

CONCLUSIONS

1. Acrylic cups, as used in this investigation, are completely satisfactory

car stding VW.

2. A fractional foctorial design for est.mating WVT for several variables is

not only reliable but also L. econoc-..-cal.

3. A well-founded mthematical expression is yet to be estblshed for

- I predicting WVT for a given concrete. In the meontime, straight-line
portions of the weight-loss-time curve provide a practical solution.

RFIJURE PLANS

All the wet cups will contir,.,e to be weighed for on indefinite time, and
additional information will be sought.

A Phase Ill study is planned to investigate the effect of water vapor trcnsmisslon
on steel erbedded in concrete disks placed in 6-inch-dicameter wet cups. This will
provide ct least 48 additional wet cups from which water vapor trasmission cod the
effect of specimen size can be -tud-cd. It is ais planned to sudy the electrical
resistivity of concrete.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The aut4ws gratefully acknowledge the contributions of Samue! H. Brooks,

Sc. D., the Labortory's statistical consultant on this "aork.

37

~~-|
REFERENCES
I. Rand owPrporatkn. A Million Rmndom Digits With 100,000 N=r=a Deviates.
Free Press, Glencoe, Illinois, 1955.
2. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Cond itioning Engine=r, Inc.
Heating, Vertilicti.ng, Air-Cor~dilrionin -Guide, Val. 37. New Yotk, ;-959.
pp 127-138.

3. National Academy of Sciences - National Research Council Publicatijon 576,

Building Research Adviisory Board, Report No. 14 to the Federal Housing
Administration. Effectiveness of Concrete Admixtures in Controiling the Transeission
of Moisture Through Slobs-on-Ground. Prepared and edited by William S. Brown.
Washington, 0. C., 1958.

4. Babbitt, J. 0. "The Movemient of Moivture Through Solids.' ASTM Bulletin

No. 212, FebIuary I, pp 58-60. m1

5. Kleiniogel, A. Influences on Concrete, toranfated from the revised German.

edition of i941 by F. S. Morgenroth. frederick Unigar Pub. New York, 1950,
p 102.

6. Doremus, R. H., B. W. Roberts, and David Turnbull, eds. Growth and

Perfection of Crystals. Proceedings of en Internaitional Conference on Crystal
Growth held at Cooperstown, New York, August 27-29, 1958. John Wiley & Sons,
New Yormm, 19m58.

38
 A4Vendfix A

PLASTiC WET CLUP DESCRIPTION

The following is a detailed description of the plastic wet cup and cor.ponent
parts. Reference should be --od-- to Figures 5 and 6 in the main text of the report.

The main body of the cup, which is cut from Codco polis-he-d colorless widd
tronsparert cast-acrylic-resin tubing, is 5-1/2 inches Iong w; h oS-in.ch oumride
diameter andoa 4-1/2-inch inside dkmeter. The tubing is machined wiooth on both
ends, cut with three circumferen-.el gaging grooves on the inside near the top within
the dimension of the thickness of the s-pecimen,, and drilled fo, The access tubes.
The purpose oa the grooves is to offer the rnax'nmum seal with the epoxy.

The top ring is cut and machined to size from 1/4--inch Plexiglas 'G' -heets.
The outside diometer is 5 inches and the inside diameter is 3-3/4 inches *1/,64 inch.

The annulor ring with the counterbore is cut and machined fro-M 3/8-inch
Psle)Gglas to fit tightly inside the main tubing body. The outside diam~eter is approxi-
mately 4-1/2 inches and the inside dianieter is 3-3/4 inches *1/64 inch; the
counterbore, is 4 inches +1/16 inch in diameter and 3/16 inch deep. It is impartant
that this ring fits tightly in order to have a perfect seal.

The bottom plate is cut aid machined to size, from 3/8-inch Plexiglas, with
a diameter of 5 inichets*1/32 inch. A shoulder 1/8 inch deep and qapproxiniately
1/4 inch wide i indto fit the ofech
eotm section eof he main tubina.

The access tubes are cut 1-1/2 inches long frcm ext~ruded acrylic tubing with
a 3(8-inch oue iseter z-.d a L14-irsch inner dianeter. Thbe tu-bes and boes in
the main body are tapered slightly to provide a tight fit.

39
 E ~Appendilx 8

WET CUP ASSEMBLY

The followiroi is a detailed description of the step-by---ep procedure for

"mssnb~ling thehwettcup. Reference should be mode to Figures 4, 5, nd 6 in the
* main body of the text.

11. Measure the thickness of the concrete disk in fou7 different places with a
micrcrz•.; and record the average thickness.

2. Clean all plastic parts of cup with ethyl alcohol and allow to dry.

3. Fit counterbore of annular ring onto bottom of concrete disk.

4. Mix the desired quantity of epoxynthe- proportion of four parts Shell

Epon Resin 815 with one part Shell Curing Agent T-1 by weight and thicken to
consistency of paste with a thickening agent, *Cob-O-Sil, " and seal the ring to
the disk by constructing a fillet of paste on the top surface of the ring oadacent to
the concrete.

5. Place the main body of the cup (4-1/2-inch id tubing) over the inverted
disk-ring component and press it down so that the concrete disk is flush with the top
of the plastic main body '-n the inverted position.

6. Seal the disk-ring component in the main body with Cadco-94 General
Purpose Acrylic Cietmrt (conzsency of water,. At the some time, seal the access
.tes in place. Allcw to dry 15 minules.

7. Mix the desired quantity of epoxy in the some proportions as in step 4

without thickener. Set the cup upright on a level surface and fill the arnulor space.

8. Allow ths epoxy o se until hw-ened. Thismay take asmuch as fve

hours.

9. Seal the top ring onto the cup with a thin layer of epoxy. Place a pressure
ple and weight (12-!5 pounds) on top of the ring to hold it in position. Allow to
set.

1:! 40
I°

10. Seal the bottom plate to the cup with a thick acrylic ce.n---nt. Place a
presure plate and weight (12-15 pounds) on top of the cup to hold it in place.
Allow 30 to 45 minutes to set.

I. Attach a 2-inch length of Tygon flexible plastic tubing (FormulaNon

R-3M'M; V8/4nch id, 1/2-inch od) securely to the bottom access tube.

The cup assembly is now completed and the cup ;s ready to be_ filled with
water, washed with gas, and to have the •-•--m-eter c..toched o thc upper access
tube, if one is desired. If a manometer is not required the upper access tube is not
needed.

IiI

41

I-
 6 S

S -

'Water vapor trw=r&_*on values were found to be significantly higher for !he
* high water-cement ratio, the absen-c-e of sodiun- dhorýcde, cnd, to a lesser extent,
the •-•ler amqragcote s•_e, Ccicete slice position, oleic acid, and reiative humid-
I- were factois found to have no significant effects.

It ;s interesting to note that the small residual eror indicates that much of the
variabillty has been accounted for in the experimental procedures and in this
analysis.

mnplied in the abo-.e an=lysis is this linear statistical nzodel for the "ex;.cted"
rate of the water vapor transmission:

"Expeced' rate = 0.401 - 0.127A + 0.017B - 0.052C - 0.101D + 0.003E - 0.004F

The following table shows tie experimental design, the resulting observations
of the rates of water vapor trantission for the indicated combination of factors, the
'exected' rate as computed above, and a check colwnn to show that:

z (c•b•sred - "expectedn) = 0

443

3-t

A,
 ii

Table IX. Experimental Design and RGwuiting Observed and "Expected"

Rates oF Water Vapor Transmission

Factor Factr- Levels Observed "xpectedu (Observed-

Coam;±ior. A B C D E F Rcxteg/ Rateg/ NExpectedm)

S 1 -1 -1-1-1-1-1 0.714 0.665 0.049

S 2 +1 +1 +1 -1 +1 -1 0.292 0.347 -0.0m5

S 3 +1 +1 -1 +1 -1 +1 0.274 0.235 0.039

S 4 -1 -1 + +i +1+1 0.329 0.357 -0.028

S 5 +1 -1 +1 +1 -1 -1 0.185 0.105 0.080

S 6 +1 -1 -1 -1 +1 +1 0.381 0.409 -0.028

S 7 -1 +1 +1 -1 -1 +1 0.558 0.587 -0.029

S 8 -1 +1 -1 +1 +1 -1 0.443 0.503 -0.05 I0

S 9 -'& +1 -1 -1 -i -1 0.389 0.445 -0.056

S 10 -1 -1 +1 -1 +1 -1 0.581 0.567 0.014

s11 -1 -1 -1 +1 -1 +1 0.376 0.455 -0.079

S12 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 &1 0.160 0.137 0.023

S 13 +1 -1 +1 -1 -1 +1 0.281 0.299 -0.018

S 14 +1 -1 -! +1 +! 41 0.228 0.215 u.u13

S 15 -1 +1 +1 +1 -1 -1 0.408 0.393 0.015 m

S 16 -1 +1 -1 -1 +1 +1 0.817 0.697 0.120

z (observed - "expected) = 0.0o0

2/ Inch-grains per suore inch per day.

44

-_- =- _-• =- . __- . _

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Oi

2 39 Construct
sobe Battalions
ion
9 -M M~obie Construction Botlions

39E Amphiibious Consuruction Battlions

A2A ciu
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S AS Bueaus

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F9
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I F43 Racdo F=slity (Londondeny only)
1 14
43 ,ecrsaty Group Activities Mbinter Harbor only)
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I H6 medicoa Center

2 A1 Adimint*raso C===,cud and Unst-BaPes (Great Lakes and Son Diego only)
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z ,. Fleet Anti-Air Wcar'ar Taining C.wer (Vir•;ial Beach only)

2 J4 Amphibious Bases
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45

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.IaA SzhooI Past•duare
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I J" CLos==-n; €tion Training Cener
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ME
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46
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Chief of Slaff, Ii. S. Armay, Chivi of Research orif Deveiapawmnt 0-oprtz-nt at the Arm-y.
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Offic, of the Chief of Engineer:, Asst. Chlief of Engineening for Civil Works, Deport-ment of thc
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FotSeliroir, Yilginin
1 Commarding General. Wrigiht Air Developmen:t Center Air Rasearcht and Davaisopam.ent Co=I--nd.
Weight.Prtteison Air Force Base. Oiu
I Demcty Chief of Stoff. Deivelopmrent, Director of Research -j-4Developmen. ODporta--i of ihe
Air Forcec. Washitngton
I Pu;sadent* Mairie Corps Ea&upntpert Board, UDA-ie Co.ps !'0%is. 00ontico, Virginia
I Director. MPeatic;a Bureot, of Standards. Dep~artm~ent of Commer-ce, Cecritecticut Avenue.
Wozhingto~n. 0. C.

10 Armed Services Tsclvincal lnformarnon Agency, Arlington 1'loll Station. Arlington 12. Virginec
I Deputy Chief of Staff. Research at a Development JIL-dquztncrs, U. S. Marine Carps
Z t~6 uA.AF. a ; Civ,, Engineerng. Attn: AFOCE-ES. Washington 25, D. C-
2 Co-nmonr. pv.d.irartors. Air Research cnd Develop=*%.t Commanrd, Auvire-, Air Ilarc* Base,
Washington 25. 0. C.

2 Office, of the Detector. U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, Washington 25, D. C.

2 Library of Congtess. Washington 25. D. C.
10 Director. Office of Tecfoimczl Sarvices, Da-partimenT of Commerce. iashingion 25, 0. C.

NCEL Stondord Distribution

2 Director of Defense Research and Engineiering, Deportment of Defense. Washington 25, D. C.
2 Daoctor. Divi~sion of Plans and PoliciezHaqure, U. S. MariYne C---=, Washington 25. 0. C.
2 D-rector, Bureau of Reclamation. Washington 25. D. C.
2 zowma...jn officer. U S Na-af Construrction Battolton Certer. Attn: Technical Division.
Code 141. Part H.enzme, Co!.ornmo
2 Coaonei"n~~ Olfcer. U- S. tfovoi Construction 8Bttalion Center, Attn: Material Deportment.
Cod* 142, Port ffuename. California
IComanding.n Officer (Patent Dept' ). Office of Naval Researce. Branich Office. I0= E. Green Street,
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I Coic~ldng Officer. Yards and Docks SMIrpY Office. U. S. Waald COM--%. flaitlic. cen.ter,
Por? HUeneme. Calif.

L 47
 Me c

14CEL Su~,eralsaw L-s.&Amiohz*a

I D~tor, Illrine PhiYsio' - .---- 469, UJ.S. Navy Elecismca Labcmoiery San tiege
1Co==dc4i-'. Pacific ~ li~ga.
.sz Mt* Tedahoh! Discitor. Pv'dat &&V,p Calit.
An
I Ccow-a6rw U. S. 14-vol S~karrd, AM; Meforiae3 and 0.mlcal ;.ok., S~ Absa
1 Office 12f Novel Svzeck~ Grwa: Office, Nevy Sz. 100, S= 39, FP0, Nww Ycrc
DF*
02o Chi of
a~~Srof1, FeSasao6i,~ DoeeM. 4tdqc tee U. S. Uplcef C- , ' -

1;w.At M 2- iet of Reýhocd 0vv&!*Vwvw Goa~p. Vaalhingtuoe, 0. C.

1 A*ý Cortcete Division. Wctarways Experiment Statien, P.. MOrawar 2131, Jockst--. i&ts.
1 lr.iscl lHowiiq Aminir-aa. VosItoan. D. C.
Clim.f Ekcree- zf Y*74ds and Docks. Cois D-23OM Wesi-irrt-. D. C.

I 91,. P.
R Mosoz, Director %C-4001 &=ertials Ttsting mraA
VIOAS Offc&. 14 N9. No-ri No- 1M3 FPO, S-m Fiedc
&-rohveriz Division, Diz±rict PL-Ilic

1 V. E. ktRoyw~rmo (0-2;5EAR). moe..?lO Division. -hitirctPubfic Works Cffice, 1AND, Navy

Me- 12t, FPO. Son, Froncizc.,
1 Direcuir, ". Bureau of Standards* Dwp=t2Wc:-xh Commrca, C*-wc~x Avs.. W~azltnvn
D. C-* AM^': mr. Mebvr 2 IOanff
I Cfic*, gA Giate.. U. S. ifaval Sipply Reseachcl anid DewIlopwors: FacilityF. Hez~dSgpy Clwore
At=- Library, Bc-vanne. M. J.
1 Offics. rn Chvce. u.. &. Navy Lmit, Raensselaer fta,#Icht c boolt'aft. Troy, N. Y.
01MOffr $naCh*'gv, U. S. FocI-- Sups17 ResGerti ad Dv.-ioA'.az Faelity, Iaa Sply Cs~sc

Conioa.Aini Orficer FleIot Training Cows:. Nevy He. 122, Mo?PO, S"n Srsc~itco
1 CoavsnAider, Li. S. t-2vCA Shkýrd Aftft UMetr~iel o~asbrraa Srooalcy;% M. Y.
3U. S. Nava-l Re-aecrzh Lhobearao,Cameisivr D.4;on. VaaWtigoaoa. 0. C.
I C*=w;A-ont, 1sz Ravel OtrcAmo: CEC Naval Poser" Programi Officer, 49-5 Sczxv -St..a.
Bort, U-~r
Cowcwndauaq. 3rd Naval 0tec*A"ij E oe sv Provwen aficr.91) lwth w:
H--w YTor
ICcemadenf th X"tiNva Distuic:. Am,: CEC Navel Rasara. Rogucis Officer, Nava-l Base.
PhMladiphio Penn.
ICowvmandorip. Sth Naval Dsrc.A!-In: CEEC llavzl Rezov. Propcim Officer. Norf~k, Va.
I onau daadnt. 6e Na-al Disitic-, Attn: CEC Noval Res*e,%a Progeci. Officer, U.I Pi cv. base.
Charfeston. S C.
Couamedont, Mi Novel Distuics. Ann- CEC Navel Reserve Pra=ra Olrf;cer. U. S. Navel StSortn.
Hww Q:oorasý, La.
I Ccmanwwazrj MefNovel Distr~c*, Athr. CEC Noval Resorre Progirce. 01fiwr &.xi~ing 1.
Great Lokozý fil.

L
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1 ~ ~Conumuinw
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Sui'4imz Scm Ftrw~isco
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1 Library. Eawv*mrn" D*Pwtnwt,. le-o Smet Ljci ersi". Ame. Io--
I Labrory, tow-j Srct. Urwavrsl?, Aames. towa
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etzkLttfa. D. C.
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I De-o wtime of Mecbzicel Engineig- Most Visrgia. Uu,.uerity. Morgatown. W. V*..
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I Library. Enineing~ Deatwt Stmfr unvrmy Stso Colif.

1 Library. Harvar e: vriy rdaeSho f ~ore.Coed es

I Director. Engingermi; Qsect-cl. Imt.ute. Uosversuty of Abckigms. Aaw% Arbor. Mich-
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fsc.
I Library. Betucile Insutvtce. Col==6w. Ol6o
-~I Labrary. Uutrversty of Seotar!n Colo farwtie. Lh iversit7 Park. Los Axmgetes.
to. Sai reyu.zz L=Ltary. Dever=meat of Engietering. Ann:c
0Dieck,* Library. Princetoe University,

1 Lil~wy. Vest V c.vi-a University. Worgcant Iwt. V.Ye

I Library. E-iftg.eering Deportmart. West Virginia 13%wivorsity. blargemlemn. W. Vo.
I Lsbrary. BSae* Coflse. Berea. Kty.
1 Mstiic, The- Tsa3cl-zcdI-- lastiTsior. N:=r-uwaste=ic Liverzity'. Evonstait. 191.
I Laibrary. tsit.of Tcivmcfog,. University of V~wcacnis. Wonn.
'1zeor.

1 Library, Colifamra Isoliulttt of Tedhsoneoy. Pasodeito "~;f.

I Oie of Eaggmeers Dwp~townt '- 11e Army. wrsua-aa D. C.
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I Codm~s.13!S Novel Disriac twz= Ckuit..v R..... :w,-,, Of fmcet Seanlie, VWsI,.

49
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