at aco Integrated Building Design SoftwarCSi. ‘COMPUTERS & STRUCTURES INC. CSI Analysis Reference Manual For SAP2000°, ETABS®, SAFE® and CSiBridge® 1S0# GENOG270EMI Rev.14 Berkeley, Calforia, USA aly 2015COPYRIGHT Copyright © Computers & Structures, Ine., 1978-2015 All rights reserved. The CSI Logo®, SAP2000®, ETABS®, SAFE®, CSiBridge®, and SAPFire® are rogistered trademarks of Computers & Structures, Inc. Model-Alive™ and Watch & Leam™ are trademarks of Computers & Structures, Inc, Windows® is a regis- tered trademark of the Microsoft Corporation. Adobe® and Acrobat® are regis- tered trademarks of Adobe Systems Incorporated ‘The computer programs SAP2000®, ETABS®, SAFE®, and CSiBridge® and all associated documentation are proprietary and copyrighted products. Worldwide rights of ownership rest with Computers & Structures, Inc, Unlicensed use of these programs or reproduction of documentation in any form, without prior written au- thorization from Computers & Structures, Inc., is explicitly prohibited. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior explicit written permis- sion of the publisher, Further information and copies of this documentation may be obtained from: Computers & Structures, Inc. www.csiamerica.com info@esiamerica.com (for general information) support@csiamerica.com (for technical support)DISCLAIMER CONSIDERABLE TIME, EFFORT AND EXPENSE HAVE GONE. INTO THE DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF THIS SOFTWARE. HOWEVER, THE USER ACCEPTS AND UNDERSTANDS THAT NO WARRANTY IS EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED BY THE DEVEL- OPERS OR THE DISTRIBUTORS ON THE ACCURACY OR THE RELIABILITY OF THE PROGRAMS THESE PRODUCTS. THESE PRODUCTS ARE PRACTICAL AND POWERFUL TOOLS, FOR STRUCTURAL DESIGN. HOWEVER, THE USER MUST EX- PLICITLY UNDERSTAND THE BASIC ASSUMPTIONS OF THE SOFTWARE MODELING, ANALYSIS, AND DESIGN ALGO- RITHMS AND COMPENSATE FOR THE ASPECTS THAT ARE. NOT ADDRESSED. ‘THE INFORMATION PRODUCED BY THE SOFTWARE MUST BE CHECKED BY A QUALIFIED AND EXPERIENCED ENGINEER. THE ENGINEER MUST INDEPENDENTLY VERIFY THE Rl SULTS AND TAKE PROFESSIONAL RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE INFORMATION THAT IS USED.ACKNOWLEDGMENT Thanks are due to all of the numerous structural engineers, who over the years have given valuable feedback that has contributed toward the en- hancement of this product to its current stat. Special recognition is due Dr. Edward L. Wilson, Professor Emeritus, University of California at Berkeley, who was responsible for the con- ception and development of the original SAP series of programs and whose continued originality has produced many unique concepis that have been implemented in this versionTable of Contents Chapter | Chapter It Chapter Il Introduction Analysis Features Structural Analysis and Design. About This Manval Topics. ‘Typographical Conventions Bold for Definitions Bold for Variable Data Ialies for Mathematical Variables Italics for Emphasis Capitalized Names Bibliographic References Objects and Elements Objects Objects and Elements Groups Coordinate Systems Overview Global Coordinate System Upward and Horizontal Directions Defining Coordinate Systems ‘Vector Cross Product Defining the Three Axes Using Two Vectors 2 12 1B 1B 1B 4CSI Analysis Reference Manual Chapter V Local Coordinate Systems. Alternate Coordinate Systems. Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates, Joints and Degrees of Freedom Overview Modeling Considerations Local Coordinate System Advanced Local Coordinate System Reference Vectors Defining the Axis Reference Vector Defining the Plane Reference Vector Determining the Local Axes from the Reference Vectors Joint Coordinate Angles Degrees of Freedom ‘Available and Unavailable Degrees of Freedom Restrained Degrees of Freedom Constrained Degrees of Freedom. Mixing Restraints and Constraints Not Recommended Active Degre Null Degrees of Fr Restraint Supports. Spring Supports Nonlinear Supports Distributed Supports Joint Reactions Base Reactions Masses Force Load Ground Displacement Load Restraint Displacements Spring Displacements Link/Support Displacements Generalized Displacements Degree of Freedom Output, Assembled Joint Mass Output. Displacement Output Force Output Element Joint Force Output “4 16 " 21 23 24 25 26 26 27 28 30 31 32 32 32 33 34 a4 36 37 38 39 39 40 a 42 4B 45 45 46 47 47 48 48Table of Contents Chapter ¥ Constraints and Welds Overview Body Constraint Joint Connectivity Local Coordinate System. Constraint Equations Plane Definition Diaphragm Constraint Joint Connectivity Local Coordinate System. Constraint Equations Plate Constraint Joint Connectivity Local Coordinate System. Constraint Equations Axis Definition Rod Constraint Joint Connectivity Local Coordinate System. Constraint Equations Beam Constraint Joint Connectivity Local Coordinate System. Constraint Equations Equal Constraint. Joint Connectivity Local Coordinate System. Selected Degrees of Freedom Constraint Equations Local Constraint Joint Connectivity No Local Coordinate System, Selected Degrees of Freedom Constraint Equations Welds Automatic Master Joints Stifiness, Mass, and Loads Local Coordinate Systems nstraint Output 49 50 SI 31 31 5CSI Analysis Reference Manual Chapter VI Material Properties Overview Local Coordinate System Stresses and Strains Isotropic Matcrials Uniaxial Materials Orthotopic Materials Anisotropic Materials Temperatute-Dependent Properties Element Material Temperature Mass Density Weight Density Material Damping Modal Damping Viscous Proportional Damping. Hysteretie Proportional Damping ‘Nonlinear Material Behavior ‘Tension and Compression Shear Hysteresis, Application Friction and Dilitational Angles Hysteresis Models Backbone Curve (Action vs. Deformation) Cyclic Behavior. Elastic Hysteresis Model Kinematic Hysteresis Model Degrading Hysteresis Model ‘Takeda Hysteresis Model. Pivot Hysteresis Model Concrete Hysteresis Model BRB Hardening Hysteresis Model Isotropic Hysteresis Model Modified Darwin-Pecknold Conerete Model Time-dependent Properties Properties Time-Integration Control Design-Type 0 70 0 n B 4 8 16 n n 18 B 9 80 80 80 81 81 82 83 84 85 86 86 88 88 89 93 94 95 7 99 100 101 101 102 102Table of Contents Chapter VII The Frame Element Overview. Joint Connectivity Insertion Points Degrees of Freedom Local Coordinate System Longitudinal Axis 1 Default Orientation Coordinate Angle Advanced Local Coordinate System Reference Vector Determining Transverse Axes 2 and 3 Section Properties Local Coordinate System Material Properties Geometric Properties and Section Stiffhesses, Shape Type . ‘Automatic Section Property Calculation Section Property Database Files, . Section-Designer Sections ‘Additional Mass and Weight ‘Non-prismatic Sections Property Modifiers. ‘Named Property Sets Insertion Points Local Axes: End Ofibets Clear Length, Rigid-end Factor Effect upon Non-prismatic Elements Effect upon Intemal Fore Output feet upon End Releases End Releases Unstable End Releases Effect of End Offsets ‘Named Property Sets Nonlinear Properties ‘Tension/Compression Limits Plastic Hinge Mass Self: Weight Load los 106 107 07 108 108 109 109 no 10 m2 B 4 us us 16 16 us us us 120 120 123 124 25 126 127 129 129 130 130 130 131 132 132 132 133 - 133) 34 134 134CSI Analysis Reference Manual vi Chapter VII Chapter IX Gravity Load jeentrated Span Load, Distributed Span Load Loaded Length Load Intensity Projected Loads Temperature Load Strain Load Deformation Load Target-Foree Load Internal Foree Output Effect of End Offsets Stress Output. Hinge Properties Overview: Hinge Properties Hinge Length Plastic Deformation Curve Scaling the Curve Strength Loss Coupled P-M2-M3 Hinge Fiber P-M2-M3 Hinge Hysteresis Models. Automatic, User-Defined, and Generated Properties Automatic Hinge Properties Analysis Modeling Analysis Results The Cable Element Overview. Joint Connectivity Undeformed Length Shape Calculator Cable vs, Frame Elements Number of Segments Degrees of Freedom Local Coordinate System Section Properties Material Properties 135 138 BT BT BT BT 140 141 141 142 142 44 144 ru M7 49 149 150 151 1st 153 155 156 156 158 160 161 163, 164 165 165 166 167 168 168 168 169 169Table of Contents Chapter X Geometric Properties and Section Stiffnesses. Mass Self: Weight Load Gravity Load Distributed Span Load Temperature Load Strain and Deformation Load Target-Force Load Nonlinear Analysis, Element Output The Shell Element. Overview. Homogeneous Layered Joint Connectivity Shape Guidelines Edge Constraints Degrees of Freedom Local Coordinate System Normal Axis 3. Default Orientation Element Coordinate Angle Advanced Local Coordinate System Reference Vector Determining Tangential Axes 1 and 2 Section Properties Area Section Type. Shell Section Type Homogeneous Section Properties Layered Section Property Property Modifiers. ‘Named Property Sets Joint Offsets and Thickness Overwrites Joint Offsets Effect of Joint Offsets on the Local Axes. Thickness Overwrites Mass Gravity Load 170 70 170 71 7 Im m im a 13 75 16 a 7 178 178 181 182 82 183 183 185 - 185 185 187 188 88 88 189 192 199 - 200 201 201 202 203, 204 204 205 viiCSI Analysis Reference Manual Chapter XI Chapter XII Uniform Load Surface Pressure Load Temperature Load Strain Load Intemal Force and Stress Output. The Plane Element Overview Joint Connectivity Degrees of Freedom Local Coordinate System Stresses and Strains Section Properties Section Type Material Properties Material Angle Thickness Incompatible Bending Modes Mass Self-Weight Load Gravity Load Surface Pressure Load Pore Pressure Load Temperature Load Stress Output, The Asolid Element Overview Joint Connectivity Degrees of Freedom Local Coordinate System Stresses and Strains Section Properties Section Type Material Properties Material Angle Axis of Symmetry ‘Are and Thickness. Incompatible Bending Modes. Mass 205 206 207 208 208 23 214 215 215 215 215 216 216 217 217 217 218. 218 219 219 20 20 21 21 2B 224 224 25 25 26 226 26 27 27 28 29 230 230Table of Contents Chapter XIII Chapter XIV Self-Weight Load Gravity Load Surface Pressure Load Pore Pressure Load, Temperature Load Rotate Load Stress Output The Solid Element Overview. Joint Connectivity Degenerate Solids Degrees of Freedom Local Coordinate System Advanced Local Coordinate System Reference Vectors Defining the Axis Reference Vector Defining the Plane Reference Vector Determining the Local Axes from the Reference Vectors Element Coordinate Angles ‘Stresses and Strains Solid Properties Material Properties Material Angles Incompatible Bending Modes Mass Self-Weight Load Gravity Load Surface Pressure Load Pore Pressure Load, Temperature Load Stress Output, The Link/Support Element—Basic Overview. Joint Connectivity Conversion from One-Joint Objects to Two-Joint Elements Zero-Length Elements Degrees of Freedom 230 231 231 232 232 232 233, 25 236 236 237 238 238 238 239 239 240 241 241 244 244 244 244 245 246 246 247 247 247 248 248, 249 250 251 251 251 282CSI Analysis Reference Manual Chapter XY Local Coordinate System Longitudinal Axis 1 Default Orientation Coordinate Angle Advanced Local Coordinate System Axis Reference Vector Plane Reference Vector Determining Transverse Axes 2 and 3 Internal Deformations Link/Support Properties Local Coordinate System Internal Spring Hinges Spring Foree-Deformation Relationships Element Internal Forces Uncoupled Linear Foree-Deformation Relationships ‘Types of Linear/Nonlinear Properties Coupled Linear Property Fixed Degrees of Freedom Mass Self-Weight Load Gravity Load Internal Force and Deformation Output The Link/Support Element—Advanced Overview. ‘Nonlinear Link/Support Properties Linear Effective Stiffness Special Considerations for Modal Analyses Linear Effective Damping Exponential Maxwell Damper Property Bilinear Maxwell Damper Property Friction-Spring Damper Property Gap Property Hook Property Wen Plasticity Property Multi-Linear Elastic Property Malti-Lincar Plastic Property Hysteretic (Rubber) Isolator Property Friction-Pendulum Isolator Property. Axial Behavior 252 253 253 254 254 255 256 257 258 261 262 262 264 265, 265, 267 268 268 269 270 270 2 mB 274 274 275 275 276 2m 29 280 284 284 285 287 287 289 290 291