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    Analysis Reference-2 PDF

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    Table of Contents Chapter XVI Chapter XVII Shear Behavior . . Linear Behavior... 2.2... : Double-Acting Friction-Pendulum Isolator Property Axial Behavior Shear Behavior Linear Behavior : Triple-Pendulum Isolator Property Axial Behavior . . Shear Behavior . . Linear Behavior. . ‘Nonlinear Deformation Loads Frequeney-Dependent Link/Support Properties The Tendon Object Overview. Geometry. Discretization Tendons Modeled as Loads or Elements. Connectivity Degrees of Freedom . . Local Coordinate Systems Base-line Local Coordinate System. Natural Local Coordinate System... Section Properties . Material Properties Geometric Properties and Section Stiffnesses Tension/Compression Limits Mass Prestress Load . Self: Weight Load Gravity Load. ‘Temperature Load Strain Load... Deformation Load Target-Force Load Intemal Force Output Load Patterns Overview. - «292 - 295 - 295 295 296 297 297 297 «298 - 302 302 304 307 - 308 308 xi CSI Analysis Reference Manual Chapter XVIII Load Patterns, Defining Load Pattems 2... 2.2... Coordinate Systems and Load Components Effect upon Large-Displacements Analy: Force Load Ground Displacement Load Self Weight Load Gravity Load Concentrated Span Load. . Distributed Span Load. . Tendon Prestress Load. . Uniform Load . . Surface Pressure Load . Pore Pressure Load, Temperature Load Strain Load, Deformation Load Target-Force Load Rotate Load Joint Patterns Mass Source cece Mass from Specified Load Patterns . Negative Mass. ‘Multiple Mass Sources Automated Lateral Loads ‘Acceleration Loads. Load Cases Overview. Load Cases Types of Analysis Sequence of Analysis . . Running Load Cases . Linear and Nonlinear Load Cases . . wr Static Analysis. Multi-Step Static Analysis, Linear Buckling Analysis Lin Functions. Load Combinations (Combos) id Cases, and Load Combinations. Table of Contents Chapter XIX Chapter XX Contributing Cases Types of Combos . Examples Correspondence Additional Considerations. Equation Solvers wee Environment Variables to Control Analysis SAPFIRE_NUM_THREADS. SAPFIRE_FILESIZE MB... .. Accessing the Assembled Stiffness and Mass Matti Modal Analysis Overview Bigenvector Analysis. ‘Number of Modes. Frequency Range Automatic Shifting Convergence Tolerance . Static-Correction Modes Ritz-Vector Analysis... Number of Mod. Starting Load Vectors Number of Generation Cycles. Modal Analysis Output Periods and Frequencies Participation Factors Participating Mass Ratios Static and Dynamic Load Participation Ratios Response-Spectrum Analysis Overview Local Coordinate System Response-Spectrum Function . Damping. Modal Damping Modal Combination Periodic and Rigid Response CQC Method GMC Method . SRSS Method. . . Absolute Sum Method 349 385 CSI Analysis Reference Manual Chapter XI Chapter XXII NRC Ten-Percent Method . . NRC Double-Sum Method . . . Directional Combination SRSS Method CQC3 Method. Absolute Sum Method Response-Spectrum Analysis Output Damping and Accelerations. . Modal Amplitudes. . Base Reactions Linear Time-History Analysis Overview. Loading eee Defining the Spatial Load Vectors . Defining the Time Functions Initial Conditions. Time Steps Modal Time-History Analysis Modal Damping sees Direct-Integration Time-History Analysis . ‘Time Integration Parameters . Damping. . . Geomet Nonlinearity Overview. Nonlinear Load Cases . The P-Delta Effect P-Delta Forces in the Frame Element P-Delta Forces in the Link/Support Element Other Elements Initial P-Delta Analysis Building Structures Cable Structures Guyed Towers Large Displacements Applications Initial Large-Displacement Analysis 403 - 403 - 405 407 409 412 413 413 414 - 416 - 416 - 416 47 Aly Table of Contents Chapter XXIII Chapter XXIV Nonlinear Static Analysis Overview. Nonlinearity Important Considerations Loading... Load Application Control Load Control Displacement Control Initial Conditions. . . . Output Steps Saving Multiple Steps Nonlinear Solution Control Maximum Total Steps Maximum Null (Zero) Steps Maximum Iterations Per Step Iteration Convergence Tolerance . . Event-to-Event Iteration Control . . Hinge Unloading Method Unload Entire Structure Apply Local Redistribution Restart Using Secant Stiffness Static Pushover Analysis. Staged Construction . . Stages Changing Section Properties Output Steps Example ‘Target-Force Iteration Nonlinear Time-History Analysis Overview. Nonlinearity Loading Initial Conditions. Time Steps . Nonlinear Modal Time-History Analysis NA) Initial Conditions . - Link/Support Effective Stiffness Mode Superposition Modal Damping 49 420 420 421 . 422 422 423 - 423 - 424 425 425 427 428 - 428 428 =. 429 - 429 429 430 431 431 - 432 - 434 435 437 - 437 438 439 443 444 444 445 445 . 446 . 447 447 =. 448 - 448 450 CSI Analysis Reference Manual Chapter XXV Chapter XVI Iterative Solution . . Static Period. - Nonlinear Direct- Integration Time History Analysis Time Integration Parameters Nonlinearity Initial Conditions . Damping Iterative Solution Frequency-Domain Analyses Overview. Harmonic Motion Frequency Domain Damping : Sources of Damping. - Loading Defining the Spatial Load Vectors Frequency Steps Steady-State Analysis. Example Power-Spectral-Density Analysis - Example Moving-Load Analysis Overview for CSiBridge . : Moving-Load Analysis in SAP2000 Bridge Modeler . Moving-Load Analysis Procedure Lanes : Centerline and Direction Eccentricity Centrifugal Radius Width cee Interior and Exterior Edges Discretization Influence Lines and Surfaces Vehicle Live Loads Distribution of Loads Axle Loads Uniform Loads . 451 - 453 454 454 455 . 455 . 455 . 4357 461 - 462 - 462 - 463 - 464 - 464 465 466 467 467 - 468 . 469 - 470 473 . 474 . 475 . 416 477 - 478 478. 478. 479 479 - 479 - 480 - 481 483 483 483 483 Table of Contents Minimum Bdge Distances... . . « cs 483 Directions of Loading. . . . cee es 484 Restricting a Vehicle to the Lane Length 488 Application of Loads to the Influence Surface 488 Length Effects. 490 Application of Loads in Multi-Step Analysis... 2... . 491 General Vehicle... . sees ce 491 Specification . . . : - - : 493 Moving the Vehicle... ...... 494 Vehicle Response Components... . « cn 494 Superstructure (Span) Moment 494 Negative Superstructure (Span) Moment 495 Reactions at Interior Supports 496 Standard Vehicles 496 Vehicle Classes... es 504 Moving-Load Load Cases... . ee 5 50S Directions of Loading. . . - : - 506 Example 1 — AASHTO HS Loading... 00... ss 308 Example 2— AASHTO HL Loading. .............. 509 Example 3 — Caltrans Permit Loading 510 Example 4 — Restricted Caltrans Permit Loading 512 Example 5 — Eurocode Characteristic Load Model 1 514 Moving Load Response Control 515 Bridge Response Groups . . Correspondence . Influence Line Toleran - Exact and Quick Response Caleulation, 0.0... 2, S17 Step-By-Step Analysis... 22... sees - 517 Loading 518, Static Analysis, S18 Time-History Analysis . . . cee SID Enveloping and Load Combinations ces 520 Computational Considerations. . - : - 520 Chapter XXVII References 523 Chapter I Introduction SAP2000, ETABS, SAFE, and CSiBridge are software packages from Computers and Structures, Inc, for structural analysis and design. Each package is a fully inte~ grated system for modeling, analyzing, designing, and optimizing structures of a particular type: + SAP2000 for general structures, including stadiums, towers, industrial plants, offshore structures, piping systems, buildings, dams, soils, machine parts and many others + ETABS for building structures + SAFE for floor slabs and base mats + CSiBridge for bridge structures ‘At the heart of each of these software packages is a common analysis engine, re- ferred to throughout this manual as SAPfire. This engine is the latest and most pow- erful version of the well-known SAP series of structural analysis programs, The purpose of this manual is to describe the features of the SAPfire analysis engine. ‘Throughout this manual reference may be made to the program SAP2000, although it often applies equally to ETABS, SAFE, and CSiBridge. Not all features de- scribed will actually be available in every level of each program. CSI Analysis Reference Manual Analysis Features The SAPfire analysis engine offers the following features: + Static and dynamic analysis + Linear and nonlinear analysis + Dynamic seismic analysis and static pushover analysis + Vehicle live-load analysis for bridges + Geometric nonlinearity, including P-delta and large-displacement effects + Staged (incremental) construction + Creep, shrinkage, and aging effects + Buckling analysis + Steady-state and power-spectral-density analysis + Frame and shell structural elements, including beam-column, truss, membrane, and plate behavior + Cable and Tendon elements + Two-dimensional plane and axisymmetric solid elements + Three-dimensional solid elements + Nonlinear link and support elements + Frequency-dependent link and support properties, + Multiple coordinate systems + Many types of constraints + A wide variety of loading options + Alpha-numeric labels + Large capacity + Highly efficient and stable solution algorithms ‘These features, and many more, make CSI product the state-of-the-art for structural analysis. Note that not all of these features may be available in every level of SAP2000, ETABS, SAFE, and CSiBridge. 2 Analysis Features Chapter 1__ Introduction Structural Analysis and Design The following general steps are required to analyze and design a structure using SAP2000, ETABS, SAFE, and CSiBridge: 1. Create or modify a model that numerically defines the geometry, properties, loading, and analysis parameters for the structure 2. Perform an analysis of the model 3. Review the results of the analysis 4. Check and optimize the design of the structure This is usually an iterative process that may involve several cycles of the above se- quence of steps. All of these steps can be performed seamlessly using the SAP2000, ETABS, SAFE, and CSiBridge graphical user interfaces. About This Manual This manual describes the theoretical concepts behind the modeling and analysis features offered by the SAPfire analysis engine that underlies the various structural analysis and design software packages from Computers and Structures, Inc, The graphical user interface and the design features are described in separate manuals for each program. It is imperative that you read this manual and understand the assumptions and pro- cedures used by these software packages before attempting to use the analysis fea- tures. ‘Throughout this manual reference may be made to the program $AP2000, although it often applies equally to ETABS, SAFE, and CSiBridge. Not all features de~ scribed will actually be available in every level of each program. Topics Each Chapter of this manual is divided into topics and subtopics. All Chapters be- gin with a list of topics covered. These are divided into two groups: + Basic topics — recommended reading for all users Structural Analysis and Design 3 CSI Analysis Reference Manual + Advanced topics — for users with specialized needs, and for all users as they become more familiar with the program. Following the list of topics is an Overview which provides a summary of the Chap- ter. Reading the Overview for every Chapter will acquaint you with the full scope of the program. Typographical Conventions ‘Throughout this manual the following typographic conventions are used. Bold for Defi ns Bold roman type (¢.g., example) is used whenever a new term or concept is de- fined. For example: The global coordinate system is a three-dimensional, right-handed, rectangu- lar coordinate system. This sentence begins the definition of the global coordinate system. Bold for Variable Data Bold roman type (e.g., example) is used to represent variable data items for which you must specify values when defining a structural model and its analysis. For ex- ample: The Frame element coordinate angle, ang, is used to define element orienta- tions that are different from the default orientation. Thus you will need to supply a numeric value for the variable ang if it is different from its default value of zero. Italics for Mathematical Variables Normal italic type (e.g., example) is used for scalar mathematical variables, and bold italic type (e.g., example) is used for vectors and matrices. If a variable data item is used in an equation, bold roman type is used as discussed above. For exam- ple: O

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