Environmental studies

Assignment
Name – ayushman gupta
Class – b.com (P) 1st year
Section- c
Roll no – bcp19358
Topic - recycling of solid waste

Submitted to – ms. Maurya vandana

Content
 Recycle
 Solid waste
 Sources of solid waste
 Characteristics of solid waste
 Different types of solid waste
 Treatment and disposal of waste
 Recycling of solid waste
 Recycling process of solid waste
 Advantages of recycling
 India’s behavior towards solid waste
management
 References
 RECYCLE
Recycling is the process of converting waste
materials into new materials and objects. The
recyclability of a material depends on its ability
to reacquire the properties it had in its virgin
state. It is an alternative to "conventional" waste
disposal that can save material and help lower
green house gas emissions. Recycling can
prevent the waste of potentially useful materials
and reduce the consumption of fresh raw
materials, thereby reducing: energy usage, air
pollution and water pollution
Recycling is a key component of modern waste
reduction and is the third component of the
"Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle”. Thus, recycling
aims at environmental sustainability by
substituting raw material inputs into and
redirecting waste outputs out of the economic
system

Solid waste
Solid waste, commonly known as trash or
garbage and rubbish, used items, it is a
waste type consisting of everyday items that
are discarded and used by the public. It is
Important to note that the definition of solid
waste is not limited to wastes that are
physically solid. Many solid wastes are
liquid, semi-solid, or contained gaseous
material.
Garbage can also refer specifically to food
waste, as in a garbage disposal; the two are
sometimes collected separately
Sources of solid waste
This waste comes from homes, offices,
industries and various other agricultural
related activities.

Residential
Residences and homes where people live
are some of the major sources of solid
waste. Garbage from these places include
food wastes, plastics, paper, glass, leather,
cardboard, metals, yard wastes, ashes and
special wastes like bulky household items
like electronics, tires, batteries, old
mattresses and used oil
Industrial
Industries are known to be one of the
biggest contributors of solid waste. They
include light and heavy manufacturing
industries, construction sites, fabrication
plants, canning plants, power and chemical
plants. These industries produce solid
waste in form of housekeeping wastes, food
wastes, packaging wastes, ashes,
construction and demolition materials,
special wastes, medical waste as well as
other hazardous wastes.
And some other sources are -
1. Commercial
2. Institutional
3. Municipal service
Characteristics of solid waste -

Physical Characteristics
Density, Specific, weight, Color ,
Moisture content, Voids Particle size
Shape of components
Size distribution , Optical property
Field capacity, Magnetic properties
Compacted waste porosity
Electric properties

Chemical characteristics –
Proximate analysis, fusing point of ash
Ultimate analysis, Energy content
Different types of solid waste
1. Municipal solid waste
2. Industrial waste
3. Hazardous waste
4. Hospital waste
5. Constrouction and demolition waste
6. Waste from electrical and electronic
components
7. End of life vehicle (ELVs) and tyres
8. Agricultural waste
Treatment and disposal
of solid waste –
1.Composting
2.Incineration
3.Land filling
4.Pyrolysis
5.Recycling
Composting -
 It is a process in which organic matter of
solid waste is decomposed and converted
to humus and mineral compound

Incineration -
 Incineration is a disposal method that
involves combustion of waste material

Land filling -
 A landfill site is a site for the disposal
of waste materials by burial and is the
oldest form of waste treatment

Pyrolysis –
 Heating of the solid waste at very high
temperature in absence of air
 Recycling of solid waste
 Recyclable materials include many
kinds of glass ,paper,plastic,textiles
and electronics
 Although similar in effect the
composting and other reuse of
biodegradable waste – such as food of
garden waste – is not typically
considered recycling
 Materials to be recycled are either
brought to allocation centre or picked
up from the curbside , then stored
cleaned and reprocessed into new
materials
 RECYCLING PROCESS
OF SOLID WASTE
Step One: Collection
First we have to collect the garbage or solid waste from his place
for recycling. Recycling hauler collects the material in your
curbside bin using a separate truck from garbage and yard waste.
The trucks, which are similar to those used for garbage,
maximize space by slightly compacting the material. This
increases collection efficiency because the driver can make more
stops on their route.

Step Two: Processing

The recycling truck transports the recyclables to a material

recovery facility, or MRF, and unloads everything onto the
floor. Two MRFs located in Hamilton County accept curbside
recyclables, one in St. Bernard and the other in Lockland. As the
recyclables make their way through the MRF on a series of
conveyer belts, workers and mechanical systems separate the
material by type. The large piles of separated aluminum cans,
plastic bottles, paper, and other materials go through a baler to
become compact and transportable. The recycler then sends the
bales to an end-user.

Step Three: Manufacturing

End users, or manufacturers, use the material as feedstock to

make new products. Materials like aluminum and plastic are
melted down under very high temperatures and reformed into
new cans, bottles, and other products. Manufacturers recycle
paper by mixing it with water to break it down into pulp that can
be pressed into new sheets of paper.

And that is where you, the conscientious consumer, come in

again. To truly “close the loop” residents and businesses must
buy recycled-content products.

Step four: use again

When after recycling of the product is completed then it is
ready to use again and it’s our duty to reuse recycled
products more. This is helpful for our environment
Advantages of recycling
 Recycling minimize the use of glass
 Helps in increasing the plastic and paper
 Remove pollution in the form of garbage
recycling
 Creates awareness in the people for saving
environment
 It minimizes the use of natural resources
 Avoid pollutants from interfering the
natural processes
 Supplies valuable raw materials to
industry
 Conserves resources for our children’s
future
 Saves energy
 Stimulates the development of greener
technologies

 India’s behavior towards
solid wastes management -
Rules and regulation –

Under the 74th Constitutional

Amendment, Disposal and management
of Municipal Solid Waste is one of the 18
functional domains of the Municipal
Corporations and Nagar Panchayats. The
various rules and regulations for solid
waste management are-
1. The Bio-Medical Waste
(Management And Handling) Rules,
1998
2. Municipal Solid Waste
(Management And Handling) Rules
2000
 3. The Plastic Waste (Management
And Handling) Rules, 2011

4. E-Waste (Management And

Handling) Rules, 2011

There are other court cases that find their

importance in terms of Solid Waste
Management in India:
5. Amrita Patel vs. Union of India
6. B.L Wadhera vs. Union of India.
7. Judgment of Karnataka High Court
towards Mandatory Segregation at
Source

Waste Collection in India:

Primarily by the city municipality
 • No gradation of waste product bio-
degradable, glasses, poly bags, paper
shreds etc.
• Dumps these wastes to the city
outskirts Local raddiwala / kabadiwala
(Rag pickers)
• Collecting small iron pieces by
magnets
• Collecting glass bottles
• Collecting paper for recycling
In Delhi - MCD- Sophisticated DWM
(Delhi Waste Management) vehicle

Waste Management Initiatives in India -

During the recent past, the management of solid
waste has received considerable attention from the
Central and State Governments and local (municipal)
authorities in India. A number of
partnerships/alliances are found to exist in the field of
solid waste management in Indian cities. These
alliances are public-private, community-public and
private-private arrangements. To identify the status of
existing alliances in the study area, it is first
necessary to identify the various actors working in
the field of waste management. These actors can be
grouped as under:
• Public sector: this comprises of local authority and
local public departments at city level
• Private-formal sector: this constitutes large and
small registered enterprises doing collection,
transport, treatment, and disposal and recycling
• Private-informal sector: this constitutes the small-
scale, no recognized private sector and comprises of
waste-pickers, dump pickers, itinerant-waste buyers,
traders and non-registered small-scale enterprises;
and
• Community representatives in the form of NGOs,
etc. These actors enter into partnerships for providing
various activities related to solid waste management.
These partnerships can be as follows
• Public-private (Local Authority and private
enterprises);
 • Public-community (Local Authority and NGOs);
etc • private-private (waste-pickers, itinerant-waste
buyers, waste traders and dealers, wholesalers, small
scale and large scale recycling enterprises); and •
Public-private-community (Local Authority, private
enterprises and NGOs).

References –
 Ahmad K. Jassim (November 29th 2017). Sustainable Solid
Waste Recycling ( report)
 Waste management initiative in India for human well being
report Dr. Raveesh aggarwaal head prof. dep. Of business
administration rajshree inst. Bareilly
 Mona choudhry assot. Prof. department of management amity
university noida
 U.S. Environmental protection agency, “characterization of
municipal solid waste in united states” solid waste and
emergency response Washington dc
 Adams john (1999) managing water supply and sanitation in
emergencies Oxfam: oxford
 Erach bharucha Delhi university environmental studies book
 Britannica resources