university of kufa college of engineering department of-civilI———__—_——__—- Scientific Comparison Between Water Quality Index According to Bahargava ' and Canadian Methods of Euphrates River at Hindiya Barrage Station for Irrigation Use. This Project Presents to university of Kufa College of Engineering Department of Civil BY Hadeer Saeed Ateea Rawaa Raheem Kareem Supervisor Dr. Hussein S. AL-Bahranify) BU SUSI SUSU AS ADEE ABST REREAD AOAEAE Ee reyi it pda sll ail guns = shad aygh is willy atptacll 394 alt) taSld SglahULaSlGS ep Glpenall line Lay Fassits Ast Wah os 9h WE A254 dais ipls tage lay SIdg yp Hy aye 2g ci aygil dll gms yp old 598 5 (ia gig Vy ily yall JAH al ang gghcell qlell aill giom [16 + pgallBe Se Se, SO tam padig 85 - Se i AM) cpleey (c4e) sane cybeayall duan pple SLucly FLscally Culball cy a saa aul gl ¥! cena! 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Say ellie et ee = * afgl Je is aP 7.¢ Aull pee == ee anee Ve : ow 3 ob eee jada Pee Mal gine SSS de As esi elle Gum jase 2 auill (yuh) ddaliogi Title Pi Page No. | Chapter one fares Eee General h A |____ Objectives of the research _ re Chapter two | Historical review of Euphrates river | 7 Water quality parameters for irrigation L Chapterthree Water quality index lz 7s Parameter water quality for —_| 16 irrigation use | Me Geometric mean as sensitivity 16 function formula sill Bs Canadian water quality index 19 jes Coefficient of correlation te ae 22 Chapter four |__ Water quality parameter _ | 2) aS Correlation ratio Los 30 Test the strength of correlation | 32 Chapter five Introductions i 33 Conclusion SS 33 ts Recommendations _ 34 ir References | : 35.To compared between Bahargava and Canadian methods for twelve months of Hindia Barrage at 2012. Table List page No. Classification of water quality for irrigation use 2 according of the American salt laboratory Suggested criteria of irrigation water use based upon 13 conductivity _ Water quality classification according to Bahargava 7 Grading scale and rational used for all Water Quality 22 Indicators 2 - Water quality parameters of Euphrates River at ZS Hindia Barrage station Sensitivity functions of water quality parameters of 26 | Bhargava method for irrigation use the ratio WQI and classification the water in Hindiya 27 Barrage by method Bahargava : the ratio of excursion For Canadian method according a | to eq. (3.4) : = the ratio of nest according to eq. (3.5) and (3.6) for 29 Canadian method the ratio WQI and classification the water in Hindyia 30 Barrage by method Canadian the ratio WQI and classification the water in Hindia 31 Barrage by methods Bahargavae and Canadian. Figure List page No. Sensitivity functions curves according to Bahargava for 18 irrigation use (WIS) and their class. According to Baharava for 27 twelve months of HandilyBarrage at 2012. (WAIS) and their class. According to Canadian for 29 twelve months of Hindia Barrage at 2012. 31CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION _CHAPTER: ONE —__—__—_——— INTRODUCTION 1.1 General ; 4 Population growth and higher living standards will cause ever inereasing demands for good quality municipal and industrial water, and ever increasing sewage flows. At the same time, more and more irrigation | / water will be needed to meet increasing demands for food for growing populations [Bouwer, H., 2000]. Agricultural production accounts for a large and growing share of Water pollution by fertilizers, pesticides, salinity buildup and in some Cases, heavy metals [Dinar, and Xepapadeas, 1998]. Any River can be classified into various grades indicating the beneficial use(s) to which itcan be put to, The grades are based on the permissible limits of relevant pollution parameters (water quality variables) or standards set by various authorities. Depending on the quality of water in various stretches of a river, the river can be zoned according to stretch suitability for the beneficial use(s). Assigning a class of a river reach is not simple, only in rare cases; all the relevant variables are found to be within the permissible limits. In other words, in most cases, the river water would be classified into one grade with regard to one set of variables and into another class with regard to another yariable or set of variables. So, it would be appropriate to base river classification on the ranges of an index representing the integrating effect of the concentrations and important values of the relevant variables for a use.CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Rh Whereas the concept of water quality index (WQI) is used as _a—}—_ management tool in water quality assessments by integrating the effect of specific parameters in determining the type and use of water in definite Site of the river [Al-Saffar, 2001]. |Water quality index (WQI) should be sensitive to changes in the relevant variables value(s), also, provide greater change in the WQI by a change in the value of a variable of greater relevance to the beneficial use. In other words, the variable weight representing the relevance of the variable to a given beneficial use should be incorporated in the WQI and attain a very low value, when a relevant single variable reaches a certain value beyond the acceptable limit, then it is considered unsuitable for a given use, Finally, the variation in the index should reflect the different level of importance of a single variable for the use(s) [Bhargava, 1983]. The definition of the water quality index may be summarized as a unit less number on a scale from 0 to 100, The better the water quality, the higher the value of the index. Very clean water has an index of 100, and very polluted water has an index of 0 [Dojlido, J. et al, 1994]. Some variables have great importance for one use, but may not be of the same importance for the other use, i.e. each beneficial use has different water quality requirements. For example, according to Baraga, total dissolved solids (TDS), sulfate (SO42), hydrogen power (px), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), electrical conductivity (EC), and chloride (Cl) are significant for irrigation use while, total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness (TH), chloride (Cl), sulfate (04.2), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) , hydrogen power (px), and calcium (Cav2) represent the relevant water quality variables for drinking use; and for the industrialCHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION ___use, the effective determinants _ are electrical conductivity (BC), total__ _— hardness (TH), and turbidity [Bhargava, 1983]. Satellite images provide an important source of information which could be used for natural resource management in an effective ways- Visible, near-infrared, thermal and microwave spectral have been used in studying different environmental phenomena, such as pollution of water bodies, soil erosion, weather prediction, flood monitoring, desertification, and land management [Tawfiq, R. S., 2007]. Euphrates River is one of the major sources of the surface water in Iraq and Middle East, so utilizing the remote sensing techniques for prediction of its water quality and quantity, management, and classifications for different uses have become one of the major concerns. 1.2 Objectives of the Research The objectives of this research can be summarized by: ], Study the variation of the water quality determinants of the Euphrates River for irrigation use. 2, Evaluate Euphrates water irrigation usability by using different international water quality indices. 3, Statistical examinations of the time - distance relationship and correlation for the results of water quality indices and discharges in multi “il — stations along Euphrates River.CHAPTER TWO IRRIGATION WATER AND CASE STUDY Euphrates River at a point about 100 km up — river from the city of Babylon. Seeking to transport water from the Euphrates to the holy city of Najaf [MOHMOOD, 2000}. During the period of Midhat Basha, the situation of the water supply in Hilla area was so scarce that many problems resulted. During the period from (1869-1872), Midhat Basha called for the help of French Engineers to rectify the situation. The French Engineers ended their skin 1890 when the French Engineer shonderveir constructed a barrage at the head of Hindiyan River (This barrage is also known as shonderveir Barrage) figure (2.1). However the barrage condition deteriorated due to the leak of maintenance. As a result the Ottoman Government called upon Sir William wile cox to rectify the situation. In 1911, he presented a report to the Ottoman Government suggesting a new design for the Hindiyan Barrage. This design was implemented at that time and resulted in the present-day Hiniyan Barrage [Sousa, 1945].UMAr iii aw IRRIGATION WATER AND CASE STUDY Hingiyan Barrage Shondervies Barrage Apbasiyya Barrage Abbasiyya River Figure (2.1) Section of Euphrates River and its branches in its Babel and Najaf provinces [Mahmoud, 2000].CHAPTER TWO IRRIGATION WATER AND CASE STUDY 2.2. WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS FOR IRIIGATION Water pollution can be defined in general as "any variation either natural or artificial that changes the quality of water and Disturbs or destroys the balance of ecosystem and natural Sources, so that it: causes hazards to public health, and Wellbeing of man and his communities, and impairs the beneficial uses of water " [unesco, 1982]. In general, the water Quality parameter that affect adversely on the water quality for irrigation use is: sulfates (SO4), chlorides (CI), and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Electrical conductivity (EC), Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), Hydrogen Power (P") Al-Bahrani, 2012]. 2.2.1. Sulfate (SO4”) Sulfate in surface waters results from the weathering of gypsum and anhydrite or from the oxidation of sulfuric compounds. It may result also from the industrial effluents, drainage water, and ground water (Jamil, et al., 1984]. The sulfate ion is a contributor to salinity. However, toxicity is rarely a problem, except at very high concentrations where high sulfate may interfere with uptake of other nutrients [Bauder et al, 2010]. 2.2.2. Chloride (CI" The presence of chloride in surface waters can be of natural Origin from rainwater and molten snow of due to salt from Agriculture, sewage and industrial wastes effluents. At excessive concentrations’, chloride is a hazard, Causing rapid corrosion in pipes and boilers and damaging Crops [Todd, 1970].CHAPTER TWO IRRIGATION WATER AND CASE STUDY EA 2.2.3. PH value PH value or hydrogen ion concentration is a measure of the Acidity or alkalinity of a substance. The strength of acidity or alkalinity is indicated by the hydrogen Ion concentration expressed as the pH value [McLennan and Marcy, 1984].When a substance is dissolved in water, the solution ionizes i.e.Splits up into electrically charged hydrogen (H) and hydroxyl (OH) ions. Acidity by mineral acids, free carbon dioxide and Sulfates of iron and aluminum and alkalinity in water is caused By CA (HCO3) 2, Mg (HCO3) 2, Na2 CO3, Na OH, KOH , CA (OH) 2, and Mg (OH) 2 [Murrel, 1986]. PH is an indicator of the acidity or basicity of water, but is seldom a problem by itself. The main use of pH in water Analysis is for detecting abnormal water. The normal pH Range for irrigation water is from 6.5 to 8.4. An abnormal value is a warning that the water needs further evaluation? Irrigation water with a pH outside the normal range may cause A nutritional imbalance or may contain a toxic ion. Low salinity Water (ECw<0.2 ds/m) sometimes has a pH outside the normal Range since it has a very low buffering capacity. This should not cause undue alarm other than to alert the user to a possible imbalance of ions and the need to establish the reason for the adverse pH through full laboratory analysis. Such water normally causes few problems for soil or crops but is Very corrosive and may rapidly corrode pipelines, sprinklers and control equipment [FAO, 1994].—_— = = » SN GEASS CHAPTER TWO IRRIGATION WATER AND CASE STUDY a3 2.2.4. Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) Natural water contains different kinds of dissolved materials that Differ widely from one location to another as from time to time. Many of these dissolved materials are essential for growth, Reproduction and the general wellbeing of aquatic organisms but high total dissolved solids are objectionable because ofPhysiological effects, mineral taste, or economic effect. The Chlorides, Carbonates, and Silicates of Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, and Magnesium are generally the most Common salts present water quality is classified into four classes For irrigation use according to its total dissolved solid with Respect to the classification of the American Salt LaboratoryAs shown in Table (2-1) [Salah et al, 2000]. Table (2-1) Classification of water quality for irrigation use according of the American salt laboratory [Salah et al, 2000). Water Type | TDS (ppm) | Water Appropriateness Cl | 0-160 Water is appropriateness to most plants and less salt lands with a little possibility of land saltiness. Cz 161-480 Water is appropriateness to plants that can Moderate undergo salts increase where that is salt moderate draining for the land. G3 481-1440 Water is appropriate for plants that resist High salt salts and on well drained lands. It is necessary to have a good draining for the i land. C4 1441-3200 | Water is appropriate for plants that are Veryhigh highly resistance to salts and on pervasive salt well drained lands and washing for salts,CHAPTER TWO IRRIGATION WATER AND CASE STUDY 3 2.2.5, Electrical Conductivity (EC) The ability of water to conduct an electrical current is known as conductivity or specific conductance and depends on theConcentration of ions in solution. Conductivity is also temperature-dependent where EC increase 2% for each one degree Celsius of temperature the most influential water quality guideline on crop Productivity is the water salinity hazard as measured by (EC). The primary effect of high EC water on crop productivityis the inability of the plant to compete with ions in the soil? Solution for water (physiological drought).The higher the EC, the less water is available to plants, even Though the soil may appear wet because plants can only Transpire "pure" water, usable plant water in the soil solution Decreases dramatically as EC increase [Balder et al, 2010] Table (2-2) Suggested criteria of irrigation water use based upon conductivity [balder et al, 2010}. Classes of water Electrical Conductivity (ds/m)* [Class 1, Excellent [ <.025 i | Class 2, Good | 025-075 | Class 3,, permissible 76-2.00 2 Class 4, Doubtful = 2.01-3.00 2 [Class5, Unsuitable >3.00 2.2.6. Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) It is considered one of the most important hydro-chemica Parameters, which reflects the effect of the sodium on the Irrigation water [Todd, 1980]. It is calculated by using Gapon Equation [Kelly, 1948] as follows:CHAPTER TWO IRRIGATION WATER AND CASE STUDY a It is calculated by using Gapon Equation [Kelly, 1948] as follows: Nat* [eat Mg**) 2 SAR = In which the ionic concentrations are expressed in milliequivalent per liter (meq/L). 2.3.Specificatons Water quality parameters Table (2-3) water quality standers for different water uses [khan,F.et al,2003] water quality | ~ Water uses for | parameter irrigation Sulfate (s04) 1000 Cloride(Cl) 250 Table (2-4) optimum and maximum values of water quality characteristics for irrigation use [Zegel,W.,1999] Characteristics (ppm) irrigation other Crops pA 6.5-8.5 | Total solids (optimum) 500 Cited by HUSSAIN SHAKIR MAHMOOD *according to [Bauder et al, 2010) EC=0.7CHAPTER THREE THEORY ___________ Chapter three Theory 3.1, Water Quality Index Water is one of the most important natural resources to sustain life. Ascertaining its quality is very crucial before use for water drinking, agricultural, aquatic life, recreational, or industrial purposes. However, all available water bodies are not suitable for all different uses. Water quality indices (WQIs) have been developed to assess the suitability of water fore variety of uses. These indices reflect the status of water quality in lakes, streams, rivers, and reservoirs. The concept of WQIs is based on the comparison of the water quality parameter with respective regulatory standards [Khan, F. et al, 2003]. Considering the simplicity and scientific basis of WQI, it is expected that these indices will provide meaningful summaries of overall water quality and possibly trends. While appreciating the importance and usability of WQls, it is important to understand the limitations of WQIs. The WQlIs are not intended to replace a detailed analysis of environmental monitoring and modeling, nor should they be the sole tool for the management of water bodies. However, WQIs can be used to provide a broad overview of environmental performance that can be conveyed to the public in an easy to understand format. The advantages of these indices include their ability fo represent measurements of measurements with a variety of measurement units in a single metric; and the facilitation of communication of the results. On the other hand, there are limitations in” the use of WQIs: the loss of information by combining several variables to a single index value; the sensitivity of the results to the formulation of the index: the loss of information on interactions between variables; and ~CHAPTER THREE THEORY m the lack of portability of the index to different ecos stems [Zandbergen _ and Hall, 1998]. There are two main approaches for water quality index quantification - one based on absolute sub-indices, which are defined as the water quality formulas that their solution is independent of the water quality standard, and other water quality index is called relative sub- indices, which are formulas that their solution depends on the water quality standard [Khan, F. et al, 2003]. 3.2.Water quality for irriga ion use parameter Water pollution can be defined in general as "any variation either natural or artificial that changes the quality of water and disturbs or destroys the balance of ecosystem and natural sources, so that it :eauses hazards to public health, and wellbeing of man and his communities , and impairs the beneficial uses of water " [unesco ,1982] . In general ,the water quality parameter that affect adversely on the water quality for irrigation use are : sulfates (SO4 _), Chlorides (CL ),Total Dissolved Solids (TDS),Electrical Conductivity (EC),Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) ,Hydrogen Power (PH). 3.3 .1Geometric Mean as Sensitivity Function Formula Bahargava, D.S. (1983) suggested the geometric mean formula Expressed as: wal= 100x(mé= me [faa yam fT = (Gx fi AD Where: N (c ou KE ‘ye Fi(P) is the sensitivity function for ea each variable including the Effect of variable weight concentration which is related to certain Activity and varies from (0 — 1), # is the number of variables.CHAPTER THREE THEORY _ Bhargava Method is one of the modern methods which are used in __ Many countries. It is easy to deal with relative parameters for different Uses by using sensitivity functions curves which take the value between Zero to one. The results are accumulated by using the geometric mean. The nature of the sensitivity functions is determined by the impact of a change in the value of the parameter on water quality as in Figure (3.1). The sensitivity functions curves are used to evaluate the quality of rivers water and give the importance of any parameter for @ specific use. It also gives weight to every parameter. For instance, when the concentration of sulfate (SO*) gets value of 400 ppm, the sensitivity function will be very low which makes water worse according to sensitivity functions curves for drinking use, while the same concentration value can give sensitivity function equal to 0.6 for irrigation use which means it is acceptable 60% (Bhargava, 1983]. This index is used to classify rivers into five groups (Table 4.1) and to determine the WQI for each activity of different water activities depending on the variables which affect that activity by using geometric mean formula, Table (3-1). Water quality classification according to Bahargava [Bahargava, 1983] Class WQI value Water Quality Classification T 100-90 Excellent U 89-65 Good ll 64-35 Acceptable | Ty 34-10 Polluted V Less than 10 Severe PollutedCHAPTER THREE THEORY a to] Ao as) ast a8} os} B a E ai] Bo Po = 09) a i i: 43) a 0 al ay aol oo 0 m x a cule 00 05 10 15 20 25 40 a5 EC (Thousands) TDS (rg) Figure (3.1) Sensitivity functions curves according to Bahargava for irrigation use [Bahargava, 1983}.