apkÂamsâ I®nep®n _m^Jo

Ccp]¯nc−v XhW lÖv \nÀhln¨ NmcnXmÀYyt¯msSbmWv JmCZp Juw k¿nZv A_vZpdlvam³

_m^JnX§Ä \s½ hn«p ]ncnªXv. 1973 P\phcn 18\v ]pWy a¡bn h¨mbncp¶p A´yw. sNdnb
a½pt¡bntbmsSm¸amWv X§Ä lÖn\v ]pds¸Sp¶Xv. lÖns\¯nbt¸mÄ Xs¶ Ieiemb ]\n
X§sf _m[n¨ncp¶p. ]ps¸Sp¶Xn\v GXm\pw Znhkw ap¼v sNdnb tXmXn lrZvtcmKw A\p`hs¸«
X§tfmSv bm{X Dt]£n¡m³ tUm.kn.sI cmaN{µ\S¡apÅ X§fpsS CjvS tUmIvSÀamÀ
D]tZin¨XmWv. ]t£ lÖn\v \n¿s¯Sp¯ X§Ä t]mIm³ Xs¶ Xocpam\n¡pIbmbncp¶p.
lÖv \nÀhlWwIgnª ]msS ]\n ]nSn¯w hn«p. cm{Xn ]{´−c aWntbmsS shÅnbmgvN cmhnÂ
AhnS¶v A´y izmkw hen¡pIbmbncp¶p. a¡bnse apJy ivaim\¯n JZoPm _ohnbpsS
J_dnS¯n\Sp¯mbmWv X§fpsS a¿¯v J_dS¡nbXv.

lfÀauXnse _m^Jolv IpSpw_amWv _m^JnX§fptSXv. X§fpsS ]qÀhnI³ k¿nZv AlvaZv

_m^Jn GXm−v 1770Â tIcf¯nse¯n. At±l¯nsâ aI³ k¿nZv apl½Zv _m^JnbpsS aI³
k¿nZv A_vZpÃm _m^JnbpsS aI³ k¿nZv A_vZp JmZnÀ _m^JnbpsS aI\mWv _m^JnX§Ä.
shfnbt¦m«v PpapAv ]Ånbn \n¶mWv Imcyamb aX]T\w X§Ä t\SnbXv. kz´ambn Xs¶
aebmfhpw DÀZphpw ]Tn¨p. ]ns¶ I¨hS¯nte¡v \o§n. tImgnt¡mSv tI{µam¡n I¨hS irwJe
sI«n¸Sp¯p. _Àabnepw amenZzo]nepsams¡ _m^Jo I¼\n kPohambn. tImgnt¡mSnsâ {]Xm]w
H¶v IqSn ]cnekn¡m³ _m^Jo I¼\n hgnsbmcp¡n.

tIm¬{Kknsâ A\`mhnbmbmWv X§Ä cmjv{Sob¯n hcp¶Xv. 1936 tImgnt¡mSv þ Ipdp{¼\mSv

aÞe¯n \n¶v apkvenw eoKns\Xnsc aXvkcn¨ ktlmZco `À¯mhv Jm³ _lmZqÀ Bät¡mb
X§Ä¡v th−n cwK¯nd§n. eoKv t\Xmhv t]m¡À kmln_v ]cmPbs¸SpIbpw sNbvXp. F¶mÂ
tIm¬{Kknsâ apkvenw kao]\¯n AkwXr]vX\mb X§Ä ASp¯hÀjw Xs¶ apkvenw eoKnÂ
tNcpIbmbncp¶p. XmaknbmsX _m^Jn X§fpsS kzm[o\¯n tIm¬{Kkv {]hÀ¯I\mb
]mW¡mSv ]qt¡mb X§fpw eoKnse¯n.

apkvenwIfpsS aX Imcy§fn IqSn Xev]c\mb X§Ä kakvbpsS cq]oIcW¯nepw a{ZkIÄ

Øm]n¡p¶Xnepw Xsâ k¼¯nsâ hensbmcp `mKw sNehgn¨p. apkvenw eoKnt\bpw kakvXtbbpw
Htc Xqh I£nIsft¸mse kwc£n¡m³ At±lw ]cn{ian¨p. `uXnI hnZym`ymkw BÀPn¡p¶
apkvenw hnZymÀYnÄ¡v kz´w sNehn kvtImfÀjn¸v \evIn. kakvX hnZym`ymk t_mÀUnsâ
t\Xr\ncbnepw ^mdqJv tImfPnsâ Øm]\¯nepw X§fp−mbncp¶p. kmlnXy cwK¯v X§fpsS
Fähpw henb kw`mh\ N{µnI ]{Xs¯ ssI]nSn¨pbÀ¯nsb¶XmWv.

cmjv{Sob¯n {]thin¨Xn\v tijw X§Ä tIm¬{Kkns\Xnsc iIvXamb \ne]msSSp¯p. 1952se

a{Zmkv Akw_vfnbnte¡pÅ XncsªSp¸n hb\m«nse tIm¬{Kkv Øm\mÀYnbmb tImgn¸pd¯v
am[htat\ms\Xnsc {]NmcW¯n\mbn X§Ä hb\m«nse¯n. kzmX{´ Øm\mÀYn
AUz.IcpWmIc\mWv X§Ä ]n´pW \evIn. tIm¬{Kkv `cW¯n apkvenwIf\p`hn¡p¶
IjvS¸mSpIfmbncp¶p X§fpsS {]kwK¯nse apJy hnjbw. eoKv ]n´pW¨ Øm\mÀYn
hnPbn¨nsænepw tIm¬{Kkv Øm\mÀYnsb tXmev]n¡m³ eoKn\v Ignªp. tIm¬{Kknse apkvenw
Ifmhs«, Hcn¡epw eoKn\v am¸v sImSp¯XpanÃ. apkvenw kapZmb¯n\v th−n A_vZpdlvam³
kmln_v, sambvXp auehn XpS§nbhÀ tIm¬{Kkn\I¯v \n¶v sIm−v Xs¶ t]mcmSn. XnIª
atXXc hmZnbmb A_vZpdlvam³ kmln_n\v t]mepw ]et¸mgpw hÀKob hmZnsb¶ Bt£]w
tIÄt¡−n h¶p.

tIm¬{Kkn\pw IayqWnkväp ]mÀ«n¡pa¸pdw apkvenw kapZmb¯n\v AkvXnXzap−m¡pIbmbncp¶p

X§fpsS e£yw. apkvenw eoKneqsS A¡mcyw t\SnsbSp¡pIbmbncp¶p e£yw. eoKn AXn\v
]Ánb bph \ncbp−mbncp¶Xv sIm−mWv X§Ä eoKnt\msSm¸w \n¶Xpw AXnsâ
t\Xr\ncbnse¯nbXpw. IayqWnkväv ]mÀ«nbpw apkvenw eoKpw X½n A{X hntcm[ap−mbncp¶nÃ.
eoKnsâ apJy i{Xp tIm¬Kkv Xs¶. ssIh−n eoKv Fs¶mcp t]cpw AhÀ eoKn\v \evInbncp¶p.
tImgnt¡mSv ap\nkn¸menänbn tIm¬{Kknse A¸t¡mbsb Pbn¸n¡m³ ]e X§³amscbpw
tIm¬{Kkv sIm−v h¶p. eoKn\v thm«v sN¿cpsX¶v ]dªv \me]Xvv X§³amcpsS ^Xvhbpw h¶p.
X§fpsS A\ntj[y ]mSh¯n\v ap¼n FÃmhcpw ap«p aS¡n.

1950Ifn tIcf¯n IayqWnkväv ]mÀ«n AXniIvXambn B[n]Xyapd¸n¡pIbmbncp¶p. XncphnXmw

Iqdnepw ae_mdnepw IayqWnkväv ]mÀ«n Xs¶ ap¶nÂ. BZy XncsªSp¸n _m^JnX§fpsS
{ia¯n ]n.Fkv.]n ]mÀ«nbpambn eoKv kJyap−m¡n. tIm¬{Kkn\pw IayqWnkvÁn\psaXnsc
kJyw aXvkcn¨p. Cu thfbn _m^Jn X§Äs¡Xnsc cmPyt{Zml Ipäw Npa¯n Adkväv
sN¿n¡m³ hsc tIm¬{Kkv `mK¯v \n¶v {iaap−mbn. ]Þnäv s\lvdp tIcf¯n h¶p. s\lvdp
{]kwK¯n eoKns\Xnsc BªSn¨p. eoKns\ s\lvdp N¯ IpXncbm¡n. _m^JnX§fpsS
injy³ tImbm kmln_v s]m¶m\n IS¸pds¯ alm kt½f\¯n h¨v s\lvdphn\v Dcpf¡pt¸cn
\evIn. XncsªSp¸n IaywWnkväv ]mÀ«n tIm¬{Kkns\ ]pd´Ån A[nImc¯n h¶p. eoKn\pw
In«n F«v koäv.

IayqWnkväv a{´n k` apkvenw kapZmb¯n\v th−n ]e \nba§fpw sIm−p h¶p. ae_mÀ

Iem]¯n\v kzmX{´y kac¯nsâ ]Zhn \evIn. apkvenwIÄ¡v kwhcWw \evIn.
]Ånbp−m¡p¶Xn\pÅ \n_Ô\ ]n³ hen¨p. CsXms¡ kapZmb¯nsâ BXvam`nam\w
kwc£n¡p¶Xn Gsd ]¦p hln¨p. BbnS¡v kJy I£nbmb ]n.Fkv.]n tIm¬{Kkpambn
ASp¡m\pÅ{iaw XpS§nbt¸mÄ _m^Jn X§Ä¡v amdn \nev¡m\mbnÃ. A[nImc¯nse¯m³
eoKns\ Iq«v ]nSn¡pItb \nhr¯nbpÅp F¶v A¶s¯ tIm¬{Kkv {]knU−v BÀ i¦dn\pw
tXm¶n. eoKn\msW¦n s\lvdphn\v Hcp sNm«v sImSp¡Wsa¶ B{Klhpw D−mbncp¶p, eoKv N¯
IpXncbmtWm Pohn¡p¶ knwlamtWm F¶v sXfnbn¨p sImSp¡pIbpw thWw. Ahkcw
apXseSp¡m³ eoKpw Xocpam\n¨p. IayqWnkväv a{´n k`sb Xmsgbnd¡m\pÅ hntamN\ kac¯nÂ
eoKpw ]¦mfnIfmbn.

eoKnsâ Cu \b¯ns\Xnsc FStÈcn auehn sI.kn tImap¡p«n auehn XpS§nbhcpsS

t\XrXz¯n t{]m{Kkohv eoKv hs¶¦nepw _m^JnX§fpsS t\Xr]mSh¯n\v ap¶n AXv
a®Snªp. “a¶w, ]«w, i¦À, Nmt¡m, _m^Jn X§Ä knµm_mZv’ F¶ ap{Zm hmIyw FÃm PmXn aX
iIvXnItfbpw H¶n¸n¨t¸mÄ apJy a{´n C.Fw.Fkn\v a{´n k` ]ncn¨p hntS−n h¶p. ]pXnb
XncsªSp¸n tIm¬{Kkpw apkvenw eoKpw ]n.Fkv.]nbpw tNÀ¶ ap¶Wn Pbn¨p. eoKn\v ]{´−v
koäp−mbncp¶p. ]t£ tIm¬{Kkv KqU {ia¯neqsS apkvenw eoKns\ a{´n k`bn \n¶IÁm³
{ian¨p. tIcf¯nsâ cmjv{Sob Ncn{X¯nse Gähpw henb NXnbmbncp¶p CXv. _m^JnX§Ä¡v
kln¡mhp¶Xnepw A¸pdambncp¶p Cu h©\. Hcp a{´n Øm\hpw eoKn\v \evInsöv tIm¬{Kkv
iTn¨t¸mÄ eoKpw ]n³amdnbnÃ. Ahkm\w koXn kmln_ns\ kv]o¡dm¡msa¶v tIm¬{Kkv
k½Xn¨p. _m^Jn X§Ä XXvImew an−mXncp¶p. tIm¬{Kkn \n¶pw asäm¶pw e`n¡nsöv
At±l¯n\dnbmambncp¶p.

koXn kmln_v acn¨t¸mÄ kn.F¨nt\bmWv kv]o¡ÀØm\t¯¡v eoKv \nÀtZin¨Xv. At¸mgmWv

hÀKob ]mÀ«nIfpambn kJyw C\n hs¿¶v tIm¬{Kkv XoÀ¯p ]dªXv. eoKv AhcpsS I®nÂ
At¸mgpw hÀKob ]mÀ«n Xs¶bmbncp¶p. kn.F¨ns\ eoKn \n¶v cmPn h¨v tIm¬{Kkv
AwKamhmsa¶ \n_Ô\bn kv]o¡dm¡msa¶v ]dªt¸mÄ XxvImew A§s\ sN¿m³ eoKv
X¿mdmbn. AXmhs« ]e eoKv t\Xm¡Ä¡pw ckn¨nÃ. AXv BXvam`nam\w tIm¬{Kkn\v ASnbd
hbv¡p¶Xn\v XpeyamsW¶v ]e t\Xm¡Ä¡pw A`n{]mbap−mbncp¶p. AXv ]t£ _m^Jn X§Ä
s\bvX Hcp X{´w am{Xambncp¶p F¶v ]n¶oSmWv a\ÊnembXv. eoKv F´v hn«p hogvN¡pw
X¿mdmsW¶v FÃm ]mÀ«nItfbpw s]mXp kaqlt¯bwp t_m[ys¸Sp¯m³ IqSn _m^Jn X§Ä¡v
Ignªp. Cu kab¯v Xs¶ `mhnbnte¡pÅ]²XnIÄ At±lw X¿mdm¡n Ignªncp¶p.

sXm«Sp¯ XncsªSp¸n k]vXI£n ap¶Wnbn eoKv {][m\ I£nbmbn. _m^Jn X§Ä

Xs¶bmWv Xocpam\saSp¯Xv. tIm¬{Kkns\ ]mTw ]Tn¸n¡pI Xs¶bmbncp¶p e£yw. C,Fw,Fkv
\¼qXncn¸mSv t\XrXzw \evIp¶ ap¶Wnbn `qcn]£w t]cpw IayqWnkvÁpIÄ. C¶v IayqWnkvÁv
]mÀ«n Ckvemans\XncmsW¶v {]kwKn¡p¶ A`n\h eoKpImÀ XnIª aX hnizmknbpw
sk¡pednkvÁpamb _m^Jn X§sf ImWm¯sX´mWv? IayqWnkvÁv ]mÀ«n Ckvemans\XnscbpÅ
]mÀ«nbmsW¦n _m^Jn X§Ä A§s\sbmcp Xocpam\saSp¡ptam? tIm¬{KkpImÀ ]e `mK¯v
\n¶pw ^Xvhbpambn h¶n«pw Imcyap−mbnÃ. apkvenw eoKv IayqWnkvÁv ]mÀ«nbpambn
_Ôap−m¡p¶Xn {]Xntj[n¨ v NneÀ kakvX tIcf apkvenw eoKv D−m¡nbXv ImÁmbnt¸mbn.
Cu.Fw Fkv apkvenw eoKn\v c−v a{´n Øm\§Ä \evIn kapZmb¯n\v A´Êp−m¡ns¡mSp¯p.
A¶v apkvenw eoKv hÀKobambn Nn´n¨ncp¶nÃ. _m^Jn X§fptStbm kn.F¨ntâtbm apJ¯v
t\m¡n BÀ¡pw A§s\ ]dbm³ Ignbpambncp¶nÃ. C.Fw Fkpambn ]nWt§−n h¶
_m^JnX§Ä t\sc sN¶Xv asÁmcp IayqWnkvÁv tI¼nte¡mWv. kJmhv ANypXtat\msâ heXv
IayqWnkvÁv ]mÀ«nbnÂ. ANypX tat\ms\ apJy a{´nbm¡p¶Xn X§Ä Xs¶ henb ]¦v
hln¨p. IayqWnkvÁv ]mÀ«ns¡Xnsc aX¯nsâ Xpcp¸p io«nd¡p¶ C¶s¯ apkvenw eoKpImÀ¡v
_m^Jn X§fpsS a\Êv hmbns¨Sp¡Wsa¦n C\nbpw ImX§Ä k©cn¡Ww. C.Fw.Fknsâ
IqsS Ccp¶v ae¸pdw PnÃbpw Ien¡Áv bqWnthgvknÁnbpw kapZmbw t\Sn. AXn\v tijw C{X Imew
F´mWv t\SnbsX¶v IqSn BtemNn¡Ww. alm\mb knF¨v hm§nsbSp¯ kvIqfpIÄ, Ad_n
XkvXnIIÄ, kÀ¡mÀ Øm]\§Ä; FÃmÁnt\mSpw _m^Jn X§tfmSv \µn ImWn¡m³
kapZmb¯n\v IgnbWw.

A[nImc taml§Ä¡¸pdw kapZmb¯n\v Zni ImWn¡m³ C¯cw alm³amcnÃmsXt]mbXmWv

kapZmbw t\cnSp¶ shÃphnfn. _m^Jn X§fpsS Znimt_m[¯n\v ap¼n \ap¡v \{ainckvIcmhmw.

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