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CBSE Class 10 Social Notes History
CBSE Class 10 Social Notes History
Table of Contents
1. The rise of nationalism in Europe ............................................................................................... 2
Technical terms ........................................................................................................................... 5
2. The nationalist movement in indo-china ................................................................................... 6
Technical terms ..........................................................................................................................10
3. Nationalism in India .................................................................................................................. 11
Technical terms .......................................................................................................................... 13
4. The making of a global world..................................................................................................... 14
Technical terms ..........................................................................................................................18
5. The age of industrialization ....................................................................................................... 19
Technical terms ......................................................................................................................... 22
6. Work, life and leisure: Cities in the contemporary world......................................................... 23
Technical terms ......................................................................................................................... 27
7. Print culture and the modern world ......................................................................................... 28
Technical terms ......................................................................................................................... 32
8. Novels, society and history ....................................................................................................... 33
Technical terms ......................................................................................................................... 38
1804 The Civil Code, usually known as the Napoleonic Code, introduced.
A young man, Giuseppe Mazzini, was sent into exile after a failed
1831
revolution in Liguria.
English poet Lord Byron organized funds who later went to fight in
1824
the war died of fever in 1824.
1848 The revolution of the liberals in France. Louise Philippe forced to flee.
21 April 1849 Feminist political Association carried first issue of her newspaper.
1785 and 1786 The brothers Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm were bom in the German.
The German middle class tried to unite the different regions of the
1848 German confederation into a nation-state governed by an elected
parliament.
Three was over seven years. With Austria, Denmark and France
1864-1871
ended in Prussian victory.
Strange Case of
……
Britain
1688 The English parliament seized power from the Monarchy.
1798 A failed revolt led by Wolfe Tone and his united Irishmen.
1860 Garibaldi led the famous Expedition to the ‘Thousand to South Italy.
1870 During the war with Prussia, France withdrew its troops from Rome.
Nationalism and
6.
Imperialism
The most serious source of nationalist tension in Europe was the area
1871
called the Balkans.
Slav nationalism gathers force in the Habsrburg and Ottoman
1905
Empire.
1914 First World War.
Technical terms
Absolutist: A government or system of rule that has no restraint on power exercised. In history,
the term refers to a form of monarchical government that was centralized, militarized and
repressive.
Plebiscite: A direct vote by which all the people of a region are asked to accept or reject a
proposal.
Ethnic: Relates to a common racial, tribal or cultural origin or background that a community
identifies with or claims.
Allegory: Symbol representing an abstract idea; an idea represented through a person or thing.
Feminist: Awareness of women’s rights and interests based on the belief of social, economic and
political equality of the genders (male and female).
Estates General: It was the National Assembly of pre-revolutionary France. Its representatives
were elected by the active citizens.
Year Events
Third
Trieu Au, organized a large army and resisted Chinese rule
Century C.E.
Huynh Phu so, founder of Hoa Hao declared Mad Bonze and
1941
exiled him to Laos
1890-1969 Ho Chi Minh
1910 Learnt baking
1911 Took job on a French liner
Ho Chi Minh brought together competing nationalists
1930 groups to establish the Vietnamese Communist Party, later
HOCHIMINH
renamed the Indo-Chinese Communist Party.
Technical terms
Syncretic: Aims to bring together different beliefs and practices, seeing their essential unity
rather than their difference.
Concentration Camps: A prison where people are detained without due process of law. Generally
place of torture and brutal treatment.
Indentured Labour: A form of labour widely used in the plantations (e.g., Sugar) from the mid-
19th century.
Ordinance 10: It was a French law that permitted Christianity hut outlawed Buddhism
3. Nationalism in India
Technical terms
Forced Recruitment: A process by which the British colonial state forced people to join the
army.
Boycott: The refusal to deal and associate with people or participate in activities or buy or use
things. It is a form of protest.
Picket: A form of demonstration or protest by which people block the entrance to a shop, factory
or office.
Begar: Labour that villagers were forced to contribute without any payment.
Swaraj: The word ‘swa’ means self and ‘raj’ means rule i.e., self-rule.
Harijan: means men of God. This name was given by Mahatma Gandhi to the ‘untouchables’ or
‘dalits’.
SI.No Headings
17th Legends spread about South America’s fabled wealth. Many expeditions
century set off in search of EL Dorado the fabled city of gold.
John Winthrop wrote that smallpox signaled God’s blessing for the
1634
colonists.
Until 19th century poverty and hunger was common in Europe. The Great
1845 to Irish Potato Famine; around 1,000,000 people died of starvation in
1849
Ireland, and double the number emigrated in search of work, (e.g., USA)
18th Slaves captured from Africa, were growing cotton and sugar in America.
century
1813 Napoleon lost the battle of Leipzig.
1814-1815 Fall of Napoleon; the Vienna Peace Settlement.
Role of Technology
19th Technology (railways, steamships, and the telegraph) and new inventions
century helped in fast growing trade.
Till 1870s Live animals were shipped from America to Europe for meat.
Plague/Rinderpest
1892 Rinderpest moved west like forest fire’ and reached Africa’s Atlantic coast.
1897 Rinderpest reached the Cape (Africa’s southernmost tip).
- European’s rush to Transvaal region. Transvaal gold mines contribute
1890s
over 20 percent of world gold production.
19th British manufacturers began to seek overseas markets for their cloth.
century By 19th century, British manufactures flooded the Indian market.
1815 India’s cotton textile exports declined to 15% (from 30% in 1800).
1870s Cotton textile exports from India dropped to 3%.
1812-1871 Raw cotton exports from India rose from 5% to 35%.
Opium shipments to China from India became India’s single largest
1820s
export.
Fordist system of assembly line spread in the US and were widely copied in
1920s Europe.
US prosperity based on housing and consumer boom.
The US resumed exporting capital to the rest of the world and became the
1923 largest overseas lender. Many countries financed then- investments
through loans from the US.
1928 US overseas loans amounted to over $ 1 billion.
Car production in the US rose from 2 million in 1919 to more than 5
1929 million.
The world was plunged into a depression.
The Great Depression
1950s- Most developing countries did not benefit from the fast growth
1960s experienced by the western economies.
The worldwide spread of MNCs. (First MNCs established in 1920) US
1950-1960
businesses expanded worldwide.
US’s overseas involvements weakened its finances and competitive
1960s
strength.
China
1949 Revolution in China.
1949 China cut off from the post-war world economy since the revolution.
Many new countries (for e.g., China) brought into the fold of the world
1990s
economy.
Technical terms
Indentured Labour: A bonded labourer under contract to work for an employer for a specific
amount of time, to pay off his passage to a new country or home.
Exchange rates: They link national currencies for purposes of international trade. There are
broadly two kinds of exchange rates: fixed exchange rate and floating exchange rate.
Fixed Exchange Rates: When exchange rates are fixed and governments intervene to prevent
movements in them.
Flexible or Floating Exchange Rates: These rates fluctuate depending on demand and supply of
currencies in foreign exchange markets, in principle without interference by governments.
Rastafaria: A Jamaican sect, the members of which regarded blocks as the chosen people.
Coolie: Unskilled ‘native’ labourers. Indentured Indian labourers were often referred to as
‘coolies’ in Trinidad.
Silk routes: Were routes through which trade and cultural mingling of far lands of the world
took place. These routes knitted together vast regions of Asia, especially China and linked Asia
with Europe and Northern Africa. These routes are known to have existed before the Christian
era and thrived almost till the 15th century.
Trade Surplus: It is a situation under which value of exports is more than imports.
Globalization: Movement of people, goods and services across the nations has been termed as
globalization.
Tariff: Tax imposed on a country’s imports from the rest of the world. Tariffs are levied at the
point of entry, i.e., at the border or the airport Utopian: A vision of society that is so ideal that it
is unlikely to actually exist.
SI.No Headings
INTRODUCTION
A popular music publisher E.T. Pauli produced a music book that had a
1900
picture on the cover page announcing the “Dawn of the Century”.
1730s The earliest factories in England were set up.
Britain was importing 2.5 million pounds of raw cotton to feed its cotton
1760
industry.
1787 Import of raw cotton soared to 22 million pounds.
Decline of old ports Surat and Hoogly. The gross value of trade that passed
1740s through Surat slumped from ? 16 million in the last years of the 17th
century to ? 3 million in 1740s.
1750s Breakdown of network of export trade, controlled by Indian Merchants.
1780s Bombay and Calcutta grew as alternate trading ports to Surat and Hoogly. ,
1850-51 Indian piece-goods exports account for no more than 3% of India’s exports.
1850s Most weaving regions of India narrated stories of decline and desolation.
1850 Cotton piece-goods constituted over 31% of the value of Indian imports.
4 FACTORIES COME UP
4.1 Factories Come up
The British in India began exporting opium to China and in exchange took
18 century
tea from China to England.
Dwarkanath Tagore set up six joint-stock companies in Bengal. The
1830s-1840s enterprises sank in 1840s business crisis but by late 19th century he
became successful industrialists.
Jeejeebhoy was involved in the China trade and shipping. He owned a large
1850s fleet of ships, but competition from English and American shippers forced
him to sell his ships.
1862 Four mills were at work with 94,000 spindles and 2,150 looms.
Technical terms
Orient: The countries to the east of the Mediterranean, usually referring to Asia.
Carding: The process in which fibres, such as cotton or wool, are prepared prior to spinning.
Spinning Jenny: Devised by James Hargreaves in 1764, this machine speeded up the spinning
process and reduced labour demand. By turning one single wheel a worker could set in motion a
number of spindles and spin several threads at the same time.
Fly Shuttle: It is a mechanical device invented for weaving, moved by means of ropes and
pullies. The invention of the fly shuttle made it possible for weavers to operate large looms and
weave wide pieces of cloth.
Gomasthas: Paid servant of the company to establish direct control over the weavers.
Proto-industrialization: The early phase of industrialization in which large scale production was
carried out for the international markets not in factories but in decentralized units.
Trade Guilds: Association of producers that trained craftsmen, maintained control over
production, regulated competition and prices, and restricted the entry of new people within the
trade.
SI.No Headings
INTRODUCTION
Durgacharan Ray wrote a novel, Debganer Martye Aagaman. (The
1880
Gods Visit Earth).
1 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CITY
1750 One out of every nine people of England and Wales lived in London.
1850s Most western countries were largely rural.
More than three-quarters of the adults in Manchester were migrants
1851
from rural areas.
1861 Census recorded a quarter of a million domestic servants in London.
Crime flourished in London. About 20,000 criminals were living in
1870s
London.
1870 The Compulsory Elementary Education Act was passed.
London’s population multiplied fourfold. It increased from 1 million
1880
to about 4 million during 1810 to 1880
Andrew Meams, a clergyman wrote The Bitter Cry of Outcast London
1880 which showed why crime was more profitable than labouring in
small underpaid factories.
The first social survey of low-skilled London workers in the East End
1887
of London was conducted by Charles Booth, a Liverpool ship-owner.
Beginning of factory acts. These acts kept children out of industrial
1902
work.
Outbreak of the Russian Revolution. After the revolution there was
1917 widespread fear of outbreak of social disorder among London city
dwellers.
Period of the First World War. London began manufacturing motor
1914—18
cars and electric goods.
Between the two World Wars, British state accepted the
1919—39
responsibility for housing the working classes.
TRANSPORT IN CITY
10th January The first section of the Underground railway in the world opened
1863 between Paddington and Farrington Street in London.
The expanded train service was carrying 40 million passengers a
1880
year.
2 SOCIAL CHANGE IN THE CITY
1810 Entry was made free to the British Museum in London.
Hence, the numbers visiting the museum jumped from mere 15,000
1824—25
to 1,27,643 in 1824-25 and to 8,25,900 in 1846.
Over 1 million British people holidayed by seaside at Blackpool. By
1833
1939 their numbers had gone up to 7 million.
Women began to participate in political movements for suffrage that
1870s demanded right to vote for women, or for married women’s rights to
property.
3 POLITICS IN THE CITY
1852 Louis Napoleon III (the nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte) undertook
1852-1870 the work of rebuilding of Paris.
Technical terms
Metropolis: A large, densely populated city of a country or state, often the capital of the region.
Philanthropists: Someone who works for social upliftment i.e., welfare of mankind.
Tenement: Run down and often overcrowded apartment house, especially in a poor section of a
large city.
Individualism: A social theory which favours and promotes the liberty, rights or independent
action of the individual, rather than of the community.
Presidency Cities: The capitals of the Bombay, Bengal, Madras Presidencies in British India.
Akharas: Traditional wrestling schools, where young people were trained to ensure both
physical and moral fitness.
Depressed Classes: Term used for ‘lower castes’ and ‘untouchables’ (dalits).
Green Belt: Area of open land with plants and trees for maintaining natural habitation and
environment in and around the city.
SI.No Headings
1. THE FIRST PRINTED BOOKS
AD 594 onwards Books in China were printed by rubbing paper.
Hand-printing technology was introduced into Japan from China
AD 768-770
by the Buddhist missionaries.
AD 868 The oldest Japanese book. The Diamond Sutra was printed.
17th century Urban culture bloomed in China, the use of print diversified.
1450 and 1550 Printing presses were set up in most countries of Europe.
3. THE PRINT REVOLUTION AND ITS IMPACT
Erasmus’ a Latin scholar and Catholic reformer, criticized the
1508 excesses of Catholicism but kept his distance from Martin Luther.
He wrote ‘Adages’.
The religious reformer Martin Luther wrote ‘Ninety Five Theses’
1517 criticizing many of the practices and rituals of the Roman Catholic
Church.
Menocchio, a miller in Italy reinterpreted the message of the
16th century
Bible.
An ‘Index of Prohibited Books’ was formulated by the Roman
1558
Church to control publishers and booksellers.
4. THE READING MANIA
19th century Intense debates around religious issues in early 19th century.
19th century A number of Muslim sects and seminaries appeared.
The first printed edition of ‘Ramcharitmanas’ of Tulsidas, a
1810
sixteenth-century text, came out from Calcutta.
1821 itammohun Roy published the ‘Sambad Kaumudi’.
Two Persian newspapers were published, ‘Jam-i-Jahan Nama’ and
1822 ‘Shamsul Akhbar’.
Gujarati newspaper, Bombay Samachar was published.
1849 Publish a Newspaper in the Marathi Language.
The Deoband Seminary was founded. It published thousands of
1867 ‘fatwas’ telling Muslim readers how to conduct themselves in their
everyday lives.
The Naval Kishore Press at Lucknow and the Shri Venkateshwar
1880s Press in Bombay published numerous religious texts in
vernaculars.
8. NEW FORMS OF PUBLICATION
Many Bengali women writers like Kailashbashini Debi wrote
1860s
books highlighting the experiences of women.
Caricatures and cartoons were published in journals and
1870s newspapers.
Hindi printing began seriously.
Rashsundari Debi wrote her autobiography Amar Jiban in
8.1 1876
Bengali.
Tarabai Shinde and Pandita Ramabai wrote about the miserable
1880’s
lives of upper-caste Hindu women, especially widows.
Issues of Caste discrimination began to be written in printed tracts
and essays.
A new visual culture was taking place.
Late 19th century Mid 19th century women’s schools were set up.
In Calcutta—the Battala was famous centre for printing of books.
A lot of these books were illustrated with colour photographs.
Begum Rokeya Sakhawat Hossein, an educationists and literary
1926 figure strongly condemned men for withholding education from
women.
The colonial state under the East India Company was not too
1798 (Before)
concerned with censorship.
The Calcutta Supreme Court passed certain regulations to control
1820s
press freedom.
Governor-General Bentinck revised press laws because of
1835
petitions by editors of English and vernacular newspapers.
After the revolt of 1857, the attitude of the English to freedom of
1857
the press changed.
1877 The Statesman was founded.
The Vernacular Press Act was passed. It was modeled on the Irish
1878
Press Laws.
Technical terms
Platen: In letterpress printing, platen is a board which is pressed onto the back of the paper to
get the impression from the type. At one time it used to be a wooden board; later it was made of
steel.
Galley: Metal frame in which types are laid and the text composed.
Taverns: Places where people gathered to drink alcohol, to be served food and to meet friends
and exchange news.
Satiety: The state of being fulfilled much beyond the point of satisfaction.
Almanac: An annual publication giving astronomical data, information about movements of the
sun, moon, eclipses etc.
Chapbook: A term used to describe pocket-size books that were sold by travelling peddlers called
chapmen.
Bibliotheque Bleue: Low priced small books printed in France. These were printed on poor
quality paper and bound in cheap blue cover.
SI.No Headings
17th
Novels began to be written from the 17th Century in England and France.
Century
Henry Fielding’s Tom Jones was issued in six volumes. It was priced at
1749
three shillings each.
Leo Tolstoy a famous Russian novelist wrote extensively on rural life and
1828-1910
peasantry.
Emile Zola’s ‘Germinal’ was published. It was on the life of a young miner
1885
in France and the harsh conditions of miners lives.
18th
Involvement of women
Century
Charlotte Bronte
1816-1855
Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre was published in 1847.
1894 Rudyard Kipling’s ‘Jungle Book’ became a great hit among youngsters.
Joseph Conrad wrote novels that showed the darker side of colonial
1857-1924
occupation.
Srinivas Das’s novel Pariksha-Guru (The Master Examiner) was the first
1882 modem novel in Hindi. It reflects on the inner and outer world of the
newly emerging middle classes.
Novels in
Assam
Novels in
Oriya
Fakir Mohan Senapati (from Orissa) published his novel Chaa Maria Atta
1902
Guntha. It dealt with the possession of land.
Rokeya Hossein, a reformer, after she was widowed, started a girl’s school
1880-1932
in Calcutta.
1927 A Tamil essay ‘Why women should not read novels, was published.
1848-1906 Raja Ravi Verma was one of the foremost oil painters of his time.
Novels that depicted the lives of peasants and low castes emerged in
1920s
Bengal.
Advaita Malla Burman’s (1914-1951) Titash Ekti Nadir Noam was an epic
1956
on Mallas, a community of fisherfolk, who liveoff fishing in river Titash.
1919 The novel Ghare Baire was translated as The Home and the World.
1880-1936 Premchand
Godan (The Gift of Cow) became Premchand’s best known work. Others
1936
were ‘Ranghbhoomi’ (The Arena) and ‘Sevasadan’ (The Abode of Service)
Technical terms
Gentlemanly Classes: People who claimed noble birth and high social position. The standard
setters for proper behaviour.
Serialised: A format in which the story is published in installments, each part in a new issue of a
journal.
Vernacular: The normal, spoken form of a language rather than the formal, literary form.
Satire: A form of representation through writing, drawing, painting etc. that provides a criticism
of society in a manner that is witty and clever.
Dastan: The long tradition of prose tales of adventure and heroism in Persian and Urdu was
known as distant.