History - chapter - 1 - Rise of nationalism in Europe

🔺1848 - the pact between nations, a print prepared by Frederic Sorrieu

🔺1882 - University of Sorbonne - French philosopher - Earnst Renan (1823 - 92) - lecture on his
understanding 'what makes a nation?'

🔺 1789 - French revolution

🔺 1789 - France - absolute monarch
🔺 1790s - French armies moved to Holland, Belgium, Switzerland and much of Italy
🔺1798 - the cover of a German almanac designed by the journalist Andreas Rebmann
🔺1804 - civil code (Napoleonic code)
🔺1813 - napoleon lost the battle of Leipzig
🔺 1815 - treaty of Vienna
🔺 1833 - a merchant travelling from Habsburg to Nuremberg to sell his goods
🔺 1834 - a custom union or Zollverein was formed at Prussia
1815 - Defeat of napoleon

🔺 1815 - conservative regimes setup (autocratic)

🔺 1834 -Fedrierich list, professor of economics at the University of Tubingen, Germany (message)
🔺1807 - Italian revolutionary Giuseppe Mazzini was born in Genoa
🔺 1831 - Mazzini sent to exile for attempting a revolution in Liguria
🔺 1833 - young Europe in Berne ( founded by Mazzini)
🔺1830 - July revolution in France
🔺 1821 - struggle for independence in Greece began
🔺1824 - English poet lord Byron died due to fever
🔺 1832 - treaty of Constantinople (Greece as an independent nation)
🔺 1824 - the massacre at Chios - Eugene Delacroix
🔺 1744 - 1803 - German philosopher Johann Gottfried herder - das volk
L.1 RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE

Important dates and Events

🔺 1831 - armed rebellion against Russian rule took place which was ultimately crushed
🔺 1785 and 1786 - Grimm brothers were born in German city of Hanau
🔺 1812 - they published their first collection of tales
🔺1830s - great economic hardship in Europe
🔺 1848 - food shortages and widespread unemployment brought the population of Paris out on the
roads ( Louis Philippe was forced to flee)

🔺1845 - revolution of weavers in Silesia ( 4 June at 2pm)

🔺1848 - revolution of liberals
🔺 18 may 1848 - 831 elected representatives - Frankfurt parliament - church of St. Paul
🔺1819 - 1895 - Louise Otto peters - a political activist who founded a women's journal and
subsequently a feminist political association.

🔺 21 April 1849 - first issue of her newspaper

🔺 25 June 1850 - an anonymous reader sent a letter to the editor
🔺1867 - Habsburg rulers granted more autonomy to the Hungarians
🔺 1848 - Germans tried to unite the different regions of the German federation into a nation state
(failed)

🔺 18 January 1871 - Prussian king, William I was proclaimed German emperor in a ceremony held at
Versailles

🔺 1859 - Cavour, Sardinia piedmont defeated Austrian forces

🔺 1860 - Garibaldi defeated Spanish from the kingdom of Two Siciles
🔺 1861 - Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed king of united Italy
🔺 1707 - Act of Union
🔺 1798 - failed revolt led by Wolfe tone and his United Irishmen
🔺 1801 - Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the UK
🔺1871 - formation of Balkan region in Europe
🔺 1914 - beginning of First World War
L.1 Rise Of Nationalism In Europe

IMPORTANT TERMS

1. Plebiscite: A direct vote by which all the people of a region are asked to accept or reject a proposal.
2. Suffrage: The right to vote.
3. Conservatism: A political philosophy that stressed the importance of tradition, established institutions
and customs, and preferred gradual development to quick change.
4. Nationalism: A sense of belonging to one nation. Feeling or pride and patriotism towards the country
one belongs.
5. Absolutist: Unrestricted, despotic and authoritarian often refers to a centralized repressive
monarchical government.
6. Utopian: An ideal situation, a vision too good to be realised in practice.
7. Nation-state: A state having a common and contiguous boundary with inhabitants/ people sharing
8. Sovereignty: Supreme power.
9. Monarchy: Form of government headed by a monarch or a hereditary or dynastic ruler.
10. The Estates General: Referred to the French parliament-an elected body which was renamed as the
National Assembly after the Revolution of 1789.
11. Civil Code: A systematic set of laws for the citizens.
12. Habsburg Empire: The Empire that ruled Austria-Hungary including the Alpine region of Tyrol,
Austria, Sudetenland Bohemia. It also included Italian provinces of Lombardy and Venetia.
13. Liberalism: Derived from the word ‘liber’ meaning free. The idea of liberalism stands for freedom of
individual and equality of all before law. Politically it refers to representative government.
14. Elle: Elle was used to measure cloth, prevalent in German states.
15. Zollverein: A customs union, formed in 1834 in Prussia to remove barriers of trade.
16. Carbonari: A secret society of Italy-consisting of young revolutionaries.
17. Young Italy: A secret society founded by Mazzini at Marselles for organizing revolutionary activities.
18. Ottoman Empire: Turkish Empire ruled by the Caliph–The spiritual and temporal head of the
Muslims.
19. Romanticism: A cultural movement which aimed at developing a particular form of national
sentiment and promote a feeling of collective heritage as the basis of nation.
20. Das Volk: A German word meaning common people.
21. Republic: A state where the head of the state is elected and does not hold a hereditary position.
22. Feminist: People who advocate women’s rights on the basis of equality of sexes.
23. Ideology: System of ideas reflecting a particular social and political vision.
24. Allegory: Symbol representing an abstract idea, an idea identified through a person or a thing.