Ch-1 Nationalism In Europe

Utopian -Thinking of something which was not possible at that time

The Dream of Worldwide Democratic and Social Republics – The Pact Between
Nations, a print prepared by Frédéric Sorrieu, 1848.

● Frédéric Sorrieu - 1848

1. The People of different nations are marching in a long train, and
offering homage to the statue of Liberty
2. The statue has a torch in one hand and The charter of the rights of
man on the other.
3. On the foreground we see the symbol of shattered monarchy
4. The people of the world are grouped as distinct nation with their flags＆ national
costume.
5. Leading the way are USA ＆ Switzerland which at that time were already nation
states
6. France with their revolutionary tricolour flag had just reached
reached the statue
7. They are followed by Germany , Austria, Sicilies, Lombardy ,
poland ,England, ireland , hungary and Russia
8. From the heavens christ , saints and angels gaze upon them giving
them their blessings , symbolising fraternity among the nations of
the world
 ● The rise of nationalism
This brought above sweeping change in political ＆ mental world of Europe

Political - Emergence of nation state in place of the multinational

dynastic empire of europe

Modern state -> Nation state

Citizens and not only rulers came to develop a sense of common identity

Was it easy to make a nation's identity ? On what basis will one make a
nation , language , race , religion?
● Ernest renan

The french revolution and the idea of nation

After the french revolution in 1789 the expression of nationalism
emerged. Louis a6 - Body of citizens

How was the sense of collective identity amongst the french created?
● Ideas of la patrie(fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen)
emphasised the notion of a united community.
● A new french flag was chosen to replace the former monarch one
(famous tricolour Blue white red)
● Estates General was elected by the body of active citizens and
renamed the national assembly
● New hymns were composed , oaths taken and martyrs
commemorated all in the name of nation
● A centralised administrative system was put on place and it
formulated uniform laws for all citizens
● Internal custom duties and dues were abolished and a uniform
system of weights and measure was adopted
 Napoleonic code / civil code
● It did away with all privileges based on birth established equality
before the law and secured the right to property
● It simplified administrative divisions (King after king so many
other leaders and confusing hierarchy )abolished the feudal system
(feudal labour )and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial
dues
● Guild restrictions were removed
● Transport and communication systems were improved
● Peasants , artisans workers and new businessmen enjoyed new
found freedom

What happened after the civil code ?

● Reaction of the local people to wrench rule were mixed , first they
were welcomed as harbingers of liberty , but the initial enthusiasm
soon turned to hostility as it became clear that the new
administrative arrangements did not go hand in hand with political
freedom
How?
● Increased taxation , censorship forced enrollment into french
armies , required to conquer the rest of europe all seemed to
outweigh the advantages of the administrative changes and other
benefits

A new conservatism after 1915

 We go back to napoleon 1789 to 1815 Napoleon defeated
the aristocrat and then he got defeated in 1815

How ?
● the other areas of Europe that Napoleon and had not Conquered the
aristocrats came together and defeated Napoleon before he
defeated them

● So now middle class were called liberal as they had new

ideas ,wanted freedom while conservatives were aristocrats who
had old thinking
● With Napoleon's defeat the Spirit of conservatism ideology of
Conservatives
● Conservatives resisted change which did except the ones that
benefited them , so why the topic new condom they believe in
establishing traditional institutions of state and Society like church
property should be preserved
● so why the topic new conservatism

This is because although the monarchy got power again after

Napoleon but they did not want to return to the society of pre-
revolutionary days. The accepted the modernization and changes
like economic growth that happen during Napoleos because that
would benefit them economically as well

What are the changes they accepted

● Modern Army in terms of weapons

● abolition of feudalism and serfdom
● dynamic economy

So what happened after the Conservatives took power back

 Treaty of Vienna Vienna is in Austria

1. Representatives from the European powers like between Russia

Prussia and Austria who had collectively defeated Napoleon met at
Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe

2. The Congress was hosted by the Austrian Chancellor Duke

Matternich

3. The main intention was to restore the monarchy that had been
overthrown by Napoleon I create a new administrative order in
Europe

Changes introduced under the Treaty of Vienna

1. The bourbon Dynasty which had been deposed during the French
Revolution was restored to power in France

2. France lost all the territory annexed under Napoleon

3. A series of states was set up on the boundaries of France to prevent
French expansion in future

What's the setup on the boundaries of France

● Kingdom of Netherlands which included Belgium was set up in the
North and Genoa was added to Piedmont in the south
● Prussia was given important new territories on its Western
Frontiers while austria was given control of Northern Italy
● Russia was given part of Poland while prussia was given a portion
of saxony

The new conservative regime versus the society

● The new conservative regime didn't allow citizens to descent and
sought to club activities that question the legitimacy of autocracy
government
● The Friction between the two walls bound to happen
● Most of them impose censorship laws to control what was sent in
newspaper book please please accept and songs which reflected the
ideas of liberty and freedom associated with the French Revolution
● Impact the memory of French Revolution nonetheless continued
to expand liberal

The revolutionaries
● Conservatism after 1815 many liberal nationalist underground and
why because Conservatives were now in the mood or to take
revenge of how their monarchies had gotten destroyed in the name
of nationalism , liberalism
● Due to this liberals could not decide the Conservatives openly as
they where in power
● so secret societies sprung up in European States to train
revolutionaries and spread their ideas

Ideas of revolutionaries
Check back here

● most of these revolutionaries also saw the creation of nation state

as a necessary part of the struggle for freedom

The revolutionary Giuseppe mazzini

● Italian Revolution born in January 1807
● became a member of the secret society of the carbonari
● He was sent into exile in 1831 for attempting a revolution in liguria
● He subsequently found it to more underground Society young Italy
in macias and young group in Berne
The idea of guissepe mazzini

1. he believes that God had intended nations to be a natural unit of

Mankind
2. Italy could not continue to be a patchwork of small States and
kingdoms
3. it had to be put into a single unified Republic within a Alliance of
Nations
4. This unification alone could be the basis of Italian liberty
5. His relentless opposition to monarchy and his version of
democratic republic frightened the Conservatives
6. maternity described him as the most dangerous Enemy of our
social order

The Revolution 1830 to 1848

● July revolution and France revolution

● revolutions started in france , when France sneezes the rest of
Europe catches cold said by metternich
● The bourbon kings of what been restored to power during the
conservative reaction after 1815 were overthrown by liberal
revolutionaries they put up a constitutional monarchy with Louis
Philip at its head
● French revolution of July change monarchy into constitutional
monarchy
● Revolution sparked uprising in Belgium which led to Belgium
breaking away from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands
Netherlands. this was under the Treaty of Vienna, Belgium was
connected with Netherlands to avoid expansion of france

● Greek War of Independence

● An event that mobilise nationalist feelings among the educated
elite across Europe
● greece had been part of Ottoman Empire since 15th century
● The growth of revolutionary nationalism in Europe sparked of
struggle for independence among the Greek which began in 1821
● Nationalist and Greece got support from the other Greeks living in
Exile and also from many West Europe who had sympathy in Greek
culture as greece was known as cradle of ancient European
civilization
● Poet and artist termed greece as the Cradle of European
civilization and mobilized public opinion to support a struggle
against the Muslim Empire
● The Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognised greece
independent nation
● Lord Byron English poet who fought for the Greece for
independence he organised fund and went to fight but died of fever.

Hardship and popular revolt

● 1830 the years of great economic hardship in Europe , reasons were

1. Increase in population that lead to unemployment which lead to

low way of living leading to people in hardship and distress
2. People started to migrate in search of jobs in the cities which led to
overcrowded slums
3. The rise in food prices due to bad harvest led to widespread
starvation

Industrialism in England for the created hardships how

1. Import of cheap machine-made goods from england

2. led to producers facing hardships as people
bought the cheap goods
 3. Small producers in towns face huge competition
4. Textile production mainly on small-scale suffered a lot

● Regions of Europe where the aristrocracy still enjoyed power ,

peasants struggled under the burden of feudal dues and obligation

Outcome
1. Revolts of poor in France 1848
2. Food shortages and widespread unemployment brought the
population of Paris out on the roads
3. Barricades were erected and Louis Philippe was forced to flee

Result

1. National assembly proclaimed a republic

2. Guaranteed suffrage to all others made above 21
3. Guaranteed the right to vote