ABSTRACT

Concrete is an important construction material which has high compressive

strength. But, the main disadvantage is it is weak in tension. The inclusion of fibers in
concrete which in turn increase the tensile strength and ductility of concrete.
Investigations are made to find the mechanical properties of Hybrid Fibre Reinforced
Concrete (HFRC) with steel (hooked end) and hair fiber in various volume fractions.
Steel fiber and hair fiber are used as Hybrid fibers. In this study, experimental tests
will be conducted on the strength and durability properties of concrete with steel fiber
and hair fiber as hybrid fiber and M sand as fine aggregate. Various material tests
have been conducted in phase 1 of the present study and M20 grade concrete with
these material properties was designed. Overall review study shows that the utilization
of hybrid fiber is possible.

KEYWORDS: Hybrid fiber reinforced concrete (HFRC), Hair fiber, Steel fiber,
Material tests

ii
 CONTENTS

Contents Page No.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i
ABSTRACT ii
CONTENTS iii
LIST OF TABLES v
LIST OF FIGURES vi
Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1. General 1
Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. General 2
2.2. Review of Literature 2
Chapter 3: OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF PRESENT
STUDY
3.1. Objectives 5
3.2. Scope of Present Work 5
3.3. Methodology 6
Chapter 4: MATERIALS AND TESTS
4.1. Materials 7
4.2. Details of Material Tests 7
4.2.1. Cement 7
4.2.1.1. Fineness
4.2.1.2. Consistency
4.2.1.3. Initial and Final Setting Time
4.2.2. Fine Aggregate 9
4.2.2.1. Sieve Analysis 10
4.2.2.2. Specific Gravity 11

i
 4.2.3. Coarse Aggregate 11
4.2.3.1. Specific Gravity 11
4.2.3.2. Water Absorption 11
4.2.3.3. Fineness Modulus 12
4.2.4 Properties of Water 13
4.2.5. Steel fiber 13
4.2.6 Hair fiber 14

Chapter 5: MIX DESIGN OF M20 CONCRETE

5.1. Design Mix 15
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES

ii
 LIST OF FIGURES

No. Title Page No.

4.1 Consistency Test on Cement 8

4.2 Setting Time Test 9

4.3 Particle Size Distribution of M Sand 10

4.4 Specific Gravity Test on Coarse Aggregate 11

4.5 Particle Size Distribution of Coarse Aggregate 12

4.6 Steel fiber 14

4.7 Hair fiber 15

vi
 LIST OF TABLES

No. Title Page No.

3.1 Percentage of fiber added 5

4.1 Properties of Cement 9

4.2 Sieve Size and % Finer 10

4.3 Properties of Fine Aggregate 11

4.4 Sieve Analysis of Coarse Aggregate 12

4.5 Properties of Coarse Aggregate 13

4.6 Physical Properties of steel fiber 14

4.7 Properties of hair fiber 15

v
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL

Concrete is most important construction material in the world, which is used

over 10 billion tons per year. Concrete is weak in tension hence some measures must
be adopted to overcome this deficiency . Fiber reinforced concrete offers a practical
and economical method for overcoming micro-cracks and similar type of deficiencies.
It also reduces greater impact, abrasions and shatter resistances in concrete. Hybrid
fiber is the one can be adopted.

1.2 Hybrid Fibre Reinforced Concrete

A composite can be termed as hybrid, if two or more types of fibres are rationally
combined in a common matrix to produce a composite that drives benefits from each
of the individual’s fibres and exhibits a synergetic response. The mechanical
properties of concrete are enhanced appreciably using short lengthened fibers. This
increases elastic modulus; decreases brittleness controls cracks initiation and its
subsequent growth and propagation. Deboning and pull out of the fibre require more
energy absorption, resulting in a substantial increase in the toughness and fracture
resistance of the materials to the cyclic and dynamic loads. The use of a combination
of both metallic and non- metallic type of fibers help in improving concrete properties
extensively.

1.3 Advantages of HFRC:

1. Crack bridging at two stages is carried out: As two fibers are used, one will
treat the initial microcracks. Further chances of macro cracks are treated by
next type of fiber. This is not achieved by single type of fiber.
2. Two or more types of systems: One type provides strength and stiffness. The
other type will gain flexibility and ductility.
3. It can use fiber with different durability. The strength and toughness are
increased by using durable fiber.
So, in this study an experimental investigation is carried out by varying
percentage of steel and hair fiber and eco-friendly concrete.
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 GENERAL

The main objective of this study is to investigate the effect of using steel fiber
and hair fiber as hybrid fiber in concrete especially in the aspect of strength and
durability. A detailed review of literature related to the scope of this work is presented
in this chapter.

2.2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Mr. Vikrant S (2012) conducted experimental investigations on effect of

hybrid fiber. Control and two-fiber hybrid composites were cast using different fiber
proportions of steel and polypropylene. Compressive test and split tensile strength
were performed and results were extensively analyzed to associated with fiber
combinations. Based on experimental studies, the paper identifies fiber combinations
that demonstrate maximum compressive and split tensile strength of concrete. Results
are analysed for M-25 grade of concrete on cube specimen with 0%, HFRC SO.5P0.5,
HFRC SO.6P0.4, HFRC SO.7P0.3 and HFRC SO.8P0.2 fibers. The compressive
strength between S0.6P0.4 and S0.7P0.3 is increase high as compare to other interval.
S0.8P0.2 Gives High Strength as Compare to other Combination. The Split Tensile
Strength for S0.8P0.2 gives High Strength as Compare to other Combination.
Increasing the percentage of steel fiber in Hybrid Combination reduces the slump
value, to maintain the constant slump we have to increase the super plasticizers dose
in concrete.
Ms. Amalu Wilson (2016) also conducted investigations revealed the effect of
using silica fume and steel slag as a partial replacement of cement and fine aggregate
along with optimum percentage of polypropylene and steel fiber. For this study (M30)
grade concrete is designed. Partial replacement of cement with silica fume will be
made for varying percentages such as by weight 0%, 5 %, 10% and 15% .Along with
a fixed amount of (30%) of steel slag as fine aggregate and with optimum fibre
percentage as polypropylene (0.2%) and steel fiber (0. 8%) respectively. From this
study the strength properties of the concrete have been investigated. .Due to the
addition of silica fume in concrete, compressive strength, split tensile strength and
flexural strength of replaced concrete were higher than the plain concrete specimens
at all the stages. The maximum compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural
strength value occurs at 10% replacement ratio of silica fume and then it declines
beyond 10% replacement ratio. The results of this research were encouraging, they
show that using of steel slag as fine aggregate in concrete has no negative effects on
the short term properties of hardened concrete. So, steel slag meets the requirements
to be used in concrete mixes. The optimum percentage of hybrid fiber addition is
1.0%. Addition of fibers up to 1.0% gives best results in all strength parameters
compare to other mix proportion.

Mr. Kumar Shantverayya (2017) studied the effect of human hair on plain
cement concrete on the basis of its compressive strength, flexural strength, and
rheological parameter. In this paper expeiments were conducted on concrete beams
and cubes with various percentages of human hair fibre i.e. 0%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5% by
weight of cement. For each combination of proportions of concrete one beam and
three cubes are tested for their mechanical properties. it is observed that when
concrete with 0.5% hair is compared with the plain cement concrete, it is found that
there is an increase of 15.98% in compressive strength and 5.88% in flexural strength.
When concrete with 1% hair is compared with the plain cement concrete, it is found
that there is an increase of 23.25% in compressive strength and 17.64% in flexural
strength. When concrete with 1.5% hair is compared with the plain cement concrete, it
is found that there is an increase of 36.33% in compressive strength and 35.29% in
flexural strength. By increasing the hair content in the concrete the workability is
decreased.

Mr. Jain D. and Kothari A (2012) studied the effect of human hair on plain
cement concrete on the basis of its compressive, crushing, flexural strength and
cracking control to economise concrete and to reduce environmental problems.
Experiments were conducted on concrete beams and cubes with various percentages
of human hair fibre i.e. 0%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5% and 3% by weight of cement. For
each combination of proportions of concrete one beam and three cubes are tested for
their mechanical properties. it is observed that there is remarkable increment in
properties of concrete according to the percentages of hairs by weight of in concrete.
When M-15 concrete with 1% hair is compared with the plain cement concrete, it is
found that there is an increase of 10% in compressive strength and 3.2% in flexural

3
strength. When M-15 concrete with 1.5% hair is compared with the plain cement
concrete, it is found that there is an increase of 22% in compressive strength and 8.6%
in flexural strength. When M-20 concrete with 1% hair is compared with the plain
cement concrete, it is found that there is no increase in compressive strength and 2%
in flexural strength.

Mr. Amit Rana (2013) conducted studies on the optimum quantity of steel
fibres required to achieve the maximum flexural strength for M25 grade concrete is
found out. From the exhaustive and extensive experimental work it was found that
with increase in steel fibre content in concrete there was a tremendous increase in
Flexural strength. Even at 1 % steel fibre content flexural strength of 6.46 N/mm2 was
observed against flexural strength 5.36 N/mm2 at 0% hence increase of 1.1% flexural
strength was obtained.

Mr. Hamid Pesaran Behbahani (2011): Steel fiber (SF) is the most popular
type of fiber used as concrete reinforcement. Initially, SFs are used to prevent/control
plastic and drying shrinkage in concrete. Further research and development revealed
that addition of SFs in concrete significantly increases its flexural toughness, the
energy absorption capacity, ductile behaviour prior to the ultimate failure, reduced
cracking, and improved durability. This paper reviews the effects of addition of SFs in
concrete, and investigates the mechanical properties, and applications of SF
reinforced concrete (SFRC). Among all kinds of fibers which can be used as concrete
reinforcement, Steel Fibers are the most popular one. The performance of the Steel
Fiber Reinforced Concrete (SFRC) has shown a significant improvement in flexural
strength and overall toughness compared against Conventional Reinforced Concrete.

Mr. R. D. Neves (2005) conducted experimental study to investigate the

influence of matrix strength, fibre content and diameter on the compressive behaviour
of steel fibre reinforced concrete is presented. Two types of matrix and fibres were
tested. Concrete compressive strengths of 35 and 60 MPa, 0,38 and 0,55 mm fibre
diameter, and 30 mm fibre length, were considered. The volume of fibre in the
concrete was varied up to 1.5%. Test results indicated that the addition of fibres to
concrete enhances itstoughness and strain at peak stress, but can slightlyreduce the
Young's modulus.

4
5
 CHAPTER 3

OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF PRESENT STUDY

3.1 OBJECTIVES
Following are the aims and objectives of project work;
1. To determine the optimum percentage combination of HFRC.
2. To study the strength of concrete cubes and beams containing hybrid fibers in
proportions of volume of the concrete.
Table 3.1: Percentage of fibers added
Specimen Fiber Combination %
Steel fiber Hair fiber
S 1 0
SH1 0.75 0.25
SH2 0.5 0.5
SH3 0.25 0.75
H 0 1
C 0 0

The construction industry and concrete manufacturers have realized that they will
need to use available aggregate rather than search for the perfect aggregate to make an
ideal concrete suitable for all purposes. Thus, in the present study the normal sand
portion has already replaced with manufacturing sand because of non-availability of
normal river sand. So, another important objective of this study is the utilization of a
waste material, that is human hair.

 To conduct experiments on concrete prepared by hybrid fiber ie. Steel fiber

and hair fiber by varying its percentage
 To evaluate the effect of hybrid fiber on the strength and durability properties
of concrete
 To find the efficiency of fibers in civil constructions.
 To determine the optimum percentage of fibers which gives maximum
strength when compared to normal concrete
 To obtain the above objectives of the experimental work, the project is planned as
explained under the heading methodology.

3.2 SCOPE OF PRESENT WORK

Based on the availability of equipment in the laboratory, experimental work

will be conducted on concrete specimens so that it leads to evaluate compression, split
tensile and flexural strengths and durability properties. Due to limitation of river sand,
M sand will be used as fine aggregate part and cement will be replaced partially with
glass powder in certain percentages as per aim of this study. If we read through
literature review we can see that all of those works were done using normal river
sand. In Kerala M sand has already became an important substitute for river sand
because of its scarcity. Hence it is important to know the strength behavior of
concrete using M sand as fine aggregate with varying percentages of cement replaced
with waste glass powder.

3.3 METHODOLOGY
The following methodology is adopted in phase I to do the experimental
investigation.

 Conducted specific gravity test of M sand and Coarse aggregate

 Conducted sieve analysis of M sand and coarse aggregate
 Conducted fineness test of cement
 Conducted specific gravity tests and strength tests on steel fiber and hair fiber
 Hair fiber has separated based on the length and diameter
 Design of M20 concrete with fine aggregate part replaced by M sand
 Study the properties of materials used in this project
 Findings and recommendations for phase II of the same project

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 CHAPTER 4

MATERIALS AND TESTS

4.1 MATERIALS

ISI mark 53 grade OPC cement (Brand- Maha gold) will be used for all
concrete mixes. The cement used must be fresh and without any lumps. The M sand
used for the experimental program was ordered and tested in laboratory. Crushed
stone aggregate with a maximum particle size of 20mm was ordered & will be used as
coarse aggregate. Steel fiber was purchased . Sieve analysis of all fine aggregates &
coarse aggregate was carried in the laboratory. Mix proportion of M20 grade was
designed and will be used to produce the mixes in phase II. Details of tests are given
below.

4.2 DETAILS OF MATERIAL TESTS

Various material property tests were conducted on cement, fine aggregate and
coarse aggregate.

4.2.1 Cement

The type of cement used was Ordinary Portland Cement of specific gravity
3.15. Fineness test, consistency test and setting time test of cement was carried out.

4.2.1.1 Fineness

The fineness of cement has an important bearing on the rate of hydration and
hence on the rate of gain of strength and also on the rate of evolution of heat. Finer
cement offers a greater surface area for hydration and hence faster development of
strength. 100 grams of cement was taken on a standard IS Sieve No. 9 (90 microns).
The air-set lumps in the sample were broken with fingers. The sample was
continuously sieved giving circular and vertical motion for 15 minutes. The residue
left on the sieve was weighed. Result was obtained as 1%.
4.2.1.2 Consistency

The objective of conducting this test is to find out the amount of water to be
added to the cement to get a paste of normal consistency. 300 grams of cement was
taken and made into a paste with a weighed quantity of water (% by weight of
cement) for the first trial. The paste was prepared in a standard manner and filled into
the Vicat mould plunger, 10mm diameter, 50mm long and was attached and brought
down to touch the surface of the paste in the test block and quickly released allowing
it to sink into the paste by its own weight. The depth of penetration of the plunger was
noted. Similarly, trials were conducted with higher water cement ratios till such time
the plunger penetrates for a depth of 33-35mm from the top. That percentage of water
which allows the plunger to penetrate only to a depth of 33-35 mm from the top is
known as the percentage of water required to produce a cement paste of standard
consistency. And the obtained value was 31%. Figure 4.1 shows the experimental
setup of consistency test.

Fig 4.1: Consistency Test on Cement

4.2.1.3 Initial and Final Setting Time

The needle of the Vicat apparatus was lowed gently and brought in contact
with the surface of the test block and quickly released. It was allowed to penetrate into
the test block. Figure 4.2 shows the experimental set up of setting time test. In the
beginning, the needle completely pierced through the test block. But after some time
when the paste starts losing its plasticity, the needle penetrated only to a depth of 33-
35mm from the top. The period elapsing between the time when water is added to the
cement and the time at which the needle penetrates the test block to a depth equal to

8
33-35mm from the top was taken as the initial setting time. Final setting time was
found out using an annular attachment. Initial setting time was obtained as 122
minutes and final setting time was obtained as 329 minutes. Table 4.1 shows all the
properties of cement.

Fig 4.2: Setting Time Test

Table 4.1: Properties of Cement

Properties Values

Grade 53 OPC

Fineness 1%

Specific gravity 3.15

Consistency 31%

Initial setting time 122 minutes

Final setting time 329 minutes

4.2.2 Fine Aggregate

Fine aggregate used in this project was M sand. Specific gravity and sieve
analysis was conducted on M sand. Clean and dry M sand was used. M Sand passing
through IS 4.75mm Sieve will be used for casting all the specimens.

9
4.2.2.1 Sieve Analysis

The sample was brought to an air-dry condition by drying at room

temperature. The required quantity of the sample was taken (2 Kg). Sieving was done
for 5 minutes. The material retained on each sieve after shaking, represents the
fraction of the aggregate coarser then the sieve considered and finer than the sieve
above. The weight of aggregate retained in each sieve was measured and converted to
a total sample. Fineness modulus was determined as the ratio of summation of
cumulative percentage weight retained to 100 and the value is 2.98. Hence it belongs
to zone II. But a proper S curve was not obtained in the particle size distribution
curve. Thus, the M sand must of bad quality. It should be replaced with good quality
M sand. Details are shown in Figure 4.3 and Table 4.2.

Table 4.2: Sieve Size and % Finer

Sieve size(mm) % finer

4.75 99.95

2.36 80.1

1.18 55.4

0.6 43.15

0.3 22.6

0.15 0

Particle size distribution of M sand

100

80

60
% finer

40

20

0
0.1 1 10
Sieve size in mm

Fig 4.3: Particle Size Distribution of M Sand

10
4.2.2.2 Specific Gravity

A pycnometer was used to find out the specific gravity of fine aggregate.
Specific gravity obtained was 2.82. All the properties are shown in Table 4.3.

Table 4.3: Properties of Fine Aggregate

Properties Values
Fineness modulus 2.98
Specific gravity 2.82
zone II

4.2.3 Coarse Aggregate

20mm down size aggregate was used.

4.2.3.1 Specific Gravity

The specific gravity of coarse aggregate was obtained in laboratory as 3.128.

its experimental set up is shown in Figure 4.4.

Fig 4.4: Specific Gravity Test on Coarse Aggregate

4.2.3.2 Water Absorption

100g of nominal coarse aggregate was taken and their weight was determined.
The sample was then immersed in water for 24 hours. It was then taken out, drained
and its weight was determined. The difference between these two gives the water
absorption of the sample and was obtained as 2%.

11
4.2.3.3 Fineness Modulus

The sample was brought to an air-dry condition by drying at room

temperature. The required quantity of the sample was taken (5 Kg). Sieving was done
for 5 minutes. Similar procedure was followed here as in the case of fine aggregate.
The value of fineness modulus obtained is 3.89. Fig 4.5 and Table 4.4 shows the sieve
test details.

Table 4.4: Sieve Analysis of Coarse Aggregate

Sieve size in mm % finer

31.5 100

25 98.22

20 79.6

16 26.06

12.5 5.64

10 0.72

4.75 0

Particle size distribution of coarse

aggregate
120
100
80
% finer

60
40
20
0
1 10 100
Sieve size in mm

Fig 4.5: Particle Size Distribution of Coarse Aggregate

12
All the properties of coarse aggregate are listed in Table 4.5.

Table 4.5: Properties of Coarse Aggregate

Properties Values

Fineness modulus 3.89

Specific gravity 3.128

Water absorption 2%

Size Less than 20 mm

4.2.4 Properties of Water

Water used for mixing and curing shall be clean and free from injurious
amounts of Oils, Acids, Alkalis, Salts, Sugar, Organic materials Potable water is
generally considered satisfactory for mixing concrete Mixing and curing with sea
water shall not be permitted. The pH value shall not be less than 6.

4.2.5 Steel fiber

Steel fibers are manufactured fibers composed of stainless steel. Composition may
include carbon(c), silicon (Si), manganese (Mn), phosphorus (P), Sulphur (S). The
amount of fibres added to the concrete mix is expressed as a percentage of total
volume of the composite (concrete and fibres), termed volume fraction (Vf). Vf
typically ranges from 0.1 to 3%. Aspect ratio (l/d) is calculated by dividing fiber
length (l) by its diameter (d). Fibres with a non circular cross section use an
equivalent diameter for the calculation of aspect ratio. However, fibres which are too
long create workability problems.
Advantages of SFRC:
and crack resistance

thereby improving the

toughness characteristics of hardened concrete

13
 in concrete, which ensures
protection of concrete due to the ill effects of moisture.

Fig 4.6: Hooked end steel fiber

Table 4.6: Physical properties of steel fiber

Sl.No. Property Description
1 Type Straight, hooked end
2 Diameter 0.75mm
3 Length 0.60mm
4 Density 7900kg/m3
5 Specific gravity 7.9
6 Aspect ratio 80
7 Tensile strength 1050N/mm2

4.2.6 Hair fiber

Hair is used as a fibre because it has a high elasticity which is equivalent to

that of a copper wire with comparable width. Hair, a non-degradable matter is making
an ecological issue so its utilization as a fiber fortifying material can minimize the
issue. It is additionally accessible in wealth and with ease. It fortifies the mortar and
keeps it from spalling for this project we have used hair with fiber length between 15
mm to 60mm. The main element of hair composition is keratin. Keratins are proteins
with long chains of amino acids that form the cytoskeleton of all cells of outer shell.
Number of investigations clearly stated that sulphur is the main reason of strength of

14
hair cords in front of disintegration in the face of environmental stress and these
sulphur compounds are linked with amino acids at very high levels in hair cords.
Sulphur in Amino acid molecules is adjacent to keratin protein till form disulfide
chemical chains (chains are very strong and resistant to breakage).

Fig 4.7: Hair fiber

Table 4.7: Properties of hair fiber

Sl.No. Property Value

1 Diameter 100 to 120micron
2 Length 15mm and` 60mm
3 Avg. Specific gravity 1.80
4 Tensile strength 300- 400

15
 CHAPTER 5

MIX DESIGN OF M20 CONCRETE

5.1 DESIGN MIX

The mix proportion for M20 concrete designed based on the properties of
aggregates and cement as per provisions in IS Codes M sand was used as fine
aggregate. M20 concrete mix was designed as per IS 10262-1982. The mix proportion
is given in table 5.1

Table 5.1: Mix proportion of M20 concrete

Water Cement Fine aggregate Coarse aggregate

197 L 394 kg 726.544 kg 1314.88 kg
0.5 1 1.84 3.33
 CONCLUSION

From the literature review, the addition hybrid fiber in concrete is feasible.
Steel fiber and hair fiber will improve the strength as well as durability properties of
concrete. From various material tests conducted, M sand showed an improper S curve
in sieve analysis. The change in setting time is comparatively small. M20 grade
concrete is designed by using material test results. Remaining strength and durability
tests will be conducted in phase II of the same study.
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1.

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