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Magnetic
Resonance
Spectroscopy -
PMR
1
2
CONTENTS
Introduction
Precessional frequency
Reference standard
January 26, 2013 M.M.C.P. 3
Chemical shift
Interpretation of PMR
Instrumentation of NMR
Spin-spin coupling
Spin Decoupling
January 26, 2013 M.M.C.P. 4
INTRODUCTION
Nucleus axis
Nucleus
Magnetic field
Fig: Spinning of Nucleus
January 26, 2013 M.M.C.P. 9
All nuclei carry a charge. In some nuclei this charge spins on the
nuclear axis and this circulation of nuclear charge generates a
magnetic dipole along the axies.
The spin number I have values 0,1/2, 1, 3/2, 5/2 and so forth. If
I=0 that represent no spin.
I=½
I=+½
E1
Ho
January 26, 2013 Spin state of proton M.M.C.P.
14
• When a charge particle place in magnetic field. It’s start to revel
and therefore it’s pusses angular movement due to generation of
another magnetic field. The charge particle with nucleus spin has
magnitude and direction. Both this property is describe by the
factor called as magnetic movement (µ).
•So, when the proton take place in magnetic field . It has two spin
steps + ½ and - ½ so, there are two energy level for spin steps + ½
& -½.
E1 = + ½ µ Ho ………………….1
E2 = - ½ µ Ho ……………….….2
where, Ho = magnetic field strength.
µ = magnetic movement
ΔE = E1 – E2 …………………....3
so, µ Ho ………………………….7
v=
h
This is a basic eq. in NMR spectroscopy.
α ᵦ
ᵦ αα ᵦ
α Applied magnetic
field (Ho)
Nuclear magnetic movement with
No magnetic field January 26, 2013 M.M.C.P.
Ho 17
•Since a nucleus or an electron bears a charge, its spin gives rise to a
magnetic field that is analogous to the field produce when an electric
current is passed through a coil of wire. The resulting magnetic
dipole (µ) is oriented along the axis of spin and has a value that is
characteristic for each kind of particle.
Applied
field Ho
E= µᵦHo
No
I= - ½
field
energy 0 ∆E = µᵦHo
I= + ½
E= µᵦHo
18
January 26, 2013 M.M.C.P.
PRECESSION
PRECESSIONAL MOTION
•Because the proton is behaving as a spinning magnet, it can align
itself either with or opposed to an external magnetic field. It can
also
move a characteristic way under the influence of the external
magnet.
•Since the proton is a spinning magnet, it will precess around the axis
of an applied external magnetic field. It will precess in two main
orientations.
V α H0 ..................................5
Intrinsic magnetic dipole momentum
Where, γ = is gyromagnetic ratio = Spin angular momentum
M.M.C.P. 21
January 26, 2013
ENERGY TRANSITIONS
When this occurs, the nucleus and radio frequency beam are said to
be resonance, hence the term “ nuclear magnetic resonance”.
This process is quite fast when the molecules are able to move
quickly. This is the state of affairs in liquid.
It can be shown that when one rotates a solid sample such that its
axis of rotation 54.70 to the direction of the applied magnetic field,
the broadening caused by random nuclear orientations tends to be
average out, resulting in narrower spectra.
2.SHIELDING:-
The circulation of electron around the protons itself generates field
in a such way that , it oppose the applied field.
The field felt by the protons is thus diminished and the proton is
said to be shielded and the absorption said to be upfield.
H = H0 (1 - α )………………. 1
where, H0 = applied field strength.
From 1 and 2 H0
CHARACTERISTICS:-
Chemical inertness
Magnetically neutral
Gives single sharp peak
Easily recognizable peak
Miscible with wide range of solvents
Volatility –to facilitate recovery from valuable samples
Up field shielding
5 4 3 2 1 0 δ scale
5 6 7 8 9 10 Τ scale
-4
1 ppm = 300 Hz = 3 ͯ 10 MHz
• Electronegativity Effects.
• Van der Waal’s Deshielding.
• Hydrogen Bonding.
• Magnetic Anisotropy.
• Concentration, Tempareture and Solvent
Effect.
Secondary magnetic
field generated by
circulating π electrons
which deshields
aromatic protons
Applied field B0
Diamagnetic anisotropy in Benzene
Diamagnetic anisotropy
in Acetylene
π
3. A sample probe containing coils for coupling the sample with the RF
field;
it consists of Sample holder, RF oscillator, Sweep generator and RF
receiver.
77
MAGNETS
•It is used to supply the principal part of the field Ho, which determines the
Larmer frequency of any nucleus.
•The stronger the magnetic field, the better the line separation of chemically
shifted nuclei on the frequency scale.
•The relative populations of the lower energy spin level increases with the
increasing field, leading to a corresponding increase in the sensitivity of the
NMR experiment.
FEATURES:
1. It should give homogeneous magnetic field i.e.; the strength and direction of
the magnetic field should be constant over longer periods.
2. The strength of the field should be very high at least 20,000 gaus.
MAGNETIC COILS
It is not easy or convenient to vary the magnetic field of large stable
magnets, however this problem can be overcome by superimposing a
small variable magnetic field on the main field.
The small magnetic field is produced in the same direction as the main
field and is added to it. The sample is exposed to both fields, which
appear one field to the nucleus.
January 26, 2013 M.M.C.P. 79
THE PROBE UNIT
It is a sensing element of the spectrophotometer system. It is inserted between the
pole faces of the magnet in X-Y plane of the magnet air gap an adjustable probe
holder.
The usual NMR sample cell is generally made up of the glass, which is strong and
cheap. It consist of a 5 mm outer diameter and 7.5 cm long glass tube containing
0.4 ml of liquid.
The sample tube in NMR is held vertically between the poles faces of the magnet.
The probe contains a sample holder, sweep source and detector coils, with the
reference cell. The detector and receiver coils are orientated at 90 to each other.
The sample probe rotates the sample tube at a 30-40 revolutions on the longitudinal
axis. Each part of the sample tube experiences the same time average the field.
This is done so that the applied RF field should not change the effective
magnetic field in the process of irradiation.
If the applied magnetic field is kept constant, the precession frequency is
fixed. In order to bring about resonance, the frequency of the RF field
should be changed so that it is becomes equal to the resonance
frequency.
•Helmholtz coils
Nuclear induction has two coils, one for the irradiating the sample and second
coil mounted orthogonally for the signal detection.
The irradiating coil oriented with its axis perpendicular to the magnetic field (i.e.
along the x-axis). The detector coil is wound around the sample tube with its
axis is the (y-axis) perpendicular to the both Ho (z-axis).
The RF current in the first coil wound around the x-axis excites the nuclei.
The nuclei induction in the second coil wound around the y-axis is
detected. The number of turns in the coil determines the particular
frequency involved.
Keeping the frequency constant, while the magnetic field is varied, (swept) is
technically easier than holding the magnetic field constant and varying the
frequency.
This coil supplies the electromagnetic energy used to change the spin
orientations
of the protons.
As each chemically distinct type of proton comes into resonance, it is record as a
peak on the chart. The peak δ=0 ppm is due to the internal reference compound
TMS.
The region of the chart to the left is sometimes said to be downfield and that to
the right is said to be upfield.
Instruments which vary the magnetic field in a continuos fashion scanning from
the downfield end to upfield end of the spectrum, are called continuous wave
instruments.
Because the chemical shifts of the peaks in this spectrum are calculated from the
frequency differences from the TMS, this type of spectrum is said to be frequency
domain spectrum.
Each frequency needed for the selected magnetic nuclei is synthesized from a
suitable harmonic of a 15 MHz crystal oscillator and mixed with the output of
an appropriate low frequency incremental oscillator.
1. Stressed reliability
2. Ease of operation
3. High performance
4. Low cost
The high precision comes through the use of homonuclear and heteronuclear
lock systems and frequency synthesizers.
They are also characterized by high intrinsic sensitivity and the ability to study a
variety of nuclei.
The strength of the magnetic field is quite important since sensitivity, resolution
and the separation of chemically shifted peaks increase as the field strength
increases.
The wild line NMR spectrometer uses a frequency synthesizer to generate the RF
field and a permanent magnet or a compact lightweight electromagnet.
Slowly varying scan voltages are directly injected in the regulator for the magnet
power supply for the electromagnet. Sample probe temperatures may be varied
over the range 170 to 2000 ºC.
Sample tubes are 15-18mm in outer diameter. The std magnetic field is 9.4 K
gaus for protons and 10 K gaus for F19;the RF field is 40 MHz.
Instruments are also available in which RF applied field is continuously
adjustable over a basic frequency range of 300 Hz to 31MHz usually in steps of
10 Hz.
For signal detection a sweep unit generates audio-modulation voltages
that have selectable frequencies of 20,40,80,200 and 400 MHz.
The output is amplified for simultaneous application to the probe modulation
coils and to the oscilloscope.
•In the case of H1 nuclei each distinct type of proton (phenyl, vinyl, methyl and so
on) is excited individually and its resonance peak is observed and recorded,
independently of all the others. As we look at first one type of hydrogen and then
another scanning until all of the types have come into resonance.
•In an organic molecule for instance all of the H1 nuclei are induced to undergo
resonance at the same time.
•Since the molecule contains many different nuclei many different frequencies of
EMR are emitted simultaneously. This emission is called a free-induction decay
(FID) signal.
•The intensity of FID decays with the time as all of the frequencies emitted and can
be quite complex. We usually extract individual frequencies due to different
nuclei
by using a computer and a mathematical method called a Fourier-transform
analysis.
•The Fourier transform breaks the FID into its separate since or cosine wave
components. This procedure is too complex to be carried out by eye or by hand; it
requires a computer.
January 26, 2013 M.M.C.P. 100
ADVANTAGES OF FT-NMR
FT-NMR can be obtained with less than 0.5 mg of compound. This is important
in the biological chemistry, where only μg quantities of the material may be
available.
The FT method also gives improved spectra for sparingly soluble compounds.
The central component of the instrument is a highly stable magnet in which the
sample is placed.
This signal passes into a pulse switch and power amplifier, which creates an
intense and reproducible pulse of RF current in the transmitter coil.
The detector circuitry produced the difference between the nuclear signals
Vn and the crystal oscillator output Vc which leads to the low frequency
time-domain signal as shown in the fig.
This signal is digitalized and collected in the memory of the computer for
analysis by a Fourier transform program and other data analysis software.
Singlet Quintet
Doublet Sextet Septet
Triplet Octet
Quartet Nonet
integral = 2
Cl H
H C C Cl
integral = 1 Cl H
integral = 2
Cl H
H C C Cl
integral = 1 Cl H
singlet
doublet
H H H H
triplet
C C C C quartet
H H quintet
sextet
two neighbors
n+1 = 3 one neighbor septet
triplet n+1 = 2
doublet
X CH CH Y X CH2 CH2 Y
CH3
CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 or H
YES YES
but does not apply (in the simple way shown here)
to protons on double bonds or on benzene rings.
H CH3 CH3
H H
NO NO
January 26, 2013 M.M.C.P. 119
INTENSITIES OF
MULTIPLET PEAKS
PASCAL’S TRIANGLE
1
multiplet peaks singlet
The interior
entries are 1 1 doublet
the sums of
the two 1 2 1 triplet
1 3 3 1
numbers
immediately
quartet
above.
1 4 6 4 1 quintet
1 5 10 10 5 1 sextet
1 6 15 20 15 6 1 septet
1 7 21 35 35 21 7 1
M.M.C.P.
January 26, 2013 octet
121
The simple rule to find the multiplicity of the signal from a
group of protons, is to count the number of neighbours (n) &
add 1. That is (n+1) .
No coupled C A singlet
hydrogen C –C – C –H
C J
H A triplet
Two coupled
hydrogen H - C –C-H
J
C J J
H A quartet
Three coupled
hydrogen H - C – C- H
January 26, 2013 H M.M.C.P. 122
THE ORIGIN OF
SPIN-SPIN SPLITTING
HOW IT HAPPENS ?
Bo
downfield upfield
neighbor aligned neighbor opposed
At any given time about half of the molecules in solution will
have spin +1/2 and the other half will have spin -1/2.
January 26, 2013 M.M.C.P. 124
SPIN ARRANGEMENTS
H H H H
C C C C
H H H H
C C C C
H H
methine spins
methylene spins
H H H H
C C H C C H
H H H H
NOMENCLATURE
128
• The magnitude of this effect is dependent
on the number of bonds intervening between
two nuclei – in general it is a distance effect, where one-bond couplings
would
January 26, 2013 be the strongest M.M.C.P. 128
Advanced Spin-spin Coupling NMR Spectroscopy
Con….
There are many variations of the subscripts and superscripts associated with J
constants
Subscripts to the right of J can be used to show the type of coupling, such as HH for
homonuclear between protons or HC for heteronuclear between a carbon and
proton
Often, this subscript will be used to define the various J-constants within a
complex multiplet: J1, J2, J3, etc. or JAB, JBC, JAC]
MECHANISM OF COUPLING
• The most coherent theory of how spin information is transferred from one
nucleus to another is the Dirac vector model
• An electron near the nucleus has the lowest energy of interaction if its spin is
opposite to that of the nucleus
Energy
• The bonding electrons will tend to avoid one another, if one is near the 13C
nucleus the other will be near the 1H nucleus
• The Dirac model then predicts that the most stable condition between the two
nuclei must be one in which they too are opposite in spin:
C spin
13
H spin
1
• These alignments can be used for any heteronuclear pair of spin-active nuclei –
13
P-13C, etc.
• If the two nuclei have parallel spins, the J will be negative (remember spin
information is transferred through the electrons!)
13
C
1
H
Excited state is
13
C nuclear resonance of lower energy
13
C
1
H
13
C
1
H
Dirac model Dirac model
favored ground less-favored
state ground state
13
C
1
H
13
C
1
H
13
C
1
H
13
C
1
H
JHH
H H-C-H 118o
2J
20
HH = 5 Hz
H
H
H-C-H 120o 90 100 110 120
2J
HH = 0-3 Hz
H
2
JHH (Hz) = 3 5 9 11 13 9 to 15
• These couplings are the one most common to introductory studies in NMR, and are
observed as the coupling through a C-C bond between two C-H bonds - vicinal
coupling.
-1/2 +1/2
+1/2 +1/2
Observe that the orbitals must overlap for this communication to take place
The magnitude of the interaction, it can readily be observed, is greatest when the
orbitals are at angles of 0o and 180o to one another:
HH
H
Jdiaxial = 10-14 Hz
3 3
Jdiequitorial = 4-5 Hz
α = 180ο α = 60ο
3
Jaxial-eq. = 4-5 Hz
α = 60ο
• the greater the number of intervening bonds the greater the reduction in opportunity
for orbital overlap – long range couplings are uncommon
• In cases where a rigid structural feature preserves these overlaps, however, long
range couplings are observed
• Examples include the meta- and para- protons to the observed proton on an
aromatic ring and acetylenic systems:
H H
H
H
C C C C
H H H
H
J = 0-1 Jz Hz
5 3
J = 7-10 Hz 4
J = 1-3 Hz 5
J = 0-1 Hz
ortho meta para
• The more heavily strained the ring system, the less “flexing” can occur, and the
ability to transmit spin information is preserved
H
H H O
H H H
J = 0-1
4 4
J =3 4
J = 7 Hz
Br-CH2-CH3 2H 2H
Br-CH2-CH2D
2H 1H
Br-CH2-CHD2 2H
Br-CH2-CD3
January 26, 2013 M.M.C.P. 144
SHIFT REAGENTS
• Lanthanide series of elements are used as shift reagents. A lanthanide ion
can increase its co-ordination number by interacting with unshared electrons.
As a result the NMR spectrum of the comp. that contains a group
possessing unshared pair of electron undergoes change & large chemical
shift as a difference in peaks is observed.
• All the shift reagents are mild Lewis acids. Shift reagent separates NMR
signals those normally overlap. Thus it gives more simplified spectrum.
• Shift reagents is normally used in non polar solvents like CdCl3, CCl4 etc.
• Shift reagents, provide a useful technique for spreading out proton NMR
absorption patterns which normally overlap, without increasing the strength
of the applied magnetic field.
13C-NMR 1H-NMR
1. Pulse Fourier Technique is used 1. Continuous wave method is followed.
2. Very fast. 2. Slow process.
3. No peak overlapping observed 3. Peak overlapping observed in case of
in the spectrum. complex samples.
4. Sweep generator & sweep coil 4. Required.
are not required in the NMR
instrument.
5. Chemical shift range is wide 5. δ range is very narrow (δ 0-15).
(δ 0-200).
6. Wide band RF is applied rather 6. Tuned to one frequency.
than tuned to a precise frequency.
7. Work on frequency sweep 7. Works on either field sweep
technique. or frequency sweep techniques.
QUESTIONS :-
2o marks:-
14. www.google.co.in
154
January 26, 2013 M.M.C.P. 155