Electrical Sciences

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Dr. A. Amalin Prince

BITS - Pilani K K Birla Goa Campus
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Lecture – 5,6
Circuit Analysis Principles: Thevenin’s and Norton’s Theorems

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Thevenin’s Theorem
 developed in 1883 by M. Leon Thevenin (1857–1926), a French telegraph engineer

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Norton’s Theorem
 developed in 1926, about 43 years after Thevenin published his theorem, E. L.
Norton, an American engineer at Bell Telephone Laboratories, proposed a similar
theorem

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Source Transformation :: Recollect

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Thevenin and Norton

 Deactivate the load If Rth is –ive, then the negative

 Find Voc=Vth (Thevenin)
 Find Rth = Rn =Req (both)
 Find Isc = In (Norton)
resistance implies that the circuit
is supplying power
Few cases of circuits may be of
our interest

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How to find Rt/Rn

 Method 1
o Deactivate the independent sources.
– Voltage source >>short circuit
– Current source >>open circuit
o Find Rth by circuit resistance reduction

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How to find Rt/Rn

 Method 2a
o Deactivate the independent sources.
– Voltage source >>short circuit and Current source >>open circuit
o Connect a known voltage source at terminals a and b (say 1 V)
– Find terminal current b to a
– Now Rth = vo/io else (Rth=1/io)
 Method 2b
o Deactivate the independent sources.
– Voltage source >>short circuit and Current source >>open circuit
o Connect a known current source flowing from terminal b to a
(say 1 A)
– Find terminal voltage vo
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– Now Rth = vo/io else (Rth=vo/1)
How to find Rt/Rn

 Method 3
o Do not deactivate the independent sources.
o Connect a open circuit between a and b.
– Determine the voltage between a and b. Voc = Vab ???? Vth
o Connect a short circuit between a and b.
– Determine the current between a and b. Isc = Iab ???? In
o Rth = Voc / Isc

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Practice Problem :: Find Thevenin and
Norton Equivalent
 Case 1: Resistors and independent sources
 Find vth and In
 Rth>> use method 1 or 2a or 2b or 3

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Practice Problem :: Find Thevenin and
Norton Equivalent
 Case 2: Resistors, dependent and independent sources
 Find vth and In
 Rth>> use method 2a or 2b or 3

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Practice Problem :: Find Thevenin and
Norton Equivalent
 Case 3: Resistors and dependent sources
 Find vth and In
 Rth>> use method 2a or 2b

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Take Home Problems
Using Thevenin’s theorem, find the equivalent circuit to the left of the terminals
in the circuit in Figure. Then find i.

Find the Norton equivalent circuit of the circuit in Figure

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Maximum Power Transfer

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Take Home Problem
Find the value of RL for maximum power transfer in the circuit. Find the maximum
power.

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Take Home Problem
Find the value of RL for maximum power transfer in the circuit. Find the maximum
power.

Answer: RL=9 ohm, Vth = 22 V and Pmax=13.44 W

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Take Home Problem
Suppose R = 50 and Va is adjustable in the circuit shown. Find the value of Va such
that the maximum power is transferred from N to NL. What is the value of
PL(max.)?

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Questions ?

Thank you for your attention

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