Design & Fabrication of

Wind-Solar Hybrid Power

Generation Model

Abstract
Wind power generation and solar power generation are
combined to make a WIND-SOLAR HYBRID POWER
GENERATION SYSTEM. A 6v, 5Ah lead-acid battery is used to
store solar power and charging is controlled by a charger circuit
which has been discussed here. Power output of this hybrid
system is 7 watts (9VDC, 0.77A DC) .
AMRIT MANDAL

Kolkata, West Bengal

India

+91 8116401052

Amrit.mandal0191@gmail.com
 1

CERTIFICATE FOR APPROVAL

TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN

This is to certify that the project entitled “WIND-SOLAR HYBRID

POWER GENERATION WITH A WORKING MODEL ” is up to the
standard of W.B.U.T 8th semester syllabus. The project work has been
done with precision and is quite satisfactory.

_____________________
H.O.D EE DEPT. PROJECT MENTOR

EXTERNAL EXAMINER
 2

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
To begin with, I would like to extend my heartiest gratitude to our respected
guide Prof. B.Roy Chowdhury for his untiring endeavor and constant enthusiasm
throughout the length of the project.
I would like to take this opportunity to thank the head of our department Prof.
P.K.Pradhan for providing me with the chance of working on this interesting project
under the guidance of Dr. B.B.Sen and Prof. B.R.Chowdhury.
Finally, Prof.G.Banerjea and Dr.S.Sen owe special mention as without their
disciplined guidance and care, the completion of the project within the given
deadline would have been a distant dream.
 3

index

INDEX
Sl. No. Particulars Page No.
1. Introduction 4-6

2. Objective 7-9

3. Methodology 10-34

i) Wind Power Gen.

ii) Solar Power Gen.

iii) Battery Charger

5. 35-35
Overall process
6.
Constraints 36
7.
Conclusion 37

8. Future Propects 37

9. References 37
 4

INTRODUCTION
Energy is playing an important role in human and economic development. On of the
driving forces for social and economic development and a basic demand of nation is
energy. Most of the energy production methods are one-way, which requires change of
form for the energy. In parallel to developing technology, demand for more energy makes
us seek new energy sources. In parallel to developing technology, demand for more
energy makes us seek new energy sources. Researches for renewable energies have been
initiated first for wind power and then for solar power. Efficiency of solar power
conversion systems is ca. 18%, whilst that of wind power is ca. 55%. These efficiencies
could be increased by 50% with beam tracking, beam focusing and wind direction
adaptive motion methods.

Energy Resources- Solar and Wind

India is large country and the rate of electrification has not kept pace with the expanding
population, urbanization and industrialization and has resulted in the increasing deficit
between demand and supply of electricity. This has not only resulted in under
electrification but also put heavy pressure on the governments to keep pace with demand
for electricity. People not served by the power grid have to rely on fossil fuels like
kerosene and diesel for their energy needs and also incur heavy recurring expenditure for
the poor people in rural areas. Wherever the rural areas have been brought under power
grid the erractic and unreliable power supply has not helped the farmers and the need for
an uninterrupted power supply especially during the critical farming period has been has
been a major area of concern.

Solar Energy
India receives a solar energy equivalent of 5,000 trillion kWh/year with a daily average
solar energy incidence of 4-7 kWh/m2. This is considerably more than the total energy
consumption of the country. Further, most parts of the country experience 250-300 sunny
days in a year, which makes solar energy a viable option in these areas.
Decentralized renewable energy systems, which rely on locally available resources, could
provide the solution to the rural energy problem, particularly in remote areas where grid
extension is not a viable proposition Solar energy, with its virtually infinite potential and
free availability, represents a nonpolluting and inexhaustible energy source which can be
developed to meet the energy needs of mankind in a major way. The high cost, fast
depleting fossil fuels and the public concern about the eco-friendly power generation of
power have led to a surge of interest in the utilization of solar energy.
 5

Wind Energy
The development of wind power in India began in the 1990s, and has significantly
increased in the last few years. Although a relative newcomer to the wind industry
compared with Denmark or the United States, India has the fifth largest installed wind
power capacity in the world. In 2009-10 India's growth rate was highest among the other
top four countries.
As of 31 Jan 2013 the installed capacity of wind power in India was 18634.9MW, mainly
spread across Tamil Nadu (7134 MW), Gujarat (3,093 MW), Maharashtra (2310.70
MW), Karnataka (1730.10 MW), Rajasthan (1524.70 MW), Madhya Pradesh (275.50
MW), Andhra Pradesh (200.20 MW), Kerala (32.8 MW), Orissa (2MW), West
Bengal (1.1 MW) and other states (3.20 MW). It is estimated that 6,000 MW of additional
wind power capacity will be installed in India by 2012. Wind power accounts for 6% of
India's total installed power capacity, and it generates 1.6% of the country's power.

Power Plant Producer Location State Total Capacity

(MWe)

Vankusawade Wind Suzlon Energy Ltd Satara District. Maharashtra 259

Park

Cape Comorin Aban Loyd Chiles Offshore Ltd. Kanyakumari Tamil Nadu 33

Kayathar Subhash Subhash Ltd. Kayathar Tamil Nadu 30

Ramakkalmedu Subhash Ltd. Ramakkalmedu Kerala 25

Muppandal Wind Muppandal Wind Farm Muppandal Tamil Nadu 22

Gudimangalam Gudimangalam Wind Farm Gudimangalam Tamil Nadu 21

Puthlur RCI Wescare (India) Ltd. Puthlur Andhra 20

Pradesh

Lamda Danida Danida India Ltd. Lamba Gujarat 15

 6

Chennai Mohan Mohan Breweries & Distilleries Ltd. Chennai Tamil Nadu 15

Jamgudrani MP MP Windfarms Ltd. Dewas Madhya 14

Pradesh

Jogmatti BSES BSES Ltd. Chitradurga Karnataka 14

District

Perungudi Newam Newam Power Company Ltd. Perungudi Tamil Nadu 12

Kethanur Wind Farm Kethanur Wind Farm Kethanur Tamil Nadu 11

Hyderabad APSRTC Andhra Pradesh State Road Hyderabad Andhra 10

Transport Corporation. Pradesh

Muppandal Madras Madras Cements Ltd. Muppandal Tamil Nadu 10

Shah Gajendragarh MMTCL Gadag Karnataka 15

Shah Gajendragarh Sanjay D. Ghodawat Gadag Karnataka 10.8

Acciona Tuppadahalli Tuppadahalli Energy India Private Chitradurga Karnataka 56.1

Limited District

Poolavadi Chettinad Chettinad Cement Corp. Ltd. Poolavadi Tamil Nadu 10

Shalivahana Wind Shalivahana Green Energy. Ltd. Tirupur Tamil Nadu 20.4

Dangiri Wind Farm Oil India Ltd. Jaiselmer Rajasthan 54

The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) has fixed a target of 10,500 MW between 2007–12, but an additional
generation capacity of only about 6,000 MW might be available for commercial use by 2012.

The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) has announced a revised estimation of the potential wind resource
in India from 49,130 MW assessed at 50m Hub heights to 102,788 MW assessed at 80m Hub height. The wind resource
at higher Hub heights that are now prevailing is possibly even more.
 7

Objectives
The aim of this work is design and implementation of a solar-wind hybrid energy system.
This work is expected to help to understand the basics of solar-wind hybrid power generation. A
small part of the daily electricity consumption with an efficient utilization of solar and wind
power. Here we made a hybrid system where the solar power is stored in a battery and the
combination of battery output and wind power output fed to the load. Because of the availability
of wind is through out the day & night whereas solar power is only available in daylight and for
a limited time, here we are not storing the wind power.

In brief, the objectives are:

 Wind power generation

 Solar power generation
 Storage of generated solar power
 To Design a suitable charger for battery
 Make a wind-solar hybrid power system
 Display electrical power output using a LED lighting system

Wind Power Generation:

To extract energy from wind and to convert that energy into electrical power, we need a Wind
Turbine setup which can convert the mechanical power into electrical power. The blades of the
wind turbine are fixed to the rotor part of the generator set which is mounted on the turbine
using gear-arrangement.

Wind with a speed of 5km/hr or more causes the rotation of the blades of the turbine. As the
blades rotate, the mechanical power then converts into electrical power with the help of
generator set.

Solar Power Generation:

As mentioned earlier sun gives us energy in terms of both heat & light. But we are using
light energy for producing electrical energy. The system which converts sunlight to
electrical energy is called Solar Cell. It is basically a photo-volatic cell or PV cell which is
photo sensitive.
 8

When sunlight falls on the ‘N’ side, the free electron flows from ‘N’ to ‘P’. As the electron
get enough energy to breakdown the bond and flow through the load. So current flows in
opposite direction. This is the main operating principle of solar cell.

Storage of Generated Solar Power:

For storing the solar energy we will use a battery. The battery will be charged during the
day. At night it will supply the loads. The load can be supplied during the charging time if -

The storage energy in battery > Energy required to drive the load

Suitable Charging Circuit for Battery-Backup:

The charger will charge any 6V lead acid battery including flooded, gel and AGM. It is fully
automatic and will charge at a rate up to about 4A until the battery voltage reaches a
preset point at which it will switch to a very low current float charge. If the battery voltage
drops again the charger will begin charging until the voltage once again reaches the cut off
point. In this way it can be left connected to a battery indefinitely to maintain full charge
without causing damage. A set of Green & Red LEDs indicate when the battery is fully
charged & it’s charging state.

Wind-Solar Hybrid Power System Setup:

After completing the wind turbine and solar power generation setup, we will check the
output of the each power source. After successful power generation from both the power
source we will combine the two power source. While doing this we will consider the
voltage and current value of each power source because if there’ll be a mismatch in any
parameter stated before, the system may not work and even a part or the whole system
may damage.
 9

An overview of the whole process

Wind Turbine Solar Panel

Lead-Acid
Battery
Backup

Combiner Box

LED Lighting System

 10

Methodology

Wind power Generation:

There are basically two types of wind turbine available-
1. Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT)
2. Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT)

For wind power generation in our project we are using HAWT type wind mill.
A very brief detail on HAWT has been highlighted here:

 Differential heating of the earth’s

surface and atmosphere induces
vertical and horizontal air currents
that are affected by the earth’s
rotation and contours of the land and
generates WIND.

 A wind turbine obtains its power

input by converting the force of the
wind into torque (turning force)
acting on the rotor blades.

 The amount of energy which the wind

transfers to the rotor depends on the
density of the air, the rotor area, and
the wind speed.

P  Power
3
ρ  Air Density (kg/m )
P = 0.5 X ρ X A X V3 2
A  Blade Area -turbine (m )
V  Wind velocity (m/s)
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MAJOR COMPONENTS OF HORIZONTAL AXIS WIND TURBINE

 12

We have made a Horizontal Axis Wind turbine (HAWT) type wind mill with two turbines
set-a twin turbine wind mill model. Before going elaborate our project work, a short
discussion on the effect of the type of materials of blade, blade-size, blade shape and the
gear-arrangement have been represented here.

Blade shape used

A B C D
Effect of Number of Blades and Blade Shape on Voltage

0.2
0.18
0.16
voltage (V)

0.14
0.12
A
0.1
B
0.08
C
0.06
D
0.04
0.02
0
1 2 3 4

No. of Blades

Variables Held Constant

• 12” blades were used

• Turbine was placed 6 feet away from box fan wind source
• A non-geared turbine was used
• Average wind speed was about 3.5 mph at the turbine
 13

Blade shape used

A B C D

Effect of Geared and Non-Geared Turbines on Voltage

0.9
0.8
voltage (V)

0.7
0.6
0.5
Geared
0.4
Non-Geared
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
A B C D

Blade Type

Variables Held Constant

 12” blades were used

 Turbine was placed 6 feet away from box fan wind source
 Average wind speed was about 3.5 mph at the turbine
 14

Blade shape used

A B C D

Effect of Blade Size on Voltage

0.9
0.8
voltage (V)

0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4 Blade size
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
8 inches 12 inches 18 inches

Blade Size

Variables Held Constant

 Blade Type D was used for all experiments
 Turbine was placed 6 feet away from box fan wind source
 A geared turbine was used
 Average wind speed was about 3.5 mph at the turbine
 15

Blade shape used

A B C D

Effect of Blade Material on Voltage

1.6

1.4
voltage (V)

1.2

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
cardboard Aluminium sheet PVC pipe

Blade Size

Variables Held Constant

 Two 8” Type D blades were used for all experiments
 Turbine was placed 6 feet away from box fan wind source
 A geared turbine was used
 Average wind speed was about 3.5 mph at the turbine
 16

Discussion:

When setting up the experiments we noticed that angle of the rotor blades plays a major
part in determining the voltage produced. The most voltage was produced when the
blades were angled slightly from the plane of rotation. This configuration however also
took the longest to get started and might not be very effective at harnessing the power of
wind gusts. When the rotor blades were placed at greater angles the turbine picked up
speed faster but it never reached optimal rotational speeds.

Blade shape also played a role in voltage production. We believe that both surface area
of the blade and shape are important. Shape D performed very well in most settings.
B also did well with the two blade configuration. We believe a bulged blade with a
rounded top would work best. This shape is a combination of the best features of B
and D

The number of blades was important as well. The two blade configuration seemed to
be most efficient. Perhaps more blades tend to create more drag as they rotate at
higher speeds. Surprisingly the one blade design also worked very well but the
problems of properly counterbalancing the rotor probably lower the output.

We constructed blades out of different materials to see if there was any difference in
performance. We found that the balsa rotors performed best. This could be due to the
low profile of the balsa sheets. The balsa that we had limited our size so this experiment
had to be performed on 8 inch rotors.

Blade size had an effect on our measured results. I believe that we did not have an
adequate setup to properly test this variable. In our tests the smallest blades
performed best. I think this occurred because the small blades were completely in the
wind while the ends of the larger blades were not. The ends of the larger blades
probably just caught a lot of drag as they spun around slowing down the turbine. To
properly test this parameter a large wind tunnel with constant wind speed would be
necessary.

The presence of gears to speed up the drive shaft of the DC more had a great effect on
voltage produced. We only performed non-geared arrangement. The data of the geared
arrangement has been taken from the internet. It would probably be worth
experimenting with differing degrees of gearing to find the optimum combination.
 17

 On the basis of the above experimental value and to generate and supply adequate

power to load, we designed and fabricated a twin-turbine wind mill set.

 Here, we used two PMDC (Permanent Magnet DC) motors to work as a generator.

 Both are same rated i.e. 12V, 0.75Amps, 2400 rpm .

 Two symmetrical 3-bladed set made of aluminum used as turbine blade.

 These two-turbine are connected in series so that output voltage is the result of the

summation of these twin-turbine set.

 Height of the wind-mill stand is about 24 inches.

 Distance between the turbines is about 8 inches.

 Base of the wind-mill is 6x6 sq. inches

 Diameter of the turbine-holder is 1.25 inches.

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WIND POWER GENERATION MODEL

1.5 inches

8 inches

21 inches

Twin-turbine set

2-wind turbine based model

 19

3-blade

5 inches
PMDC Motor
 20

 On running condition, Open Circuit Voltage of each wind-turbine is around 1.85V

DC.

 When connecting them in series, Voc becomes 3.6V DC

 An LED board has been connected to the system’s load terminal and this LED board

fully lighted up.

 The actual set-up of the wind-mill with load and without load has shown here.

Twin-turbine Wind mill set Wind mill set on running condition

Voc = 1.85V DC
 21

Output the wind turbines

Generator VOC(VDC) ISC(Amp DC)

G1 1.85 0.46

G2 1.76 0.48

G=G1+G2 3.56 0.82

 22

Solar Power Generation:

Equivalent Circuit of a solar cell

A BRIEF DETAILS OF SOLAR CELL

MATLAB REPRESENTATION

OF SOLAR CELL

The Solar Cell block represents a solar cell current source.

The solar cell model includes the following components:

 Solar-Induced Current
 Temperature Dependence
 Thermal Port

Solar-Induced Current
The block represents a single solar cell as a resistance Rs that is connected in series with a
parallel combination of the following elements:
 Current source
 Two exponential diodes
 Parallel resistor Rp
 23

The following illustration shows the equivalent circuit diagram:

The output current I is:

where:

Iph is the solar-induced current:

where:
 Ir is the irradiance (light intensity) in W/m2 falling on the cell.
 Iph0 is the measured solar-generated current for the irradiance Ir0.
 Is is the saturation current of the first diode.
 Is2 is the saturation current of the second diode.
 Vt is the thermal voltage, kT/q, where:
 k is the Boltzmann constant.
 T is the Device simulation temperature parameter value.
 q is the elementary charge on an electron.
 N is the quality factor (diode emission coefficient) of the first diode.
 N2 is the quality factor (diode emission coefficient) of the second diode.
 V is the voltage across the solar cell electrical ports.
 The quality factor varies for amorphous cells, and is typically 2 for polycrystalline
cells.
 The block lets you choose between two models:
 24

 An 8-parameter model where the preceding equation describes the output current
 A 5-parameter model that applies the following simplifying assumptions to the
preceding equation
 The saturation current of the second diode is zero.
 The impedance of the parallel resistor is infinite.
If you choose the 5-parameter model, you can parameterize this block in terms of the
preceding equivalent circuit model parameters or in terms of the short-circuit current and
open-circuit voltage the block uses to derive these parameters.

All models adjust the block resistance and current parameters as a function of
temperature.

Temperature Dependence
Several solar cell parameters depend on temperature. The solar cell temperature is
specified by the Device simulation temperatureparameter value.
The block provides the following relationship between the solar-induced current Iph and
the solar cell temperature T:

where:

 TIPH1 is the First order temperature coefficient for Iph, TIPH1 parameter value.
 Tmeas is the Measurement temperature parameter value.

The block provides the following relationship between the saturation current of the first
diode Is and the solar cell temperature T:

where TXIS1 is the Temperature exponent for Is, TXIS1 parameter value.

The block provides the following relationship between the saturation current of the
second diode Is2 and the solar cell temperature T:

where TXIS2 is the Temperature exponent for Is2, TXIS2 parameter value.
 25

The block provides the following relationship between the series resistance Rs and the
solar cell temperature T:

where TRS1 is the Temperature exponent for Rs, TRS1 parameter value.

The block provides the following relationship between the parallel resistance Rp and the
solar cell temperature T:

where TRP1 is the Temperature exponent for Rp, TRP1 parameter value.

Thermal Port
The thermal port model, shown in the following illustration, represents just the thermal
mass of the device. The thermal mass is directly connected to the component thermal port
H. An internal Ideal Heat Flow Source supplies a heat flow to the port and thermal mass.
This heat flow represents the internally generated heat.

The internally generated heat in the solar cell is calculated according to the equivalent
circuit diagram, shown at the beginning of the reference page, in the Solar-Induced
Current section. It is the sum of the i2·R losses for each of the resistors plus the losses in
each of the diodes.
The internally generated heat due to electrical losses is a separate heating effect to that of
the solar irradation.
 26

A MATLAB DEMONSTRATION OF TWO 6V SOLAR PANEL CONNECTED IN

SERIES

 We’ve made a MATLAB simulink model to demonstrate the working

mechanism of solar cells and their connection also shown here in the next
pictures.
 The parameters of solar cell used also included here.
 Output of the model shows the voltage, current and power output which
has been pointed out in the following images.
 27

18x2 solar cells connected in series 36x2 solar cells connected in series

6x3 solar cells connected in series

6 solar cells connected in series

 28

Block Parameter of Solar Cell and Powergui

 29

Current
output (A)

Voltage
Output (V)

Power
Output(W)

Output Parameters of the Solar Panel Model

 30

Lead-Acid Battery Charger Circuit

We have made a Lead-acid battery charger circuit using a comparator IC741. In the circuit
we used a voltage regulator to get 7.5V DC and a transistor TIP122 which will work as a
relay in this circuit.

Circuit Design:
 31
The Main Components of the Circuit

TIP 122

LM 317

IC 741
 32

Components Used:

ICs: Quantity
a) LM 317 (v-reg) 1
b) IC 741 (comparator) 1
c) TIP 122 (transistors) 1
Resistors:(all are 1/4 watts)
470 ohms 1
220 ohms 1
100 ohms 1
10k ohms 1
1k ohms 1
100kohms 1
2k2 preset pot 1
10k preset pot 1
Diodes:
1N4007 2
3.3v Zener 2
0.1uF capacitor 1(disk type)
LED: green & red 2

Testing of the Circuit

1) The input to the circuit can be fed from a standard 12V 1 amp adapter.

2) To set up the circuit initially do not connect any battery.

3) Feed 12V input, adjust the 2K2 pot to get 7v across the battery charging terminals.

4) Next, adjust the 10K preset such that the green LED just lights up fully and the red LED shuts off.

5) Circuit is now ready to function.

6) Switch OFF power. Connect a discharged battery and switch ON power, the circuit will do the rest.it
will cut off as soon as the battery voltage reaches 7V.
 33

Battery Charger Circuit:

1. This is the circuit set-up in 3.5x6 inches box. Input of this circuit comes from two
6v, 3watt solar modules connected in series to get 12v,1A DC output.

2. The output of the circuit is connected to a 6v,5Ah lead-acid battery which is fully
charged. that' why the RED LED is lighted up.
 34

3. Here is the multi-meter reading. It shows that the battery-voltage is 6.36v. and
because of that the RED LED is blinking.

constraints

 The major problem we faced was with the wind turbine-during the setting up
process we took a single wind turbine model and the output was very low.
 Another problem was determining the blade design. We tried 3 different shapes of
blade.
 In solar power generation, we had to use two same rated solar PV module.
 There was a regulating problem initially with the lead-acid battery charger circuit.
 35

the whole process

 36

Conclusion & future Prospect

 This project model can be implemented in rural areas where the power cut-off is
regular.
 With some modification in wind-turbine part and increasing the no. solar panel and
wattage this model can be utilized as stand-alone system specially in offshore-
onshore where the speed of wind is adequate.
 By using a Power Converting Unit (PCU) this model can be utilized as a Grid-tie
power system.

References:
1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_India#Future
2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_energy_consumption
3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy
4. http://www.solarenergy.gen.in/
5. http://energy.gov/energysaver/articles/hybrid-wind-and-solar-electric-systems
6. http://www.mathworks.in/help/physmod/simscape/ref/solverconfiguration.html
7. http://www.mathworks.in/help/physmod/powersys/ref/powergui.html
8. http://www.mathworks.in/videos/animate-a-wind-farm-with-matlab-part-1-68738.html