Market Research of Solar Energy in Gujarat

1.
0 introduction
This marketing research project for “research about current market of solar energy in
Gujarat”.
Main objective to prepare this research project is research the market of solar energy for start
solar business.
1.1 Introduction:
Solar power is the conversion of energy from sunlight into electricity, either directly
using photovoltaic (PV), indirectly using concentrated solar power, or a combination.
Concentrated solar power systems use lenses or mirrors and solar tracking systems to
focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. Photovoltaic cells convert light into
an electric current using the photovoltaic effect.
Solar power in Gujarat is a fast developing industry given that the large state is
mostly arid. Gujarat was one of the first states to develop solar generation capacity
in India.
A total of about 1100 MW were commissioned as of March 2016, with individual
solar parks ranging from hundreds of kW to 40 MW capacities.
The state's installed solar power generation capacity stood at 1637 MW in December,
2018.
S. K. COLLEGE OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT Page 1

1.1.1 State solar policy:
As of January 2019, Gujarat has an installed capacity of 7,645 MW of

renewable energy that meets only 28 per cent of the total capacity.
The Government of Gujarat plans to take it up to 22,922 MW by 2022, making
up 53 per cent.
The state has set an ambitious target of adding 15,000MW to 20,000MW total
energy generation over the next few years. The state government has now
chalked out an action plan to increase the share of renewable energy in the
total energy generation from 10 per cent to 17 per cent by 2022. In January
2019, the government announced that solar power generation will be increased
by 3,000MW annually.
In addition to the existing solar power policy, the state has also come out with
a solar-wind hybrid policy, looking to establish four-five such parks with at
least 2000 MW capacity.
1.1.2 Gujarat Solar Park-1
Gujarat solar park 1, also called Charanka Solar Park, is being built on a
2,000-hectare (4,900-acre) plot of land near Charanka village in Patan district,
northern Gujarat. So far, the park has witnessed investments of Rs 5,365 crore
and generated 3,441 million units till date.
Installed generation capacity is at about 615 MW at present, having been

commissioned by 31 developers in the Solar Park. GACL (Gujarat Alkalis and
Chemicals Limited) is setting up 30 MW Solar PV plant, and GSFC (Gujarat
State Fertilizers and Chemicals) is in the process of setting up 10 MW project.
The Gujarat Power Corporation Limited (GPCL), the project's developer, said
in April, 2018 that further capacity addition of 150 MW taking the total to 790
MW may be opted for soon given the availability of land in the Park.
Projects of 95MW are under construction and 30MW under planning as of

December, 2018.

2.0 project overview
2.1 Objective:
The main objective is research market to start business in solar energy. Because of,
there are lot of opportunity in renewable energy. And world‟s future is on the
renewable energy. And solar energy is one of the most profitable sources for energy.
 Research the current market of solar energy in Gujarat

 Research of opportunity in this field
 Analysis of threats and challenges in solar energy business
 Analyse the solar energy Market covered by other companies
2.2 MODELS/ FRAMEWORK:
1) SWOT Analysis
2) Analysis for solar PV manufacturing industry is done using following 5
parameters to explore various business opportunities and business challenges
 Demand & Supply
 Cost & Price
 Technology
 Finance
 Policy & Regulatory aspects
2.3 MARKET RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS METHODOLOGY:
A. Data Collection- Identify stakeholders. Making parallel primary as well as

secondary research.
1. Primary Research-
A. Face to face discussion
B. Calls
C. Email- Questionnaire
D. Social networking websites-
2. Secondary Research-
A. Literature-
B. Market Reports-
3. Limitations

B. Data Analysis- Again going back if required
C. Inferences- Again going back if required
D. Limitations: Personal Bias while answering, motive, secondary data

may not be appropriate
2.4 What is Research design ?
Research needs design or a structure before data collection or analysis can commerce.
The function of a research design is to ensure that the evidence obtained enables us to
answer the initial question as unambiguously as possible. Research design is different
from the method.
By which data are collected. It is not uncommon to see research design treated as a
mode of the inquiry. But there is nothing intrinsic.
About any research design that required particular method of data collection.
Research design refers to the structure of equity. It is a logical matter rather than a
logical one.
2.5 Theory:
“I saw more than glittering panels —I saw the future of
India and the future of our world. I saw India’s bright
Creativity, ingenuity and cutting edge technology.”
UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon, at inauguration of canal-top

solar
Energy plant in Vadodara, Gujarat

 For nearly 40 years, Gujarat state has been an innovative leader in low
emission development strategies. From small scale technologies such as solar
cookers to larger projects including photovoltaic rooftops, solar parks, and
canal-top solar power, the state has pioneered renewable energy projects and
programs that have later been rolled out to other states and at national level.
While remaining within the overall ambit of India‟s national policy, Gujarat
state has led the nation and other states in solar power policies and initiatives.
 Gujarat‟s 2009 Solar Power policy, the first comprehensive solar policy in
India, offered incentives to investors over a 25 year period. The robust policy
framework, financing mechanism, and incentives contributed to creating an
enabling green investment climate in the state and led to ambitious targets for
grid connected solar power being achieved. By 2013, Gujarat had over 50% of
the share of solar power capacity in the country.
 The Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission, established in 2010, helped to
align state and national initiatives and has led to major successes in solar
power deployment at both state and national levels.
 The capacity of grid connected solar power in India has increased from 20
MW in 2010 to over 5,500 MW in 2016.
 The experience of Gujarat state shows how subnational governments can
proactively lead and inform national policy and raise national government
ambitions for more aggressive greenhouse gas mitigation commitments.
 With its successful track record, the state has the potential to go even further
through continued efforts and stakeholder involvement, delivering inclusive
green growth benefits.
“The rooftop solar panels have not only reduced our monthly electricity
bills by a huge amount, they have brought in greater awareness and
sustainability thinking within our institution and other similar educational
institutions in the city. Encouraged by this, we plan to install additional
solar systems at the university.”
Father Robert A., Principal, St Xavier‟s college, Ahmedabad
 Solar power in Gujarat is a fast developing industry given that the large state is
mostly arid. Gujarat was one of the first states to develop solar generation
capacity in India.

2.6 Location of Solar parks:
Nomi
nal Producti
Powe on
Location District Developer Notes
r (Annual
(MW GW·h)
p)
Sunkon
Jafrabad Amreli 5 8.322
Energy
Acme Tele
Wadgam Anand 15 25.846
Power
Harsha
Isanpur Anand 1 1.533
Engineers
Precious Commissioned 11
Gunthawada Banaskantha 15.2 26.28
(Moser Baer) October 2011
Commissioned 11
October 2011, with
Solitaire Precious cost Rs. 465
Gunthawada Banaskantha 15 25.9
(Moser Baer) crore, area 305 acre,
236,000 Thin Film
modules
Sand Land
Dhanera Banaskantha 25 45.377
Real Estate
Bharuch 1 MBH Power
Gandhinagar 1 GSEC-TPS

Nomi
nal Producti
Powe on
r (Annual
(MW GW·h)
p)
250 kW from Thin-

PDPU- Film, 750 kW from
Gandhinagar 1
GPCL-GEDA Poly-crystalline solar
cells.
Commissioned 25
Mithapur Jamnagar 25.0 Tata Power
January 2012
Output decreases
Mono Steel
Shiloj Junagadh 10 19.585 0.7%/year from 20
Solar
GWh
Completed January
2012 using 400,000
modules. Completed
Bitta Kutch 40.0 66.576 Adani Power in 150 days at a cost of
Rs 400 crore. (6760
million INR) 100 MW
planned
Shivlakha Kutch 5 Backbone
Bhuj Kutch 1 Essar Power
Panandhro Kutch 5 GMDC
Pratapgarh Kutch 9 13.451 Integrated 0.5 MW Amorphous

Coal Mining Si, 0.5 MW CdTe, 8

Nomi
nal Producti
Powe on
r (Annual
(MW GW·h)
p)
(ICML) MW Crystalline Si
Konark
Shivlakha Kutch 5 8.87 Vikram Solar
Gujarat
Solar
Shivlakha Kutch 20 30.835 Semiconduct
or
Solar World SW-230,

cost 2102 million Rs,
Karmaria Kutch 15.401 21.108 Sun Borne
output is derated
1%/year
SF-145-L 145Wp
Khirsara Kutch 5 8.147 Unity Power Copper Indium
Selenide
Welspun Urja
Khirsara Kutch 15
Gujarat
Narmada
Canal - Mehsana 1 GSEC-Canal
Chandrasan
Consists of Commissioned 19
Charanka Patan 213.9
31 projects April 2012

Nomi
nal Producti
Powe on
r (Annual
(MW GW·h)
p)
Jaihind
Patan 5
Projects
21,740 230 Wp Poly

Bhadrada Patan 5.001 7.963 Lanco Solar
Si panels
5 MW from 20,647
230W Poly Silicon
and 2,464 102W thin
Chadiyana Patan 15 23.955 Lanco Solar film; 10 MW from
multi crystalline Si
230W and 235W
panels
PLG
Dahisar Patan 20
Photovoltaic
fixed tilt mounted at

Hilabeli Porbandar 10 17 GHI Energy
20° angle
Hiraco
Kerala &
Porbandar 20 35.425 Renewable
Bapodar
Energy
125,100 80W First

Solar and 13,490
Bapodar Porbandar 15 27.265 Moser Baer 370W MBSL panels,
18 880 kW Sunny
Central SMA-800

Nomi
nal Producti
Powe on
r (Annual
(MW GW·h)
p)
inverters
Dhank Rajkot 5 8.699 APCA Power
Aravali
Dhank Rajkot 5 8.02
Infrapower
Dhank Rajkot 10 17.678 CBC Solar
Ganeshvani
Dhank Rajkot 5 8.839
Merchandise
Mervadar and Ganges

Rajkot 15
Dhank Entertainment
Cost Rs 130 crore,

Mervadar Rajkot 10 17.835 GreenInfra[30]
First Solar thin film
Abellon Constructed
Bhatkota Sabarkantha 3
Cleanenergy by Waaree Energies
Azure Power
Khadoda Sabarkantha 10.2
(Haryana)
Nani Naroli Surat 5 7.53 GIPCL

Nomi
nal Producti
Powe on
r (Annual
(MW GW·h)
p)
Dhama Surendranagar 5 8.537 Azure Power
output declines
Fatepur Surendranagar 5 8 EMCO
0.7%/year
Fatepur Surendranagar 15 24.873 Mi My
Environmenta
Dhama Surendranagar 5
l System
Louroux Bio
Sujangadh Surendranagar 25
Energies
Millennium output declines

Dhama Surendranagar 9.27 20.498
Synergy 0.5%/year
Rajesh Power
Patdi Surendranagar 1 1.815
Services
Rasna
Patdi Surendranagar 1 Marketing
Services
Surendranagar 1 Som Shiva
Surel Surendranagar 25 35.41 Visual Commissioned 31

Percept Solar December 2011, cost

Nomi
nal Producti
Powe on
r (Annual
(MW GW·h)
p)
Projects 138 million INR/MW
First Solar Thin Film

Waa Solar
CdTe Solar Modules,
Tikar Surendranagar 10.22 16.82 (Madhav
Commissioned
Power)
December 2011

3.0 market profile
In the area of solar rooftop installations, Gujarat has stood first in the country with total
261.97 megawatts (MW) of installed rooftop solar capacity as on July 23, 2019. As per the
Central government data, total rooftop solar installations in India are 1700.54 MW.
Responding to a question raised by MP Parimal Nathwani in Rajya Sabha, Union Minister of
State for New and Renewable Energy and Power R K Singh informed that Maharashtra and
Tamil Nadu have solar rooftop installations at 198.52 MW and 151.62 MW respectively.
The government of India has provided total financial assistance or incentives of Rs 678.01
crore in fiscal 2016-17, Rs 169.73 crore for fiscal 2017-18 and Rs 446.77 crore in fiscal
2018-19 under the Grid-Connected Rooftop Solar programme, the official statement said.
The Government of India has set a target of installation of 40,000 MW of Rooftop Solar
(RTS) projects by the year 2022 in the country including installation of RTS on rooftop of
houses.
The minister also stated that in Gujarat out of total 261.97 MW installation, 183.51 MW are
subsidised installations and 78.45 MW are non-subsidised installations. The minister‟s
statement also said that no formal study has been done to assess the quantum of power
generated through solar panels installed at rooftops of the houses, but on an average it is
estimated that 1.5 million units per MW per year are generated from solar rooftop units.
3.1 Market Overview
The renewable energy contributed around 18.79 % of the total electricity produced. The
solar contribution stood at 5.44% as of 2018. Major factors driving the market studied are
the declining cost of the solar module and the government policies like allowing 100%
FDI under automatic route for renewable power generation and distribution projects
which are expected to increase the participation from global players into the Indian
market. The sharp decline in prices of solar technologies in the recent years by about 52%
between 2010 and 2015 (in kWh terms) has been one of the biggest drivers in the
adoption of solar PV in the country. The cost of modules produced in China is 8-10%

cheaper than the one manufactured in India. About 80-85% of the solar modules used in
India are manufactured in China. The huge dependency on import, has affected the
domestic manufacturing in the country.
 The solar PV segment dominated the market share in 2018.
 India has abundant availability of solar irradiance and receives solar energy
throughout the year. This has created enormous opportunities to exploit solar
energy from the sunniest sites in the country, especially, Rajasthan, Gujarat and
Andhra Pradesh. The aforementioned factor clubbed with foreign investment and
extensive R&D projects provides an opportunity for the growth of the solar energy
market in India.
3.2 Target size of research:
In this project main target size is India for current market research of solar PV and
solar products. Research is done mainly those areas where solar power exists.
This marketing research project main objective is collect data and feedback from
customers about solar energy for business purpose.
3.3 market leaders:
A. Top 10 Solar energy leader Companies in India:
What has taken on earth today as a curse is the changing global warming scenario.
Solar companies in India have taken the trunk on shoulder to make it a better place to
live in future. Solar companies in India are today a GW worth. With making huge
success in utility, commercial and home installations, solar companies in India are
worthwhile marking the future.
China has been a leading player in solar as the dominance of this Asian country is
seen today across the globe. But new solar companies and foreign investment is
driving the Indian solar scenario. Solar power in India is a fast developing industry.

The country‟s solar installed capacity reached 31.101 GW as of 30 September 2019.
Today solar companies in India are not just profitable but the solar companies are
getting more competitive.
Today, Kamuthi which is located in Tamil Nadu flaunts the reported largest single
location solar power plant in the world aka Kamuthi Solar Power Project. Big Chinese
and West solar players have already established their footprints in the country and are
booming the cumulative solar business in India.
According the recent report from Technavio, the global solar thermal market will
register a CAGR close to 5% by 2022, while the global residential solar PV systems
market size will grow by USD 266.18 billion during 2018-2022. The growth of the
solar energy market is driven by rising concerns in environmental pollution and
provision of government incentives & tax rebates to install solar panels.
Adani Power
Making a remarkable name by creating the Kamuthi Solar Power Project (The only
reported largest single location solar power plant in the world), Adani Power leads the
solar projects in this country. Adani solar has taken MW projects in a scenario and
have helped commissioned them successfully under his hat. Headquartered at
Ahmedabad, Gujarat, Adani Power is India‟s largest private thermal power producer,
with capacity of 12,410 MW. Adani Power was ranked as the 73rd largest corporation
in India in Fortune India 500 list of 2018. The company has gone to long term PPAs
of about 9,153 MW with government of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Haryana, Rajasthan,

Karnataka, and Punjab. In 2018, Adani was reported the top-notch solar project
developer.
Tata Solar
Headquartered in Bengaluru, Tata Solar has taken a spree in the residential rooftop
segment. Given the courtesy, it is also one of the largest and oldest solar panel
manufacturing operations in India. With a market share of 5.6% which makes Tata
Power Solar one of the largest solar rooftop EPC player. Tata Power stands at an
overall renewable capacity of 2,628 MW in India.
“Renewable energy is the future for „New India‟ and will play a big role in providing
the country “24X7 Power for All by 2019”. For a tropical country like India, solar
energy has the highest potential. Tata Power is focused to constantly proliferate the
group‟s renewable energy portfolio and we plan to generate 35 – 40% of Tata
Power‟s total generation from clean energy sources, largely through organic
growth.” Mr Praveer Sinha, CEO & Managing Director, Tata Power.

Jinko Solar
Bagging once the best Indian Solar Module Company of the Year, Jinko has strong
market-shae in the Indian solar sector. JinkoSolar has over 15,000 employees across
its 6 productions facilities in Jiangxi, Zhejiang and Xinjiang Provinces, China,
Malaysia, Portugal and South Africa, 16 oversea subsidiaries in Japan (2), Singapore,
India, Turkey, Germany, Italy, Switzerland, Spain, United States, Canada, Mexico,
Brazil, Chile, Australia and South Africa. 18 global sales offices in China (2), United
Kingdom, Bulgaria, Greece, Romania, United Arab Emirates, Jordan, Saudi Arabia,
Kuwait, Egypt, Morocco, Ghana, Kenya, Costa Rica, Colombia, Brazil and Mexico.
Jinko solar till date has played a crucial role in driving the Indian solar target.
JinkoSolar has built a vertically integrated solar product value chain, with an
integrated annual capacity of 10.5 GW for silicon wafers, 7.4 GW for solar cells, and
12.6 GW for solar modules, as of June 30, 2019.
Trina Solar

Amongst the latest reports in the solar companies on India, Trina Solar is making a
mammoth step to help deluge its solar expertise in India. Trina believes that believes
India has become a major solar market on the world map. As per reports in
September, Trina Solar surpasses 4,000 Megawatt of solar modules supply in India.
Trina Solar was the leader in supplying modules to India both in terms of cumulative
shipments and in 1H 2019.
ACME Solar
ACME Solar has not so ever drive in the solar segment alike the Indian market. Acme
solar has bagged massive projects since its venture in the Indian market. ACME solar
has commissioned 2500 + (MWp) and 500 + (MWp) under construction. Present in
12 states across India, ACME solar has pioneered in embracing new technologies,
disruptive and has got a meaning beyond business expectations and profits. ACME
Solar had the largest project pipeline as of June 2019.
Vikram Solar

With a vision to double its capacity to 2 GW by 2020, Vikram solar has been in the
top solar companies list for a while. What has written Vikram Solar‟s success story is
to adapt with the changing solar market of India. Vikram Solar Limited (formerly
known as Vikram Solar Pvt. Ltd.) is today globally acclaimed. Vikram Solar has
shown its aptness and expertise in providing high efficiency PV module
manufacturing and comprehensive EPC solutions. Present in 6 Continents, Vikram
Solar has 650MW+ projects O&M services servicing, 1040 MW+ EPC projects in
India and abroad.
Waaree Energies
Waaree Energies being primarily in solar PV module manufacturing has lately seen
the demand from Indian rooftop segment. Witnessing this demand, Waaree energies
have expanded increased its module manufacturing capacity by 500 megawatt to
2,000 MW. With the manufacturing facility based in Gujarat, the company has now
upgraded the production capacity to 5.7 MW per day. Waaree Group, founded in 1989
with headquarters in Mumbai, India. It has India‟s largest Solar PV Module
manufacturing capacity of 2 GW‟s at its plants in Surat and Umbergaon in Gujarat.
Waaree Energies is amongst the top player in India in providing EPC services, project
development, rooftop solutions, and solar water pumps and also as an Independent
Power Producer.

EMMVEE
EMMVEE specialises in developing photovoltaic modules and systems for On-grid

and Off-grid applications. EMMVEE produces high quality photovoltaic modules
using the state-of-the-art machinery in its manufacturing facilities in Bengaluru.
EMMVEE produces the most reliable solar water heating systems with the prominent
brand name “Solarizer”. EMMVEE has set up an exclusive EMMVEE Project
Development division. Along with the vast experience in the field of solar energy as a
solar PV module manufacturer, with its technical know-how and international
network, EMMVEE has entered into the Project development and EPC of PV projects
in India and across Europe. EMMVEE can now provide tailor-made solutions for the
construction of turnkey solar power plants and PV projects of any category.
EMMVEE has successfully completed two projects comprising of a roof-top and a
free-field installation in Germany, summing to 14 MW.
Goldi Solar

The Indian origin, Goldi Solar has made remarkable steps in the Indian and now in the
global solar sector. Goldi Solar is also the fastest growing PV module manufacturer
in India. Goldi is now soon set towards expanding its manufacturing capacity up to
1GW to meet the ever increasing demand for its Solar PV Modules. This will help us
in fulfilling the demand of our customers across the globe. Goldi is the first Indian
company to be audited by SOLARBUYER, USA.
Canadian Solar
To date, Canadian Solar has 4.7 GW solar power plants built and connected globally
and maintains a portfolio of solar power plants in operation at 795.8 MWp, with an
estimated resale value of approximately $1.0 billion. Over 36 GW module shipments,
around 45,321 GWh of clean electricity per year and meet the needs of 10 million
homes. In 2018, Canadian Solar delivered 6.6 GW of solar modules worldwide.
Canadian Solar‟s technology team set a world record of 22.80% conversion efficiency
for p-type large area multi-crystalline silicon solar cell, and it was tested and certified
by Germany‟s Institute fur Solarenergieforschung GmbH (ISFH) in September 2019.
B. Top solar manufacturer in Gujarat:
Citizen Solar Private Limited
Citizen Solar Private Limited is an ISO 9001-14001 & SMERA rated Company is one
of India‟s premier solar panel manufacturers dealing with technologically astute and
cutting edge solutions for industrial and business use.

Headquartered in Ahmedabad, Citizen Solar is equipped with world class machinery
and state-of-the-art manufacturing facility capable of consistently producing 60 MW
energy per annum, scalable up to 180 MW.
Taiyo Solar Energy
Taiyo Solar‟s journey began in 2011 in the vibrant city of Ahmedabad, Gujarat.
Taiyo Solar was conceived as an initiative of the Nirman Group to bring clean energy
to the fore. This new venture now works towards giving skilled and experienced
services in the field of solar power generation. Taiyo being an impaneled channel
partner in the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) for grid-connected
rooftop and small solar power plants.
Taiyo is also a member of the Confederation of Indian Industry. With your activities
in such safe hands, you can rest assured that Taiyo will deliver the best value for your
money.
Accu Panels Private Ltd
Accu-Panels Energy Pvt Ltd is the legendary brand for CPRI Approved solar ACDB
DCDB Panel Manufacturer in Ahmedabad Gujarat.
With ISO 9001: 2015 Certified in the field of solar energy in India, Accu Panels is
accurate at every step.
Aditya Kiran
Aditya Kiran is a vertically integrated, end-to-end alternate energy services provider.
With the goal to provide clean, renewable solar energy at affordable pricing, Aditya
Kiran is founded on the principle of a sustainable future.
The products consist of top quality raw materials crafted with excellent workmanship
to deliver top-notch performance in extreme conditions.
With a vision to emerge as a global leader, Aditya Kiran believes in quality and
timely delivery requirements with an emphasis on continuous improvement.
Waaree Energies Ltd

Waaree Energies Ltd. is the flagship company of Waaree Group, founded in 1989
with headquarters in Mumbai, India.
It has India‟s largest Solar PV Module manufacturing capacity of 1.5 GW‟s at its
plants in Surat and Umbergaon in Gujarat.
Waaree Energies is amongst the top player in India in providing EPC services, project
development, rooftop solutions, and solar water pumps and also as an Independent
Power Producer. Waaree has its presence in over 280+ locations nationally and 68
countries internationally.
Sahaj Solar
Sahaj Solar – MNRE Panel Manufacturer in India, with main focus on PV

(Photovoltaic) Module technology.
Amongst the top MNRE approved Manufacturer & Solar Solution provider Sahaj
Solar – develops and provides high-efficiency solar power plants with own workforce
and machinery. From developing to plant management Sahaj Solar affords all
necessary skills for a successful operation – 100% in-house.
Navitas Solar
Navitas Solar is the manufacturer of the state-of-the-art mono/multi-crystalline solar

photovoltaic (PV) modules which supply sustainable solar electric power to both on-
grid and off-grid residential, commercial as well as industrial establishments.
Apart from providing the panels Navitas also provides a complete lifecycle of solar
power solutions and their expertise now includes developing, installing and
constructing solar power plants.
With a 200 MW installed production capacity, Navitas aims to come up as one of the
largest manufacturers in India as well as spread our reach in the global market.
Goldi
Goldi is one of the fastest growing solar PV Panel manufacturers, recognized as star
exporter by the GOI.
Quality is their only business plan. With solar panels that combine maximum
efficiency and top performance quality powers success at Goldi.

SunGold Green Gen
Committed to give trustworthy quality products & services, SunGold has a business
culture of transparency & reliability.
SunGold‟s enthusiastic & skilled team is innovative at every stage with a promise not
to harm our mother nature.
With specialization in solar power & thermal sector manufacturing along with water
heaters, engineered power plants, and a promise to provide top quality services in
agriculture.
Pahal Solar
PAHAL SOLAR is Solar PV Module Manufacturer using Mon crystalline and

Polycrystalline solar cells.
A producer of the range of Solar PV Panels starting from 3Watt up to 340Watt panels
with a fully automatic production line and an annual production capacity of
50MW.PAHAL SOLAR is an internationally renowned leading solar energy cost-
effective befitting solutions provider having the core competency in high-efficiency
PV module manufacturing and providing wide range EPC solutions.
3.4 Demographic environment:
This first in-depth review of India‟s energy policies examines the country‟s
achievements in developing its energy sector as well as the challenges it faces in
ensuring a sustainable energy future. With an impressive track record of expanding
access to electricity and clean cooking for its citizens and swiftly deploying renewable
energy technologies, India offers an inspiring example for many countries around the
world.
This report provides insights into the rise of India in global energy markets. It
analyses the full breadth of the country‟s energy sector and presents recommendations
for strengthening energy policies in various areas. These include advancing energy
market reforms, notably in power and gas markets; integrating higher shares of
variable renewables; addressing air and water quality; and reducing vulnerability to
the impacts of climate change.
India will be vital for the future of the global energy markets:
With a population of 1.4 billion and one of the world‟s fastest-growing major
economies, India will be vital for the future of the global energy markets. The
Government of India has made impressive progress in recent years in increasing

citizens‟ access to electricity and clean cooking. It has also successfully implemented
a range of energy market reforms and carried out a huge amount of renewable
electricity deployment, notably in solar energy.
Looking ahead, the government has laid out an ambitious vision to bring secure,
affordable and sustainable energy to all its citizens. This in-depth review aims to
assist the government in meeting its energy policy objectives by setting out a range of
recommendations in each area, with a focus on energy system transformation, energy
security and energy affordability. The review also highlights a number of important
lessons from the rapid development of India‟s energy sector that could help inform
the plans of other countries around the world.
India is making great strides towards affordable, secure and cleaner energy:
Ensuring Indian citizens have access to electricity and clean cooking has been at the
top of the country‟s political agenda. Around 700 million people in India gained
access to electricity between 2000 and 2018, reflecting strong and effective policy
implementation. The IEA highly commends the Government of India for this
outstanding result and supports its efforts to shift the focus towards reaching isolated
areas and ensuring round-the-clock reliability of electricity supply.
The government of India has also made significant progress in reducing the use of
traditional biomass in cooking, the chief cause of indoor air pollution that particularly
affects women and children. The government has encouraged clean cooking with
liquefied petroleum gas. India continues to promote cleaner cooking and off-grid
electrification solutions, including a shift toward using solar photovoltaic (PV) for
cooking and charging batteries.
Major energy reforms lead to greater efficiency:

The IEA commends India for its continuous pursuit of market opening and greater use
of market-based solutions through ambitious energy sector reforms. Increased access
to affordable energy has raised the living standards of all segments of the population.
India now has the institutional framework it needs to attract more investment for its
growing energy needs. The IEA welcomes the government‟s decisions to allow
private-sector investment in coal mining, and to open up the country‟s oil and gas
retail markets. The creation of functioning energy markets will ensure economic
efficiency in the management of the coal, gas and power sectors, which is critical to
achieving energy security and supporting the country‟s economic growth. This will be
increasingly important in the future, as energy demand and investment needs increase
in line with India‟s economic expansion.
Reform of India‟s electricity sector will need to be comprehensive to achieve these

goals. The IEA welcomes the reforms proposed by the Central Energy Regulatory
Commission (CERC) and progress made towards improved real-time markets. A
country-wide wholesale market is very much needed as a backbone for the national
grid. Key to this success will be building a joint vision and a common reform
roadmap among a broad range of central government agencies, state authorities,
system operators and utilities.

India also faces the challenge of ensuring the financial health of its power sector
which is dealing with surplus capacity, lower utilisation of coal and natural gas plants,
and increasing shares of variable renewable energy. The government is working to
improve the financial viability of the power sector. Faced with the challenge of some
“stressed assets” in coal and gas-fired generation, it has been implementing a package
of measures to enhance the economic efficiency of coal and gas supply for power
generation and the availability of finance. The creation of a competitive wholesale
power market will be vital for improving the utilisation of India‟s generation capacity.
India is making energy security a priority:

India‟s electricity security has improved markedly through the creation of a single
national power system and major investments in thermal and renewable capacity.
India‟s power system is currently experiencing a major shift to higher shares of
variable renewable energy, which is making system integration and flexibility priority
issues. The Government of India has supported greater interconnections across the
country and now requires the existing coal fleet to operate more flexibly. It is also
promoting affordable battery storage.
International experience suggests that a diverse mix of flexibility investments is

needed for the successful system integration of wind and solar PV. This flexibility is
available not only from the coal fleet – it can also come from natural gas capacity,
variable renewables themselves, energy storage, demand-side response and power
grids. Many of these solutions are not yet fully utilised in India. To fully activate a
diverse set of flexibility options, it is critical for the government to put in place
electricity market reforms that enable the appropriate price signals and create a robust
regulatory framework.
India‟s coal supply has increased rapidly since the early 2000s, and coal continues to
be the largest domestic source of energy supply and electricity generation. Amid more
stringent air pollution regulations, new coal power plants that are more efficient,
flexible and relatively lower in emissions will be better positioned for their economic
viability. By contrast, old and inefficient plants, which require expensive retrofits to
comply with environmental standards, are in a difficult position. The government is
identifying those plants that can and will need to run more flexibly in the system. It is
also examining changes to market design to improve the remuneration of the system
services they can provide. An efficient coal sector is critically important not only for
electricity generation, but also for industrial development in areas such as steel,
cement and fertilisers.
India is the world‟s third‑largest consumer of oil, the fourth‑largest oil refiner and a
net exporter of refined products. The rate of growth of India‟s oil consumption is
expected to surpass that of the People‟s Republic of China in the mid-2020s, making
India a very attractive market for refinery investment. To maintain India‟s position as
refining hub, the government is pursuing a very ambitious long-term roadmap to
expand its refining capacity in line with the country‟s projected demand growth
through 2040. As proven oil reserves are limited compared with domestic needs,
India‟s import dependency (above 80% in 2018) is going to increase significantly in
the coming decades.

To improve oil security, the government has prioritised reducing oil imports,
increasing domestic upstream activities, diversifying its sources of supply and
increasing Indian investments in overseas oil fields in the Middle East and Africa.
Commendably, India is promoting domestic production with a major upstream
reform, the Hydrocarbon Exploration and Licencing Policy (HELP), and is
progressively building up dedicated emergency oil stocks. India‟s strategic petroleum
reserve supplements the commercial storage available at refineries. India‟s current
strategic reserve capacity of 40 million barrels can cover just over 10 days of current
net imports. However, given the expected growth in oil consumption, the same
volume may cover only four days of net imports in 2040. Therefore, it is important
that the government pursue the second phase of its strategic stockholding policy,
which would add an additional 50 million barrels, and also prepares subsequent
phases. The IEA welcomes the government‟s efforts to intensify discussions with
potential investors and supports India‟s collaboration with countries that have varied
and comprehensive experience in stockholding and response capabilities.
The government aims to increase the share of natural gas in the country‟s energy mix
to 15% by 2030, from 6% today. The IEA welcomes this ambition, which would
allow India to improve the environmental sustainability and flexibility of its energy
system. Increasing domestic gas production has been a key government priority, as
output has unexpectedly come in below forecast levels over the past few years. India
has five operating terminals for liquefied natural gas. Projects under construction
could result in up to 11 additional terminals over the next seven years.
The role of gas has grown in India‟s residential and transport sectors but fallen in
power generation, where imported natural gas remains squeezed by cheap renewables
and coal. The government is committed to further liberalising the country‟s natural
gas market. Strengthening regulatory supervision of upstream, midstream and
downstream activities should be part of the market reforms, as it is likely to bring
greater efficiency and drive up demand for gas and investment in gas transport
infrastructure. A liquid and well-functioning domestic gas market would be a strong
pillar for India‟s security of gas supply.
Energy technology and innovation enables “Make in India”:

Energy research, development and deployment (RD&D) can be a strong enabler of
India‟s energy policy goals while also contributing to broader national priorities such
as the “Make in India” manufacturing initiative. Through the initiative, the
government is working to attract global companies to produce solar PV, lithium
batteries, solar charging infrastructure and other advanced technologies in India. The
government is strengthening its innovation efforts in a broad range of energy
technology areas, including cooling, electric mobility, smart grids and advanced
biofuels.
India‟s innovation-specific policy support have been important in driving energy

technology development. As part of its climate policy agenda, the government has
pursued a mission-based approach in many policy areas, including solar, water and
energy. India has also been a leader in Mission Innovation and other multilateral
collaborations, including the IEA Technology Collaboration Programmes. Recent
years have shown a marked increase in clean energy RD&D funding, especially as
India works to double its spending over five years under Mission Innovation.

However, funding efforts are spread both thinly and widely across the government
and its public sector companies.
India could benefit from integrating RD&D priorities with broader energy policy
goals. Adopting an overarching energy RD&D strategy would provide a framework
for co‑ordinating the widespread activities of ministries that are engaged in directing,
performing and funding energy RD&D. It would also support the engagement of
private and public industry actors. Such an endeavour would benefit from the
consistent collection and monitoring of energy RD&D data.
3.5 Legal Issues In Solar:
Whether generating, purchasing or selling solar energy, the solar business can be quite
complex. Many times, legal issues counsel can be helpful in understanding broad
issues and can help guide clients through issues to maximize opportunities and avoid
potential pitfalls. Attorneys with the environmental and energy law firm of Manko,
Gold, Katcher & Fox, LLP, shared fundamental topics that need to be addressed in the
course of a solar project in an article in the journal “The Legal Intelligence” (Volume
243, No. 113, which can be found at www.mgkflaw.com). An abbreviated version
follows here:
Transaction Structure: The majority of consumer-scale solar arrangements are

structured in three typical ways, each of which has its own benefits, costs and
complexities: (1) power purchase agreements (PPA), under which an energy
consumer purchases the solar power generated by a solar system physically located at
such consumer‟s property, but which solar system is owned, operated and maintained
by a third-party; (2) solar system ownership, where an energy consumer purchases,
owns and maintains a solar system and uses the generated solar electricity for its
power needs; and (3) solar energy system leasing, a financing alternative to
ownership.
Incentives: The most used financial incentive is the federal investment tax credit
(ITC), which provides qualifying entities with a tax credit equal to a certain
percentage of the eligible costs of a project. In addition, many states offer grants,
rebates and attractive loan programs for qualifying projects. Often, a combination of
financial incentives may be used to increase economic returns on a solar project.
Financing: Purchase money for projects is typically a mix of existing and new equity
and debt. There is no one-size-fits-all financing solution, and most projects are
completed using a combination of both equity and debt.
Siting, Zoning and Permitting: It is important to ensure that the project can be
constructed in compliance with all applicable environmental, land use and zoning
requirements, and that all necessary permits to construct and operate the system can
be timely obtained. The availability of liability protections from environmental
regulatory agencies may also need to be assessed. In addition, leases, easements and

other access rights may need securing when a solar project is hosted on a third-party‟s
property.
Engineering, Procurement and Construction: Since large solar energy systems can
easily cost in the tens of millions of dollars, EPC contracts should be drafted and
negotiated to clearly set forth both parties‟ respective obligations and responsibilities.
Energy Regulation: The point at which a private individual or entity generating solar
electricity becomes a regulated utility may depend on whether such an individual or
entity consumes the power it generates or sells power to third-parties under a PPA, or
to the public generally through the grid. These questions can be jurisdiction-specific
so it‟s important for a power provider to evaluate and resolve these and other similar
regulatory questions up front. Likewise, physically interconnecting a project with an
energy customer‟s electrical infrastructure or the grid can be highly regulated and the
parties involved must understand the regulatory framework, the Regional
Transmission Organization (RTO) interconnection rules, and the requirements of the
local public utility.
Renewable Energy Credits: If intending to use a Renewable Energy Credit (REC)

for purposes of meeting above-code programs such as for LEED-certified green
building projects, it will be important to ensure compliance with those program
requirements. As with all commodities, monetizing REC values can require both
business and legal issues expertise.
Allocation Of Risk: A project‟s failure to perform as predicted can have economic

impacts, and anticipated cost savings can quickly vanish. In addition, if the regulatory
programs or incentives fuelling the REC market are modified or revoked, the assumed
financial benefits may not be realized. While these and other iterations of operational
and regulatory risk cannot be eliminated entirely, informed participants in the solar
energy industry should identify and evaluate risks, contractually allocate them
accordingly and ensure that deal pricing accurately reflects such allocation.
Operations & Maintenance: System owners may seek to engage a third-party

contractor to perform operations and maintenance services. The on-going costs of
such services should be factored into the owner‟s financial models. Further,
maintenance responsibilities should be accounted for in addressing the allocation of
operational risks.
3.6 UNDERSTANDING OF THE KEY FACTORS AFFECTING ECONOMICS OF

SOLAR PV PROJECT
Globally, solar energy is getting its much deserved attention. As the cost of electricity
generation from solar power system is falling and reaching towards grid parity, solar
market is becoming very attractive investment option and India has been seen as one
of the largest markets with huge potential for the solar industry. The Indian
government has set a new interim target for solar of 9GW of grid connected solar

energy by 2017 – the year that the solar industry is tipping that utility-scale solar farm
will reach parity with the cost of coal-fired generation. So, all the investors should
understand the basic but important parameter of the solar PV plant business and their
affect on the overall profitability of the project. The cost for electricity generation
from solar PV depends on
 The technical assumptions

 Economic / financing assumptions
3.7 Environmental impacts of solar power
Though solar power offers a clean, environment friendly and infinite source of energy
in comparison to conventional energy sources, yet it can not necessarily be a green
source of energy, as there are potential environmental and socio-economic impacts
associated with solar power which cannot be ignored. The magnitude and impacts of a
solar power plant may vary during the various stages such as construction, operation
and decommissioning. In India, solar photovoltaic and wind energy projects are not
covered under the ambit of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) notification
2006 and no environment clearance is needed for such projects under the provisions
thereof. The Ministry of Environment, forests and Climate change (MoEF & CC)
Government of India has placed wind and solar PV projects under „white category‟
industries, which are exempted from obtaining „consent to operate‟ from the
concerned state pollution control board ((Kumar & Thapar, 2017). However, it exerts
significant pressure on the land, water and surrounding communities. In this regards it
becomes important to identify and assess the potential impacts associated with solar
power as India is poised to become a global leader in solar power by 2022.
Land use
Solar plants are land intensive as they require large chunk of land to accommodate the solar
panels. Large scale utilization of the land may also affect the thermal balance of the area as
the site would absorb more energy as compared to other areas.
On an average, roughly two hectares of land per MW is required for installing solar
panels. As per the 18 solar PV projects analyzed by CSE, it is estimated that the average land
size per MW comes out to be 7.58 acres or 3.06 Ha (Bhushan & Hemberg, 2012). As per the
Ministry of New and Renewable energy (MNRE), Government of India’s report, the land
requirements for crystalline and thin film-based PV farms are 6 and 7 acres per MW
respectively (MNRE, 2013).
India has target of installing one lakh MW of solar power by 2030 for which over
five lakh acres of land would be required (DTE, 2016).As per one of the studies published in
Current Science, it is estimated that approximately 3.1% of the total uncultivable land area
in the country would be required to meet the future energy demands by means of solar
power (Dhanpal, 2015).This becomes a growing concern especially in developing country like
India since the land is scarce and heavily contested (Bhushan and Hemberg, 2012).

The construction of 235 MW solar energy project on a sacred land (Askandra,
District Jaisalmer, Rajasthan), which was reserved for the local goddess Joyamati resulted in
tensions among local communities and the project developers in 2012.The area over which
farmers were protesting for allotment of the land since the past 40 years was unfortunately
allotted to a private company within just few months. As per the village elders, “It’s not like
we couldn’t have used the land if we wanted, parts of it could have been farmed but it is
sacred land and no one else can use it.” Villagers also complained that Khejri (Prosopis
cineraria), which is the state tree of Rajasthan, of which the villagers don’t even pluck a
single branch, was unfortunately getting uprooted for the construction of solar site (Bhushan
& Hemberg, 2012).
Water use
Water footprint of both solar PV and solar thermal plants is very high. In order to ensure
high performance, solar projects require large quantities of water for cleaning of solar
panels and cooling purposes. It is estimated that approximately 110 millilitres of water per
kilowatt hour is required for cleaning solar panels (Energy matter, 2009). The Acme
Telepower solar thermal plant in Bikaner uses 20,000 litre of water for producing 7 MWh
electricity per day. This would mean a usage of 2,857 litre of water per MWh (Bhushan &
Hemberg, 2012).
The main problem here is that the solar projects generally get established in dry and
hot areas where already there is water scarcity. Such project sites invariably fall under low
rainfall regions where the average cloud cover is minimal. This becomes especially important
in a developing country like India where water is one of the most valuable and scarce
resource. The problem gets bigger in size as the water usage goes up during the dry season.
For ensuring water requirements, solar farms may tap into local water bodies, thus affecting
surface & ground water and also the water availability to the local community. This may
result in conflicting situation with the nearby communities residing in vicinity of the project
site.
Biodiversity
The solar farm can affect the local biodiversity in many ways. The vegetation is cleared off
during the construction phase or the natural habitat is disturbed because of the physical
barriers created by solar farm. Since the solar farms occupy large tracks of land, it may cause
8118 Gawande & Chaudhry linear fragmentation of the habitat and disturb the free
movement of wildlife in the area. It has also been observed in some cases that installation of
solar farms altered the local climate by altering the temperature and changing the rainfall
distribution pattern (Armstrong, 2014). In Rajasthan like desert state of India, large areas
and fencing of solar parks, may hamper movements of Great Indian bustard (locally called
Godawan), antelopes like black buck and chinkara.
Disposal of waste
One of the biggest problems from solar power generation is the tremendous amount of
hazardous and toxic e-waste generated out of the solar panels at the end of their life. The

life of panels is quite short around 20-25 years. So, one of the growing concerns is about
what would happen to solar panels once they complete its lifespan and are not able to
generate power.
Assuming that an average panel is sized 250 watts, thus generating 100 GW of solar
power would amount to 77.6 lakh tonnes of e-waste at the end of a lifetime of a solar plant.
Now the biggest challenge is posed by how India will treat this enormous amount of e-waste
as India as such has no plans for disposal of such huge amount of e-waste that the solar
sector will generate (Kumarankandath, 2016). Japan is already expected to pile up 10,000
tons of solar-panel waste by 2020 and scrambling on ways to reuse the panels. Not only
these solar panels are a source of e-waste but also pose a great concern as they are
hazardous in nature (Kelly, 2017).
As per Michael Shellenberger, founder of Environmental Progress, “We talk a lot

about the dangers of nuclear waste, but that waste is carefully monitored, regulated, and
disposed of. But we had no idea there would be so many panels — an enormous amount —
that could cause this much ecological damage” (Kelly, 2017).
It is interesting to note that India is 5th largest producer of Ewaste and generates 2
million tonnes of e-waste every year. India’s ewaste production is growing rapidly and it is
likely to touch 3 million tonnes in 2018 (Vyawahare, 2017).Despite the fact, none of the
policies deal with the methodology for proper disposal of solar cells, as per the E-Waste
Management rules, 2016 notified by the Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Change
(MoEF & CC) (Kumarankandath, 2016). As of now, this issue is out of focus and majorly
neglected since the waste would get accumulated only after 20-25 years.
According to the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), it is the

responsibility of the project developers for the disposal off solar PV cells and modules. It
further states that “the developers will ensure Environmental and Social Impacts of Solar
Energy: 8119 that all solar PV modules collected from their plant after their ‘end of life’
(when they become defective/non-operational/non-repairable) are disposed off in
accordance with the ‘e-waste (Management and Handling) Rules’ notified by the
government and as revised and amended from time to time” (Kumarankandath, 2016). But
surprisingly there is no mention in the rules with regards to disposal of solar cells which the
ministry is referring to.
3.8 Socio-economic impacts of solar power farms :
Community concerns
The main problem that the surrounding communities face from the establishment of
solar power plants is the change in land use and water usage. Large scale solar plants
require significant amount of land which may result in conflict with the surrounding
communities. Not involving these communities in development and operation of solar
farms is another concern of the communities. Many solar power developers face
concerns regarding land acquisition from the communities. The CEO of Moser Baer,
K N Subramaniam, says that three-four out of the ten projects are facing protests from

the villagers as the communities claim that the land on which the project is sited
belongs to them. Inderpreet Wadhwa, head of Azure Solar, says that the land
acquisition issues are enormous. He states that “We can build a plant in four-six
months but resolving the land issues still takes two-three years” (Bhushan &
Hemberg, 2012).
In Rajasthan, Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) Delhi researchers

have found that much of the revenue land owned by state government is used by the
local communities for common grazing land or for NTFP collection. They reported 12
such cases where solar power plants were setup on traditional community land
(Bhushan & Hemberg, 2012).
Most villages, towns and hamlets located in the vicinity of the solar power
plants do not have electricity or electricity supply only for limited two-three hours per
day. This is because the project developers have no incentive for distributing the
power locally, so they do not share the extra benefits with the communities living
nearby plant area. In one of the instances visited by CSE researchers, it was observed
that the 5-MW solar power plant in Bap, District Jodhpur Rajasthan had no impact,
neither positive nor negative, on the nearby Muslim community named Mujo Ki
Dhani Chak. It was found that the community had no contact with the solar plant and
they were indifferent towards the solar plant operations. Although living within
vicinity of one of the advanced energy sources in the world, but the communities were
still using firewood for cooking and kerosene for lighting. The 8120 Gawande &
Chaudhry villagers were not being employed at the plant site as the contractors were
hiring from the nearby cities like Jodhpur. They were not even being employed for
unskilled jobs such as security guards. Moreover, the village was not connected to
grid so they cannot utilize the electricity from the plant. In addition, the traffic and
prices of land in the area shoot up after the establishment of solar plant (Bhushan &
Hemberg, 2012).
Employment
During a study conducted by CSE, it was observed that some villagers complained
that the locals were not employed in the solar power activities ((Bhushan & Hemberg,
2012).The operation and maintenance of solar farms requires skilled manpower which
is generally unavailable in the surrounding villages. As a result of which the
developer companies rely on contractors who bring in skilled workers from different
cities instead of employing locals. This results in unemployment and a cause of
concern in the surrounding communities.
Moreover, in a study undertaken at Gujarat state, it was found that the farmers
sell their land for the establishment of solar plants and take a lump sum amount, but
very often this puts them in despair as they are not able to find alternate source of
livelihood, thus leading to poverty in the long run (Bhushan & Hemberg, 2012).
Occupational health and safety impacts

There are several pollutants occurring in solar cells and parts which include arsenic,
chrome, lead and cadmium in batteries (Kumarankandath, 2016).Solar power plants
are potential sources of two toxic chemicals viz. Cadmium Tellurium (CdTe) and
Lead (Pb). It is estimated that all of the thin films made by the American company
First Solar, which uses CdTe technology is being sourced to India. One of the
growing concerns is because CdTe is a toxic material and a lung carcinogen, long
term exposures to which can cause serious effects on kidney and bone. Usage of lead
in batteries is another source of pollution (MNRE, 2013).
3.9 Influence of Technology on the Evolution of Solar Industry (technological impact on

solar industry):
Solar developers are using best in class technology for water conservation during
operations and maintenance, with the use of highly specialized cleaning methods
A lot has changed since the 1960s when solar technologies first made their debut, and
solar photovoltaic (PV) were seen as a thing of the future. Today India is
spearheading the technology evolution. Since 2011, technology advancement leading
to attractive pricing, reliability and scalability has made solar energy the preferred
choice for clean energy adoption, spurring the exponential growth of the sector.
Photovoltaic modules are at the centre of all technology advancements in solar power.
Today, polycrystalline solar panels have an efficiency range of 16 to 18%, increasing
up to 24% with the help of monocrystalline, along with the PERC technique. With
increase in efficiency, power ratings of modules have improved to 350 Wp and
higher, allowing the module to harvest more energy from the same size module. PV
modules are also seeing a technology shift in other components such as back sheets,
EVA and frames. With options like PET (Polyethylene terephalate) and PVDF
(polyvinylidene fluoride) technologies in back sheet production, Tedlar type back
sheets are becoming obsolete.
Inverter technologies are also continuously maturing, with increased power ratings
from 500 kW to 5 MW helping to accelerate the construction timeline. Inverters are
subject to intensive ongoing innovation to meet the evolving roles in a PV power
plant. As a key element of a photovoltaic system, irrespective of the power range, the
efficiency and reliability of solar power generation from a project are essentially
determined by the properties of the PV inverters. Today, invertors come with inbuilt
monitoring, with all possible communication protocols. PV inverters can now supply
reactive power during the night, to supply highly inductive loads in the plant, like
transformers. New generation inverters are more reliable and play a central role in the
cost optimization and machine intelligence of a solar plant.
Transformer designs have evolved to meet inverter requirements in terms of dv/dt

withstand, impedances, and galvanic isolation. Nowadays two Core Coil Assembly
(CCA) transformers are popular, and being used extensively to reduce the Balance of
System (BOS) cost without compromising impendence and galvanic isolation. The

introduction of 1500V DC system has really helped developers to construct and
operate plants efficiently. Inverters are now capable of handling up to 60% DC
overloading to flatten the generation curve.
Self-adjusting tracker control systems can boost PV power plant energy output by 15-
20% per cent. These intelligent systems not only continuously analyse and optimize
the tracking algorithms of each individual row, but also monitor and predict weather
conditions. These systems combine weather forecasting, advanced sensors and
machine learning technologies to maximize the energy yield. It has been proven that
the increase in power production is correlated to better performance of the plant and
lower operating costs.
Remote monitoring has been found to be essential in analysing the health of the solar
PV system. As most solar plants are installed in locations such as industrial zones and
hinterlands, it becomes imperative for the provider to have access to information
concerning its functioning on a daily basis. Operations and maintenance (O&M)
providers will have limited knowledge about local weather conditions and the effect
of the terrain on the performance of the plant. This is where remote monitoring comes
into play. Since clients are also provided with access to remote monitoring systems, it
has helped to bridge the information gap with access to seamless updates about the
plant. It helps to optimize plant performance and maximize client‟s sustainability
mission. At a time when data privacy and protection are of utmost importance, usage
of the best privacy tools in the market is necessary to protect sensitive data, including
preventing security breaches.
Advanced data analytics tools are also playing a crucial role in operation and
maintenance. We are monitoring plants and identifying possible failures much earlier,
with the help of specialized SCADA systems. Almost all equipment‟s communicate to
SCADA, and condition monitoring reduces down time.
Drones have also emerged as a viable solution for monitoring solar farms, especially
in remote locations covering a wide area. Drones today are used extensively to survey
land while developing large scale solar farms. Using such technology, drones with
thermal sensing can identify PV modules or parts of the solar plant which are not
performing or experiencing breakdown, thereby enabling speedy repairs for optimum
performance in large scale solar farms.
Today, solar developers are using best in class technology for water conservation
during operations and maintenance, with the use of highly specialized cleaning
methods. These include increased pressure cleaning tools, which reduce the amount of
water used, and also dry cleaning methods. Robotic cleaning systems are also being
used extensively in module cleaning, as they reduce water consumption by increasing
precision.
Going forward, corporates looking to adopt solar power have a lot to be excited about,
as technology evolves further. Given the advent and rapid development of artificial

intelligence (AI), machines will become more efficient and intelligent and will help in
accelerating the growth of the solar industry. AI will be increasingly used in
frequency regulation, weather forecasting, optimizing project performance and
predictive maintenance.
Distributed generation, wherein private users generate and use their own electricity
from renewable sources, is receiving greater attention as a cost effective form of solar
power generation. The current grid infrastructure will not accommodate this
diversification in energy sources without changes. So Government of India will
quickly need to move towards a „smart grid‟, which entails a fully automated power
delivery network that monitors and controls every consumer and node, ensuring a
two-way flow of electricity and information. AI will be the brain of this future smart
grid. As a result, large regional grids will be replaced by specialized microgrids that
manage local energy needs with finer resolution.
To improve the capacity utilization factor (CUF), solar developers are now moving
towards energy storage and wind-solar hybrid plants, to supply energy during non-
solar hours as well. Various battery technologies are being developed to make solar +
storage a viable and scalable solution. With increased focus on Electric Vehicle (EV)
Infrastructure, solar carports are getting more attention, as one obvious way to ensure
that EVs are powered by renewable energy.
3.10 Competitive Landscape
The India solar energy market is fragmented. Some of the major companies include
Adani Group, EMMVEE SOLAR, Azure Power Global Limited, JinkoSolar Holdings
Co. Ltd, and First Solar Inc.
Major Players
1. Adani Group
2. EMMVEE SOLAR
3. Azure Power Global Limited
4. JinkoSolar Holdings Co. Ltd
5. First Solar, Inc.
3.11 Cost & Price:
Different types of solar panels and their prices in India
Solar panels can be categorized on the basis of various parameters like the number of
junctions they have or the generation they belong to. On the basis of the number of
junctions, there are single-junction and multi-junction solar panels that differ in terms

of the number of layers in the solar panel. Then there is another way of classifying
solar panels i.e. with regards to the generation they belong to, which focus on the
material and efficiency of different types of solar panels.
1st generation solar panels
These are basic solar panels that are made up of monocrystalline silicon or
polycrystalline silicon and are used in conventional surroundings.
a.) Monocrystalline solar panels (Mono-SI)
These are made up of mono-crystalline silicon. They have a dark look throughout the
panel and rounded edges. These panels have the highest efficiency rate due to the high
purity of the silicon used. They are most expensive because of their quality of
occupying less space, high power output and long durability.
 In India, monocrystalline solar panels are available in a panel efficiency range

of 17%, 18% and 19%.
 The price of monocrystalline solar panels with 17% efficiency and a watt range
of 250-above 300 W is Rs 47 per Wp.
 In the case of 18% efficient solar panels, the prices are Rs 48 per Wp for 250-
300 W and Rs 50 per Wp for panels above 300W.
 Monocrystalline solar panels with 19% efficiency are the most economical.
Their price ranges from Rs 42 per Wp for a watt range of 200-300 W to Rs 46
per Wp for panels within 0-50 W.
b.) Polycrystalline solar panels (Poly-SI)
Their production technology is based on melting raw silicon. Their outer structure has
square cells, angles that are uncut and they are blue in colour. They are cheaper than
Mono-SI because they occupy more space to generate the same amount of energy as
compared to Mono-SI, have lower efficiency and shorter life span and cannot tolerate
extremely hot temperatures.
 They are available in an efficiency range of up to 17%. The price of

polycrystalline solar panels with less than 13% efficiency ranges from Rs 48
per Wp for 200-250 W to Rs 55 per Wp for 0-50 W. Here‟s a list of the price
of polycrystalline solar panels:
 for 13% efficiency, Rs 52 per Wp for 150-200 W to Rs 64 per Wp for 0-50 W
 For 14% efficiency, the cost ranges from Rs 52 per Wp for 200-250 W to Rs
88 per Wp for 0-50W.
 In case of panels with 15% efficiency, the cost ranges from Rs 37 per Wp for
250-300 W to Rs 63 per Wp for 50-100 W
 for 16% efficiency, the cost ranges from Rs 37 per Wp for above 300 W to Rs
68 per Wp for 50-100 W

 while for panels with 17% efficiency, the cost ranges from Rs 36 per Wp for
above 300 W to Rs 73 per Wp for 0-50 W
2nd generation solar panels
These panels comprise different types of thin film solar cells that are primarily
used to build solar power systems with low power output.
a.) Thin film solar panels (TFSC)
These are a less expensive option. They are made by placing one or more films of
photovoltaic material onto a substrate. These are cheaper as less material is used
in its manufacturing. They are not suitable for residential purpose because they
rrequire large spaces to generate sufficient energy. They have shorter warranties in
comparison to their 1st generation counterparts. They are best suited for the areas
that have ample open space for installation.
b.) Amorphous silicon solar panels (A-Si)
These types of solar panels use a triple layer technology which is considered to be
the best in the thin film variety. They are available at very low costs but provide
efficiency of only 7%.
3rd generation solar panels
Solar panels belonging to this generation use organic as well as inorganic

materials. These include a variety of thin film panels and some of them, such as
„bio hybrid solar cells‟, are still in the development phase.
a.) Cadmium Telluride solar panels (CdTe)
These solar panels are manufactured using Cadmium Telluride. They are efficient
as their manufacturing cost is very low and require very less amount of water to
be produced. The primary advantage of these panels is that they can reduce carbon
footprints significantly while their only disadvantage is that they can lead to
fatalities if ingested or inhaled.
b.) Concentrated PV panels (CVP or HCVP)
These panels are the most efficient type of solar panels with an efficiency of 41%.
They use curved mirror surfaces and lenses and cooling systems are also
integrated to make them more efficient. These are multi-junction solar panels
which can be best efficient when they receive sun rays at a perfect angle.
Cost of solar panels and government subsidies available for their installation
Just the panels could cost anywhere between Rs 30 per W and Rs 50 per W. A
typical PV system includes an inverter, cables, batteries (in case of off-grid

systems), etc. Generally, PV modules with higher capacity are cheaper per WP
than modules with lower capacity.
The cost of grid-connected PV systems range from Rs 50,000 to 75,000 per kWp
and the cost vary according to the inverter and type of panel chosen.
The cost of off-grid solar PV systems is approximately Rs 1, 00,000 as these PV

systems require batteries which are costly.
The cost of a rooftop solar is approximately Rs 1, 00,000 per kWp inclusive of

installation charges. In case you are using a battery for backup, then another Rs
25,000 will be added to this cost. However, there are some incentives which can
reduce this cost. The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) promotes
the installation of PV systems and for this, it offers a subsidy to users. A subsidy
of up to 30% is offered for installation of rooftop solar panels in residential,
institutional and social buildings. Furthermore, 80% accelerated depreciation is
offered for rooftop solar systems under the Income Tax Act. So, the net cost of a
typical rooftop solar system after subsidy and accelerated depreciation could come
down to approximately 50,400 per kWp.
Description Cost
Cost of 1 kW rooftop solar system 1,00,000
Subsidy @ 30% 30,000
Cost after subsidy 70,000
Accelerated Depreciation @ 80% 56,000
Tax rate @ 35% saved after AD 19,600
Net cost after subsidy and AD saving 50,400

4.0 demand trend
4.1 Key Market Trends
Increasing Demand for the Solar PV
India is endowed with a very vast solar energy potential. Average solar radiation
incident over the land is in the range of 4-7 kWh per day. Solar power played an
almost non-existent role in the Indian energy mix until 2007.
Moreover, solar energy is becoming inexpensive in comparison to other conventional

energy sources due to innovations in the solar sector that has reduced the global
average selling prices of solar PV. With the anticipated improvements in technology
and increased supply of panels from China/Europe, the capital costs are expected to
stabilize at lower levels. As a result, investors/developers are expected to focus on
commercial viability of solar projects.
With government promoting the solar installation in rural area by providing

subsidized solar panels and other incentive, the solar PV installation is ought to
increase during the forecast period and is expected to drive the market.
So far, only five CSP projects, namely, ACME solar tower (2.5 MW), Dhursar (125
MW), Godawari solar project (50 MW), Megha solar plant (50 MW), and national
solar thermal power facility (1 MW) have started operations in India. Owing to
factors, such as, huge capital expenditure, difficulty in securing land and water, and
insufficient DNI data, other projects have been delayed.

4.2 Electricity generation
Solar electricity generation was 3.93 TWh out of total utility generation of 98.76
TWh, or 3.98% in December 2019.
Annual solar power generation
Year Solar power generation (TWh)
2013–14 3.35
2014–15 4.60
2015–16 7.45
2016–17 12.09
2017–18 25.87
2018–19 39.27
Monthly solar power generation in India, April 2018 – March 2019
Regional solar power generation (GWh)

Month Total (GWh)
North West South East North East
April 2018 690.00 684.35 1,755.44 47.83 1.26 3,178.88
May 2018 698.67 735.52 1,840.76 46.48 1.30 3,322.72
June 2018 677.47 583.55 1,726.32 23.93 1.10 3,012.37
July 2018 605.90 419.20 1,493.25 33.50 1.16 2,553.02

Monthly solar power generation in India, April 2018 – March 2019
Regional solar power generation (GWh)

Month Total (GWh)
North West South East North East
August 2018 621.21 416.62 1,559.23 37.39 1.34 2,635.79
September 2018 652.56 578.17 1,935.96 42.01 1.25 3,209.96
October 2018 671.41 736.52 1,994.95 48.29 1.44 3,452.61
November 2018 677.18 679.94 1,844.43 44.34 1.56 3,247.45
December 2018 688.42 692.34 1,759.76 40.13 1.47 3,182.11
January 2019 668.27 766.50 2,053.77 44.65 1.63 3,534.81
February 2019 728.09 765.11 2,086.62 48.74 1.91 3,630.48
March 2019 873.28 901.25 2,472.59 59.27 1.59 4,307.98
Total (GWh) 8,252.46 7,959.06 22,523.09 516.58 17.01 39,268.20

5.0 Challenges for india’s solar energy growth
Development of off-grid systems that are „Grid ready‟ for rural and remote areas, and making
by-laws for new buildings for grid connected as „Rooftop ready‟ should be the suggested
goals for the future. If these initiative works are executed as envisaged, it is only a matter
before India becomes one of the world leaders in Solar Energy.
5.1 International Market Review
Total global solar PV installed capacity surpassed 300 GW by the end of 2016. 77
GW was added in 2016, a year-on-year growth rate of 34%. China led with 34.5 GW,
followed by the USA (14.5 GW), Japan (10.2 GW) and India (5 GW) in fourth place.
In 2017, about 79 GW capacities are expected to be added globally, registering
marginal growth over 2016. The stagnation is mainly due to policy pullbacks across
major markets including China, Japan, the USA and most parts of Europe.
Meanwhile, India is expected to continue its rapid growth. With 8.8 GW of projected
capacity addition (growth of 76% over 2016), it is set to become the third largest PV
market in 2017, overtaking Japan. India can take the lead in driving the energy
transformation both regionally and globally with one of the largest, and most
ambitious, renewable energy programmes anywhere in the world. India has set a
target of 175 GW of installed renewable energy capacity by 2022, including 100 GW
of solar, 60 GW of wind, 10 GW of biomass and 5 GW of small hydropower.
Other key trends shaping the global solar industry include:
 Asia continues to dominate the solar industry while Europe continues to fall in
rankings.
• Auctions are gaining universal acceptance – number of countries using auctions
to allocate solar capacity has increased from 14 in 2014 to 22 in 2016.
• Solar module prices continue to fall faster than most experts had anticipated.
Prices in India fell to 32 ¢/Wp in Q1 2017 (– 29% over last year). Such a rapid fall

has made solar PV the cheapest new source of power in most countries and
provided demand boost in emerging economies.
• Developed countries are slowly shifting towards utility scale projects whereas in
emerging markets, governments are trying to encourage more rooftop solar
growth. In India, rooftop solar has maintained a 10-12% share of overall solar
capacity. This is much lower than other key markets such as US, Germany, China,
Spain and Australia.
Figure 1: Capacity addition in leading international markets
Figure 2: Share of utility scale vis-à-vis rooftop solar

5.2 Indian Utility Scale Solar Market
Capacity addition
As of March 31, 2017, India had installed 12.2 GW of utility scale solar PV capacity.
Project development landscape
As the Indian solar market grows and project sizes increase, international developers
and private equity funded IPPs are playing a greater role.
Comparison of „Balance of System‟ costs of utility scale solar in India with other
countries
As evident from the Illustration 1, India is competitively placed with regard to cost of
BOS in comparison with several developed countries.
Financial incentives
The Government of India has been offering several financial incentives to promote the
solar sector. But as cost of solar power is coming down, these benefits are being
slowly phased out.
Viability gap funding (VGF): Solar Energy Corporation of India (SECI) has
allocated 4,835 MW of project capacity under the VGF route, whereby a capital
subsidy is provided to project developers bidding for projects at a predetermined
tariff. As of March 31, 2017, another 785 MW of tenders under SECI VGF scheme
are under process.
Accelerated depreciation: All solar projects have been historically eligible to avail
depreciation of 80% of asset value but this rate has been reduced to 40% from April
2017 onwards.
Ten-year corporate tax holiday: A 10-year income tax holiday has been offered to
solar projects so far, but this benefit has been withdrawn from April 2017 onwards.

Figure 3: Commissioned capacity as of March 31, 2017

Figure 4: Capacity addition in leading states
Figure 5: Commissioned capacity

Figure 6: Capacity under development as of March 31, 2017 (12,381 MW)
5.3 Development of solar parks:
The Government of India has sanctioned development of 40,000 MW of solar park

infrastructure by the year 2020 with a financial support of M 81 billion (US $ 1.2
billion). Solar projects with a total capacity of 8,900 MW have already been allocated
in eight solar parks.

Figure 7: Rooftop solar annual capacity addition
Figure 8: Rooftop solar capacity addition projections

Figure 9: India rooftop solar EPC price index
5.4 Indian Rooftop solar market
Installation trends
India‟s total installed rooftop solar capacity is estimated at 1,247 MW as of December

31, 2016.
Projections
11.9 GW of new rooftop solar capacity addition is expected in India between 2017
and 2021.
Policy update
Net metering: 29 states and 7 union territories have notified grid connectivity
regulations with provision for net/gross metering but on-the-ground implementation
remains patchy.
Subsidy for residential, institutional and government consumers: Ministry of

New and Renewable Energy has sanctioned INR 50 billion ($ 750 million) funding
for 30% capital subsidy for rooftop solar for residential and institutional consumer
segments. In addition, up to 30% subsidy is also available for government projects.
Boost in government demand: Government is expected to become a major demand

source for rooftop solar in the coming years. All building facilities under different
central government departments are being urged to adopt rooftop solar and a potential
of 6 GW capacity has been identified so far. SECI has already announced 500 MW of
tenders for such buildings.
Concessional debt financing: The Government of India, with assistance from

multilateral financial institutions such as Asian Development Bank, The World Bank

and New Development Bank has earmarked US $ 1,470 million of concessional credit
lines for the rooftop solar market.
Building bye-laws: The Government of India has recommended mandatory rooftop

solar installations for buildings exceeding specified size and/or power consumption
thresholds under the model Building Bye Laws. Fours states and union territories –
Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Chandigarh and Chhattisgarh – have adopted these
regulations so far.
5.5 Market Growth Expectations
Solar PV has a capacity factor ranging from 16% to 19% and is estimated to produce
around 350 TWh/yr of power, making up around 10% of India‟s power supply. So the
impact of this addition on the grid will be limited
Rooftops in densely populated cities are an important element in the availability of

space for solar PV and thermal systems. By 2030 around 40% of buildings would
have either a solar thermal or solar PV system on their roofs. The estimate is based on
the availability of rooftops in New Delhi: at present they amount to around 31 km2,
which could take an estimated 2.5 GW of solar PV modules (Greenpeace, 2013). As
Delhi makes up around 1% of India‟s total population, the total Indian rooftop
potential may be around 250 GW. If it is assumed that there is around 50 GW of
distributed rooftop solar PV (including solar home systems), around 20% of India‟s
available rooftop area would have a solar PV system in 2030. With around 150
million m2 of solar thermal residential and commercial systems, an estimated 20% of
buildings would have them.

Besides this very significant growth in solar PV, an addition of 10 GW is also
expected from concentrated solar Power (CSP). Although a growth to 10 GW may
seem modest compared to the increase in PV, it still implies building 20-50 large CSP
plants within the next 15 years. Gujarat and Maharashtra in the west of India, Jammu
and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand in the north, and Karnataka, Andhra
Pradesh and Tamil Nadu in the south, as well as Rajasthan, are favourable locations
for CSP with high direct solar radiation.
Solar capacity addition by March 2022
The industry is more optimistic than last year and expects India to add a total of 60
GW solar capacity by 2022 (+5% over last year) but still considerably below the
government target of 100 GW.
Rooftop solar capacity addition by March 2022
We see the same positive trend for rooftop solar capacity addition. Average of all the
responses indicates estimated rooftop capacity of +14 GW by 2022. Rapidly falling
costs and government efforts to boost demand in the public sector have improved
growth prospects in this market.

5.6 Challenges and Opportunities
SWOT analysis for the Indian Solar PV Industry.
Key challenges facing the growth and development of PV in India include:
 Cost and T&D Losses: Solar PV is some years away from true cost competitiveness
and from being able to compete on the same scale as other energy generation
technologies. Adding to the cost are T&D losses that at approximately 40 per cent
make generation through solar energy sources highly unfeasible. However, the
government is supporting R&D activities by establishing research centres and funding
such initiatives. The government has tied up with world-renowned universities to

bring down the installation cost of solar power sources and is focusing on up
gradation of substations and T&D lines to reduce T&D losses.
• Land Scarcity: Per capita land availability is very low in India, and land is a scarce
resource. Dedication of land area near substations for exclusive installation of solar
cells might have to compete with other necessities that require land.
• Funding of initiatives like National Solar Mission is a constraint given India‟s

inadequate financing capabilities. The Finance Ministry has explicitly raised concerns
about funding an ambitious scheme like NSM.
• Manufacturers are mostly focused on export markets that buy Solar PV cells and
modules at higher prices thereby increasing their profits. Many new suppliers have
tie-ups with foreign players in Europe and United States thereby prioritizing export
demand. This could result in reduced supplies for the fast-growing local market.
• The lack of closer industry-government cooperation for the technology to achieve

scale.
• The need for focused, collaborative and goals driven R&D to help India attain
technology leadership in PV.
• The need for a better financing infrastructure, models and arrangements to spur the
PV industry and consumption of PV products.
• Training and development of human resources to drive industry growth and PV

adoption.
• The need for intra-industry cooperation in expanding the PV supply chain, in

technical information sharing through conferences and workshops, in collaborating
with BOS (balance of systems) manufacturers and in gathering and publishing
accurate market data, trends and projections.
• The need to build consumer awareness about the technology, its economics and right
usage.
• Complexity of subsidy structure & involvement of too many agencies like MNRE,

IREDA, SNA, electricity board and electricity regulatory commission makes the
development of solar PV projects difficult.
• Land allotment & PPA signing is a long procedure under the Generation Based
Incentive scheme.
Challenges in the utility scale solar market
The biggest concern for the sector is grid integration of growing renewable capacity
followed by poor financial condition of Distribution Companies (DISCOMs).
Challenges in the rooftop solar market
Net metering implementation as the most important challenge.

Market Research of Solar Energy in Gujarat

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1.

S. K. COLLEGE OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT Page 1

As of January 2019, Gujarat has an installed capacity of 7,645 MW of

1.1.2 Gujarat Solar Park-1

Installed generation capacity is at about 615 MW at present, having been

Projects of 95MW are under construction and 30MW under planning as of

S. K. COLLEGE OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT Page 2

 Research the current market of solar energy in Gujarat

2.2 MODELS/ FRAMEWORK:

2.3 MARKET RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS METHODOLOGY:

A. Data Collection- Identify stakeholders. Making parallel primary as well as

A. Face to face discussion

D. Social networking websites-

S. K. COLLEGE OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT Page 3

C. Inferences- Again going back if required

D. Limitations: Personal Bias while answering, motive, secondary data

2.4 What is Research design ?

“I saw more than glittering panels —I saw the future of

India and the future of our world. I saw India’s bright

Creativity, ingenuity and cutting edge technology.”

UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon, at inauguration of canal-top

Energy plant in Vadodara, Gujarat

S. K. COLLEGE OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT Page 4

Father Robert A., Principal, St Xavier‟s college, Ahmedabad

S. K. COLLEGE OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT Page 5

Bharuch 1 MBH Power

S. K. COLLEGE OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT Page 6

250 kW from Thin-

Shivlakha Kutch 5 Backbone

Bhuj Kutch 1 Essar Power

Panandhro Kutch 5 GMDC

Pratapgarh Kutch 9 13.451 Integrated 0.5 MW Amorphous

S. K. COLLEGE OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT Page 7

Solar World SW-230,

S. K. COLLEGE OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT Page 8

21,740 230 Wp Poly

fixed tilt mounted at

125,100 80W First

S. K. COLLEGE OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT Page 9

Dhank Rajkot 5 8.699 APCA Power

Dhank Rajkot 10 17.678 CBC Solar

Mervadar and Ganges

Cost Rs 130 crore,

Nani Naroli Surat 5 7.53 GIPCL

S. K. COLLEGE OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT Page 10

Dhama Surendranagar 5 8.537 Azure Power

Fatepur Surendranagar 15 24.873 Mi My

Millennium output declines

Surendranagar 1 Som Shiva

Surel Surendranagar 25 35.41 Visual Commissioned 31

S. K. COLLEGE OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT Page 11

Projects 138 million INR/MW

First Solar Thin Film

S. K. COLLEGE OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT Page 12

Responding to a question raised by MP Parimal Nathwani in Rajya Sabha, Union Minister of

subsidised installations and 78.45 MW are non-subsidised installations. The minister‟s

3.1 Market Overview

S. K. COLLEGE OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT Page 13

 The solar PV segment dominated the market share in 2018.

3.2 Target size of research:

3.3 market leaders:

A. Top 10 Solar energy leader Companies in India:

S. K. COLLEGE OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT Page 14