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 2011 IEEE Jordan Conference on Applied Electrical Engineering and Computing Technologies (AEECT)
A Solar-Wind Hybrid Power System for Irrigation in
Toshka Area
Mazen Abdel-Salam
Electrical Engineering Department,
Faculty of Engineering, Assiut University
Assiut, Egypt
mazen2000as@yahoo.com
Abstract—This paper is aimed at calculating the power demand
of a combined irrigation and domestic load in Toshka area,
Toshka, Egypt. The pipe line system for irrigation is designed. An
economic feasibility study has been made for hybrid PV-wind
system to power this combined load. Sizing of the hybrid system
components was investigated using MATLAB Code and HOMER
Package. The energy cost values of the hybrid system agrees
reasonably with published those before.
Keywords-component; Hybrid Solar-Wind, Irrigation System,
Power, Cost, Egypt, Toshka Area.
I. INTRODUCTION
At present, standalone solar photovoltaic and wind systems
have been promoted around the globe on a comparatively
larger scale. These independent systems cannot provide
continuous source of energy, as they are seasonal. For example,
standalone solar photovoltaic energy system cannot provide
reliable power during non-sunny days. The standalone wind
system cannot satisfy constant load demands due to significant
fluctuations in the magnitude of wind speed from hour to hour
throughout the year. Therefore, expensive energy storage
systems will be required for each of this system in order to
satisfy the power demands. Hybrid power systems can be used
to reduce energy storage requirements.
A hybrid system project was funded under the U. S.
Department of Energy's Tribal Energy Program to provide
electricity to one of the community buildings in San Diego,
California [1]. A hybrid system project was developed for
sustainable living at Perhentian Island, Malaysia [2]. The
renewable hybrid wind-solar system includes 2 units of 100
kW wind turbine, 100 kW PV array and 120 kW inverter to
provide 415 VAC at the LV bus. The technical feasibility of
PV-wind hybrid system in given range of load demand was
evaluated [3] at Chunnambar island, Pondichessy, India. A
feasibility study of a solar and wind hybrid system is made for
highway energy requirements, such as lighting, SOS billboard
…etc [4].
Optimal sizing of a stand-alone hybrid system for south-
west of Iran has been reported [5]. It was concluded that the
number of storage batteries in wind-battery system is more
than the hybrid and PV-battery systems. This is because
fluctuations of wind are more than fluctuations in solar
radiation in the site, so more batteries are needed on using wind
978-1-4577-1084-1/11/$26.00 ©2011 IEEE
Adel Ahmed1, Hamdy Ziedan1, Khairy Sayed2,
Mahmoud Amery1 and Mohamed Swify1
Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering,
1
Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
2
Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
power [5 - 7]. A wind – solar hybrid electric power generation
in Jordan was proposed [8] to supply 10% of the peak demand
which amounts 2.2 GW.
A renewable energy project based on a hybrid solar and
wind power system was successfully implemented in Farsi
Senkele rural community in Ambo, Ethiopia [9]. The
renewable power source is utilized for pumping water from a
shallow well.
A residential-size hybrid system powered by wind and solar
energy has been developed on Frostburg State University
campus, Maryland, USA, to supply a small building through
net metering [10]. An economical renewable energy powered
center pivot irrigation system for crops in the great plains,
Texas, USA was developed [11]. A feasibility study of hybrid
(wind & solar) power system for Dhahran area in Saudi Arabia
was reported [12]. The load was a typical four bed-room,
centrally air-conditioned family house (floor area of 198 m2)
[12].
Science the mid-1980s, Egypt has embarked on an
ambitious scheme to increase food production through desert
reclamation [13]. A study was focused on the newly developed
desert agricultural area in East Oweinat, which is located in the
southwestern desert of Egypt [14].
This paper is aimed at assessing the power demand of a
combined irrigation and domestic load in Toshka area. The
power demand is served by solar-wind hybrid power system.
Sizing of the hybrid system components is investigated and the
energy cost is predicted.
II. METHOD OF ANALYSIS
A. Power Demand and Load Profile Assessment
The power demand is related to load estimation including
irrigation load as well as domestic load to cover the workers'
needs who serve the land. The irrigation load calls for
determination of the water requested per acre per day which
depends on the vegetables to be planted. Not only the water
requirement but also how deep this water is in the ground is
requested.
A.1 Irrigation Load
A.1.1. Design of Irrigation Network
38
 2011 IEEE Jordan Conference on Applied Electrical Engineering and Computing Technologies (AEECT)

The area to be irrigated is 10 Acres (Faddan); i. e. 42000 m2 composed of sections ab, bc, cd and de. The pressure at point
with 205 m in width and 205 m in length. This area is divided (b) is sufficient to allow the water flow through two sides of
equally into two sections; each is irrigated every two days, Fig. the section ab.
1.
Frictional head loss H2 is a function of turbulence level
and roughness of pipe. One method to predict frictional head
loss is the Darcy- Weisbach equation [15]:
Lυ 2 (4)
H 2 = fr f
2D g

where,
fr : Reduction factor, f : Friction factor,
L : Length of pipe, m, D : Diameter of pipe, m,
υ : Water velocity, m/sec.
To calculate the head losses due to friction losses from Eqn.
4, the unknown parameters D and f are to be determined.
A.1.2.1. Calculation of pipe lines diameter
The flow capacity Q (m3/sec) depends on cross-section
Figure 1. Pipe line system for total area.
area of pipe lines (A = π D 2 4 ) and water velocity υ
A.1.2. Calculation of Power Required for the Load inside the pipe lines (assumed equal to 1.5 m/sec.).
The hydraulic power supplied by the pump (PH) in watts Q × Area (5)
Q = υ × A = ir
operating for 24 hours to irrigate 10 acres is given by [15]: 24× 3600
PH = HQ × 32 (1) Therefore, the diameter of pipe lines is expressed as:

where; Q : Flow rate in m3/Acre day, and H : Dynamic D=

4Q
, m (6)
head, m. πυ
Shaft power (Ps) in kW as supplied by the motor to operate A.1.2.2. Calculation of friction factor f
the pump and the input power Pin to motor are expressed as: Friction factor f is a function of two quantities:
PH Ps
i). Rynolds number Re is given by
PS = , Pin = (2)
ηp η in
vD (7)
Re =
vs
Where ηp is pump efficiency (= 50% [16]) and ηm is motor where vs is water viscosity (vs = 10-6 N s/m2).
efficiency (= 80%). The flow capacity (Qir) can be determined
according to the crop type, the time of irrigation (summer, ii). Roughness ε of pipe lines material which depends on
winter…) and the type of irrigation. In this calculation, Qir = material type used in pipe [15].
25 m3/Acre day where Dura, Maize and Barley are planted For values of Re in the range 2100 ≤ Re ≤ 40000, Moody
during the periods March – June, July – October and diagram [15] is used for calculating the friction factor f as
November – February, respectively [15]. The daily irrigation explained in Appendix 1. For other values of Re friction factor
is for 5 Acres. can be calculated from the following formula [15]:
The differential head (H) in meter (m) is the head due to 1 ⎛ε D
⎜ 2 . 51 ⎞⎟ (8)
= − 20 log +
losses in the pipes, elbow, valves and joints which is given by: f ⎜ 3 .7 Re f ⎟⎠
⎝
H = H1 + H2 + H3 + H4 + H5 + H6 (3) According to Darcy-Weisbach Eqn. 4, the length, diameter
and head losses due to friction losses of all sections of
where; H1: Head due to elevation suction losses, m, irrigation network are listed in Table I.
H 2: Head due to friction losses in pipe lines, m,
H 3: Head loss due to type of irrigation, m,
TABLE I. LENGTH, DIAMETER AND HEAD LOSSES DUE TO FRICTION LOSSES
H 4: Head due to the minor losses (valves, elbows, OF ALL SECTIONS OF IRRIGATION NETWORK.
joints, entrance and outer losses), m,
H5: Head due to losses in filter, m, Section Length L, Diameter D, fr H2, m
H6: Head loss due to the nature of the ground m mm
ab 77 40 1 3.602
surface, m. bc 51 25 0.347 1.397
The depth of static water level of water well in Toshka cd 51 20 0.347 1.928
area is 30-32 m but the suction on elevation head H1 is 70 m. de 25.5 15 0.336 1.507
H2, m 8.434
The friction losses H2 in pipe lines correspond to friction
along the path from point (a) to point (e) in Fig. 1 which is

39
 2011 IEEE Jordan Conference on Applied Electrical Engineering and Computing Technologies (AEECT)

The head due to the irrigation type, i. e. for trickle and S 5

sprinkle irrigation type, H3 = 10 m. P V In v e rte r

S
The head due to minor loss H4 is given by: S 3 4

H =k
υ 2
(9) R e c ti fi e r C h a rg e
C o n tro l l e r
B a tte ry
B ank
Load
4
2 g
S 2
Where g is the gravity and k is a constant which depends
on pipe line geometry as described in Appendix 2. W in d
S 1

The head due to losses in filter H5 doesn't exceed more
than 1 bar (= 10 m water).
Head losses due to the nature of the ground surface H6,
assuming ground flat surface used, H6 = 0 m. The total head
losses H from Eqn. 3 is H = 70 + 8.434 + 10 + 3.5326 + 10 =
102 m.
The hydraulic power PH as calculated from Eqn. 1 is 5.7 kW.
The shaft power Ps as obtained from Eqn. 2 is 11.4 kW.
The electrical power input Pin to motor as determined from
Eqn. 2 is15 kW (=20 HP).
B. Domestic Load
An estimate of the domestic load is based on 10 workers
residing in the area and responsible for 10 acres. The daily
curve of the domestic with a peak of 5 kW load is given in Fig.
2 [17].
Batatry charging strategy: S2, S3 closed and S4 open
Batatry discharging strategy: S2, S3 open and S4 closed
Figure 3. Block diagram of a hybrid wind/photovoltaic generation unit.
C.2. Sizing of Hybrid System Components
Sizing of the hybrid system is to meet the estimated load at
minimum cost. This calls at first for assessing the climate
conditions which determine the temporal variation of the wind
speed and solar insolation in Toshka area. These conditions are
obtained form NASA as reported in Appendix 3 [18]. A
MATLAB Code is prepared in order to calculate the total cost
of the hybrid system for different combinations of wind
turbines, PV panels, storage batteries, inverter and converter
which ensure reliable load supply without interruption
irrespective of the wind speed or solar insolation. As a check of
the prepared program, the sizing of the hybrid system is
determined using the well-known HOMER "Hybrid
Optimization Model for Electric Renewable" package.

C.2.1. Proposed Sizing Method by MATLAB Code

6 The capital costs of system components are listed in
Appendix 4, [19 - 24]. The operating and maintenance costs of
5
wind and solar PV units are L.E 600 /unit-yr and L.E 100
Load [kW ]

4 /unit-yr, respectively. The transportation costs are considered

3 negligible with respect to the capital cost. The project lifetime
is taken as 20 years with a discount rate determined according
2 to the interest rate and project life time as demonstrated in
1 Appendix 5. Available standard wind and solar PV units are
selected for unit sizing are 2.4 kW Skystream 3.7 wind units
0 (240 VAC), LORENTZ, 175 W Solar 35 V, 5 A PV units (at
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 standard conditions, 1000 W/m2 insulation and 25C°) and 230
AH, 12 V, Sonnenschein Exide battery units are used for
Hours calculation. Their characteristics are obtained from
Figure 2. Assumed domestic daily load curve manufacture’s data [25 - 26].
The output power of PV module is calculated based on
C. Economic Feasibility Study input solar radiation and taking the temperature effect into
account (temporal daily variation of temperature varies in the
C.1. Proposed Hybrid PV-Wind System range 20 – 40o C). Wind turbine output is also calculated
The components of the proposed hybrid system include hourly based on wind speed, air density and turbine
wind turbine, solar PV panels, storage batteries, converter, specifications. The total generated energy is then calculated
inverter, etc. as shown in Fig. 3. for each combination of renewable generators. The number of
PV units required for supplying the load and related size of
converter and battery bank is determined. By increasing the
number of wind generator units for each new combination, the
related sizes of PV, converter and batteries are determined.
Total cost is calculated including capital, replacement and
operation & maintenance cost during life cycle years for each
component.

40
 2011 IEEE Jordan Conference on Applied Electrical Engineering and Computing Technologies (AEECT)

With the three renewable sources considered, the analysis C ann = CRF ( i , R proj ). C NPC (13)
determines the optimal one out of 15 combinations for the = 0 . 0872 × 4997363 = L.E 435770
farm as shown in Table II. All configurations contributing to
100% renewable energy and reduced emission is an advantage
because of no need for diesel generators. Here, the surplus C ann ,tot
COE (Cost of Energy )=
energy stored in the battery unit meets the peak load out of E served (14)
sunshine hours and drop of wind speed below the cut-in value. 435770
The hourly output under optimal operation of the hybrid = = L .E 2 .5
20 × 365 × 24
system is shown in Fig. 4.
The PV contributes 78% and wind 22% of the total
supplied energy system. The unit cost of electricity for the
above hybrid system is calculated following HOMER’s
approach.

40
Wind
35 PV
Load
30
Battery
25
P o w er [kW ]

20

15

10

0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Ho ur o f d ay

Figure 4. Hourly power output under optimal hybrid energy system. Figure 5. System Analysis.
Figure 4. Hourly power output under optimal hybrid energy system. Figure 5. System Analysis.

Figure 6. Optimization result of the wind-PV-battery.

C.2.1.1. Calculation of kWh cost

−20
Operation cost of year of project installation = Y (1.06) − 1 TABLE II. SIZING AND COST OF PV-WIND SYSTEM COMPONENTS
(1.06) −1 − 1

= 12 .16 × Y = 12.16 × 43800 = L. E. 532525.5 (10)

i (1 + i ) N 0.06(1 + 0.06) 20 (11)

CRF (i, N ) = = = 0.0872
(1 + i ) − 1 (1 + 0.06) 20 − 1
N

where i is the interest rate and N is the project life time in

years.

Total cost = NPC + O&M Cost (12)

where NPC is the minimum Net Present Cost, which includes

PV cost, Wind cost, Battery cost and Inverter cost. O&M Cost
is the operation and maintenance cost

Total cost = 4464838 + 532525.5 = L.E 4997363

41
 2011 IEEE Jordan Conference on Applied Electrical Engineering and Computing Technologies (AEECT)

C.2.2. Sizing Using HOMER Package [4] S. Taskin, B. Dursun and B. Alboyaci, "Performance Assessment of a
Combined Solar and Wind System", The Arabian Journal for Science
The optimization results as obtained by HOMER package, and Engineering, Vol. 34, No. 1B, pp. 217-227, April 2009
Fig. 5, corresponding to the total minimum cost is shown in [5] F. J. Ardakani, G. H. R. Dekhordi and M. Abedi, "Optimal Sizing of a
Fig. 6. Following Fig. 5, the output results are as obtained by Stand-alone Hybrid System for South-West of Iran – Case Study", 24th
International Power System Conference, pp. 1-8, 2009.
HOMER.
[6] L. Wang and C. Singh, " PSO Based Multi-Criteria Optimum Design of
C.2.3. Comparison against HOMER Results a Grid Connected Hybrid Power System with Multiple Renewable
Sources of Energy", Proc. IEEE Swarm Intelligence Symposium, 2007.
It is evident from Table II that the lowest capital cost is [7] W. Kellogg, M. H. Nehrir, G. Venkatarmanan and V. Gereg, "Optimal
achieved using 10th configuration. Table III summarizes the Unit Sizing for a Hybrid Wind/Photovoltaic Generating System",
obtained results against those obtained by HOMER package. Electric Power System Research, Vol. , pp. 35-38, 1996.
[8] G. Halasa, "Wind-Solar Hybrid Electric Power Generation in Jordan",
The cost of energy is comparable to that reposted in Jordan J. Mechanical and Industrial Engineering. Vol. 4, No. 1, pp 205,
previous studies [19, 22]. The cost of energy was reported US Jan 2010.
$ 0.47/kWh for wind-PV-Battery system electrifying a small [9] S. Lakeou and B. O. Latigo, "Anoatomy of a University Sponsored
community in the east-southern past of Bangladesh [19] by Successful Hybrid Solar and Wind Based Renewable Energy Projected
89151 kWh/year. Also, the cost of energy was reported US in Rural Ethiopia", 24th EUPVSEC, Hamburg, Germany, September
2010.
$0.54/kWh for wind-PV-Battery system feeding a load of
35405 kWh/year without interruption [22]. The average daily [10] O. A. Soyal and H. S. Soyal, "A Residential Example of Hybrid Wind-
Solar Energy System: WISE", extracted from a work supported by the
solar radiation and average wind speed in these studies [19, 22] Maryland Energy System Administration under contracts # 2007-02-
are close to those in Toshka area. B043J and # 2007-01-B0310.
[11] B. D. Vick, "Developing a Hybrid Solar/Wind Powered Irrigation
System for crops in the Great Plains", published in the SOLAR 2010
TABLE III. COMPARISON BETWEEN SYSTEM COMPONENTS SIZING BY conference proceedings.
MATLAB CODE AND HOMER PACKAGE
[12] M. A. Elhadidy and S. M. Shaahid, " Feasibility of Hybrid (Wind+Solar)
Matlab‘s result Homer‘s result Power System for Dhahran, Saudi Arabia", Rnewable Energy, Vol. 16,
No. of wind units 10 11 pp. 970-976, 1999.
No. of PV units 217 210 [13] Ministry of Agriculture Report on Desert Reclamation, five years plan,
Cairo, Egypt, pp. 55-59, 2001 (in Arabic).
No. of battery units 149 150
[14] S. Kamal and C. Dahl, "The Economics of Hybrid Power Systems for
Cost of Energy LE 2.5/ kWh $0.597 / kWh Sustainable Desert Agriculture in Egypt", Energy, Vol. 30, pp. 1271-
1281, 2005.
D. Conclusions [15] J. Keller and R. D. Bliesner, “Sprinkle and Trickle Irrigation”, Van
1) Sizing of the pipe line for irrigation system in Toshka area Nostrand Reinhold, PP. 133-272, New York, USA, 1990.
in Egypt is made. [16] J. Evans, “Centrifugal Pump Efficiency –What, How, Why&When ?”,
http://www.pumped101.com.
2) Power demand of a combined irrigation and domestic load [17] H. S. Alganahi, S. Kamaruzzaman, A. Mohamed, A. M.A. Haidar. and
is determined. A. N. Abdalla, "Experimental Study of Using Renewable Energy in
Yemen ", Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 3(4): 4170-
3) Sizing of hybrid PV-wind system component is 4174, 2009.
investigated with the aid of MATLAB Code. [18] NASA's Data at http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/sse/
[19] S. K. Nandi, H. R. Ghosh, “Prospect of wind-PV battery hybrid power
4) Sizing of the hybrid system agreed satisfactory with that system as an alternative to grid extension in Bangladesh”, Energy Vol.
obtained using the well-known HOMMER package. 35, pp.3040-3047, 2010.
[20] A. Demiroren, U. Yilmaz, “Analysis of change in electric energy cost
ACKNOWLEDGMENT with using renewable energy sources in Go¨kceada, Turkey: An island
example”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 14, pp.
The authors would like to acknowledge the financial 323–333, 2010.
support they received from STDF, Science and Technology [21] H. Yang, W. Zhou, L. Lu, Z. Fang, “Optimal sizing method for stand-
Development Fund, Cairo, Egypt. alone hybrid solar–wind system with LPSP technology by using genetic
algorithm” Solar Energy, Vol. 82 , pp. 354–367, 2008.
[22] S. Ahmed, H. Othman, S. Anis, “Optimal Sizing of a Hybrid System of
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42
 2011 IEEE Jordan Conference on Applied Electrical Engineering and Computing Technologies (AEECT)

APPENDICES TABLE A4.1 DATA USED IN CALCULATION PROGRAM

Appendix 1. Determination of friction factor using Moody

diagram
The friction factor f can be determined [15] using Moody
diagram shown in Fig. A1.1 as follows:
1. Determine (ε/D) location on the right vertical axis of the
Moody diagram.
2. Select the corresponding curve.
3. Determine value of Re on the horizontal axis of the moody
diagram.
4. This defines the value of the friction factor f.

f ε/D

Appendix 5. Discount rate in relation to interest rate and

project lifetime
HOMER calculates the discount factor fd using the
following equation:
Re 1
fd =
Figure. A1.1. Moody diagram [15]. (1 + i) N (A4-1)
Appendix 2. Minor loss of different shapes of pipe-line system where;
TABLE. A2.1 TOTAL LOSSES IN DIFFERENT SHAPES OF PIPE-LINE SYSTEM [15]. i : Real Interest Rate, %.
N : Number of years.

Appendix 3. Toshka data from NASA [18]

Appendix 4. TABLE A3.1 INSOLATION LEVEL
Monthly Averaged Insolation Incident on A Horizontal Surface (kWh/m2/day)
Lat 22
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Lon 31
22-year Average 4.43 5.55 6.52 7.37 7.51 7.99 7.66 7.26 6.72 5.75 4.83 4.09

TABLE A3.2 WIND SPEED

Monthly Averaged Wind Speed At 50 m Above The Surface Of The Earth (m/sec)
Lat 22 Annual
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Lon 31 Average
10-year Average 5.22 5.18 5.64 5.58 5.41 5.78 5.14 5.03 5.37 5.34 5.00 5.05 5.31

43