LARROUS IMED EDDINE

MA1
MS.NADJI

1-NORMS AND PRESTIGE IN RELATION TO LANGUAGE USE

Standard English is a set of norms with their own social meaning

which are shared across many regions .

According to some linguists it can only be used properly to refer to

features of grammar and vocabulary, because the features of
Standard English can be spoken in many different local accents.

The process of standardization involves a community of speakers

converging on a shared sense used in a social context such as in law
courts, schools, funeral and services .but the norms gains more
prestige when it comes to formal situations .

2-SOCIAL DIACTOLOGY

The social dialect study was the approach conducted in Martha’s

Vineyard Island showed a variation between the visitors and natives .

Although the island near the mainland United States, the

pronunciation of certain key variables differs markedly from the close
parts of the mainland (labov realization of diphthong)
Labov noticed that not all the year-round residents of the Vineyard
used the centralized pronunciation.(variations can be found even in
the same society..Same geographical area).

labov interview on mixture of races, different origins of the island’s

citizens ,people from variant jobs , participant from different ages
made the notion of free variation vulnerable .

3-Interspeaker and intraspeaker variations

Not all the year-round residents used the centralized pronunciation.

Some of them used the mainland norm [ai]. The same variability
occurred in words with the back-gliding diphthong the (aw) variable.
(This is a the kind of variations that accrues between individual
speakers which is known as interspeaker variation.

And there is a type of speakers who used the centralized variants but
didn’t always do so it is more liking shifting and using different
variants that represent two deferent places..The intrapeaker variation.