The Laboratory materials Experiment 105: linear expansions are assembled for

performing this activity. Subsequently, they were assembled for obtaining different data
measurements required for this experiment. Notably, the following equipment have been made
use of for performing this experiment: (a) combining a rubber tube with a steam generator, (b) a
combining a power cord with a digital multimeter, (c) with a base (expansion) an aluminum tube
with a thermistor, as well as (d) a meter stick. To begin with, the after mounting the aluminum
rod on the expansion base, it was ensured that the steel pin on the tube had been accommodated
into the mounting block’s slot whereas the tube’s bracket was pressed on the spring component
of the dial gauge. Thereafter, a connection was established between the thermistor and the tube
via its threaded hole through the usage of a thumbscrew. Thereafter, the thermistor was attached
to the multimeter, whereas the dial gauge’s reading was set to zero. Finally, the tube’s end was
linked to the steam generator’s rubber tube. Prior to turning it on, the portion (end of the tube)
was located at the most distant point from the dial gauge. The tube’s initial length was measured
from the stainless steel pin’s inner edge of the angle bracket at either end of the tube thermistor
was attached to the multimeter, whereas the dial gauge’s reading was set to zero.
The change in dimension can be seen in many ways: it can be one-dimensional called
linear expansion; it can be two-dimensional, which is expansion of area; or it can be three-
dimensional, known as volume expansion. Linear expansion is the fractional change in length in
response to a change in temperature. Temperature is a monotonic function of the average
molecular kinetic energy of a certain substance. When a substance is heated, kinetic energy of it
molecules increases. Thus, the molecules begin vibrating or moving more and usually
maintaining a greater average separation. Materials which contract with increasing temperature
are unusual; this effect is limited in size, and only occurs within limited temperature ranges.
The relative expansion divided by the change in temperature is called the material’s
coefficient of thermal expansion and generally, varies with temperature. The change in
dimension of the body is a function of the change in temperature. Furthermore, the magnitude of
expansion depends on the type of material and original size of the body. Due to differences in
their molecular structures, gases expand more than liquids, and solids change size the least. With
that, there is a need for special apparatuses to measure such tiny change in size in solids.
An example of thermal expansion of a liquid can be found inside the car's radiator. If the
radiator is "topped off" with coolant on a cold day, increased temperature could expand the
coolant until it overflows. However, later-model cars have an overflow container to collect fluid
released due to volume expansion. As the engine cools down again, the container returns the
excess fluid to the radiator, thereby "recycling" it. This means that newer cars are a lot less prone
to overheating as compared to older cars. Another example, most large bridges include
expansion joints that look like two metal combs facing one another with their teeth interlocking.
When heat causes the bridge to expand during the sunlight hours of a hot day, the two sides of
the expansion joint move toward one another; then, as the bridge cools down after dark, they
begin retracting, gradually. Thus, the bridge has a built-in safety zone, otherwise, it would have
no room for expansion or contraction in response to temperature changes. Using the comb shape
staggers the gap between the two sides of the expansion joint which minimizes the bump
motorists experience as they drive over it.
Further, expansion joints of a different design can also be found in highways, and on rail
"highways". Thermal expansion is a particularly serious problem for railroad tracks since the
trains tracks are made of steel. As noted earlier, steel expands by a factor of 12 parts in 1 million
for every degree Celsius change in temperature. While this may not seem like much, it can cause
serious problems with high temperatures.

a digital multimeter, (c) with a base (expansion) an aluminum tube with a thermistor, as
well as (d) a meter stick. To begin with, the after mounting the aluminum rod on the expansion
base, it was ensured that the steel pin on the tube had been accommodated into the mounting
block’s slot whereas the tube’s bracket was pressed on the spring component of the dial gauge.
Thereafter, a connection was established between the thermistor and the tube via its threaded
hole through the usage of a thumbscrew. Thereafter, the thermistor was attached to the
multimeter, whereas the dial gauge’s reading was set to zero. Finally, the tube’s end was linked
to the steam generator’s rubber tube. Prior to turning it on, the portion (end of the tube) was
located at the most distant point from the dial gauge. The tube’s initial length was measured from
the stainless steel pin’s inner edge of the angle bracket at either end of the tube thermistor was
attached to the multimeter, whereas the dial gauge’s reading was set to zero.
The change in dimension can be seen in many ways: it can be one-dimensional called
linear expansion; it can be two-dimensional, which is expansion of area; or it can be three-
dimensional, known as volume expansion. Linear expansion is the fractional change in length in
response to a change in temperature. Temperature is a monotonic function of the average
molecular kinetic energy of a certain substance. When a substance is heated, kinetic energy of it
molecules increases. Thus, the molecules begin vibrating or moving more and usually
maintaining a greater average separation. Materials which contract with increasing temperature
are unusual; this effect is limited in size, and only occurs within limited temperature ranges.
The relative expansion divided by the change in temperature is called the material’s
coefficient of thermal expansion and generally, varies with temperature. The change in
dimension of the body is a function of the change in temperature. Furthermore, the magnitude of
expansion depends on the type of material and original size of the body. Due to differences in
their molecular structures, gases expand more than liquids, and solids change size the least. With
that, there is a need for special apparatuses to measure such tiny change in size in solids.
An example of thermal expansion of a liquid can be found inside the car's radiator. If the
radiator is "topped off" with coolant on a cold day, increased temperature could expand the
coolant until it overflows. However, later-model cars have an overflow container to collect fluid
released due to volume expansion. As the engine cools down again, the container returns the
excess fluid to the radiator, thereby "recycling" it. This means that newer cars are a lot less prone
to overheating as compared to older cars. Another example, most large bridges include
expansion joints that look like two metal combs facing one another with their teeth interlocking.
When heat causes the bridge to expand during the sunlight hours of a hot day, the two sides of
the expansion joint move toward one another; then, as the bridge cools down after dark, they
begin retracting, gradually. Thus, the bridge has a built-in safety zone, otherwise, it would have
no room for expansion or contraction in response to temperature changes. Using the comb shape
staggers the gap between the two sides of the expansion joint which minimizes the bump
motorists experience as they drive over it.
 Further, expansion joints of a different design can also be found in highways, and on rail
"highways". Thermal expansion is a particularly serious problem for railroad tracks since the
trains tracks are made of steel. As noted earlier, steel expands by a factor of 12 parts in 1 million
for every degree Celsius change in temperature. While this may not seem like much, it can cause
serious problems with high temperatures.

a digital multimeter, (c) with a base (expansion) an aluminum tube with a thermistor, as
well as (d) a meter stick. To begin with, the after mounting the aluminum rod on the expansion
base, it was ensured that the steel pin on the tube had been accommodated into the mounting
block’s slot whereas the tube’s bracket was pressed on the spring component of the dial gauge.
Thereafter, a connection was established between the thermistor and the tube via its threaded
hole through the usage of a thumbscrew. Thereafter, the thermistor was attached to the
multimeter, whereas the dial gauge’s reading was set to zero. Finally, the tube’s end was linked
to the steam generator’s rubber tube. Prior to turning it on, the portion (end of the tube) was
located at the most distant point from the dial gauge. The tube’s initial length was measured from
the stainless steel pin’s inner edge of the angle bracket at either end of the tube thermistor was
attached to the multimeter, whereas the dial gauge’s reading was set to zero.
The change in dimension can be seen in many ways: it can be one-dimensional called
linear expansion; it can be two-dimensional, which is expansion of area; or it can be three-
dimensional, known as volume expansion. Linear expansion is the fractional change in length in
response to a change in temperature. Temperature is a monotonic function of the average
molecular kinetic energy of a certain substance. When a substance is heated, kinetic energy of it
molecules increases. Thus, the molecules begin vibrating or moving more and usually
maintaining a greater average separation. Materials which contract with increasing temperature
are unusual; this effect is limited in size, and only occurs within limited temperature ranges.
The relative expansion divided by the change in temperature is called the material’s
coefficient of thermal expansion and generally, varies with temperature. The change in
dimension of the body is a function of the change in temperature. Furthermore, the magnitude of
expansion depends on the type of material and original size of the body. Due to differences in
their molecular structures, gases expand more than liquids, and solids change size the least. With
that, there is a need for special apparatuses to measure such tiny change in size in solids.
An example of thermal expansion of a liquid can be found inside the car's radiator. If the
radiator is "topped off" with coolant on a cold day, increased temperature could expand the
coolant until it overflows. However, later-model cars have an overflow container to collect fluid
released due to volume expansion. As the engine cools down again, the container returns the
excess fluid to the radiator, thereby "recycling" it. This means that newer cars are a lot less prone
to overheating as compared to older cars. Another example, most large bridges include
expansion joints that look like two metal combs facing one another with their teeth interlocking.
When heat causes the bridge to expand during the sunlight hours of a hot day, the two sides of
the expansion joint move toward one another; then, as the bridge cools down after dark, they
begin retracting, gradually. Thus, the bridge has a built-in safety zone, otherwise, it would have
no room for expansion or contraction in response to temperature changes. Using the comb shape
staggers the gap between the two sides of the expansion joint which minimizes the bump
motorists experience as they drive over it.
 Further, expansion joints of a different design can also be found in highways, and on rail
"highways". Thermal expansion is a particularly serious problem for railroad tracks since the
trains tracks are made of steel. As noted earlier, steel expands by a factor of 12 parts in 1 million
for every degree Celsius change in temperature. While this may not seem like much, it can cause
serious problems with high temperatures.

a digital multimeter, (c) with a base (expansion) an aluminum tube with a thermistor, as
well as (d) a meter stick. To begin with, the after mounting the aluminum rod on the expansion
base, it was ensured that the steel pin on the tube had been accommodated into the mounting
block’s slot whereas the tube’s bracket was pressed on the spring component of the dial gauge.
Thereafter, a connection was established between the thermistor and the tube via its threaded
hole through the usage of a thumbscrew. Thereafter, the thermistor was attached to the
multimeter, whereas the dial gauge’s reading was set to zero. Finally, the tube’s end was linked
to the steam generator’s rubber tube. Prior to turning it on, the portion (end of the tube) was
located at the most distant point from the dial gauge. The tube’s initial length was measured from
the stainless steel pin’s inner edge of the angle bracket at either end of the tube thermistor was
attached to the multimeter, whereas the dial gauge’s reading was set to zero.
The change in dimension can be seen in many ways: it can be one-dimensional called
linear expansion; it can be two-dimensional, which is expansion of area; or it can be three-
dimensional, known as volume expansion. Linear expansion is the fractional change in length in
response to a change in temperature. Temperature is a monotonic function of the average
molecular kinetic energy of a certain substance. When a substance is heated, kinetic energy of it
molecules increases. Thus, the molecules begin vibrating or moving more and usually
maintaining a greater average separation. Materials which contract with increasing temperature
are unusual; this effect is limited in size, and only occurs within limited temperature ranges.
The relative expansion divided by the change in temperature is called the material’s
coefficient of thermal expansion and generally, varies with temperature. The change in
dimension of the body is a function of the change in temperature. Furthermore, the magnitude of
expansion depends on the type of material and original size of the body. Due to differences in
their molecular structures, gases expand more than liquids, and solids change size the least. With
that, there is a need for special apparatuses to measure such tiny change in size in solids.
An example of thermal expansion of a liquid can be found inside the car's radiator. If the
radiator is "topped off" with coolant on a cold day, increased temperature could expand the
coolant until it overflows. However, later-model cars have an overflow container to collect fluid
released due to volume expansion. As the engine cools down again, the container returns the
excess fluid to the radiator, thereby "recycling" it. This means that newer cars are a lot less prone
to overheating as compared to older cars. Another example, most large bridges include
expansion joints that look like two metal combs facing one another with their teeth interlocking.
When heat causes the bridge to expand during the sunlight hours of a hot day, the two sides of
the expansion joint move toward one another; then, as the bridge cools down after dark, they
begin retracting, gradually. Thus, the bridge has a built-in safety zone, otherwise, it would have
no room for expansion or contraction in response to temperature changes. Using the comb shape
staggers the gap between the two sides of the expansion joint which minimizes the bump
motorists experience as they drive over it.
 Further, expansion joints of a different design can also be found in highways, and on rail
"highways". Thermal expansion is a particularly serious problem for railroad tracks since the
trains tracks are made of steel. As noted earlier, steel expands by a factor of 12 parts in 1 million
for every degree Celsius change in temperature. While this may not seem like much, it can cause
serious problems with high temperatures.