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ANCESTORS ANIMISM DEAD FOLK MAGIC FOLK PRACTIONER NECROMANCY SAMHAIN


SECOND SIGHT

The mist the dew, the dew the mist


The mist, the dew, in the eye of my love
In the eye of my love,
Thou who didst open the young eye
Close it tonight in the sleep of death
In the sleep of death
– the road to the isles 1927

This series explores our ancestors experience with the dead and folk magic. Veneration of the dead was born from encounters
with the Neolithic landscape, dualism of Roman and later Christian thinking and smatterings of Norse fatalism and anglo-saxon
pragmatism. All Scottish folk magic stems from this cultural intertwining. The role of the dead and the impact on the lives of
Scottish people and their folk practices is written large.

In the introduction we explored basics of belief. In part one death and funeral customs, fear of the restless dead and funeral rites.
In part two we explored the function of the dead as familiars of witches in the 16th century onwards.

In this last part we explore operational techniques and folk charms calling on the dead to heal, protect, hinder, curse and to
become an emissary. Different folk magic practices are discussed from Scottish, Roman, Norse, Anglo-Saxon and in a lesser
extent Greek and Russian. These curated examples illustrate the survival of the use of the dead in Scottish folk magic.

This is by no means an exhaustive sampler. I have not referenced academically as this isn’t a journal article. Where appropriate
I’ve signposted to other sources. There are footnotes found by clicking on which expand on the topic. Where I can I have
commented on the surviving practices and potential historic influences. Also, the writing doesn’t flow so well. We are discussing
a list of approaches. I apologise for this in advance.

Robert Burns, speaking of Groses’ visit to Scotland, humorously suggests he deals in the black arts. The Black Art is
Nigromancy’s more northern name and involves exorcism; the art, or ability of expelling daemons, or evil spirits from haunted
houses or persons bewitched. This definition captures the popular imagination. Conjuring notions of black robed folk
stalking cairn or graveyard at night. Summoning shades of daemons and dead from obscure incense smoke. Folk magic
relating to the dead and the Sidhe in Scotland is not so dramatic.

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The glosses of high German refer to awakening the dead as hellruna or hellrun from the terms hel “death, hell” and the verb
rūnen to “murmer”. Old English galdre is the word used for the incantation for the dead to return. Examples of this can be found
in the Edda and The Incantation of Groa. In Gaelic, necromancy translates to aog-dhruidheachd (death or ghost sorcery). It
might also link to taghairm which according to etymology could roughly translate to “spectre call or cry” or the idea of a “spirits
echo”. These terms all point toward the use of incantations, call, whispered charms or songs to the dead. Whether or not these are
descriptive terms we can only guess at. However, some folk in Scotland don’t need to call on the dead. They are always present.

Second sight or second-hand sight in Gaelic is known as dà-shealladah (or taibhsearachd). Dà-shealladah refers to the ability to
see two worlds at the same time. The world of the dead and living. Second sight comes to people in different ways. According to
tradition the sithean (the people of the otherworld) would give the seer the sight for some purpose. Evidence from the witch trials
suggests the sight was offered in times of need. More unusually the gift of second sight could be associated with some deformity
or disability of the person from birth. These were considered marks of the otherworld. I constantly find the link between the
otherworld and disability a fascinating one and one seldom explored.

Having second sight was considered unfortunate. It is not a psychic gift. It’s doesn’t rely on personal energy. It’s also not
clairvoyance or spiritualism. The lore states, the talent is granted by the otherworld almost exclusively. However, the sight
allowed the seer to foresee the outcomes of people far away or due to die. For this reason it is confused with fortune telling or
true dreaming which are different things.

Those with the sight are known as Taibshear (he who is spectre haunted or
literally “wraith seer”). These Taibshear would see the Taibhs
(spectres/wraiths) of people living (tamhasg) or dead (tannasg). The Taibh
might show how they were going to or had already died. For example,
they might be covered in water, gleaming of phosphorous, in grave clothes
or wrapped in a shroud. This would show the person drowned/ is about to
drown or die. Different Taibshear would interpret these scenes differently,
as skill permitted.

It takes ability to manage the curse of second sight. Failure to manage it


correctly might cause the Taibhsear to be taibhsearan (spectre haunted).
Where the dead force the taibhsear to keep them ‘company by night’.
Which is a nice phrase for haunted and stalked by the dead. This
‘company by night’ would drive the seer mad on occasion.
Understandably, authentic Taibshear take precautions to prevent this. For
example, they won’t walk down the middle of the road or path at night
least they are “run over” by some phantom. There are other indications someone is a genuine Taibhsear. I will not repeat them
here to honour the tradition. Needless to say, today just as then, frauds are easy to spot.

Scottish folk magic practices provided those without the sight ways to get it. They might undertake a rite known as the Taghairn.
The Taghairn we refer to is the roasting of live cats over a number of days. Usually up to 7 or more. The operator of the
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put in its place and the work continued. Eventually cat spirits would arrive to torment the operator. Trying to drive him mad and
get him to stop. If he continued despite them the rite would culminate in the arrival of a cat-sith. This “demon” would be able to
bargain with the operator for anything he wished including the second sight in return for stopping the slaughter and torture.
According to the lore those who carried out this ritual met very grisly fates. The last Taghairn ceremony was performed on Mull
in the beginning of the seventeenth century. Supposedly recorded in the London Literary Gazette. You can read more in Martin,
Martin (1716). A Description of the Western Islands of Scotland (2nd ed.). pp. 110–113.

Other practices to call on the dead were not so horrific. Some of these are still found in the folk magic manuscripts of our
ancestors.

Svartkonstbok – a black book

A number of folk magic approaches are available to call on the dead. Examples are given of extensive use of the dead from our
Norse cousins in the book ‘Graveyard Wonderers’ by Tom Johnson. His book explores folk practice from the “Black Art
Books” – svartkonstbok focussed on the dead and they coloured the Scottish diaspora.

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has demonstrated the English response to this pan-European folk magic culture bears many similarities to its neighbours: both in
practice and in the presence of the phenomenon of the Black Art Book. I’m not sure the same can be said for Scotland due to
illiteracy the further North. However, Bishop Nicholson does give us a mechanism for transmission in the lowlands stating “our
borderers are not, at this day, utter strangers to the black art of their ancestors. I met with a gentleman in the neighbourhood who
showed me a book of spells and magical receipts, taken two or three days before in the pocket of one of our moss-troppers”
(Camdens Britannia; Cumberland).

These books detail different techniques folk use to gain some benefit over their situation. They express survivals of older beliefs
around the role of the dead yet are influenced by Christian religious thinking. Calls to god and the saints intermingling with older
belief around runes, ranns and charms. A demonstration of the melting pot of influences found in Europe and Scotland and loss
of a separate indigenous ways of life.

In this series, we’ve discussed the dead operating as familiars. There are a number of examples I have come across enabling folk
magic practitioners to gain this ability. For example:

The Sámi Adolf said to take three hairs from a corpse, then say:

“You who rest here


in whose name you now sleep
with this you shall give to me power to hear what I wish
you shall only follow me
you are the servant of my spirit
in the name of all the Saints
until the beginning of judgement day”.
ecite aloud at 12 o’clock at night.

Cross then + + + times over the coffin.

A more complicated example follows:

‘Take unleavened bread that was baked on Sunday morning or Saturday evening; either before or after the rising of the sun. Take
just a crust and three new sewing needles made of thorn. Put the needles in a triangle in the bread and put three shillings worth
of quicksilver into a prepared leather pouch that is sewn tight. (it’s unclear what we do with the bread, ed). Then late on Saturday

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‘Up and meet me. in the way that I shall order next Saturday evening!’

The next Saturday evening, go there, touch the pouch and repeat:

‘Up and meet me. in the way that I shall order next Saturday evening!’

On the third Saturday is said:

‘Up
in the name of God
the Father
the Son
and of the Holy Ghost
and come to meet me here
next Saturday night at midnight
in the form of a fly upon my window
then I shall take you into my service.’

Have a suitable little bottle to hand, cork it well and wrap it up and keep it with you so that you can catch the fly. When you want
to know something, take the bottle in your hand, put it to your ear and speak slowly, then you will immediately get the right
answer. Do not ask too much all at once, because then the fly will tire and suffer.

N.B. Look out that the bottle doesn’t break, because then the spirit will get loose, and that will cost you your life.

An example from the grimoire tradition following a ceremonial process can be found in the Discoverie of Witchcraft, Book XV,
by Reginald Scot. It has the calling to god, threats and instructions to the spirit you’d expect. However, what we are interested is
the first part. It begins with:

“first fast and pray for three days and abstain from all “filthinesse”; go to one that is newly buried, such a one as killed himself
or destroyed himself wilfully or else get thee promise of one that shall be hanged and let him swear an oath to thee after his body
is dead that his spirit will come to thee and do thee true service as thy commandments in all days hours and minuts. And let no
persons see they doings but thy fellow. And about eleven a clock in the night go to a place where he was buried and say with a
bold faith and heart desire to have the spirit come that thou do call for, thy fellow having a candle in one hand and a crystal stone
in his right hand…”

The departed would appear in the crystal stone in the image of a 12 year old boy. The ceremony continues and uses the spirit of
the departed soul as an intermediary to enable the ceremonial magician to enlist the aid of the ‘fairy’ Sibylia.

Scots example is interesting. The spirit is a person who has committed suicide or has been killed because of a crime. This is a
direct link to the idea of the restless dead we discussed in part one. It’s also of note the dead is strictly used to obtain the help of a
“fairy”. In this role of emissary it relates to some of the experiences we read in the witch trails as seen in part two.

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believed to. We have examples of liminal times such as midnight or eleven leading to midnight. The days seem significant in a lot
of the examples. Thursday was the best day to work with the dead for the Norse. Here we have Saturday mentioned, which is
unusual.

The reverence for the dead in Scotland has left its traces in folk practice. It’s clear there is an existing belief that ancestors or the
dead could affect a cure for people who approached them. Corpse parts were highly valued as amulets and periapt’s. For example,
we have from Greece “… a bit of a child’s navel, shut up in something of silver or gold with salt, is a periapt which will make the
patient at ease entirely”. There were many Anglo-Saxon laws against bewitching by means of the dead. Evidenced in the canons
of Edgar and the penitential of Egbert which expressly forbid sacrilege at the grave and “witchcraft” by means of the dead.

We have instructions on how to create talismans from dead body parts offering protection:

The left ring finger of a corpse is good as a protective amulet. This


finger of a dead man is a singularly good amulet of protection. If
carried, no one can injure or shoot the bearer for a period of one
day and one night. If a bullet is heading for the body, then it will
rebound back and fall down harmlessly.

It is the spirit of the bone who receives the bullet.

The surest protective amulet is the left collar bone of the corpse of
an aged man, as long as one buys it properly and this should be
done on a Thursday night during the waning moon.
human finger bone
Another example of the dead being used to bring on a delayed birth
from our Anglo-Saxon ancestors is found below:

‘Let the woman who cannot bring forth her child go to the grave of a wise man, and step three times over the grave and then say
these words three time:

“This be my cure for the loathsome late-birth


This be my cure for the grievous swart-birth
This be my cure for the loathsome lame-birth.”

Interestingly, the lore we previously discussed stepping over an “unshriven” grave, would cause someone to become barren or

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Other charms involve using human ashes to apply externally to cure different diseases. A man’s burnt bones were a highly
esteemed Scottish cure for Epilepsy or the ‘fits’. There are records of a collier’s wife as late as 1865 applying to a sexton for
“ever so small portion of human skull for the purpose of grating it similar to ginger”. This she would use to cure epilepsy.

In a similar vein, we have examples of charms using the dead to help cure people from a burn. The below comes from Scotland:

“A dead wife out of the grave arose


And through the sea she swimmed
Through the water wade to the cradle
God save the barin – burnt sair
Het fire, cool soon in God’s name”

Another example:

“Here come I to cure a burnt sore


If the dead knew what the living endure
The burnt sore would burn no more”

We have other practices where illness is passed into hill, hap, stone or sea. Places where the dead/Sídhe were thought to live.
There are salves made from plants that help cure different elf shot and other maladies caused by the unseen. These plants would
need gathered from grave or the side of the Sídhe mounds. Some of these balms could also help one see the dead and grant
second sight.

“When I take you


the one who lies in this grave,
do not deny me this root
that I take for plentiful blessings
rather give me your power and blessing
rest soundly in your Grave
I wish you no ill.
work peacefully in God’s name.”
Afterwards keep the root indoors.

– (Halmdahl. The Book of Healing. item No.58.)

Scottish folk lore has many references to plants, the dead and the other world. Still today people refuse to mix white and red
flowers in the same vase in a hospital. We’ve examined the role of turf squares, Rowan and Birch wood played in the funeral rites
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over lovers’ graves. Rowan or Elder were planted over graves to prevent the dead from rising. One such Rowan was
planted over the grave of bowed Davie O’wuddus, the woodhouse Dwarf, who sir Walter Scot used as the model for his story The
Black Dwarf.

Butter wort – Bog violet

Trailing pearl wort (Sagina procumbens) or bog violet (Mothan in Gaelic – Pinguicula vulgaris) were hung over doors where
corpses awaited burial along with an iron nail imbedded in the lintel.

There are links to fumigation with Juniper branches or Pine candles (made from resin soaked pine wood not wax) to protect from
evil spirits at Hogmanay or a new borns’ saining respectively. The fumigation with Juniper is a harsh exercise. All the windows
and doors would be closed and juniper burnt till it smoked in each room. People in the house would cough and sputter. Only
when they couldn’t handle the smoke any longer were the windows and doors open. The same process carried out in the barns
and other buildings. A step removed from modern smudging. Our more Gaelic cousins would use club moss to protect
from spirits and yarrow as protective charms. Examples of the folk Rann (or charm) behind these activities can be found in the
Carmina Gadelica.

Folk charms from the 16th century detail the creation of plant salves. These would allow you to see the dead or into the other
world when rubbed on the eyes. These were called fairy ointments or balms and could be made as follows:

“take the jhuice of Dill, vervaine and Sy Johns Grease and anoint your eyes for three days and you shall see spirits visible” (Old
MSS, Rapheal 1832)

Another recipe goes:

“Take a pint of sallet oyle and put it into a vial glasse; and first wash it with rosewater and marygolde water; the flowers to be
gathered toward the east. Wash it till the oyle becomes white, then put into the glasse, and then put there to the budde of youn
hazle, and the thyme must be gathered neare the side of a hill where faeries use to be; and take the grasse of a faerie throne; then
all those put into the oyle in the glasse and sette it to dissolve three dayes in the sunne and then keep it for thy use.”

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the plants used are considered protective because they were used to thwart demons. Known as fuga daemonum (demon repelling).
They were often picked at certain times as the second recipe describes (such as new moon in July or St Johns day or directions
etc.) They could be hung in the house or carried in ligatures on your person to prevent evil spirits or misfortune. The
second recipe points to an almost impossible set of circumstances to create it. Though this isn’t unusual in the folk lore
tales indicating a paradoxical deeper meaning.

I think it’s revealing how some plants in Scotland – Pine, Juniper, Rowan, Elder link to Norse heritage and Scottish folk tales and
folk magic uses. As far as I am aware other plants such as the Mothan or butterwort, Pearl wort, Club moss link to our island
heritage. These are unique to the diaspora of Scotland. Whereas, we have the comparatively modern use of St Johns wort,
Vervain and Dill being discussed as part of the protective powers of plants.

We have previously explored examples of an unshriven corpse causing crops to blight or creating hungry grass. People could
“unshrive” or un-sanctify a corpse past death. This would be a feared act, it would cause the victim to become restless and know
no peace. An example of this practice comes from Russia, who hold similar beliefs to the Norse about the restless dead:

“One must secretly at sunset, go to a grave of a person known to have died unshriven, carrying a hen’s egg and an axe with a
steel tied to it. Ask the corpse’s permission to take earth from his head and offer him a gift of a white swan (symbolised by the
egg) and ask for his help. Go home without looking back stand on a stone near your home and draw a circle around the stone
with the axe whilst reciting the protective spell “Save servant NN from the enemy” then throw the axe to the north and after a
while fetch it and untie the steel. At a convenient opportunity throw the earth at the breast of the victim whilst reciting the spell
“as NN died unshriven so may you die unshriven”

Throwing the cursed earth at the victim meant they would become unshriven and become the restless dead. A horrible fate for
those who believed in the Christian god. It was not uncommon in the middle ages for the dead to be held on trial with this as an
end result. An example of this practice is found in Pope Formosus who was dug up, put on trial, condemned and his remains
thrown in the Tiber. Similarly, permission to mutilate bodies has been found in Roman law. Those who were in debt were
exhumed and their corpse thrown to the dogs, cut into pieces or left for the birds. Comparable law and treatment is found in
Germany and Norway. Mutilation of corpses forms obstacles to ritual burial. Ritual burial was required, as part of the right way
of things we have discussed at length. Without the proper order followed the dead would become restless. And very angry.

The use of human bones is referred to in the Black Books and other folk magic practices. Following the above logic, to have and
use part of a corpse would mean the dead person would become unshriven, unblessed and in turn restless. If restless, they could
be at the bidding of the person who commands the body part. A risky game. The restless dead, whose bone was used, would take
revenge when the folk practitioner died if they didn’t replace it. This does however present a new method by which folk magic of
the departed works. It also means if you have a large collection of skulls and body parts you are potentially dealing with many
restless dead wondering around your house.
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The dead could be used to get revenge. In Rome, it was not uncommon to find lead tablets inscribed with charms and requests
would be interred in the grave of the dead person. Similar Norse cursing tablets have been found. We have a similar survival
relating to the creation of the Corp Chre or Corp Chreadh – clay corpse or clay poppet:

“He being farther demandyd to whate ende the sprites yn the likenes of Todes and the pictures of man or woman made yn wax or
claye to whate ende they serve he saithe that theire temperature of pictures made yn wax cawse the ptie [party] to contynewe sick
ii hole yeres … as for pictures of claye, their confection is after this manner: ye must take the yerthe of a newe made grave, the
ribbe bone of a dedde man or woman bornyd (burned) to ashes of a woman for a woman and of a man for a man, and a balck
athercobbe (spider) with also the inner pithe of an elder (tree) tempered yn warm water wherein todes must be first washed.”
(Emphasis my own).

corp Chre or Corp Chreadh – clay poppet

Similarly, we have a use of body parts and particular plants in a Love Charm from the Carmina Gadelica:

It is not love knowledge to thee


To draw water through a reed,
But the love of him [her] thou choosest,
With his Avarmth to draw to thee.
Arise thou early on the day of the Lord,
To the broad flat flag
Take with thee the biretta of a priest, {foxglove]
And the pinnacled canopy. {butterbur]
Lift them on thy shoulder in a wooden shovel,
Get thee nine stems of ferns Cut with an axe,
The three bones of an old man,
That have been drawn from the grave,
Burn them on a fire of faggots,

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Against the sting of the north wind.


And I will vow, and warrant thee.
That man [woman] will never leave thee.

The lucky bones are the joint of the big toe of the right foot and the nail joints of the left foot of an old man. These are said to be
the first part of the human body to decay. It is also reminiscent of the Paticular Bone charm.

We have explored examples of the dead in Scottish folk magic from many perspectives in this series. This final part is a very
brief sampler of the different charms and practices involving them. It helps to bring the previous ideas to life. It demonstrates the
survival the power of the dead has across the different cultures. For the astute among you it also offers a number of different keys
to explore in your own practice. These influences have and will continue to affect Scotland profoundly. That is one thing i can be
certain of.

So what does all this mean? The role the dead play has been maligned and sidelined. This 3-part series has encouraged
exploration into the role the dead have in Scottish folk magic, everyday life and other seldom explored areas. The practices which
ignore the role the dead play, yet focus on Scottish traditions are the lesser for it. Putting the dead to the fringes, I suggest, is a
deliberate attempt by Christianity and “religions of the soul” to keep their foothold on our day-to-day life. This shouldn’t be a
concern that folk practitioners have who are grounded in authentic and genuine approaches to the surround and community.

Folk practices dedicated to the restless dead invalidate the idea of the Christian soul. Practices that speak to ancestors and call on
the dead demonstrate there is no such thing as an incorruptible soul as Christians perceive it. Practices involving the dead would
have been a deviation and heresy of highest order to the kirk. We should be wary of religious orders or hierarchies which promise
to save your soul through application of their methods or bring you closer to their god head through application of their way. The
way to honour and mange our dead is open to all of us. There is no need for graded orders, secret societies or “the spooky made
manifest”.

What is known as ‘black arts’ were once common place practices of a community focused around the idea of ancestor veneration.
They aren’t black or an art. They are a way of life long forgotten. The dead were once an community concern and not only for the
learned or the clerics of their time. Now we sanctify and disinfect them away in fridges to be buried with sometimes never a
word.

I admit there are areas of my thinking throughout this series which are ineffectual, need more evidence and closer examination. I
admit whole heartedly there could be more evidence brought to bear to some of the discussion. Where there is bias i hope I have
owned up to it. I have, however, tried to present an unbiased exploration to the best of my current ability and for a web-based
format. I hope it’s been informative? These writings, associated hypothesis and theories represent the tip of an iceberg in this
area. The beginning of a journey. One I hope that others will start to explore and search for evidence in this fascinating area of
Scottish folk practice.

I’d like to wish you an amazing Samhuinn and thanks so much to your committed reading of this series.
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If you chose to pursue any of these ideas in your own practice, Sealbh math dhuit!

Footnotes are below.

1. these are footnotes

2. From the complete political works of Burns in “on the late captain Grose’s penegrations Thro Scotland.”

3. Taken from the Glossary of Archaic and Provincial Words, A Supplement to the Dictionaries of the English Language

4. This series has already explored the links between the dead, demons and the sidhe. If you haven’t read the other parts it
would be best to, as some of the leaps in logic I won’t be going into in massive detail

5. The Taghairn could refer to the divination practice of man wrapped in a freshly slaughtered ox hide and left behind a
waterfall or on the edge of the tide. However, we are not discussing this here

6. If you can get hold of his PHD thesis I would very much recommend reading it

7. Called in Danish Cyprianer and which Peukert calls in German Haus ‘Piiterlitteratur’

8. A moss troopper is similar to a border reiver, a bandit or raider would be a modern term for them.

9. Usually, the Wise One sought the service of a spirit until a bone was returned, or perhaps until the practitioner passed
from the Land of the Living into the Kingdom of Death. Here, however, the spirit must serve the Wise One’s long after
his death. until the morning of Judgement Day (Halmdahl, Book of Healing. item No. 88 being acquired from Adolf
Lundkvist, a Sámi in September 1936).

10. Meaning death had not divided the lovers

11. Used for the poles to carry the coffin.

12. Interesting the Scottish use of Juniper is similar to the Nepalese puja ceremonies. Linking Juniper to other magico-
religious rites.

13. From Paul Huson’s mastering herbalism though I feel throne should maybe be thorn?

14. What people would recognise as mojo bags today though unrelated.

15. There are tales of folk with the second sight being cured of this affliction by carrying St Johns wort on them for a year.
This may be related to the story of St Columba and the frightened Shepard. A potential motif of the power of Christ St
Columba) over the dead (the second sight)
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16. How does one get grass from a fairy throne for instance?

17. English in origin I think. This could be related to the moonpaste of Isobel Gowdie. The only recipe I have for moonpaste
comes from Arabic magic and is different.

18. The term old man was also used to refer to the southernwood, which is called ‘lus an t-seann duine,‘ the plant of the old
man but highly unlikely it refers to it here.

19. As i write this the phrase “No gods, no kings. Only man” comes to mind.

3 comments

December 1, 2017 - 8:11 pm

I have really enjoyed your entire series, and have shared it to my local community. Thank you for sharing your
insight and opening my mind a little further. Bright Blessings <3

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Wow this is amazing… I am very impressed. As a Scottish neo pagan I find this 100% fascinating. Nice
work, amazing

April 30, 2018 - 5:05 pm

Glad you enjoyed it Stephen.

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