ASSIGNMENT

ON

RELATIONSHIP OF VITAMIN WITH

OTHER NUTRIENT

COURSE NO - ANN- 602

SUBMITTED TO SUBMITTED BY

DR. MEENU DUBEY PRAMOD NAMDEO

ASSISTANT PROFFESSOR M.V.SC (NUTRITION)
DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL NUTRITION (PREVIOUS)

DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL NUTRITION

COLLEGE OF VETERINARY SCIENCE & A.H.
ANJORA, DURG
INTRODUCTION

Vitamins are Chemical entities which are essential for maintaining the metabolic process at
a normal level in animal. Most of the vitamins are unrelated chemically but they are considered as
group because of certain advantages in place of nutritional and physiological stand point.

Vitamins are defined as a group of complex organic compound ,chemically unrelated to

each other, present in a minute amount in feed stuff ,that are essential to normal metabolism, and a
lack of which in diet causes deficiency disease. Vitamins are divided into two types: fat soluble and
water soluble. Fat soluble vitamins (vitamin A, D, E and K) are stored in the fat tissues and liver.
When the body requires these, they are transported to the area of requirement within the body with
help of special carriers. Water soluble vitamins (B-vitamins and vitamin C) are not stored in the
body like the fat soluble ones. They travel in the blood stream and need to be replenished everyday.

Certain vitamins are also involved in producing blood cells, hormones, genetic material and
chemicals in nervous system. Unlike carbohydrates, proteins and fats, vitamins and minerals do not
provide calories. However, they do help the body to use the energy from food.

The vitamins are derived initially from plants except Vit-B12 .Vitamin cannot be synthesized
by animal so it must be obtained from the diet.

Vitamins play an important role in the functioning of various processes inside the body.
They functions as -

1. antioxidants,
2. Mediators for cell regulation,
3. Tissue growth and differentiation.
4. As catalyst and aid the metabolic activities taking place inside the body.
5. They also act as coenzymes, these coenzymes are responsible for carrying various
chemical groups between the enzymes. Thus it aids in the transportation field also.
6. Vitamin B7 also known as biotin is responsible for the formation of fatty acids.
Thus, Vitamin forms an important part of our diet.

Vitamin are related with metabolic process of various nutrients e.g Carbohydrate,
Protein ,Lipid, & Minerals. Following are the relationship between vitamins with various nutrient.
VITAMINS RELATED TO CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM

1. Riboflavin
2. Niacin
3. Thiamin
4. Pantothenic acid
5. Pyridoxin
6. Ascorbic Acid

1.THIAMIN (VITAMIN - B1)

This Vitamin thiamin diphosphate act as the coenzyme for decarboxylation in the α-
ketoglutarate dehydrogenase reaction on TCA cycle and pyruvte dehydrogenase on pyruvate to
acetyl co-A conversion

2.RIBOFLAVIN
This Vitamin in the form of flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), act as a cofactor in the α-
ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex and in succinate dehydrogenase in TCA cycle.

3.NIACIN

This Vitamin in the form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), the coenzyme for
three dehydrogenases in the TCA cycle

1. Isocitrate dehydrogenase,

2. α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, and

3. Malate dehydrogenase;

4. PANTOTHENIC ACID
As part of coenzyme A , the cofactor attached to “active” carboxylic acid residues such as
acetyl-CoA and succinyl-CoA.
5.Pyridoxin (B-6)
 There are three traditionally considered forms of vitamin B6: pyridoxal (PL), pyridoxine (PN),
pyridoxamine (PM). The phosphate ester derivative pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) is the
principal coenzyme form and has the most importance in metabolism  e.g.
1. PLP functions as a coenzyme for glycogen phosphorylase, an enzyme that catalyzes the
release of glucose from stored glycogen.
2. PLP is also a coenzyme for reactions used to generate glucose from amino acids, a
process known as gluconeogenesis .

6.Vitamin C
From some trial it is suggested that role of vitamin C is as similar to Insulin in carbohydrate
metabolism

VITAMIN IN LIPID METABOLISM

1. Pantothenic acid (B 5)
2. Niacin
3. Riboflavin
4. Vitamin B12,
5. Folic acid,
6. Vitamin C
7. Vitamin E

Vitamins play an essential role in lipid metabolism reactions and their presence is
therefore absolutely necessary for some reaction to occur.
1. Pantothenic acid, niacin and riboflavin :- By transformation into coenzymes
these vitamins are involved in fatty acid synthesis and oxidation reactions.
2. Vitamin B12, folic acid, vitamin C, influence lipid metabolism by different
mechanisms.
Coenzyme B12 and folate coenzyme provide to balance, by
methionine synthesis, the pool of methyl radicals necessary for phospholipid
biosynthesis.
 By its involvement in the microsomal respiratory chain,
vitamin C promotes cholesterol transformation into bile acids.

3. Nicotinic acid and its derivatives have a particular pharmacological effect

since they cause a HDL increase with LDL decrease and improve cholesterol
transfer from LDL to HDL.
4. Vitamin E and various phases of cholesterol metabolism
The action of vit E in the maintenance of normal cholesterol level in
skeletal muscle has been observed in vitamin E deficient rabbit, guinea pig, rat
calves, and chicks , result in elevated plasma cholesterol value in healthy
subjects after tocoferol administration

PROTEIN AND VITAMIN

Vitamin A
Vitamin A is necessary for growth therefore closely linked to the protein
metabolism. Recent studies shows that vitamin A deficiency and protein malnutrition occurs
together. The absorption of vitamin A is impaired in acute protein malnutrition and
mobilization of vitamin A from liver is impaired in protein -calorie malnutrition. So protein
is necessary for mobilization of vitamin A from liver. It is shown that vitamin A is
necessary for synthesis of muscle protein ,synthesis of glycoprotein in cell membrane

VITAMINS RELATED TO MINERAL

Vitamin D with Ca & P

Vit E with Se
Vitamin B 12 and Co
Vitamin A with Zinc
Vitamin K and Ca
Vit B6 and Fe
Vit B6 with Se
Vit A with Se
Ascorbic acid with Se
Vitamin E with Zn
Vitamin C and Calcium
1. Vitamin D with Ca & P
The two most important hormones for maintaining calcium levels in the body are
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and 
1,25(OH)2D  (the active form of vitamin D).

Ca deficient in ECF – Trigger parathyroid gland to release Parathormone.

Prarathormone - Stimulate Vit D3 synthesis in 2 steps
st
1 - (Liver endoplasmic reticulum)-Hydroxilation of Cholecalciferol at 25 C
atom and forms 25-cholecalciferol (D2) it is the major circulating form of
vitamin D.
2 ( Kidney Mitochondria)- again hydroxylation at carbon 1st or 24th .and forms
nd

1,25 D3 or 24,25 D3 is formed in which 1,25 D3 is the active form of

vitamin D3
Vitamin D3(1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol):- works by 3 ways
1. promotes the absorption of Ca & P from the intestine by promoting the
protein CALBINDING formation which is necessary for mobilization of
ca from intestinal mucosa
2. increase re-sorption of Ca from kidney and expulsion of P.
3. increase mobilization of Ca from bone.
By these way Parathormone and
vitamin D3 helps in maintaining the level of Ca in the Extracellular fluid.
 2. Vitamin E & Se
Vitamin E is well recognized as a selenium synergist. Vitamin E is a fat soluble antioxidant
that protects the lipid cell membranes from the effects of oxidation. Vitamin E supplementation can
reduce the symptoms of selenium deficiency
Glutathione peroxidase is an important enzyme in destroying H2O2 and organic
hydroperoxides such as lipid hydroperoxides. It therefore guards against oxidative damage to the
cell membranes and other oxidant-sensitive sites in the cell, this enzyme is Se dependent.
Vitamin E is believed to protect against oxidant damage to membranes by preventing the
formation of lipid hydroperoxides.
A scheme is proposed, based on oxidant damage and its prevention, which accounts for the
interaction between selenium,
3. Vitamin B 12 and Cobalt.
Vitamin B12 is synthesized by rumen microbes from dietary cobalt and the clinical
signs of cobalt deficiency in sheep and cattle are due to reduced vitamin B12 concentrations in
tissue. Vitamin B12 coenzyme is required by methylmalonyl- CoA mutase, a mitochondrial enzyme
involved in the major pathway through which propionate and several amino acids are metabolised.
Propionate, derived from fermentation of plant cellulose in the rumen, is the major source of energy
in the ruminant.
In plants, cobalt appears to be required only for the vitamin B12 nutrition of the nitrogen
fixing Rhizobia in legume nodules
4. Vitamin A with Zinc
Zn is necessary for the normal mobilization of Vit- A from liver. The
conversion of β-carotene in to Vitamin A in intestinal mucosa is enzyme Alcohol Dehydrogenase
dependent process which contains Zn .
Retinal binding protein (RBP) the carrier of vitamin A is also syntesises in more quantity in
presence of Zn
5. Vitamin K and Ca and Manganese:-
Vit K – for synthesis of Prothrombin in Liver
Mn – Glycosyl transferase ( A manganese containing enzyme ) essential for
conversion of Prothrombin in Thrombin with the help of Vitamin K.
Ca- it is related to Thrombin for blood clotting.
6. Vit B 6 and Fe
Vit B 6 (Pyridoxin ) plays very imp role in incorporation of Fe in heamoglobin
synthesis. In monogastric animal diet rich in Iron but deficient in Vitamin B 6 shows the
symptom of anemia along with symptom of vitamin B 6 deficiency.

7. Vit B6 with Se
Vitamin B6 acts as a selenium synergist, and is associated with the conversion of
selenomethionine to glutathione peroxidase.

8. Vit A & Ascorbic acid with Se

Animals suffering from selenosis were found to have decreased levels of vitamin A, and
ascorbic acid.
9. Vitamin A with Minerals Synergistic & antagonist
The mineral zinc is intimately associated with vitamin A. Adequate amounts are required
for the mobilization of vitamin A from the liver. In several experiments involving animal
and human studies, vitamin A deficiency symptoms did not respond to vitamin A
supplementation alone when a zinc deficiency co-existed. However symptoms of vitamin A
deficiency, such as impaired night vision, improved only after zinc supplementation. Zinc is
involved.
Vitamin A may also be mutually antagonistic to Excessive tissue iron
10. Vitamin E & Zn
Supplementation of zinc-deficient chicks with vitamin E significantly reduced the severity of
skin and joint pathology. So Vitamin E is synergic to Zn.

11. Vitamin C and Calcium

Vitamin C is a necessary co-factor for bio –conversion of Vitamin D3 to its active
form ,1,25(OH) 2 D 3 .Many cases of ‘Field rickets’ in poults may be due to stress induced
deficiency of vitamin C. so with vitamin C deficiency Ca absorption and re-absorption may
be hampered in case of poultry chicks.
CONCLUSION

VitaminB12 deficiency in ruminant (particularly the area where soil having deficient cobalt)
can be treated by providing cobalt in diet. If there is impaired carbohydrate metabolism then we
should also keep in the mind about role of vitamin in carbohydrate metabolism other than
supplying more carbohydrate in diet or checking the hormonal imbalance.
It Can be only known if we will be the familiar with interrelationship of nutrient for
successfully treating the deficient disease and for formulation of balance feed .
Deficiencies of vitamins are classified as either primary or secondary. A
primary deficiency occurs when an organism does not get enough of the vitamin in its food. A
secondary deficiency may be due to an underlying disorder that prevents or limits the
absorption or use of the vitamin
Some of well-known vitamin deficiencies in animals are
Vit A- Night blindness,Vit D- Rickets ,Osteomalacia,Vit E-Crazy chick disease ( Poultry)
Thiamin-Polyneuritis in chick, Riboflavin-Curled toe paralysis etc.
So it is necessary to know the interrelation ship of vitamin with other nutrients.