CAREER ENDEAVOUR PUBLICATIONS has taken due care in collecting the data and providing the solutions, before publishing this book. Inspte ofthis, any inacouracy or printing erars are there, CAREER ENDEAVOUR PUBLICATIONS ores, fo responsioiliy. CAREER ENDEAVOUR PUBLICATIONS wil be grateful f you could poiat out any such error. Your suggestions willbs highly appreciated, © All right reserved by CAREER ENDEAVOUR PUBLICATIONS. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form without the written permission from the publisher. Jc, Office: 28.N/11, Jia Sarai New Delhi-16; Ph: 011-26851008, 26 ae unow.careerendeavaut comPREFACE ‘The book “General Aptiaude” is writen with the objective of providing description of principles involved in General Aptitude including their application at a level suitable for B.Tech. and M.Sc. students. This book will be highly usefill for the candidates preparing for various competitive examinations at national and state levels such as CSIR-UGC-NET/IRF, GATE, SLET, ete In all the papers of CSIR-UGC-NETURF and GATE examinations, GA questions carry 15 percent ‘weightage of total marks, + Inevery year CSIR-UGC-NET/IRF includes at least 30 marks from this section out of 200 marks + In every year GATE paper includes atleast (5 marks from this section out of 100 marks, Apart fiom CSIR-UGC-NETIRF, GATE, SLET, this book will also be very useful to candidates appearing for varinus Public Sector examinations ie. NTPC, HPCL, et. The book contains a brief description on every topic of General Aptitude, The book is designed and prepared in such a way that it provides the required information regarding almost every topic to General aptitude with emphasis on logical reasoning graphical analysis, analytical and numerical ability, quantitative comparisons, series formation, puzzles etc. Numerical Ability: Numerical computation, mumerical estimation, numerical reasoning and data interpretation, Verbal Ability: English grammar, sentence completion, verbal analogies, word groups, instructions, y then weuse bianomhial theorem, but x= y-+ta, then (y+a)" +y gives the remainder a*. 7” <6, What willbe remainder? 7 =(641)? + . what will be remainder? 46° = (45-41) =(5x941)" + (i) fx = x=7orx=l Therefore, the roots are 7, |Nomber System Formaiae: 1. (a+b)(a~b)=(a? -b’) 2. (a+b) =(a? +b? +2ab) 3. (a-b)’ = (a? +b? 2a) 4. (atb+e)? ( (2 +b*)=(a+b)(a?~ab+b?) ( ( F +b? +e? 42(ab+be-+ca) 5. a’ —b* a~b)(a? +ab+b?) 7, (a +b? +e? —3abe) =(a+b+0)(a? +b? +0? ~ab—be-ac) (a+b+e)[ (avy +(b-e)' +(e~a)'] 8. Whena+b+c=0, then 43 4. 9. (a+b) b’ +3ab(a tb} 10. (a-b —b? +3ab(=a+b) From above result itis clear that a4-b" is ab.10. 12, 13, 14, Number System ‘What willbe the remainder when (29)*is divided by 28? (a0 (1 ©29 @s A number is multiplied by 5 and 25 is added to it, The result is divided by 5 and the original number is subtracted from the same, The remainder will be (@)5 (1 @2 (d)3 ‘The ratio of two murmbes is 15:L1. their HCE is 13, then the numbers are (a) 75, 55 (b) 45, 22 (©) 104, 44 (d) 195, 143 1 What i the smallest whole number thats exactly divisible by 1 2 and 35? (a) 132 (b) 130 (138s (@ 124 it Vx -Jy =1 and vx + fy =17 and Jxy =? (st (ey 16 On @n Find number of divisors of 1420 | (a) 12 (b) 1335 (c) 14 (als If 375A is divisible by9, find the Value ofA e : ie @1 @3 OPT AG 76+58)' +(76-58)° (61887 26-8 5 @2 (0)4 The letters A, B, C,D, E, Fand: 10 such that () Dis3 less than A ? (ii) BiSthe middle term fa F ivas nach less than B as ¢ is greater tran D. Go) Gis groater than F Wheat isthe value (A-F)? Bf 4 @4 @3 > ©2 A snail isat the bottom of 20-meter deep it. Everyday the snail climbs 5 meters upwards, but at vig it slides 4 meters back downwards. How many days does it take before the small reaches the top of the pit? (a)20 b)19 (17 (a) 16 1 Divide 50 i two parts such that the sumof eciprocal is 5. Whatare the numbers? (a) 20, 30 (6) 24, 26 (0) 28,22 (36,14 ‘What are the values of the digits A and B if the number 79A856776B is divisible by 8 and 9? @1.a (9,0 9,8 Ra By reversing the digit ofthe number 13, the number is increased by 18. How many other two-digit nunibers increase by 18, when their digits are reversed? 8 ()7 (6 @5 M men agree to parchase a gift for Rs. D. Ifthree men drop out, how much more will each have to contribute towards the purchase of the gift? (a) D(M-3) (b)MD/3 (©) M(D-3) (d) 3D/(M*-3M) 38 19 ai 22, 23, 4, 25 26. 27, 28, 29.Number System . e2eseeemese 15. What is the next number in the series es’ ae’ 25° ce = 6 1 @ sv5 o) 25V5 © 125 @ 25 16. Themumber of 0's (zeros) in the value 1000! is: (@ 100 (b)200 (249 (250 17. The number of boys in a class is three times the number of girls. Which one of the following murberscannot represent the total number of children in the class? (48. (44 (42 (40 18. A father three times as old as his son. Fivé years back, he was four times as old as his son. The age of the sonis (a) 12 (b) 15 (@I1s (a) 20 19. Ifthe operation, A is defined by the equation xAy = 2x + y, the value ofa in 2/Aa =aA3 given by (a1 (b)0 @l (2 20. Begin writing positive integers (in decimal notatio) sequentially. What is the 1, 000th digit written? qo (ol 6 (@) None of the above. 21. Which letter follows 4 in the Sequence: 1A2D314_5Y @A )Q es @T @P 22, Thedigit inthe unit’s position of (777)" is (ao (b)3 ()7 (1 23. Aperson while distributing some mangoes to his friends observes that ifhe gives 10 each, 9 mangoesare left with him; but ifhe gives 9 each; 8 are left, Ifhe gives 8 each, 7. aus eta soon. Lastly ifhe gives 2 each, 1 is left, The number of mangoes the person has is (a) 5220 (b) 5039. (©) 5219. d)'5040 24. What isthe last digit in 2"? 7 @2 (b)4 6 @s 25, The sumoftwo digits ofa nunibér'is 15,19/3s added to the'umber then the digits get reversed. Which of the following is FALSE about the number (@) The number has the two digits separated by a difference of one. (b) The number is divisible by 3. (©) The number is divisible by 6 (@) The number is divisible by 9. 26. 100! = 1x23x.....*100 ends exactly in how many zeroes? (24 (b) 10 @u @ai 27. Let ‘a’ and ‘b’ be two positive integers. The number of factors of 87" are (a2 Q)atb+2 (jab+1 @ (a+ I(b+1) 28, 1f(12*22*35)/p isan integer, which of the following CANNOT be the value of p? | @I5 (21 (©28 @50 ] 29. The age of grandfather in years is the same as that of his grand-daughters inmonths. Iftheir ages differ by 55 | ‘years, the age ofthe grand-daughter is 1 i (@) Spy () 5;ymonths (©) Syears {@) None ofthe above. iNumber System 10. U1. HINTS & SOLUTIONS (29y” =(284) Answer is (b) Let number is x Multiply by 5, then 5x, added 25 then 5x-+25 Result divided by 5 then =x-+5 Subtracted initial number then x +5 —x=5 ‘Let number are 15x and 11x. HCF is 13 ‘Thus only possible numbers are 13 * 15 and 13211 Answer is (d) li Answer is (a) va-Jyel @ i ves y-17 2 Vx=9 are y=8 6 Answer is (d) 1420 = 2x2x5x7x1 Number of divisor = (2+ 1) (1 Answer is (a) Sumission of digits =3+7+5 + ‘Thus only possible value of Ais 3. Answer is) ? ‘Answer is (a) (@) cannot be determined because integers are seven and value is 10. In one day it climbs only 1 m. So, in 15 daysit finally olombs 15 mand 16" day he climbs Sm and reach the top. $0, 16 day are required. ‘Answers (d) Let one part is x. ‘Then another part would be 50-x ipa te = x 50-x 12 x{50-x) =12*50 x? ~50x +600 = => x?—30x~20x+600=0 x(x-30}-20(x-30)=0 => (x-20)(x-30)=0 => x=200r30 Answers (a) Ss x‘Number System 12. Anynumber is divisible by 8 iflast 3 digit of number is divisible by 8 also ifsum of digit of given number is divisible by 9 then that number is divisible by 9. Hence, 9, 0 is our answer Answer is (cand d) 13. Number isincreased by 18 when difference of digit is 2 So, number is -24, 35, 46, 68, 79, 57 Answer is6 ie. (c) 14. Since, Mmen purchase a gift for=Rs. D ‘Therefore, I man share =D/M 1£3 men dropout then I man share = D/(m-3) D__D_Dm-Dm+3D__ 3D m3 m~ (m-3)m m—3m ‘Then more contribution ‘Answer is (d) 23.4 5 6 V5°5? ss” 25’ 255 Answer is (b) 15, 16. Hence number of zero = 2004048 +1 = 249 Plonek Answer is () f 17, The number of boys are 3 imbibe So, Girl=x and Boy=3x Hence, total student ~x + 3x=4% So, the number which is not divisible by-4 is ouranswer, Hence, 42 Answer is (0) J oh Ec 18. IfSon=x year Father =3x year 5 hear back, Soa = x-5 Father =3x-3 Hence, 4(x-5) = 3x5 4x~20=3x-5 4x-3x=20-5 > x= 15 Answer is (b) 19. xAy=2x4+y = 2ha=2x2t+a=dta ( aA3=2a+3 = 44a=2a+3 1 4 Answer is (c) 20. Answeris (@), ayae ne SRNR ‘Number System A203 1 4 PSY Answer is (d) 22, 777-44 given remainder 1 Hence, (777)"S units our result Hence, 7 i Answer is (c) 23, Ifdiflerence of divisor and remainder is same for each group. Then take LCM of divisorand substract difference of divisor-remaindes from them, 2 sere s Therefore, LCM = 2x2x3x5x35247 = 420%6 But 2520 is not given hence another number Hence, Answer = 5040 ~ 1 = 5039) Answer is (b) 3 24, $4.14 givesremainder 2 s Hence, last digit 2?=4 # Answer is (b) 8 25. Sum of digit is 15 and when 9 added number. Check all option : 4 Answer is (d) 5 | 100 disiat 5 5] 20 . 5 26. — 4 5 Hence, number of zero =20-+4=24 Answer is (a) 27. Answeris(d) 28, ‘Because 50 cannot exactly divide the numerator, while other number can divide it. Answer is (@) 29. Let grand father = x yrs. Grand daughter=x month= 7 yrs = UK 55 2Soin. Soln. Soln, => at 13 B 34-13 214 ean) 7 7 7 7 17 On children’s day sweets were to be equallydistributed amongst 540 children, But on that particular day, 120 children were absent. Thus, each child got 4 sweets extra, How many sweets was each child originally sup- posed to get? Suppose, each child was supported to get.x sweets. Then we have, 42084 540%x = (540 ~ 120) (x4) = 120x=420x4 0 X= =14 126 ‘Therefore, x= 14 sweets, ‘ The difference between the squares of two consecutive odd integers is always divisible by which digits or numbers? as ee Let the two consecutive odd numbers be (2n+ 1) and (i 3) respectively: Then, (2n-+3) -(2n+1f =(2n34:20+1\(2n#3— S01) = (44) x28 (n+ 1), sich is divisible by 8.” “October 2, 2001” in MMDDYYY¥ format is a palindrome (a string that reads the same forwardsas it does backwards example, 10/02/2001 ..... 10022001). When was the latest century before October 2, 2001 that is also a palindrome? (a) 13" century (b) 14* century. (c) 17. centary. + (d)20" century Find the largest natural number which exactly divides the product of any 4 consecutive natural numbers. Required number= 1x2*3«4 = 24 Therefore, required number = 24 [It is applicable for all 4 consecutive natural numbers}, ‘Murari, Arun and Nitin start at the same time in the sarne direction to run around a circular stadium. Murari completes around in 126 seconés, Arun in 154 seconds and Nitin in 99 seconds, al starting a the same point. After what time will they meet again at the starting point? Required time = L.C.M. of 126 sec, 154 sec and 99 sec. 2126, 154,99 1163, 77, 99 9163, 7,9 717.7. {41,1 ‘Therefore, required time = 211x927 = 1386 sec = 23 min, 06 see.Number System Soin. ‘Amit, Bijender and Chandu go walking round citcle | km in circumference at the rates of 10 m/min, 20 mv’ min and 40 m/min respectively. Ifthey all start together and walk in the same direction, when will hey be together at the same place? (@after50 minute ()after 100 minute (¢) after 240 minute (d) after 800 minute Inan examination, a student average marks were 63 per paper. Ifhe had obtained 20 more marks for his Biochemistry paper and 2 more matks for his Microbiology paper, his average per paper would have been 65. How many papers were there in the examinations? Assume there be x papers. ‘Total marks ofall papers = 62x fomquestion, 65x ~ 63x = 2042 = 2x=22CHAPTER Average Average : The average ofa number isa measure of the central tendency of. set of numbers. Inother words, an estimate of where the centre point-ofa set of numbers lies. The basic formula for the average ofn numbers X,%25%3p--y 18 Xy$X2 +Xy Foot X, )/n-= (Total sum of n numbers)/n is also means A, x= total im of‘n’ numbers. The average is always edlculated fora set of numbers Sum of observations ) Numbér-of observation ae ‘Weighted average: When we have 2 or more groups whose individual average are known then to find the combined average ofall the elements ofall the groups we use weighted average:‘Thus if we have k groups with average A,,A,, A, and having n,n, ......n, elements then the Weighted average is given by the formula, mAs +n5Ay MgAS ton my Ag nprng yay +m, A Example-1: Thete are two sections A and B ofa lass consisting of 36 and 44 students respectively. Ifthe average weight of section A is 40 kg and that of section B is 35 kg. Calculate average weight of whole class. 364044435 sf 36444 Important points about average: (1) The average always lies above the lowest number of the set and the below highest number of the set. (2) The net deficit due to the numbers below the average always equals the net surplus due to the numbers above the average. (3) Ages and averages: Ifthe average age of a group of persons is x years today then after ‘n’ years their average age will be (xn). Also, n years ago their average age would have been (x-n). This happens due to the fact that for a group af people, | years is added to each persons’ age every year. t 7.25sverage aver NES eM gsS 1, There were 35 students in « hostel. Due to the admission of 7 new students the expenses ofthe mess were incseased by Rs. 42 per day while the average expenditure per hand diminished by Rs. 1. The originalexpen- dinare of the mess was 6 (@) 45075 {b) 32038 (©) 55058 (6) 4208 Soln, Let original average expenditure =x rs then original expenditure for 35 studen After admission of 7 new students average expenditure = (x—1) 18 hence total expenditure = 42(x—1)rs 42(x-1) 35x =42 42x—42~—35x = 42 Tx=84=>12=x * then original expenditure = 35 * 1 2. persons went to a hotel for taking their meals, Eight of the spent 12 rs each on their meals and the ninth spent 8 1s. more than the average expenditure ofall the time. What was the total money spent by them (@) lists (b) 1l6rs. (117s © @ilsrs 1. Soln, Let the average expenditure to all of them=21s then total expenditure = 9 x x- $ 35ers Soin. Now, 12«8 + (x +8) = 9x Soln, 96 +x + B= 9x = 104 =13 3. The average of 20 numbers is zefo fiom at most how miny maybe seater than zero. (a0 1 Soln. Average of 20 number =0 Therefore, sum of 20 numbers : Then it is possible that 19 of these number may be positive iftheir sum is equal to 20th negetive number. 8 4, The captainofa cricket team of 11 membersis26 years old and the wicket keeper is 3 yrs older. the ages ofthese two are excluded, the average ages of remaining player is One year‘less than the average age of the Soln. whole team. What isthe average age of the team? (a) 23 yrs (b) 24 yrs (0) 25 yrs (@) none ofthese Soln. Let the average age of whole team =x yrs then total age = Nx yrs. Now, after excluding 2 player the average age = (x1) hence, total age = 9(x-1) yrs Now, 11x—(26+29)=9(x-1) I1x-55=9x-9 2x=46=23 5. Acar owner buys petrol at 7.50 rs, 8 rs and 8.50 rs per litre for three sucessive years. What approximately is e the average cost per litre of the petrol ifhe spends Rs. 4000 each year (a) 7.9818 (b) 81s (8.5088 (ors Soln, Total quantity ofpetrol consumed in3 yrs Soln. 4000 00 ie = 7600 litres total amount spend = 34000 = 12000 rsAverage Soin, Soin, Soln, Soin, 12000 _12000x51 Hence, average cost= 76700" —peqon 7 19878 1S ‘The average of 6 numbers is x and the average of three of these isy. Ifthe average of remaining three is z, Then (a x=ytz (b) 2x=y+z (© x=2y422 (@) none of these Let the numbers are a,,4,,4,54,,,,.4, +a, tata tata, hence, can cieemaea 6 2 atatarta,ta,ta,=6x a,+a,+a, Seer hee > atata=3y, atata hence, 3y+3z=6x, ytz=2x Ofthe 3 numbers, the average of the first and second is greater than the average of second and third by 15. ‘What is the difference between the first and the third of the three number (@ 1s (4s 55 (@none of these Let the mumbers are a,,a, and a, 4,~a, =2x15=30 Ifmean ofa, band cis Mand (ab + bc + ca) = 0, then mean of a, b?and c?is (@oM (b) 3M (OM (@)none of these 4 = a's +c? =(atb+c)'-2(ab+be+ca) Now, mean ofa, b,cisM ath 3 then, a? 45? +0? =(3M)*-2x0=9M? (a+b+c) =a? +b? +084 3(abslbe +2 ‘eM a+b+e=3M hence, 2_a@ +b +c 9M? 3 3 =3M* then mean of a? +5* +c" 1 M,N, O, P and Qare 5 consecutive integers and the average ofthese 5 numbers is less than Te ofM. Then which ofthe following option is comect. (a)Mispositive (b) Misnegative _()Miseven (@) Data inconsistent ‘Since, M,N, O, Band Q are positive integers. So, O is the average of these 5 numbers. And for O tobe less than M, M must be greatest term in the A.P. hence, N= (M-1) , = (M-2), P = (M-3) and Q=(M-4)10. Soln, M+M~-1+M-2+M~-3+M~-4_5M~-10 Hence, average of M, N, OP and Q= M2 Now, (M-2)< Mf = 4M-8360x-—240=300x, 60x =240=>4=x Answer is (b) Answer is (a) = Should be average of two = 121412544 _ 13 99 Answer is (¢) ‘Sum of 9 numbers = 61*9= 549 ‘Sum of first five number = 58%: Sum oflast five number = 63%5 =315 Hlence, 5" number = 315 + 290-549 Answer i8(¢) A+B+C+D+E=36x5 80 D=E+5,E=A-8, B=D+B,B4C=107 A+A-84A-3 + 10.7 = 180. a a 3A= 180-96 = 84 TE ee ss Therefore, A=28 5 : i Hence, E= 28-8 = 20 o Answer is (a) “Total rans after 18 innings = 16,5*18=2970#ins! <8" 2% 9 And after 26 innings total runs =32.5*26 845.0700 : f Total runs in 8 innings = 845-297 = 548 ran Hence, Average = 548/8 = 68.5 Answer is (c)CHAPTER Alligation or Mixture Alligation: itis rule that enables us to find the ratio in which two or more ingredient atthe given price must be mixed to produced a mixture of desifed price. Mean price: The cost price of unit quantity of the mixture is called the mean price. Rule of alligation: If two ingrediants are mixed, then’ Quantity of cheaper’: Cost price of dearer ~ mean price Quantity of deares Mean price cost price of cheaper ‘We present as under: : Cost price:ofw unit: __ Gost piiée ofa unit quantity 0 aieaoet ‘ quanti pias Aa ea Mean Price 4 (mn) ~ me) cheaper quantity _d—m dearer quantity m—e ‘When water is mixed with any liquid and then mixture is sold on cost price and earn a profit ofr %, then the ratio of liquid and water in mixture must be always 100 :r %. Ifany two container contains the mixture of any liquid and water (another liquid) in ratio ofa: band ¢ : d respectively and ifsame quantity of mixture from both container are mixed in 3* container, then new ratio of liquid and water in third container will be (2ac + ad +be) :(2bd +ad + bc),Alligation or Mixture Soin, SSeS: a ‘Two vatieties of rice at Rs. 10 per kg and Rs. 12 per kg are mixed together in the ratio 1:2. Find the aver- age price of the resulting mixture If‘ny’ is average cost of two varieties ofrice 10 2 Soln. Applying above format a im ts, 2-222™ [m=1133Rs ike aN 2 m-10 12-m’ m-10 In whet ratio nuist water be mixed with milk to gain 20 % by selling the mixture at cost price. We know that the ratio will be 100: 1% Hence, 20: 100 1:5 Ratio of water and milk respectively) How many kgs. of wheat costing Rs. 8 pec kg must be mixed with 36 kg of wheat costing Rs. 5:40 perky so that 20% gain may be obtained by selling the mixture at RS. 7.20 pet kg? Selling price of 1 kg mixture=Rs. 7.20, Gain=20 % Px tO 7.29 100_ - 720x100 (1005: gain %) 100420°130 =6 Rs. Weknow that cost pric Hence, 8. 6. > Sicfemadual 0? opin op Han ‘The poison and water intwo vesselgA dad B ein thealiog :ishd 243 reectvely. In what tio the liguig in both the vessels be mixed to obtaifi'a new’ mixture: ‘in vessel C ‘containing ‘half poison and half water, Part of poison in vessel A = 4 water = 3 ; =o water =3 , Partofpoisoninnew mixture =~, ates Sola. A B 47, 25 NA Hence, (2/12) 9: 7-122) vio: 4 7:8 Note: Iftwo ingredients in any mixture are in ratio of a:b, then part of first => and part of second oe abAlligation or Mixture 5. Sola, ‘Any can contains a mixture of two liquids A and B in the ratio 7: 5. When 9 litres of mixture are drawn offand the canis filled with B, theratio of AandB becomes 7: 9. How many litres of liquid A was contained by the can inital Let the quantity ofA and B is 7x and Sx litres respectively when 9 litres are drawn off, then 70) 21 ‘Quantity of A in mixture left = (Cee (7-2 ites Nem i2e) 4 5 15 ‘Quantity of B in mixture left = (% -59) i (s a is 28x21 Ts 25x -189=140x+147 then, 20x+21 9 112x =336 => x=3 So, the can contained liquid A= 7%3 =21 litre Container Problem: Supposé a ¢éntainét contains x units of iquid from which ‘y’ units are taken out and a8 : Ley replaced by water. After ‘n’ operation, the quantiyofipurelighid | 2) units. of mills taken out and replaced by water. now contgined by container. container contains 40 liter Of ile from those container 4 lit ‘This process was repeated two tides more, How much milk =40,¥= ay fi A | = 29.16 liters “Ag S Thus amount of milk left after 3 operation 8 litres are drawn froma cask fullof wine and is the filied with water. This operation is performed three more times. The ratio ofthe quantity of wine now left in cask to that ofthe water is 16 65. How muchwine did the cask hold originally. Note: when quantity of mixture is constant and their ingrediants are changed, then sum ofratio of elements is equal to total mixture, ‘Let initial quantity of wine is x liters. sy then quantity of wine left ater 4 operations (1-8) litre ) +, since now satio of water and wine = 65: 16 Hence, ratio of wine and mixture = 16 : (65 + 16)= 16: 81 x(1 *y Hence, x) _16 x 8 -(2 J = 3x-24=2x => x=24 : nnn nanan dia san li flee clan dia10. ML. 12, ligation or Mixture How many kilograms of sugar costing Rs. 9 per kg mnst be mixed with 27 kg of sugar costing Rs 7 perkg so that there may be a gain of 10% by selling the mixture at Rs. 9.24 per kg? (a) 36 kg, (b)42kg (©)S4kg (6) 63 kg 2 A In what ratio nmast water be mixed with mik to gain 16% onselling the mixture at cost price? (16 6:1 (23 (43 In what ratio water be mixed with oil costing Rs. 12 per litre to obtain a mixture worth of Bs. 8 per liter (a 1:2 )4e1 (92:3 (3:2 Ans.(a) A dishonest milkman professes to sell his milk at cost price but he mixes it with water and thereby gains 25%. ‘The percentage of water in the mixture is: (@4% ) 6 % (0) 20% (a) 25% Two vessels Aand B contain spirit and water mixed inthe ratio 5:2 dnd 7.6 fespectively. Find the ratio in which these mixture be mixed to obtain a new mixture in vessel C containing spirit and water in the ratio 8:52 (a) 4:3 (b)3:4 © 56 . 7:9. ‘Two vessels Aand B contain millcand water mixed inthe ratio 8:5iand 5:2 respectively. The ratio inwhich these 3 to mixtures be mixed to getr@ngiv mixture containing 695% mils. (2:7 0) 3:5. (52 A milk vendor has 2 cans of milk: The fist ‘eontains 25% water and the céstmilk ‘The second contains 50% water . How much milk should he mix from each of the containe}$s0 85 fo Bel'12 lites of milk such that the ratio of water to milk is 3:52 °° ae (2) litres, Slitres —(b) lites, Glitres (©) Slitres, Tlitres_(@) lites, 5 litres. One quality of wheat at Rs.9.30.per kgs mixed with another quality. at @eertain rate inthe ratio 8:7. Ifthe mixture so formed be worth Rs. 10 perkg: what isthe rate} pecea dei seesind quality of wheat? (@)Rs. 10.30 (©) Rs. 10.60 (Rs. 10.80 @Rsi1 ‘The cost of type I rice is Rs. 15 per kg and type 2 rice is Rs. 20 per kg. Ifboth are mixed in theratio of 2:3, then the price per kg of the mixed variety of ice is (@Rs. 18 (Rs. 18.50 (ORs.19 (d) Rs. 19.50 In what ratio must a grocer mix two varieties of tea worth Rs. 60a kg and Rs, 65 a kg so that by selling the ‘mixture at Rs. 68.20.a kg he may gain 10% @3:2 (3:4 (3:5 (4:5 ‘Teaworth Rs, 126 per kg and Rs. 135 perkg are mixed witha third variety in the ratio 1:1:2. Ifthe mixture is worth Rs. 153 per kg, the price of the third variety per kg will be (@)Rs. 169.50 (b) Rs. 170 (Rs. 175.50 (@Rs. 180 Amerchant has 1000 kg of sugar, part of which he sells at 8% profit and the rest at 18% profit. Hegains 14% on the whole. The quantity sold at 18% profit is: (a) 400 kg, (b) 560 kg (©) 600 kg 640k ea 14. 15Alligation or Mixture iB 14 15 ‘Ajar fill of whisky contains 40% alcohol. A part of this whisky is replaced by another containing 19% alcohol and now the percentage of alcohol was found to be 26%. The quantity of whisky replaced is: i 2 3 @; oF ©; 5 Three types of tea a, b, and c cost Rs 95/kg, Rs 100/kg and Rs 70/kg respectively. How many kg of each should be blended to produce 100 kg of mixture worth Rs 90/kg? Given that the quantities of band care equal, (@) 70, 15,15 (b) 50, 25, 25 (©) 60, 20, 20 (@) 40, 30, 30 A clever servant is sent to cofiée shop where a standard blend of Plantation with Peaberry is soldin the ratio of 2:1. Itis given that at that shop Plantation costs Rs. 0.33/gram, and Peaberry costs Rs. 0.24/gram. The servant finds that he does not have enough money to buy 100 grams ofthe standard blend, Being clever he interchanges the ratio and brings home 100 grams ofthe new blend for all money he had. Hlow much money did the servant have? (a) 84Rs (b) 81 Rs (©)30Rs (27 (©) None of the above. HINTS & SOLUTIONS 100 Cost price of | kg of mixture = 9.24: To 8.40 Answer is (d) Let cost price of milk be Re | 6 (aes Cost of 1 liter of mixture = | 100% x1 |= \ oO Ratio of water to milk= Answers (a) Answer is (a) Cost price of 1 liter mille =14. 15. Alligatioa or Mixture 4. Ratio of milk to water 2: = 4:1 \7 \ aS us Hence, percentage of water in mixture = =*100 = 20% Answer is (c) Answer is (d) 6. Answeris(a) 7. Answeris(b) 8. Answers (c) Answer is (a) 10. Answeris(a) ‘11.Answeris(c) 12. Answer is(c) Bytheruleofalligation strength of 1" jar strength of 2° jar 40% 19% 26% v 1 Ratio of I* and 2" jar = = ‘Therefore, the required quantity’ “Answer is (b) Answer is (b) 4 Since quantity of B and Care equal oy 9 fora" (85-30) Hence, average price of B and C= 1/0"? — 85 rs For 100kg of mixture quantity of A = 5100 0 kg. Band C=50 kg both are equal Hence, (50,25, 25) kg “Answer is (b) 0.33x24024x1 Average price of standard blend = ——— =0.30rs/gram Hence, for 100 grams = 0.30100 = 3018 . 1x0.334+0.24x2 0.81 Ife changed te ratio then Average price = “FOSSA = OST 0.27 s/gram For 100 gram = 0.27100 = 271s. Answer is (d) 88 (90-95)CHAPTER Progressions Arithmatic Progression: Quantities are said to be in arithemtic progression when they increase ot de- crease bya common difference. a,a+d, a+ 2d, a + 3d,.....:. The common difference is found by subtracting any term of the series from the next term, Thus the n® term of arithmetic progression is given by T,=a+(n-1)d (i) To find the sum of the given number of terms in an Arithmetic progression: Let ‘a’ and ‘b’ be two quantities and A be their arithmetic mean. Then singe a, A, b are in A.P. Wemust have b-A=Aca, Each being equal to ihe coninion difference (a+b) This givesus A= ‘Between two given quantities it is always possible to insert any number of terms such that the wholeseries thus (ii) Process for finding the sum of an AP. ‘Once you can find a pair of corresponding terms for any AP, you can easily find the sum of the AP by using, property of averages. 8 ie sum=number of term x average. In fact, this is the best process for finding the sum ofan APit is much mors superiorto the process of finding the sum of an AP using the expression Fearn -1)d) Geometric Progression: Quantities are said to be in Geometric Progression when they increase or decrease bya constant factor. The constant factoris also called the common ratio and itis found by dividing any termby the term immediately preceding it If we examine the series a, ar, ar®,ar?, ar’... f'n’ be the number of terms andif / denote the last, or term, we have £=ar""* (D To find the Geometric mean between two given quantities: Let ‘a’ and ‘b’ be the given quantities and ‘n’ the required number of means to be inserted. In allthere will be ‘+2 terms so that we have to find a series n +2 terms in GP of which ‘a’ is the first and ‘*b’ is the last. Let ‘r’be the common ratio: Then b=term(n+2)th term = ar";Progressions “ay Hence, the required number of means are ar, ar”, ....ar” , Where ‘t’ has the value found in above equation. To find the sum of a number of terms in a geometric progression: 9 Let ‘a’ be the first term, r the common ratio, n the number ofterms, and S, be the sum to n terms, Ifr> 1, then Ifr<1, then Note: It will be convenient to remember both forms given above for S. Number (2) will be used inal cases, execept when‘’ is positive and greatei than one. ' ‘Sum of an infinite geometric progression When t < |. . Obviously this formula is used only when the common ratio of thé GP is te88'than one. ‘Some important results about ser S Ifthe same quantity be added to @r subtracted. fromall the termsofan AP beresuking a willformat AP but with the same common differerice as before. [fall the terms ofan AP be multiplied or divided by the same quantity the résuiting terms will forman AP but witha new common difference, which wil be the multiplication/division of the old common difference(as the ‘case may be) Ifall the terms ofa GP be multiplied or divided by the same quantity;the resulting terms will forma GP withthe same common ratio as before. Ifa,b,0, d, ... are in GP, they are aiso in continued proportion, since, by definition. alb = ble = ci =Ur Conversely, a series of quantities in continued proportion may be represented by x, Xt, Ifyou have to assume 3 terms in AP, assume themas a—d,a,a+d orasa,atdanda+2d, For assuming 5 terms of an AP we use: a ~2d, ad, a, +d, a+ 2d. These are the most convenient in terms ofproblems solving. For assuming 4 terms: a~3d,a—d,a+d,at 3d For assuming three terms of a GP assume themas a, ar and ar” or as To find the sum of the first ‘n’ natural numbers. L So Let the sum be denoted by $ then S =1+243+. vis given by $="Progressions 27 8 13, Soln. 4 Soln, To find the sum of square of the first n natural numbers, Let the sum be denoted by S then $= [? +2? +3? +.......¢n? [resent Thisis given by fs To find the sum of the cubes of the first ‘n’ natural numbers Let the sum be denoted byS; then —§ Bad +n? i [ n(ne ay 2 ‘Thus, the sum of the cubes of the first ‘n’ natural numbers is equal to the square of the sum of these numbers. To find the sum of the first ‘n’ odd natural numbers. S=14345 teen t (Qn 1) n? How many numbers between 100 and 200 divisible by three. te 102) ‘The rstnumberis 102 andthe ast numbers 198. Hence, “—S +1=33 (since both 102 and 198 are included), z Acompany models its annual profits using the fanction P(x) = x2+ 20x - 300, where P represents profits and x gives the number of units sold. One year, their One 187, 700. How-inany units of theirproduct did they sell? : (@)200 (b) 400 420 (d) 600 ‘Arman arranges to pay off debt of Rs. 3600'by 40. siinual installments which are in A.P. when 30 ofthe value of 8th installment, => — 3600=20{2a +394} => 2a439d=180 ‘Afer 30 installments, one third ofthe’ deb paid 3600 Hence, —— i 200 is unpaid and 2400 is paid. Now, 2400-3 “222+ (30 1)a} > ~~ => 2a+29d =160 o (ii) Subtracting (i) from (i), we get = 10d = 20 d=2 From (i), 2a= 180 — 39d = 180 — 39x2 = 180 ~78 = 102 Therefore, a=51 Now value of the 8th instalment = a + (8-1)d= 51 +7x2=65 “The population of bacteria culture doubles every 3 minutes. How many minutes will t vake for the population to grow from 1000 to 512000 bacteria? a= 1000, r=2 and t,~ 512000 t,= ar! evinces8) Progressions Proy 5 2-2 n=10 512000 = 1000(2)""' => 2°" =2 a on Therefore, 9 times spaces. Therefore, total time = 9%3 = 27 min 15, A lucky man finds 6 pots of gold coins. He counts the coins in the first 4 pots to be 60, 30, 20 and 15 respectively. Ifthere isa definite progression, what would be the number of coins in the next two pots. (@) land 5 (b)4 and 2 (©) 1Sand 15 (@) 12and 10 INET LIFE SCIENCES 2013] Sols. Asweknow, 601 = 60 60x14 =30 2 30x2=20 3 3 20x3=15 A 18. 4 15x4=12 ; s Solr 12x10 é : Hence, 12 and 10 s 16, Inthe figure below the number dfciroles in the blank rows nnust be. (a) 12 and 20 (b) 13 and 20 (© 13nd 21 (@ 10and 11 Soln, Number of circles are 1, 1, 2,3, 5, 8,2? 19, Here every next term is sum of previous two term, 1+1=2 24193 34 Soin 5+3=8 84+5=13 13+8=21 Answer is 13 and 21. 17. The sumofn terms givenby theseries +2424 15 4 by . ‘The sum of terms given by theseries 545+ 5+ 5 +. isgiven by (a) 2"-1 (b) 2"=n-1 (2 4n-1 (@ 1-2" Sies Soln, thena, b,c are in b-a b-c ae (b) GP (uP _ = b ? (b-aje” (6=c)a > (b-e)a= nel > ab~—ac =-be+ac™™ > 2ac en ae b = dae=b(a+e) ; > = So, a, b, care in HP rel, grt the AM between aan 6, then the value of is (42 2a" +26" =a.a™! + ab"! +a"! +b" > => 2a" 426" =a" tab"! +ba" +b" = a"+b"-ab™—bo™! =0 => at —ba"'+b"~ab™ =0 > a" (ab) +6" (b-a)=0 (@)none of these i i> i S i i 8 @1Progressions = a™(a-0)-0™1(a-b)=0 = (a-6)(a"1-0"!)=0 20. Amenkey while trying to reach the top ofa pole of height 12 mrs. take every time a jump of 2 mtr. but slips one meter while holding the pole. The nuniber of required a reach the top of pole is, : (a)6 (6) 10 [onl @i2 Son, [tis clear that in each jump monkey cover otly Lm finally. Hence 10 jump monkey cover only 10:m fially Hence, 11 jump are required. 21. Tfa>1,b> 1 then the minimum-vatne-of log’ + log’, is (a0 (1 2 2 (A) one of these Soin, As AM>GM = log! tog >(logs ost)” 22 ao logi+log! . [loga, toxb | 2 logs loga loss Logi. 22. (a2 (0)2.5 £ “@) ffnone of these x12 a= — 4 421? 48 1 97 Soln, is 25 25 L HM=1.92 k ft 2B Let Oy Apri, BEAP.IE ee yf thenkisequalto (@! ©3 (W)none ofthese Soln, Since, a,,a,,.2, . » +4,4 = L vt 4,4, ‘Now, multiply and divide by a, +a, , we get (a 24. ‘Soin, Soln, 26. Soin.24, Sola, 25. Soln, 26. Soln. 2 kledea] Hence, k =2. Ifx, y,zare in AP, then (x-+2y~z)(2y+z—x)(z+x-y) is (a) dxye (b) 2xyz (© 9 (d) none of these Asx, y,zare in AP, hence xtz jQysxte 2 Now, (x+2y-z)(2y+z-x)| = (xtu¢z~2)(xt242-2)(27-9) = IRR) Ge = dye i sated tens Hta Heb If Hist harmonic mean between ‘e’and*b’then 57+ is @)l WZ oy zl (2 H_ 2b | H_ 2a a ang B= 2e a a+b b ath Using componendo& dividendo H+a_2+a+b Hsb_2ararb H-a 2b-a-b H-b 2a-a-b H+a_3b+a H+b_3a+b Ha b-a H-b a-b Hta H+b_3b+a _3a+b _3b+a-3a~b 2b-2a _ 2(b-a) 2 Hence, rq" H-b b-a b-a b-a boa ba Ifa, band care positive. Then the minimum value of gbs!P# + ph¥=her 4 gl™H is @3 (by 9 (die Using AM 2 GMProgressions 21. Soln, gotbrone 4. pose ES 3 Now, let = abe-kiepbte tne bee-tab Hence, log x = (logb—logc)loga + (loge ~loga)logb +(loga—logh) loge = logab —logac + logbe ~log ab + log ac—hog be fogx=0 logx=logl => =1 from (i), we get gitbnbes 4 praca 4 clters® i then the leat value ofm such that 2—S, <5 is @10 -. @)none ofthese = 2 > 100>28 SPs sn-1>6 “Sins? 10, u.Progressions § 10. Ifsum of squares of two number is 3341 and the difference of their squares is 891 then numbers are (@)25,36 (b) 25, 46 (©)35,46 (@) Insufficient data ‘What is the sum of two consecutive even numbers the difference of whose squares is 84? (@)34 (b) 38 ©@42 (46 ‘The sum of three consecutive odd numbesr is 20 more than the first of these number then what is the middle number? @7 (9 © (@) Insufficient data, ‘There are two numbers such that the sum of twice the first and thrice the second is 39 while the sumof thrice the first and twice the second is 36 then larger of the two number is: @6 (9 @n (6) Insufficient data. The sum ofthe digits ofa two digit number is 15 and the difference between the digits is 3 what isthis two digit number? (69 (b) 78 (76 (d) None its is8 when 18 is added to the number then digits are A two digit number is such that the product of the di reversed the number is: (@24 (b) 18 (ey12 @43 4 A number consists of two digits. Ifthe digits interchange places and niew nuinber is added to the original number the resulting number is divisible by: (a) LL 4 ©5 (do 1f10 term ofan APs 84 and commond difference is 8, find the first term (a) 10 (b) 12 (14 : W16 fl 7 1 ob eS $ Find the sumof 145457 typ tetas : (@12 32 2 3 1 Find the 14th termof I a fi ‘ow @ i (O) ae @ 3 ‘Manufacturer ofa tennis ball announced that their new ball i the best in the market. [fone were to drop it from any height, it would only rise to the extent of 10% of the height from which it was dropped. Ifthe ball was dropped from 45 feet, how much would the ball travel before coming to rest? (@ase (b) 508 (55k (49.58Progressions 10. 1 "Answer is (b) HINTS & SOLUTIONS b? =3341 @ a? -b? =891 @ (i) + (ii) 2a” = 4232, Thus a= 46 Answer is (c) (a+2)'-a?=84; a? +4a+4-a? =84; 4a=80;2=20 Answer is (c) Letnumber a, a+2,a+4 Given: ata+2+a+4-a=20; 28+6=20; a=7 Answer is (b) Let first number is ‘a’ and second number is 2a+3b=39 @ 3a+2b=36 wi (*3- (i) 2; 5b=45;b=9 1 Answer is (b) Let numberisa, b Thus, atb=15; a-b=3 Answer is (4) Answer is (a) Answer is (a) T, sa+(n-l)d Answer is (b) Distance covered by ball = 45 + (4.5 + 4.5) + (0.45 + 0.45) + (0.045 + 0.045) + = 45 +9+0.90 + 0,090... 54,99... = 55 feet (AppIOX.)1. Important results for surds: dana ; 1. Yana’ 2.:2fab = fax Vb 4. (va) =a ada ="la 2, Important results for indices: Surds and Logarithm > 1 axa’ 4, (aby" =a" can say that m0 and a>0. ‘Thus a* =m => x~=log,m and log, m=x Laws of Logarithms: (() log, (sy) log x+ log, y. That is 2) bog, @ » (3) log(mnp)=logm-+ logn+ logp. I (5) 108, 5g, log. a (7) Jog, (a) Tos. b k (@)log.cto the base g? isequalto aa >a Jog of product = Sum of logs. log, x—log, y. That is log of quotient = Difference of logs. Aj log, (x)= p (log, x). _ log, x _logx Tog,a toga’ (8) log, (b) =1/log, (a) (6) log, x CHAPTER See]Soin, Soin, Soln, JSOLVED-EXAMPLES| log 2= 0.30103, the number of digits in 4" is what? log 4° = 50 log 4 = 50 log 2? = (502) log 2 = 100log 2 = 1000,30103 = 30.103 ‘Therefore, characteristic =30. Hence number of digit = 31 Find number of digits in 5? 10) logs™ = 201og 5 = toe? ‘}=20L!e810—to82] = 20 (1-0.30103 ) = 20 x 0.6990 = 13,9800 Therefore, characteristic~ 13. Hence, number of digi 13+ 1)=14 flog (0.57) = 1.756 then the value of log 57+ log (0.57)+ log VO.57 is what? cl Jog (0.57) = log57+log(0.57)' + log 0.37 .736 =» log57=1.756 (> Mantissa will remain the same) lng57+310g57~Slogl00 +1097 = 168100 log57+3log57+ log 57-~3log100— wee 100 2 og57-Ziogi00 ' 7 !0857 —Flo : 9 a7s6—togiat eee 2 2 > 7.902~7x1=7.902-7 =0.902 oo The value of log, log, log, log, 2778 log, tog, tog, tog, (3°) | Jog, log, log, [lo a log, Jog, log, [9log, 3] bo log, log, [log, 9] => log, log,[log, 3°] => log, log, [log,3*] => tog, log,[2log,3] - log, 3=1 9. => log, (log, 2)=log, 1=0 Soln. If tog, (ab) =x, then log, (ab) is what? Puan tte log, (ab)=x =‘Surds and Logarithm > eee, Jo eR ap eb loga loga loga loga 5 5 Woeb+loga x logb x 6. Iflog,,27 =a, then log, 16 is what? log27 log? 3log3 log,27=a => = —s3 eg = 31083 _ © Soln, !8: Togl2 log3+2log2 5 '08342log2 = 1, 21082 3log3. a a 3° 3log3 a 2iog2 : > 3 log3 > logl6 Now, log,16=—8 Tog6 log(2*3) log 2+log3 log? 4 tog2|1 = | ake 7. Find the value of jg!:* Soin, We know that ale =x => 16S a gto oa 8, Find the value of (2 ~1}(2" Soln. Putting x 2%, weget (x-H}{x’ +x? +x+1) => (x-U[a OHI) +(x +] 2 (x-1)(x41)(e +1) > => (2S — 9. Tfabe= 1, then find the value of | +atb Soin. Multiply second term by b* and third termbya eels eee at Teatb™ bt bbT +b I"10. Soin, 4. Soln. Soin, a leat lvasbT arb l4+1 ‘vabe=1 = a ‘y abe=1 a= a =I Ifx=3+2N6, 6 sen fd the value of ae ee Abo, x-1=4+2V6=2 (var x-1_ 2N2(v3+v2) a Tach L log ,«=3~, find flog x=35, find x og x= Jogi. 4.5 =o 3) +43) ns Ay #22 = login 9—S0B 02 = !08303° ~ log 2 10g,3 ~log,, 2 = 20.4771 -0.3010 = 0.6532 10. 12, 13,+4 8° and( by byt) 5 If 2° =4° =8 and| 35+ a6 Ge) 7 , then value of c is 7 7 7 7 oz oz Ox od epee If 2 6 vthen [55 ap) equal to (@o 1 ) a ~4 03 @-+4 (9 (8Y_2 rex (2) (8) =&, then the value of ‘x is @l (b) 2 (3 @4 pale If x=3+2V2, then the value of {ai @)2 (WR oe @3y2 Given that 10% =x, 10” =y anid x? =? then the value of is close f9°. (a) 1.45 (6) 1.88. 29 (03.7 (08) +277" x6 @35 O45 0. 6 The value of log, (log, 625): : (@2 (Se (10 Ir log, [1og, (log, x) ]=1, then x” equals to @o (12 (628 If log, x+log, x = 6, then °x’ is equals to (a2 (b)4 ()8 (d) 16 Ir log, (x? +x) log, (x+1) =2, then the value of x’ is: (5 10 (25 (32 Iflogx+log y= log(x+y), then (@)x-y (b)xy=1 Oy 1 1 Tog, cat log, ab+ i| iequalto 3 fa)1 OF ()2 @3 If log3 = 0.477 and (1000)’ =3 then‘x’ equal to (a) 0.0159 (0.0477 (990.159 @10 u qSurdiand Lopwithim 14. iflog2=0.30103, the number of digits in 2s; @I18 (b) 19 (20 (@21 15. If log. log R,, then which of the following option is true @P=OR (b) @=PR (O@=RP @R=PQ . _(32y" 16. Thevaueot\ 53) 4 i 16 81 @z Oy Og OG 17, Thevalueof $/ (125) is: K ws © 5v5 (d)25 18. then the value of nis: tC (a3 (b)2 (0 (22 19. Ifa‘ =b” =c* and b* =ac,,theny equalste ' SS Ye One ®2G- 20. Teal 19 @o O12 on Gam? 21. The value of log jg 32 is: 5 @3 0) ; @) 2 a a 2 © LE Oly Fp The value of log; (0.0001) 1 1 @% © -5 o-4 (wa 23. If log} = 0.4 value of xis: ea (@)1 4 (16 (@)32 24, (logs')x(Iog,") equals @1 (b)2 ©3 @4 2 25. a=b*,b=c” andc=a’ thenthe value ofxyzis equal to (a)-1 (0 (1 (d) abe 2 26. @i2‘Surds and Logarithm 41 ab HINTS & SOLUTIONS 32 (72°) ey) 2y*_(3)*_ al (35) (G)) -G (3) -Q-e Answer is (d) 17, 5%x(125)P% 50 x(5°) sins Answer is (b) 18, 19. 20. Answer is (c) 2 an 39; 2% 282 = 7 21. Let logy 32=n; then ( V2)" =32; 2” Bspo5 an=10 Answer is (c) 22. Let —1og,9(0.0001)=n, Then 10" =0.0001=10* n=4 Answer is (c)@w Surds and Logarithm 23, logy =0.4= Thus, x7% Answer isd) » iog3, op625 _lopo2s 25. 26. Givenequation, i595" Iog3 logs logs Answers (d) a=b* takes og both side _logb , loge ,,,_ loga logb loge Similarly, Y= Tog?” Joga’) logh loge loga Answer is (¢) Answer is (b) l= Soin, Soin,CHAPTER Percentage and Discount Soin. Soln, Son, Rule-1: [fa number is increased byx% and then further increased by y¥% then net % change in the number is giventy: » % er Be: Rule-2: Ifa number is decreased by x% and then fusther decreased by'/% then net % change in the number is givenby: ( wey: RESOLVED EXAMPLE: Sa Iflength and breadth ofa rectangle are changed by +20% and -10% respectively hen whats the % change in area ofrectangle Oxo 100 © Ifperson A's salary increases by 20% and then decreases by 20%. what is the net percentage change in A's salary? fe Net % change in area will be Peale Plus +#8%, so area Willlbe increased by 8%, / peony Net % change willbe \2 ~20+- ‘J% =~4% so salary will be decreased by 4% A trader marks up the price of his good by 20% but to a particularly handling customer he ends up giving a discount of 10% on the marked price, What is the percentage profit he makes? 20x~10 Net % change witibe. (20 10+ x =8% Hence the percentage profit is 8%, Concept of discount: Iftwo successive discounts of an article are x% and y% respectively then a single dacountsequaeto (49-2Percentage and Discount Find the sige discount which is equivalent to successive discount of 50% and 40%, Soln. (sos 40- A trader given successive discounts of 10%, 20% and 10% respectively. The percentage ofthe originalcost price he will recover is: 90, 0.648 a 0 Hence the overall discount is 35.2% and the answer is 64.8%. Rule-3: Ifthe price of'a commodity increases by R% then the reduction in consumption so as not to increase the expenditure is Consuinption so as not to decrease the If the price of a commodity ‘ie by R%, then the ingreasé Alternative: 100(A). Hence A's salary 20% less thi B's >125(B)s-5-$100( A) Acdrop: of 25 on 125: el drop. Rule-4: Percentage change in Population ofa town be P now and suppose it increases at the rate of R% per 1. Population after n years = 2. Population n years ago = ( During one year the population of'a town is increased by 5% and during the next year population was decreased by 5% ifthe total population is 9975 at the end of the second year then what the population size isin beginning 7 Soln, Population 2 years ago = (a Solr Sol 10. Soln, Soln,Percentage and Discount 8 Soln. Soln. Soin. u Soln, Monika’s math test has 75 problems ie., 10 atithmetic, 30 algebra and 35 Geometry problems. Although she answered 70% ofthe arithmetic 40% of the algebra and 60% of the geometry problems correetly, she dil not pass the test because she got less than 60% of the problems right. How many more question she would have needed to answer correctly to earn a 60% passing grade. ‘Number of questions attempted correctly = (70% of 10 + 40% of 30 + 60% of 35) =(7412+21)=40 questions to be answered correctly for 60% grade = 60% of 75 = 45 required mumber of questions = 45-40 = 5 A salesman commission is 5% onal sales upto Rs. 10000 and 4% onall sales exceeding this. He emits Rs. 31100 to his parent company after deducting his commission, Find the total sales. Suppose total sales Rs. x then total sales ~ commission = 31100 Rs. Therefore, [x— (5% of 10000 + 4% of (x-10000)] = 31100, - 4 " —| —~10000. (x ~10000) | =31100 > x fisoal + 799% (x 1000 )| 10000) = x 500-1000) _ 51199 eo x-% 312002 2 = 31200 25 25 = 3120025 _ 39500 : 24 Santosh spends 75% of his income. His income is’ increased by 20%. and he increased his ‘expenditure by 10%. Find the percentage increase in savings. Let original income= Rs, 100, ihien expenditure =Rs 75, savitig=Rs,25. 110 _ 165. s.120, New expentitufe= 75+ >> +e New income: New savings =F =25 = 77 Rs Therefore, inc Inan examination, 35% of total students failed in Physics, 45% failed in Chemistry and 20% in both, Find the perventage ofstudents (a) Who passed in both subjects (©) Failed in Physics only (©) Failed in Chemistry only. (d) Passed inany one subject. (©) Failed inany one subject. Let A= failed in Physics 35%, B = failed in Chemistry = 45%, failed in both= 20% (a) n(AUB)=n({A)}+n(B)—n(AMB) (Therefore, failed in anyone subject) n(AUB)=35+45~20 =60 Henced passed in both subject = 100 ~ failed in anyone subject = 100-60 = 40% (b) Failed in Physics only ~ failed in physics —failed in both subjects = 35 - 20= 15% (©) Failed in Chemistry only = failed in chemistry ~ failed in both = 45-20=25% (@) Passed in anyone subject = 100 — failed in both subject = 100~ 20 = 80% (©) Failed in any one subject = failed in physics + failed in chemistry — failed in both =35 + 45-20 = 60%1B. Soln, 4. Son, 15, 16. Soin, REET - Percentage and Discount Peri 1 17. Dueto areductionof 6% inthe price of wheat, Arunis able to buy I kgmmore for Rs. 120, Find the original and reduced rate of wheat. ‘Suppose original rate =Rs. x , Sol Re (100-25 seduced rate [(10 7) a0 120 120 15x/16 x Hence, original price=Rs. 8/kg. 15x _15x8 16 16 16 slo Reduced rate= = 7.50 Rs/kg a 3 5 A student multiplied a number by = instant of +, Whats the percentage error in ealeuation (@) 34% (0) 44% (2) 54% (64% Letthe number bex i 5.3, _16r Thenertor 25x =5 16x/15 5x/3 3 Inanelection between two candidates, one ot 55% of the total aid vORS ‘and 20% votes were invalid. Ifthe Soin. total number of votes was 7500, the number of vallid votes that the other candidate got, ) (a)2700 SSS (©3000 hes (d)3100 i 19. 1f20% of the votes are: ‘invalid ice Sat tes ate valid. z hen’ ° 18. Hence, error % = 100 ber of va = 75005. ‘Number of valid votes 100 {efit candidate got 55% of validates, then other will get only 45%, ‘Hence, number of votes of 2nd candidate= 600%. = ‘Gauri went to the stationers and bought things worth Rs.25, out of which 30 paise went on salestax on taxable purchases, Ifthe tax rate, was 6%, then what was the cost of the tax free item. (a) 158, (b) 15.7018, (©) 19.7088 (2018 Let the amount taxable purchases be.xrs. then 6% of x= 30 paise xx6=30 Soln, 2700 Hence, cost of tax fiee items =[25~(5+0.30) |rs=19.70 rs Neeraj buys goods worth Rs 6650. He gets a rebate of 6% on it after getting the rebate, he pays sales tax @10%. Find the amaunt he will have to pay for the goods (a) 6876.10 rs (b) 6999.20 re (0) 6654 rs (4) 7000 rs Amount of rebate = 6% of 6650 rs = a 6650 =309 rs 10 Amount of sale tax = 10% of (6650-399) 18 = {5 * 6251 = 625.10 rs Hence, final amount pay for goods = (6251 + 625.10) = 6876.10 18Percentage and Discount 17, Areduction of 10% in price ofsugar enables a housewife to buy 5 kg more for Rs. 300. Find the reduced price perkg of sugar (as (b)4.5 ()6 (@) none of these Soln, Let initial price of sugar =xrs/kg Amount of sugar for 300 rs Now reduce price of sugar= xx" > = 7 1s 300 _ 3000 - , =i = 200, ‘The quantity of sugar for 3001s = 9 5 =" gy 3000 300 on 3000_300 Ox x 200027005 Ms 5p 66676 Ox Ox 9x5 19. ati i 4 ils by, 10 mari TE shred he ofmarks, he would pass by ys Soln. Let Pis the pass marks % and.x is the raaximum marks. Then 750% — x52. = 95 100 25x100 *" (50-40) — ‘Note: Inan exam, ifastudent scores y% of marks and fails bya mark. Ifhe scored 2% of marks, he would pass bybmarks. Then (a+5)100 Max marks =“ a ns =[ Ms dita] o (soxmarkox<= 6)—————— Percentage and Discount Per 20. A shop is offering discounts on shirts costing 20 rs each. If Rajeev buys 2 shirts, he will be offered a discount of 15% on the first-shirt and another 10% discount on the reduced price for the second shirt. How much would Rajeev pay for two shirts at this shop (2) 30.9 rs (0/3238 (©)37.45 18 (a) 33.318, . (100-15) . Soln, ‘The reduced price for rst shirt = 20% 1 =17 rs, The reduced price for second shirt = after 10% 100-10" discount of reduced price for fst shirt = 17 x (190-10). 15305. Hence, the total cost for 2 shirts = 17 + 15.3=32.3 rs. 24. 21, ‘The monthly salary ofa shop assistant is the sumat a fixed salary of Rs. 500 plus 5% ofall monthly sales. What should the montly sales beso that his monthly salary reaches 1500 rs. (a)30000 rs (b) 1000 rs (c) 20000 rs- (d) 40000 rs Sol Soln, Let xbe the monthly sales. Hence, 500 + x x 5% = 1500 xx = 1000 100 3000100 9000 rs : soe 22. The profit percentage on the three articles A, Band C is 10%, 20% and 25% and the ratio ofthe costpriceis | 7 1: 2:4, Also the ratio of number of articles sold of A, B and Cis 2 : 5 : 2, then the over all profit percentage s (a) 18.5% 2 @7s 2 @)none of these oom Soln, Let cost price of A, B and C~x, 2x and dx rs and number of aticles sold 2y, Sy and 2y Hence, total cost price of A, Band C= ¥% 2y-+2xxSyt- 4x20 239 ¥10K) + Sxy = 20xy : 10 Profit on A= 2xyx— “00 20 26 = 1Oxyx =2: % Profit on B y 100 mY C= 8xyx 25 = 29 Sol and profiton C= 8xyx 7 = 2xy Hence, total profit = 0.2xy-+ 2xy + 2xy = 4.2xy 42 = 22 100=21% Thea profit%= 565, 23. Byen after a discount of 4% on marked price, a trader gains by P%. What is the markup percentage over the cost price P*I 100 P4100 » P+ x100 i Or» ® i909 © ites (@notpossible Soln, Then $= M——2ix. yy OM = aM 100 100 27. Now, thereis a gain at p%. Hence, 100 M(100-q) 100 _ M (100-9) CaSx-— c= EE, 100 A Soin (100+ p)* 100 (100+p) 100+ p eSawe we Percentage and Discount 24. Soin. 25. Soln, 26. Soin, 21, Soln, yy {100=9) M[(190+ p)-(100-q)] (100+ p)~ (100+ p) 199 =P), (100+?) 199. P+ (100+ p) M(100-q) (100-) 100 Apperson sold an electronic watch at 96 rs in sucha way that his percentage profit is same as the cost price of the watch. Ifhe sells it at twice the percentage profit at its previous percentage profi, then thenew selling price willbe (a) 132s (b) 15018 (©) 19218 (@) 1801s Let CP ofthe watch =2rs xexx 2 =96rs 04 x= 607s 120 Hence, SP of twice profit % = 60 + 60% 75 =132 75 A man sells two wrist watches ene at a profit 610% and another ata loss of 10% but the SP ofeach watch is 200. Find the profit or loss% (@Profitof1% ——_(b) Lossof 1% (© Profit of 2% (@Loss of 2% I£SP of 2 articles are same and one is sold on x% profit and other is Sold on x% loss, then there is alway 2) % re we-(S6 oe 10° Therefore, oss%= 755 =1% ‘The ratio of cost price and marked price ofan article is 2: 3.and the ratio of percentage profit and percentage discount is 3 :2, What is the discount ercentage. (a) 16.66% (b) 20% (25% (33.33% Let CP = 2x and MP = 3x Profit % : discount % = 3: 2 Let us suppose CP = 200 and MP = 300 then MP — CP = 300-200 = 100 ay but 2%x200+2¥-300=100 “100 6y+6y=100 Hence, discount percentage = 28.33 = 16.66% A trader sells 20 kg of'sugar at 400 rs. A customer asks 20% discount and he agrees to it but instead of Ikg he gives 4% less sugar. What i the effective discount that the customer gets (a) 16% (b) 16.66% 15.5% (A) 19.6% Let the MP =I rs per kg then | Ee28. Soln, 29. Soln. 30. Soin. 31. Soln, Percentage and Discount Weight MP Rate 100 100 1 96 80 Effective discount = 16 Hence, effective discount %= 57100 =16.66% ‘A retailer cheats both to his whole-seller and his customer by 10% by his faulty balance i.., he actually weighs 10% more while purchasing fromwhole seller and weighs 10% less while selling to his customer, whats his net ‘profit percentage, when he sells at CP 2 2 @2a% (b) 225% (c) 20% (d) 21% Amount purchased = 1100 gm Amount sold = 900 gm 1100-900 200 2 9 = 100 = 2 «100 = 222% hence, profit% = oop 0 = 9 * 100 = 22.5% The profit percentage of Aand while B calculates it correctly: (a) 3601s CP of B= SP *[]093 hence, profit of B= 1800-15003 Difference in profit of A and B= A trader procures his goods from a-whole seller whose balance needs 1200 gm for 1000 gm. The trader sells allthe procured goods to a custefngt ait Markings iNe goods in 40% abige the cost price. What isthe his overall percentage profit or loss inthe whole transaction: (a) 38% profit 46) 50% profit (©)noprofitno loss (d) none ofthe above Let CP of goods~ 1 rs per gram then he pays Rs 1200 for 1000 gm Again he obtains Rs. 1200 for 1000 gm (selling at 20% profit). Thus no profit no loss. larger tank filled with water is to be emptied by removing halfof the water present initeveryday. After how many days will there be closest o 10% water left in the tank (a)1 (b)2 (3 @4 Let initial quantity of water = 100% 1 After first day amount of water left = 100 2 50% L ‘After second day amount of waterleft= 50*> = 25% 1 Aer third day amount of water left = 25%>=12.5% : Which is closest to 10%. Se wrPercentage and Discount 32. Soln. ‘The rabbit population in community A inerease at 25% per year while that in B increase at 50% per year. Ifthe presentt population of A and B are equal, the ratio of the numiber ofthe rabbits in B to thatin A-afer 3 yrs. will be (@) 144 (b) 1.728 (1.90 (1.25 Let present population of A and B= 100 0150 = 10x22 x Population of Bat the end of 3 yrs. comI00 125 125 125 i e = 100x222. Population of Aattheend of 3 yrs = 100% xox a5 150, 150, 150 10090100" 100 _ 216 _ 1 299 Hence, ratio of B to A= 100% 125 5 125 125° 125 100 “100 100 Bae: (Level-t] 40% of the students of college are from West Bengal and out ofthis, 40% ate fom Kolkata, What percentage of the students is not from Kolkata’. (a) 60 (b) 16". (40 wi 84 A schoo] has a student population of $60: The number of girls is 14: girls are in the school? (a) 100 ) i. $0 enhanced to make it equal tothe site? @) 62 (b) ot @25 ‘There isan increase of 30% inte prbitiction of milk chocolates in Amul Dairy in one month. Ifnowit is 9100 milk chocolates per month, what was it one month ago? (@) 13000 (b) 10300 (©) 8400 (6) 7000 ‘When 30 per cent ofa number is added to another number the second number increases to its 140 per cent. ‘The second number=x% of the first number. The value of is @ 130 (75 © v8 @ 3a Ifthe height of a triangle is decreased by 40% and its base is increased by 40%, what will be the effect on its area? (a)No change (W) 16% increase (€) B%decrease —_—(d) 16% decrease Iftwo numbers are respectively 20% and 50% of the third number, then what % is the first number ofthe second? (30 70 (40 @30 there isan error ofx% in measuring the edge ofa cube, then the percent error in estimating its volume is @x (b)3x (x3 @x10. L 12. 1B. 14, 15. 16. Percentage and Discount “Awatermelon weighs 500 gm. I turns out chat 99% ofthe weight is due to water in the watermelon. After the ‘watermelon was put in a drying room for sometime, it turned out that itis only 98% water by weight. What is the weight ofthe watermelon now? (2) 495 gm (b) 250 gm (©5em (@) 450 gm Ina country with three major scooter manufacturers, Brand C sells three times as many as Brand A while Brand C’sells three times as many as Brand A while Brand A sells halfas many as Brand B. It impliesthat Brand Cholds a market share of about (50% (0) 33% (0) 66% (@) None of the above. Inan examination, the percentage of students qualified to the aumber of student appeared from school A is 70%, Fuschoot B, the number of students appeared in 20% more than the students appeared from school and the number of students qualified from schoo! B is 50% more than the students qualified from school A. ‘What is the percentage of students qualified to the number of students appeared from school B, (2) 30% (b) 70% (75.5% (87.5% Fresh grapes contain 68% water and dry grapes contain 20% water. How much dry grapes can be obtained from 100 kg of fresh grapes. (@)32kg (0) 40kg Ost. @30ke A arge watermelon weighs 20 kg with96% ofits weight being water It isallowed to stand inthe Sim and same of the water evaporates so that only 95% of its Weight is water: Iis reduced weight will be (a) 16 kg (b) 16.5 kg ©) 17kg. @i8kg How much pure alcoho! has tobe added 19 400 ml of a solution egiainitig 15% alcohol to change the concentration of alcohol in the mixture of 32% (@) 60 mi (b) 68m. Wine contains 5% water. What a /ofpute Wine shouldbe 2%? (a) Slit 6) ait (©) cannot be determined Inanexamination, 80% of the students passed in english, 85% of maths and 75% in both. 1f40 students failed in both the subjects, find the total number of students (a) 400 (b) 360 420 (380 HINTS & SOLUTIONS (6) 100m! (G28 mi ‘10 litfes of wine to seduced this to Let the total student are x 40 From the bengal= => 100 (40) (40) _ 16 Fromkolkata (BGR) THOR Answer is (d) Answer is (b) Let the number are a, band ¢ 80 se 100 ais 20% less thanc. Thus 10, uy,Ais aA, wa ined athe isto failed Percentage and Discount a 10. u. 5 5s. 25% less th b= Fe bis 2% lessthanc. Thus, 100 ‘Suppose b is x% enhance to equal value ofa, (Z)ems (ZS) 100) (100/100) * L100) “Answer is (a) Suppose one month earlier production of chocolates x. 130 1 xx => =9100 Ts, ®* 59 x=700 Answer is (d) Let number are a, b 30a _140b 3 Given b+ 308 40 a 100 100° a4 x : Second number 755 of fist nuinber x » = x =100—=100x==75 100° a % % Answer is (b) Answeris(d) 7. Answer is\(c) 8. Ansiver is (d) Material in 500 gram= 500%. Water =495 gram Now, weight of material = 2% xxM%=5 xx 225 100 x=250 gram. Answer is (b) C=3A A:C=1:3 BoA ec B=2A A:BH1:2 7 i BiA=2:4 3 B:A:C 2:13 =x100=50% 6 Answer is (a) Answeris(d) 12.Answeris(b) 13. Answeris(a) 14. Answer is (c) Answeris(d) 16. Answeris (a) eeSoln. «,Soln. Soln, Soin, Percentage and Discount [LEVEL-H] In fresh grapes, 80% of weight is because of water and in dried grapes 20% of weight is beacause of water. In abasket 72% of the weight is fresh grapes and the rest is because of dried grapes. What is the percentage reduction in weight ifall the fresh grapes tum into dried grapes? From given information we can conchide that when fresh grapes turn into dry grapes, the weight reduces to 1 . 1 ofthe origina! weight. Because pulp that constitutes 20% is now 80% of the weight in dried grapes. 18% +28% = 46% 1 So, the final weight as a % of the original weight = 7-* (72%) + 28% = A chemical engineer added 10% impurities to 50 mlofpure alcohol, Later he took 25 ml ofthe abovealeohol and added 10 ml of pure aleohol to it. What percentage of impurity was therein the final 35 mi ofalochol? 10 Total alcohol= sof) =55ml In 55 mlof alcohol there is 5 mal impurity 5x25 355 : ‘Therefore, in 35 ml ofalochol thiteis 2.3 ml impurity. 2.3100 ‘Therefore, impurity = "5 16 litres ofa mixture contains milk-and wai milk, then what isthe ratio of the tik and Water in the new, According to question, ae 66% ee : in 16 lites of mixture, mitk =| 16 x } ‘Then water =6 litres : ‘New mixture contains 14 litres of and 6 res of wae Therefore, Milk : water= 14:6=7:3- ‘The pressure ofa gas is directly proportionalta its tcmperatre a inverselyproportional 10 its volume. The intial pressure, volume and terajendtute ate 150 Pagcals, 20 ne att? L60°K tespectively. Find the final tem- perature ifthe final volume and pressure of the same gas are 8 mr? and 150 Pascals respectively under the same conditions. According to question, PocT and Poot Vv 7 T PV PY, _ BV, After combining, P= oF P=. thence, og “Ks on ap == K 150 x2 50x8 8x100 o, Se a 207; =8xt00 1, = 40°Kelvin Alternate Method: 7 a [because pressure is constant] p20 100 _ gork 100 Perce 10, i)Percentage and Discount Ge 10. Nees Seats for maths, Physics and Biology in a school are in the ratio 5: 7 : 8, There isa proposal to increase these seats 40%, 50% and 75% respectively. The new ratio is, (@)2:3:4 ()6:7:8 (0) 6:8:9 (@None ofthese 15L of mixture contains 20% alcoho! and the rest water. If3 litres of water be mixed withit, the pereentage ofakcoholin the new mixture would be (a) 15% ) 162% (17% @ wi% 201 of a mixture contains milk and water in the ratio 5 :3. If 4L of this mixture be replaced by 4litres of milk The ratio of milk to water in the new mixture would be @2:1 ()7:3 (8:3 @4:3 The ratio of the numiber of boys and girls in a school is 3 : 2. 1f20% of the boys and 25% of the girls are scholarship holders, percentage of the student who doesnot get schlorship (a) 56 (b) 70 ()78 (80 ‘The electricity bill ofa certain establishment is partly fixed and partly varies as well as the number of units of electricity consumed. When in a certain month 540 units are consumed, the bills Rs, 1800. In another month 620 units are consumed and the bill is Rs. 2040. In yet another month $00 units are consumed, the bill for that month would be : (a) Rs. 1560 (b) Rs1680 (@ Rs. 1840 (d)Rs. 1950 ‘The ratio ofincomes of A and Bis 5 : 4 and the ratio of thier expenditures is 3 °2. Mat the end ofthe year, each saves 160018. then the income of A is (a) Rs, 3400 (0) Rs. 3600. (0) Rs. 4000. (ORs. 4400 How many kg of pure salt must be added to 30 kg of 2% solution of salt and water to increasé it toa 10% ofssolution. eee ee SE 2 2 @ 22 () 25 O35 (@)none of these 8% of the people eligible to vote aré between 18 and 21 yrs fage. Iii diflection, 85% of those eligible to ‘vote,who were between 18 to 21, actually vored. In that election, the number of persons between 18 and 21 ‘who actually voted was what percent of those eligibie to vote (4.2 (06.4 ©6.8 8 ‘Two tailors X and ¥ are paid a total of 550 ss per week by their employer. IfX is paid 120% ofthe sim paid to ¥. How much is ¥ paid per week, (a) 200 (b) 250 ()300 (@ none of these Intwo alloys the ratios of gold to silver are 4: 5 and 7: 2 (be weight). How many kilograms of the first alloy and of the the second alloy should be mixed together to obtain 54 kilogram ofa new alloy with equal contents ofgold and silver? (a) 45kg, 9kg (b)36 kg, 18kg — ()27Kg,A7ke = (A) AOKg, 14 kg Answer KeyCHAPTER i So: Distance, Trains and Boats 5) ] Q) x ent ( tivsec J Distance (1) Speed ( is {5:18 yop is (8) msec =| x75 Nh ‘There isa direct proportionality between time and distance when the speed is constant & time x distance) BOAT & STREAM. Short cut Methods: is 2 (9. Tfamancapeble of rowing ataigpoed af ni stil vat, rows the sanie distance up anddownastream which flows ata rate ofy km/h, then this average speed through out journey is at Nery), det % i. A man can row a boat in still water at x km/h and stream flowing at y km/h, [fhe takes ‘t’ hours more in 2 (#-y upstream than to go downstream fr the same distanoss, then distance is given by “——5—"—km y Se ‘A man rows certain distance int, hours and retums the same distance upstream int, hours. Ifthe speedotthe | S0l™ stream by y kna/h then the speed of the man instill water is given by ase yf 22 ltr Sotn Cary) * (iv). Aman can row a boat in still water at x km/h ina stream flowing at y knv/hr. If it takes him ‘t’ hours torow a | i (s°-y’) place and come back. Then the distance between the two places is Canons km x (¥). __Aboat (ora swimmer) takes ‘n times’ as long to upstream as to row downstream the river. Ifthe speed of boat } isrkav/hr and the speed ofstream by y knv/hr, Then | s(t +1) n=l)Distance, Trains and Boats Soln, Soln, Soin, ISOLVED EXAMPLES] A train meets with an accident and moves at % its original speed, Due to this it is 20 minutes late. Find the original time for the journey beyond the point ofaccident. Speed becomes % (Time becomes 4/3). Extra time = 1/3 of normal time = 20 minutes Normal time= 60 minutes. Acceleration: Acceleration is defined as the rate of change of speed. Acceleration can be positive (speed increases) or negative (speed decreases) which is also known as deceleration, ‘The unit of acceleration is speed per unit time square e.g. m/s’. Totaldistance Average speed = 13/time taken Rulle 1: suppose a man covers a certain distance at x km/hr and an equal distance at y km / hr. Then the Jt . Day average speed during the whole journey [2 i Rule 2: Ifa moving body travels d,,d,,dy,d),.-.~..d, meters with different speeds ¥),¥5,%,¥jee : Totaldistance .ud, Tespetively thenaverage speel= "Toi ame taken inisec invtime 1) f5fyoty-» Lf dysdy dy dyn, and fyitsisst,.nntsly areknown then: jt die d+, t GER FG Hyon thy BIE did sdyyUyrnnid, abd 4% %4s¥, uy, are town then BoE YY MaVycened, ANd fs fibyly are known then: Totaldistance ° if vsti vty +Yits Total time taken qth teh bul Average speed Acar travelsat 60 km/h romAgea to Delhi and at 120 kra/h from Deihito Agra. what isthe averagespeed of ‘the car for the entire journey? 260120 Average speed = =o 0Km/h Anaeroplane files along four sides of a square at the speed of 200,400,600 and 800 knvhr. Find theaverage speed of plane around the field. Let each side of square is a kin and let the average speed of plane around the field be b kavhr then: Xx |x eax, 25x _ 4x psa ae 2% _ 48, y 384 So average speed is 384 kh. 200 400° 600800 y 2400. y aan Motion ina straight line: Two or more bodies starting from the same point and moving in the same direction then the relative speed is ( v, ~ v, ). Moving in the opposite direction then the relative speed given by yy,BD Soln. Soln, Distance, Trains and Boats (® General formula for train: Time to cross.an object by a train moving in 77. Length of train + Length of object speed of train —speed of object v, Fv, Gi) Modification in general formula: 1. [fobject is stationary then put speed of objec 2. Ifobject is of negligible length then put length of object =0 A train crosses a pole in 8 seconds. Ifthe dength of the train is 200 meters, find the speed ofthe train, In this case itis evident that the situation isone of the train crossing a stationary abject without length. Hence case 1 isapplicable here stiow/opposite of tain is: +L, Thus v, = 200/8 = 25 m/s > 25x18 5 rain crosses a man traveling in another rain in the opposite direction in Sseconds, However the tin requires 25 seconds tocross the same man ifthe trans are traveling in the same direetion. If the length ofthe first train {5 200 meters and that ofthe train in which the man is siting is 160 meters find the speed of the first tain, Here itis clear that one of the trainrossinga moving object without length Thus the length ofthe man’s train is useless or redundant data. - 10 kmph. For opposite direction:7 = — 2-5 g = 200: @ vty Ny * For same direction: T= Btu» 958-200 8 yo¥ % By solving equation (1) and (2) one get = 59.4kawh, Beats and streams: Important points: 1, Stillwater means speed of water in river is zero while stream water means water in river is moving, 2. Inwater the direction along the streams called downstream. And the direction against the stream fs called upstreain, < f If the speed of a boat in stil water is u knv/hr and the speed of the stream is v knw br then speed of 'u-+-v) kan/hr and speed ofupstream = (u— v) kew/hr. -vement of the boat is also dependents or current speed. downstream: So the speed of the m Aman can row 4 Kav instill water and he fds that it takes him twice as long to row up as to row down the river, Find the stream of river. Ifthe speed ofa man in still water is wkm//hr and the speed of the stream of river is v kaw then speed of down-stream= (w+ v) km/hr and speed of upstream = (u—v) kavhr, If distance covered isd then according o given vondition: u=4knth d Time to travel in up stream(T,)=—“— and Time to travel in down stream (T,) uy uty 2, > %u-ya=urvou= =o ve Sh Solr Soln 10, Solnof ee Distance, Trains and Boats 1. Soin, Soin. Soln. 10, ‘Aman takes 6 hours 35 minutes in walking to a certain place and the riding back. He would bave taken two hours less by riding both ways. What wauld be the time he would take to walk both ways? Given, walking + riding =6 hrs 35 minutes, anf) Riding + riding 4 hrs 35 minutes (i) 2 riding =4 hrs 35 mintes, mutually equation (1) by two we get 2 walking +2 riding = 13 hrs 10 minutes Put the value of equation (i) mequaton (ii) ‘Therefore, 2 walking =8 hrs35 minute. Atrain 135 meters long isranning with a speed of 49 knv/e. In what time will t pass a man who iswalking at 5 knv/hr in the direction opposite to that of the train? Given, length of frst train (x)= 135 metres. Length of man(y)=0 Speed of first train (a) =49 kov/or Speed of man (v)=$ kanshr 5 So, relative speed=u+v=49 +554 kawhr = S4x55=15 m/sec rites does the bus stop per hour? (a4 (6) 6 é Dueto stoppages, it covers 9 km less (54- yey hence, bus stop per hour is [ae os A train can travel 50% faster tai cat away from Aat the same time, On the The speed of caris Sean (@) 100knvh (&) MOkm/h (6) 120km/h @ Bekah Let speed ofear =x kmv/h . then speed of train = woe Sn mh 15 time taken by car= > hours. 75__150_ 50 ime take 210 Chow time taken by train = 575 35 x Now, according to question 25 x 75_50_ 125 x x 600 235 x24 = 25724 20 tant aSoln, 12. Soln, 13, Soln, 14, Soin, Distance, Trains and Boats ‘A flight of 600 km, an aircraft was slowed down due to bad wheather. Its average speed for the trip was | reduced by 200 km/h and the time of flight increased by 30 minutes, The duration of the flight is (@) L hour (b)2 hour (€)3hour (@)4hour Let initial speed =x knv/h 00 then time of fight = ~~ hour ‘New speed is (x 200) km/h ‘ _ 005, then time of ight = "55 how ; 600___ 600 _30 | then (=200) x 60 600x-600x+120000 _ 1 -200x-240000=0 | x? 20x => — (x-600)(x+400) =0 => x= 600 or -400 Now, x#—400 then x= 600 kei ! 6005 i Hence, duration of fight= 5 (aos 65m’s » 2 i = Let train be located at point A’a is 330 nvsec. Then distance betw Distance by the help of second it Hence, (v +330) 10*60= 330 v+330 = 396, oe x Hence, v = 396 ~ 330 = 66 miesc.* : ‘Sumeer started the joumey with his car from the bad lands with tank fll of fuel 12 gallons exacily: However the ‘moment he started out the fue! tank sprung a leak he travelled at 50 mp/h untill. He rank out of fuel exactly 4h later knowing that the car runs 25 miles for each gallon. How much fel did he lose through the leakc- miles (@)4 gallons (b)5 gallons (© 6 gallons (3 gallons Since he travelled at 50 mph for 4 hours then distance covered by them = 504 = 200 miles Now distance covered for each gallon 25 miles 200 Hence, number of gallon used = [== 8 gallons i Hence, fuel lost by him (12-8)=4 gallons Walking at 10 km/h umesh reaches his college 2 hrs early and ifhe walks at 15 kwh, he reaches 2 hours and 40 min early. The distance between his college and residence is ()27.8km (0) 22.5km (©) 20km (@) none of these ! d i Residence College [e Sc 16 So W Soi 18, Solnd Distance, Trains and Boats 15. 16. Soln, 18, Soin, ‘Time taken by the first speed = @/10 hrs time taken by the second speed = a/15 hrs Hence, 14-80 ,3d=2d 2 meg 15 60D d=20km ‘Armantravels 35 km partly at 4 krwh and partly at § knvh, Ifhe covers the former distance at S kmh, he could cover 2 km more in the same time. Then the time taken to cover the whole distance atthe original rate is (a)4.Shus (b)7.5 ns (7A bes {9bs the coveres former distance at $ km/h also, the entire journey will covered by 5 knvh then total distance of journey =35 +2=37 km 37 Now time oftravel= “5 = 7.4 hrs which is same as the time taken atthe original rate. Ona circular track of 200m, shiva runs twice as fast as Pawan in a race. If shiva gives a lead of 100m to Pawan, when will they meet for the first time (after what meters) @ 150m (0) 200m (250m, ()50m 200m Since, Shiva gives start of 100m to Pay Now, ratio of speeds of Shiva and Pawar Then in same time Shiva covered twice distance than Pave Hence, ifPawan covers 100m then Shiva will go =200m Total distance for Pawan = 100m + 100m = 200m: Ina 100m race sujeet beats Rishi by S:méter dnd Rish{ Beats Praviedn by Sin. By what distance does Suieet beat Praveen (a) 10m (9m ®lm (9.7m Ratio of speeds of Sujeet and Rishi= 100 : 95=20: 19 and ratio of speeds of Rishi and Praveen = 100: 95=20: 19 Hence, ratio of speeds of Sujet, Rishi and Praveen =20 19 20 19 = (20%20) : (19%20) : (19*19) Ratio of speeds of Sujeet and Praveen = 20°: 19° = 400 : 361 Now when Sujeet goes 400m, Praveen goes = 361 m 361 henoe, Sujeet goes 100m, Praveen goes= 755x100 =90.25m Hence, lead given by Sujeet = 100-90.25 = 9,75 Deepak and Vinay start travelling in the same direction at 8 knv/h and 13 km/h respectively. After 4 brs. Deepak doubled his speed and Vinay reduced his speed by | km/h and reached the destination at same time, How long did the entire journey last (a) 9 bes: (b) 10 hrs (©) I hrs (d) 8 hrs Let the entire journey last in xhour, , S19. Soln. 20, Soln, ai. Distance, Trains and Boats then distance covered by Deepak = 84+ (x-4)16 ‘and distance covered by Vinay = 134 + (x-4)12 then 32 + 16x-64= 52 + 12e~48 = W6x-12x=52-48+64-32 => 44=36 x=9hrs Afer travelling 30 min, a train_met with an accident and was stopped there for 45 min, Due to the accident, its speed reduced by 2/3 ofits former speed and train reached its destination 1 hrs 30 min late. Ifthe accident occured 60 km after the point it oceurred earlier the train would have reached 30 min earlier. The length of journeyis (a) 90 km (b) 120 km (©) 150km. (@) 180 km Let the length ofjourney=km and speed of train = v km/h 2 after accident the speed = ¥* then normal time of entire joumey: Now accordingto first oscillation 1,3) x-w/2_x eevee 2°47 wis v 2 i v/2+60 v/2=60 =x 0 a andy a w/3 Solving both equation we will get y= 60 km/h x=120 km ‘Assume that the distance that a car runs om IL petyOlis inversely proportional to the square ofthe speed at which tis driven tgivesarun of 254 kop/Lat aspeed of 36 kmh, At what Speed woulditbe driven to getarun 0f 36 kv. a Fon | (a)36 km/h (&) 30knivh (akin @35km/h Let x be the distance per litre of petrol and v=speed at which its driven = w* =k (constant) Now, 25(36)' =36(v) 25x36%36 36 =30 km/h > oy ‘There isa train of length 500m, in which a man is standing at the rear end. At the instant the rearend crosses a stationary observer on a plateform, the man starts walking from the rear to the front and the frontto the rear of the train at a constant speed of 3 knv/h. The speed of the train is 80 knv/h. The distance of the man from the observer at the end of 30 min is (@)41.5km (b) 40.5 km ()40km @41 km 22, Sol 23. Sol 24, SolrDistance, Trains and Boats 1 Soln, In30min, distance covered by tain = 80% = 40 km km = 1500 m In 30 min, distance covered by man= 3 Now length of train is= 500m then man will go rear end to front, come font to rear and again rear to front. So, distance of observer fiom man =40 km + 500 m= 40.5 km 22. Acan beat B by 20 min a 200 mrace. B can beat C by 10m ina 250 mrace. By how many metres can Abeat Cina 100 mrace Soln. When Aruns 200m, B runs 180m When Bruns 250 mthen C runs= 240m 1728 When B runs 180m then C runs =—357-%100 = 86.4 m Hence, A beats C by (100-86.4) = 13.6m 23. Sanjay and Samit can cover a distance of 660 m in81 sec and 88 sec respectively, By how many seconds will ‘Samit win ifhe was a head sart. If 60 m ¥ (@) Lsec (b) 2 see (©) Tee 2 @lsec Soln. Samit can cover 660 m= 88sec, an” 88. = 88 ee Sanit can cover Im = 5 88. it can x === x600=80 Samit can cover 600m = Fe, sec Hence, Samit will win by (81°80) =I See 24. Maya and Naina start simultaneously trom P s¢lively. They meet on the wayat T which is ata distance of 120m fromP. If Maya and Naina take 16 see and 25 sec to reach their respective destinations from T. Thea distance between Pand Q is (214m (0) 200. ms p> 9() 240m» 5 + vor, 216m Maya ‘Nata er h Som > 20m Q It is clear that 120 m covered by Nama=25 sec Hence, speed of Naina = 120/25 Ratio of time from point P to reach their destinations by Maya : Naina = 16 :25 speed ofmaya [25 _ 5 * speed of Naina V6 4 5 epeed of Nainae > 4 4 Now, ftom point T, Maya reach her destination in 16 sec. So, distance between T and Q= 6x16 = 96m Hence, distance between P and Q=PT +TQ= 120 +96=216 m, Henee, x4,8=6 misec So, speed of Maya =10. Distance, Trains and Boats | A car travels a certain distance at 60 km/h and comes back at 50 km/h. Find the average speed for total joumey? (a) 50 km/h (b) 45 km/h (6) 48 knvh (d) None of these ‘A monkey ascends a greased pole 12 meters high. He ascends 2 meters in first minute and slips down | meter in the alternate minute. In which minute, he reaches the top? (@) 10" (b) 21" (©) 12" (a) 128 i Ifa man walks at 4 km/h, he misses the bus by 10 min. If he walks at 5 km/h, he reaches 5 min, before the arrival of the bus. How far is the bus stand? (@) 10km (b) 12 km ()15km (@)5km Acar driver completes a 180 km trip in 4 hours, Ifhe averages 50 kn/h during the first 3 hours oftrip, what | \was his speed in the final hour? { (@)44km/h (0) 45 km/h (€)35 kwh (30km/b A train of unknown length crosses a platform L, meters in t, seconds and also crosses a telegraph post int, seconds. What is speed of the train? Lt, @L,-t,) Ober OF A train consists of 12 bogies, each boggy. 15 meters tong. ‘The train crosses.a telegraph post in 18 seconds. | Due to some problem, two bogies were detached. The train now crosses. telegraph post in (@) 18s, (b) 125 (15s (A205 ‘Acar travels from point Ato point B (a distance of one mile) at 30 miles per hour. How fast wouldthe carhave | to travel from point B to point C (also a distance of one mile) to average 60 miles per hour for theentir trip? (@) 90miles per hour (b) 120miles perhour. . I (©) the carhas reached point Caligady.._ (d) Not possible to average 60 miles per hour. 2 hoursafter a freight train leaves Delhi, a piassanger train leaves the same station travelling inthe same direction at anaverage speed of 16 km/hr. After travelling 4 hours, the passenger trait overtakes the freight train, The average speed of the freight train was (@) 10 km/hr (b) 14 kin ‘Suppose an ant is placed on one comer of a sugar cube, which has equal sides of 1.5 cmeach.Iftheant may walk only along the edges of the cube, what is the maximum distance the ant may walk on the cube without retracting its path? (a)9cm (b) 18 em (©) 10.5em (@) 13.5 em Ona straight road XY, 100 meters long, five heavy stones are placed 2 meters apart beginning at theend X.A worker, starting at X, has to transport all the stones to Y, by carrying only one stone at atime. The minimum distance he has to travel (inmeters is): (a) 422 (b) 480 (744 (@) 860 i (©) 18kawhe (GNone ofthe sboveDistance, Trains and Boats HINTS & SOLUTIONS Let the distance is x Average speed= Lotaldistance __x+x__54 6 ryy Totaltime = Xx W 60 50 Answers (d) Answer is (b) Let distance is d At speed 4 km/h time taken= At speed 3 kan/h time taken = According t ti a d=5 cording to question, — Gq = 5 Answers (d) Answers (d) i Let length of train is /. s =i: eh velocity= = 3 q Answer is (b) Length of train = 12x15 = 180m Rear 80m _ locity oftrain= Iftwo boggies detacted then length oftrain = 150m 1502.55 eee tee ‘After that time to iron pole = “F515 see # Answer is (c) Answer is (c) In4 hours distance covered by passenger train = 16%4~ 64 km It is distance equal to covered by frieght train in 6 hours. 64 Hence, speed of frieght train =-— = 10.66 km/h Answer is (d) EG +s ‘Ant may walk along AB, BD, DC, CA and AE then EG, GH, HF and FE without retracing its path, Hence, 9 edges * 1.5 = 13.5 Answer is (d)10, Distance, Trains and Boats Xe ABC D Five stones are put at a point X, A, B, Cand D which are 2m from each other. Firstly, we put all stones ata point D. Then, for point X we have to walk 8m. For point A, we have to come D to Aand then A to D. Ttmeans 6 +6= 12m ForpointB, 4+4= 8m For point C,2+2=4m Now, all stones are at point D. Total distance =8 + 12+8+4=32m. Now, from D to Y the distance is 92. . For 4 stones we have to make round trip and for 5 stones we have to covered only D to Y. Hence, total distance covered=92x9= 828 Hence, total covered distance = 828 + 32 = 860. Answer is) onCHAPTER Work, Pipe and Cistern Important formula: Man, xdays, «work sate, | Manx days, x workrate, ‘Amount of work done, ‘Olint of work done... ‘Man days required per unit onk iraleot onda meachine Aeener of ‘wor kersor machine: ‘Time and work: ae es HEAdoes a work in a days themtin one day A does “> ofthe work \ FB does a workin b days then in one day B does > ofthe work. palegieiacb ‘Then in one day 1fAand B work together then their combined work is +3, or “> ofthe work So, to finish whole work it require & days L o: Efficiency © Rule: Bfcieney * Gay ="Soin, Soln, Son, Soln, Soin, Soln. Work, Pipe and Cistern SOLVED EXAMPLES] A contractor estimates that he will finish the road construction project in 100 days by employing 50 men. ‘However, at the end of the 50* day when as per his estimation half the work should have been completed He finds that only 40% of his work is done. (a) How many more days will be required to complete the work? (b) How many more men should he employ in order to complete the workin time? The contactor has completed 40% of the work in 50 days Ifthe number of men working on the project remmaias constant the rate of work also remains constant. Hence to complete 100% work he will have to complete the remaining 60% ofthe work. For this he would require 75 more days. Inorder to complete the work on time itis obvious that he will have to increase the mumber of men working on, the project. This can be solved as: 50 men working for 50 days 50x50 2500 man-days. 2500 man-days has resulted in 40% work completion. Hence the total work to be done in terms of the number of man-days is got by using unitary method: work left = 60% = 2500 * 1.5 = 3750 man-days. This has to be completed in 50 days. Hence the number of men required per day is 3750/50 =75 men. Since ‘50 menare already working on the project the contractor needs to hire 25 more men. Equating men, women and children: This is directly derived from the concept of efficiencies. 8 men can do a work in 12 days while 20 women can do it it 10 days. In how many days can 12 men and 15 women complete the same work? Total work to be done = 812 = 96 man-days or total work to be done = 20%10 = 200 woman-days. Since the work is the same we can equate 96 man-days = 200 woman-days. Hence 1 man-day= 2.08333 woman-days. Now if 12 men and 15 women are working onthe work we get 12 menare equal to 12*2.08333 = 25 women. Hence the work done per day is equitilent to 25 715 women working per day. That is 40 women working per day... Hence 40xno. of days = 200 women’ days 80° umber ofdays=5. da A istwice as efficient as B. If heyy coripkete a work in 30 days find the time required by each to complete work individually, (A+ B)inonedaydo =1/30of total work But efficiency of A is equal to efficient of 2xefficiency of B. So 3B workin oneday~|/300f total work = B work in oneday = 1/90 of total work kin 90 days & A can finish whole workin 45days, A isthrice as efficent s B. [they complete a work in 30 days then find the time required by each to complete work individually. ‘Time required by A to complete work is 40 days while that by B to complete work is 120 days. ‘and B can do a piece of work in 10 days and 15 days respectively. They work together for 3 days and then B leaves while finishes the remaining work alone. In how many days total work finished, 8 days. Ifthe output of 3 men is equals to that of4 women who can complete a job in 12 days working together. How ‘much time would 5 women and 3 men together take to complete the same job > Bean finish whole w (@)27 days (b) 24 days © si days (@) none of these Since, 3men=4 women Hence, 3 men + 5 women =4W + SW =9W M, D,=M,D, Wor‘Work, Pipe and Cistern \ 4x12= 9D, 4x12_16_ 1 1 9 3 D)= | 7. 3meneatnas much as 4 women, 4 women earn as much 2s 6 boys and 8 boys earn as 10 girls. Ifa gitlearn i Rs, 50a day then the earning ofa man would be | (a)Rs 115 (b) Rs 135 () Rs 125, (@) Rs 150 | Soln, Earning ofa girl=Rs 50 \ Earning of 10 girl= 50*10=Rs 500 ‘Therefore, earning of 8 boys= Rs 500 6 | Therefore, eaming of 6 boys = 5% 500 =R8375 i Therefore, earning of4 women =Rs. 375 ; Therefore, earning of 3 men= Rs, 375 | 375 4 Therefore, earning of | man~ —~=Rs 125 | 8 ‘The workdone bya man, a woman and a child are in the ratio 3 : 2: 1. Ifdaily wages of 20 men, 30women i and 36 children amount to Rs. 78. What will be the wages of 15 men, 2. women and 30 children for 18 week i (@) Rs. 7371 (b) Rs. 8645 (ORs. 9000. (@Rs. 7173 Soln, Let aman, a woman and a child put in3, 2, units per day. Then they are paid Rs, 78 for puting in (20%3 + 302+ 36% 1) units = 156 units, Hence, 15M 21W + 30C = (1543 + 2]2-130"1)= 117 units Since, 156 units get per day=Rs. a ‘Therefore, {17 unit gt per day = +! sel 7 887 Rs.T3IL 9. A, Band C working together complete a job in'18 dis. A and B together work twice as rmich as C, A and C together work thrice as much B.A alone tan finish the work in Se (@) 18 days (b) 43.2-days = 55502. (0) Sidays sos) Didays ‘Son, Let A, Band C can finish the j6b alone itfai, bifid c days respectively." > | Palau ! me be 18 mf 7 i) (it) facie ies =a 38 = 43.2 daysSon, associated with 12 women and 6 boys to do another work, 2 day. (a) 10 (b) 15 1SM=24W =36B 1s 15 = W=PM =2WePx ae 24 ma > w-Eu 36 Work, Pipe and Cistern If15 menor 24 women or 36 boys can do a work in 12 days working 8 hrs a day. How many men must be L times as great in 30 working days hrs. 6 per 8 (@u2 M=!5M-1m 22 Let.xmen and 12W and 6 boy do the work 15 yy _ OrM + 45M +15M a VES] mes Bas 2 m,= 15, 4,= 12,h,=8, w,=1 Im = (x+10), dy =30, fy Md, We = Mody, M, 1512842 = (1410) 30 65 x+10=18 x=8 men Pipe and Cisterns: Inlet: Apipe connected with a tank ‘Outlet: Apipe connected with a fank: (1) Two pipes Aand B can fila cistern then the time taken to fill the cist (2) Three pipes A, B and C can fill a cistern together, the time taken to fi the stems ix oe respectively alone. Ifboth the pipes are opentogether, D hy x3 and Zhours alone Respectively Ifall pipes are opened hrs @) Two pipes Aand B can fill acistern inx and y hours respectively, there is also an outlet C. Ifall pipes are ‘opened together, the tank is filled in zhours. Then the time taken by Cto empty the full tanks given by 2 ins 32+ ye—y (4) A tank takes xhours to be filled by a pipe out but due toa leak itis filled iny hrs. The amount of time in Which the lak can empty the tank =" (5) Pipe Ais ‘k’ times faster than B an x then the cistern willbe filed +; hours. {fA can fla cistern in yr, then after opening both pipe, ester willbe filled in tly is be filed in 7} Des x .d Ban filla cistern inx hours. Ifboth the pipes are opened together, | | | | i. Sol Soln 14|Work, Pipe and Cistera A. (@ Mone pipe Aisktimes faster than B and A tales x min less than B to fila tank. Ifboth the pipes are opened ke =| (2 together The seni fila in| ("PM and Aw fthecizr in|; 8 and withe J (2 min cisterin 7) 1 Ruile 1: Ifa pipecan fila tarkinx hours then pat fled in hour = — 1 fa pipecan empty fll ank in y hours then part emptied in 1 hour =~; | IL. There isan empty reservoir whose capacity is 30L. There isan inlet pipe A which fiat SL/minuteand B an ‘outlet pipe which empties at 4L/min, Both the pipes function alternatively for one-one minute assuring that A is, i * the first one to function then B, How much time willit take of the reses oir to the filled up to its capacity (@) 60 (51 (50 (40 Soln, In first minute pipe A wil il= SL. and in second minute pipe B will empty=4 L Hence, intwo minutes, reservoir will led = SL=4L= IL. then in 50 minutes, it will filled = 9 25L and next minute, the tuin of pipe a will come and will ill gain SL. So, 25L +5L=30L Required time=50 + 1=51 min 12. Atarger tanker can be filled by ANd pipes A and B respectively in60 Thin and 40 min, How many minutes will ittake to fille tanker from empty ifA and B both are used for (a) 15 min (630i Soln, Let tanker be filled inx min then xe 120° 80°80: i sd 13. Bucket P was thrice the capacity as bucket Q. So, ittakes 60 tums for bucket P to fill the empty drum. How ‘many turns it will ake for both the bucket P and Q having each turn together to fill the empty drum_ (a)30 (b) 40 (c) 45 (90 | Soln, Let capacitiy ofbucket Qis IL i then capacity of bucket P= 3L. | and capacity of drum = 60%3L = 180L, Now each turn of P and Q both the drum is filled = 3L + 1L=4L. i Q 1 i 180 Hence, required tums = ~~ = 45 14, Pipe Aan ilithe tank in 4 hrs while pipe B can flit in 6 hours working alone. Pipe C can empty whole the tank in4 hours, He opened the pipe simultaneously to fil the empty tank. He wanted to adjust his alarmso that he could open the pipe C when it was half filed but he mistakely adjust his alarm ata time when the tank would 3 {G1 filled. What isthe time difference between both the cases t fill the tank fully. (@)48 min (b) 54min (()30min (@none oftheseB® Work, Hipe and Cstera 4x6 _ 24 Soln, Ifboth the pipe Aand B are opened the tank will filed in 37" = 9 = 24 hrs 2.4 3 3 ‘Then halfofitis filed in =—~=1.2hrs and 7th ofit= 2.4% =18 hours | 1 When all three pipes are opened the tank will filed = 3-+-¢ 1 inonehour= ¢=6hrs and 7 ofit= 6x3 =3hrs In first case time required for filling the tank = 1.2 + 3=4.2 brs =4 hours and 12 min | In second case for filling the tank = 1.8-+ 1.5=1 hour 48 min+ 1 hour 30 min=3 hour & 18 min, | Hence, time difference = 4 hour : 12 min~3 hour: 18 min=54 min, 15. Two pipes AandB can filla cistern in 15 hours and 10 houits respectively. While tap C can empty the fll. | cistern in 30 hours. All the three taps were open for I hours when it was remebered that the emptying tap had been open left, then it was closed. How many hours would it take for the cistern to be filled (2) 30 min (b) 5.2 hour (©) 24 min (35 min i Soln, In} hours work ofalltaps = 22+ k= 243-1. 4 ine in Roursworkorabaps 15 1030 30... 30-15 Now, work of Aand B tab for one hour = 131 : 6 oe és 16. Two pipes Aand B can fill a tank in 36 min and 45 min respectively. A Water pipe C can empty tank in 30 ‘minutes First A and B are opened after 7 minutes C is also opened then inhow-much time the tank is full 13, | 20-20 feterer aaa le) seer r is r opened =| == += = Now par filed in L minute when B and Care opened=|35* 4239, * gp Now, required more times (1d r imate= 7| +52] oar ing pa Sotn. Part filed in7 minute= 7| 35+ g5.|= 55° ~-soemaining part 1 f ) part is filledin i min; $3 part is filled inf 5p 39min 60 ‘Total time taken to fill tank~39+7=46 minute. i 17. Acistern has two tapes which filit in 12min and 15 min respectively. There is also a waste pipein the Cistern | when al the three are opened the empty cistem is fill in 20 minutes. How long the waste pipe taketo empty the ; | fullcistern? Soln, 1 x 12 15 20” 6 So, waste pipe willempty the fll cistern in 10 minutes. Rute 4: Caleulation of capacity of cistern: Wo 18 Sol Sohn 25,‘Work, Pipe and Cistera . i 18. ‘TwopipesAand B canseparately fila cistemin 7 and 5 minutes respectively anda waste pipe can carry off 14 liters per minute .Ifall the pipes ave opened when the eistem is full itis emptied in 1 hour, How many litres does it hold? 1 Sola, Net workdone by al three pipes in| minutes= —=> 1 Work done by nies in one minutes-work done by outlets in one minute =~ (z eel 15-5 x) So, work doneby waste pipeinonemin = 142.4 1-7. ° 15° 60 20 yw rate int ste pi Capacity of cistern = Flow stein imin by waste pipe _ M4 _ sgtince work done by watsepipeinImin 7 20 19. ‘The work done bya child is one third that bya man and half that by’a woman. Ifone man, one womanand one child together can complete & work in 2 days, in how many days can4 children together complete the same work? Soln, We have, IM=3C and 1W ‘Therefore, IM + 1W+1C. Hence, the required number ofdays: 25. Inacentral government office, there are 5 working days and for each day, the working hours are 8. A em: ployee gets Rs. 2.40 per hour for regular work and Rs. 3.20 per hour for Overtime. If he eas Rs. 432 in + weeks, how many hours he work for? (@) 195 (b) 160 (175 (@ 180 1. Amananda boy together can do a ceitain amoutil of digging in 40 days, Thek skills in digging are in the ratio of 8 :5. How many days will the boy take, ifengaged alone, (a) 52 days (b) 104 days (©) 68 days (d) 80 days 2. If 10 men wave 10 mats‘in 10 days, how many men will be required to weave 100 matsin 100 days? (@) 100 (b) 1000 (10 @I 3. One man.can paint a house in ‘r’ days and another man can do itin “’ days. [fthey can together doiit in ‘d? days, then ‘dis given by: al nt 2ant t eet = © Ory Or © ree © haar 4. Ifafactory“A” tums out “X” cars an hour and factory “B” tums out “Y” cars every 2 hours, the mumber of cars that both factories tum out in 8 hours is: @ax+y) (waxed ott) @xey |10. Te 2. 13. Work, Pipe and Cistern Froma leaking tap ‘a’ drop come out in ‘b’ min. Ifthere are ‘c’ drops ina liter, then in how manyhours one liter of water will be wasted? O boa 60a a Oe Ore ‘Two fill pipes A and B can filla tank in 15 and 12 hours respectively. Pipe B alone is kept open for of 7.5 hours, time and both pipes are kept open for remaining time. In how many hours, the tank will be full? (18h (©) 20h (10h (@13.5h ‘Nine men and seven women pick as much com in five days as seven men and eleven women pick in four days. Who are the better com pickers and by how much? (a) Women are better workers by a ratio of 17:9 (b) Women are better workers by aratio of (¢) Menare better workers by a ratio of 13:1 (@ Menare better workers bya ratio of 2: 1 Raman complete a piece of work in 12 days and Shyam is 60% more efficient than Ram, Inhow many days Shyam will complete the same work? (a) 9 days (b) 5 days (O7Sidays (A) 5:5 days A tank is drained by two taps; Tl andT2: Ifboth tapes are open the tank eitpties in 20 minutes. If T2 is open and 71 isclosed the tank empties 30iminutes [72.8 sed ads open how long wil tale forthe tank toempty? (a) 45 min (b) 50 ‘min. (©)None ofthe above. require 30 days to do the same. pen The umber. of days respectively is {a) 15,30, never (0) 30,15, never - (e) None of the above. sheet Ittakes 6 technicians a total of 10 hours to installa neiv équipment fiom scratch, with each working at the same rate. Ifsix technicians start to install thie samme’ peru 200 Athi, anne technician per hour is added beginning at 5:00 pm, at what tinie will the equipment inbtallationebé coniplete? (2) 6:40pm (6) 7:00 pm (©)7:20 pin (@) 8:00 pm 2 3 small pumps and a large pump are filing a tank. Each ofthe thee small pumps works at 5 *4 the rate ofthe Jarge pump. In what fraction ofthe time that all4 pumps working together will fil the tank in comparison to the time taken by the large pump alone? es wt 2 a2 @z 5 ©; Oy A wealthy woman had three servants S,,S, and S, was estimating that the amount of grain in her storeroom. would suffice for S, and S, for 45 days. 8, “and Ss, would eat all the. ‘grain in 60 days. It would take S, and S, 90 days to eat it all Now ifshe were to feed S, S, and S, together, how long would it have taken them to eat all the grain? (2) 40 days (b) 65 days (©) 180 days (@ None of the above ie | |8 en ah Work, Pipe and Cistern HINTS & SOLUTIONS Let efficiency of man and boy are respectively 8k and 5k 40x13" ‘Work completed in 40 days, then 40(8k + 5k) Answer is (b) Answer is (¢) Answer is (b) Eachhour Atwrn out x cars Each hour B turn out y/2 cars. In8 hows cars turn out -(« + x Answer is (c) Drops out per minut a < drop/mimie, p copra Sk = 104 60a Drops out perhour = >= drop/hour c ‘Be. 7 60a. ‘: 6 Liter out perhour= «of 2) orn “Thus ime taken for oné liter = oe ope " Answer is (a) Cistern filled per hour Time taken to complete fille Answer is (c) Answer is (€) (9M +7W)5=(7M-+ LW) 4 45M + 35W = 28M + 44W 4SM~-28 M = 44W ~35 W 17M=9W M_9 7 Woy MW=9:17 Answer is (a) Efficiency of Ram : Shyam = 100 : 160=5:8 Hence, number of days=8 : 5 8 part = 12 day Hence, 1 part = 12/8 day Hence, 5 part = “2x5 = ence, Spart= Fi Answer is (¢)1 12, 1 (1,# Ts | min work= 55 A 1 T's 1 min work = 55 * pele ater Hence, T's | minwork= 55-35 ="G9 “Gp ‘Hence, T, can empty it in= 60 min “Answer is (¢) 1 (A+ BY's I day work = 75 1 +(A+ 0) I day work = 75 1 (+0) | day work= 55 (A+ B+ Cy's~ (B+ Oy's 1 day Answer is (a) ‘y 6tech. take = 10 hrs hence 1 tech. take = 60 hrs hence, work of | tech. in 1 hrs 1/60 part Siech. [ hrs work 110 In 6 hrs they complete= 6x1/10=3/5 part Remaining part = 1-3/5 = 2/5 ‘Now, 5 +02 there are 7 tech. work = 7/60 Now, 6 to 7 there are 8 tech. work = Remaining work= 3/20 Hence, 8:00 Answer is (d) Work, Pipe and Cistern 14,Work, Pipe and Cistern 13. 14, Let us suppose iflarge pump fill he tank in I firs then small purnp will take 3/2 hrs Large pump in=x_hrs, then in I hrs = 1/x part ‘Small pump in=3/2xhrs. _then’n { brs ~2/3x part 2 2 For 3 small pumps = 3-3 part = part Allfour pump can fillin hrs = 1,23 pant x x x x x i Hence, whole tank= 3 his. Therefore, 3 = Answers (6) One day required grain for10, Work, Pipe and Cistera Done | Ina camp, 95 men had provisions for 200 days. After 5 days, 30 men eft the camp. For how many dayswill | the remaining food last now? | 1 (@) 180 (b) 285 (BI (None of these ‘A garrisor of 500 men had provisions for 27 days.A fter 3 days a reinforcement of 300 men arrived. Forhow | ‘many more days will the remaining food last now? 1 (15 (b) 16 ou, @18 i A garrisons had provisions for a certain number of days, After 10 days, 1/5 of the men desert and itis found ‘that the provisions will now last just as long as before, How long was that? | (a) 15 days (b) 25 days (0) 35 days (d) 50 days | A contractor undertook to do a certain piece of work in 9 days. He employed a certain number of men, but 6 of them being absent from the very first day, the rest could finish the work in 15 days. The number of men originally employed were (a) 12 (b) 15 (18 (a)24 | A contractor undertakes to do a piece of Work in 46 days. He engages 100 inen at the begining and 100 more after 35 days and complete the work at stipulate time; Ifhe had not engaged the additional men, how many days behind schedule would itbe finished. = oS (a)3 (b) 5 (eyo (a9 Acontractor employed 30 men fo doa piece of work in 38 dayssA fter 25 days; he employed 5 men moreand the work was finished one day earlier. How ‘many days hie ‘would have been behing, ifhe had not employed additional men = L @) w 5 : A booster pump can be used for fill s well 4s for emptying a tank The ¢apécity of tank is 240m. The emptying capacity of the tank is 10 sm? per miriute-highér than its filling capacity and the pump needs 8 minute Esser to empty the tank than it neds to fil it What the filing capacity ofthe pump? (@) 50 miin (6) 60m “<(e) 72min’: _- (d) none of these Three pipes A, B and Ccan fill tank from émpty to fallin 30 min, 20min and 10 min respectively. When the tank isempty, all the three pipes are opened. A, B and C discharge chemical solutions P, Qand R respectively. ‘What is the proprtion of solution in the liquid inthe tank after 3 minutes, @sn @ell om (@smi 24 men can complete a work in 16 days. 32 women can complete the same work in 24 days. 16men and 16 women started working and worked for 12 days. How many more men are to be added to complete the remaining work in 2 days? (a) 16 (b) 24 (36 (48 ‘Twenty women can do a work in 16 days. Sixteen men can complete the same work in 15 days. What is the ratio between the capacity of man and a woman (3:4 4:3 (5:3 (@) data inadequate Answer KeyMensuration & area of plane figures CHAPTER Plane Figure: Any figure bounded by three or more straight lines or bounded by a closed line isa Plane Figure. The space closed within that figure is calle its Are. The measurement ofthe length ofthe ines enclosing the space called its Perimeter. ‘ Parallel ines: Two straight lines are parallel ifthey lie on the same plane and do not intersect. Transversal: It is straight line that intersects two parallel lines, Polygons: Polygons are figures formed by a closed series of rectilinear (straight) segments, | Example: Triangle, Rectangle, Pentagonal 5 sides), Hexagonal (6 sides) Polygons can broadly be divided into two types: oe | () Regular polygons: Polygons with al the sides and angles equal. (Gi Irregular polygons: Polygons in hic all the sides or angles are tot of the same measure. Properties: (i Sum ofthe angles of a polygon with n sides = (2n -4)p/2 Radians = (n-2) 180° degrees i) Sumofthe exterior angles = 360° ie. ithe figure bélow:6) +0, +....+8, =360° Ingencral, 0, +0) +....+0, =360° ; i 360?/exterior angle. | (a) Triangles (A): triangle is polygon having three sides. Sum ofall the angles of triangle = 180°. ‘Types of Triangle: (@ Acute angle triangle: Triangles with all angles acute (less than 90°) Gi) Obtuse angle triangle: Triangles with one of the angles obtuse (more than 90°. (iii) Right angle triangle: Triangle with one of the angles equal to 90°. + Important points about triangles (A): () Sum of the length of any two sides ofa triangle has to be always greater than the third side. (@_ Difference between the lengths of any two sides of. triangle has to be always lesser than the third side. (ii) Side opposite to the greatest angle will be the greatest and the side opposite to the smallest angle the smallest (Gv) The sine rule: a/sinA=b/sinB=c/sinC=2R (where R= circum radius). * +07 2becos A (¥) The cosine rule: aERR Mensuration & arca of plane figures + Formulas for area of a triangle: 1 (i Area= 5 base x height. Height = Pespendicular distance between the base and vertex opposite to it (ii) Area= Js(3—a)(s~b){s— ibe (A Area = a where R= ciscumradivs. + Equilateral triangles (of side a): Triangle having all the angles equal to 60°. a (+: sin60 = V3 /2= hiside) Garea=$ (base) (height) = Lead Se @h A A ane (circum radius a « GifMensuration & area of plane figures 0 @ @ j + Properties of equilateral triangle: | @ The incenter and circumcentre lies at a point that divides the height in the ratio 2:1. j ‘The circum radius is always twice the in radius [R=2r]. i) Among all the triangles that can be formed with a given perimeter, the equilateral triangle will have the ‘maximum area, (jv) An equilateral triangle ina circle will have the maximum area compared to other triangles inside the same circle, + Right angled triangle: Triangle with one of the angles equal to 90°. Pythagoras Theorem: In the case ofa right angled triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is equal tothesum of the squares of the other two sides. Inthe given figure,,fortriangle ABC, a 1 1 Area = (product ofperpendicular sides) = 5 (be) bec? Quadrilateral: Formulas for area of quadrilateral 1 Area= 5 (product of diagonals) * (sine ofthe angle between, them) 4 p. B c If 0, and 0, are the two angles made. between themselves by the two diagonals, we have by the property of 1 intersecting lines -> 6, +0, = 8, =F sin, 1 5 “(hy +hy) ‘Area > * diagonal sum ofthe perpendicularso it ftomvopposite vertices = “152° Area ofa circumscribed quadrilateral A = /(S—a)(S—b)(S—c)(S—d) Where, S (Where a, b, cand d are the lengths of the sides.) ‘Types of Quadrilaterals: (@ Parallelogram: | A parallelogram is a quadrilateral with opposite sides parallel oi Formulas for area of parallelogram: aS () Area =Product of any two adjacent sides x sine of the included angle.= ab sin Q Base ‘Area of parallelogram zh (a+b) (Gi) Perimeter = 2(a +b) wherea andb are any two adjacent sides.‘Mens Properties of parallelogram: - . () Diagonals of parallelogram bisect each other, Gi Bisectors of the angles ofa parallelogram form a rectangle. io” (il) A parallelogram inscribed in a circle isa rectangle. D t (iv) Aparallelogram circumscribed about a circle is a rhombus. (v) The opposite angles in a parallelogram are equal, (vi) The sum of the squares of the diagonals is equal to the sum of the squares of the four sides in the figure. (ii) Rectangles: A rectangle is a parallelogram with all angles 90°. (i) Area=Base * Height =bx h, (ii) Diagonal (d) = yb? +h? — by Pythagoras theorem. Properties of a rectangle: (i Diagonals are equal and bisect each other. Gi) Bisectors of the angels of a rectangle form another rectangle. (ii) Allrectangles are parallelogram but the reverse is not true. ()Rhombus: parallelogram having al! the sides equal is 4 rhombus. 1 § @ Area= > * product of diols * sie of the angle between them. /2>¢, xd, sin 90" (Diagonals in rhombus interscet at right amgles)=1/ 2,4, (i) Area product of adjacent sides « sine of the angle between them. Properties of Rhombus: () Diagonals sect each other a tight angles (ii) Allrhombuses are parallelogram but the revers. (Gi) Arhombus may or may not be square but all squares are riombus: (@ Squares: A square isa rectangle with sides are equal ora rhombus with each angle 90°. (i) Area base * height =2. 1 1 Gi)Area= 5 (diagonal? = d*(squice is rhombus too). (i Perimeter = 4a(a= side of the square) (iv) Diagonal = a/2 2 Properties of Square: (H Diagonals are equatand bisect each other at right angles. i Side is the diameter of the inscribed circle. Gi) Diagonalis the diameter ofthe circumnseribing circle. (¥) Inradius = => Diameter=ay3_—_Citoumradius = (© Regular Hexagon: ‘ (Area {(3V5)/2 [sid 4.ee { Mensuration & area of plane figures (il) Aregular hexagon is actually a combination of 6 equilateral triangles all of side ‘a’. Gi Ifyou look at the figure closely it willnot be difficult to realize that circumradius (R) =a; ie. the side of the hexagon is equal to the circumradius of the same, (ii) Circumference = 2nr (= radius). (iii) Area=% * circumference r, Arcofcirele: Itis part of the circumference of the circle. The bigger one is called the major arc and the smaller one the minor arc. disocareny 0 oF eines (iv) Length (Are XY) \ is (¥) Sector ofa circle is a part of the area of a circle between two radii 9 (vi) Area ofa sector= 355% mm (where 0 is the angle between two radii) (1 : = 5 sen (arexy) (2. m18/180= length are-xy) Pradeep wishes to makea gravel natharound his rectangular pond. ‘The pat st be the same width all the ‘ay round, 5 shownin the diss he pond measures deny man Ee ha trough gravelto cover anarea of 48m’, How wide around t Heras ‘be? 3 Ta (a) 2 metre (b)3 metre (1.5 mete (@8 metre What is the minimum value of the perimeter of triangle, iftwo ofits sides are Sem and Tom respectively’? (the sides have integer volumes) Ina triangle,c>b-a A Therefore, ¢ > 7-5 or > B 5 c ‘The minimum length ofthe third sideis3 em Hence, the minimum value of the perimeter =5+7+3=iSem What is the area of rectangle EFGH of given figure, ifthe area of rectangle ABCD is 1007Mensuration & area of plane figures | me ! 6 A Pana xy x x2 P D c iH G | Soln, Area of rectangle ABCD = (x+ 1) x (x+4)=32+ Sx+4 a Area of rectangle EFGH = (x + 2) x (x + 3) | . If we compare the area of rectangle ABCD and EFGH, the area of rectangle EFGH is 2 more than the area of rectangle ABCD. Therefore, Area of rectangle EFGH = 100 +2 = 102 9. 4. Buclid has a triangle in mind, ts longest side 20 units and another ofits sides has length 10 units. Its area is 80 square units. What isthe exact length ofits third side? (2) V270 units (b) 240 units (©) 250 units @ 260 units 5. Ifa square and an equilateral triangle have equal perimeters, what is the ratio ofthe area ofthetriangle tothe | 10. area ofthe square? | as 4 @ a Os (@) None of these u 12, 1, Intwo triangles, ratio of the areas: 3:4, Find the ratio oftheir bases. 16 9 t (a) — Ee ab os ; Op 2. Arectangular gram plot 100m y 65in has @ gravel path 2:5 m wide all round icon the inside. Find the cost of gravelling the path at 80 paiss per square metre, (a) Rs 620 (b) RS 660 } 14 3, ABisachord ofa crcl ofradius 14cm. The chord subtendsa angle of 90% al the centre ofthe ckcle, Find the | area ofminor segment. i rar. te | (a) 98sqem (©) 56 sqoin (©) H2gem (4) 100 sqem. i 15, 4. Find the value of ‘x’ inthe given figure | L com ™ an A a f 16. (a)2.2cm (b) L.6cm (c)3em (@)2.5em 5. Inthe given figure, find angle ADB (@) 130° (b) 132° (122 (d) 120° Eeaf Messuraton& area of plane gues 6 8 10. 11 12, 1B. 14. 15, 16. Ina triangle ABC, point Dis an side AB and point E is on side AC, such that BCED is a trapezium. DE-BC =3:5, Caleulate rato of area of triangle ADE and the trapezium BCED. @. (9:16 (35 (925 Amotocycle stuntman, belonging toa fiir, rides over the vertical walls ofa ciroular well at an average speed of 54 kmph for 5 minutes. Ifthe radius of the well is 5 meters, then the distance travelled is: (@)2Skm (0)3.5km (0)45km @)5.5km The least perimeter of an equilateral triangle in which a circle ofradius ‘r’ can be inscribed is: or (@ 33 ) Vr OF © 63 Consider a square of side 6 em. A circles inscribed inside the square. Another circle citcumscribes the square, ‘The ratio of the areas of the inscribed circle to the circumscribed circle is B @ly Oise (1:15 @1:2 A caspenter is designing a box. The floor of the box isa rectangular whose length is two feet more than its width. How long should the box be (in feet) ifthe area of the floor of the box were to be 15 square feet? @3 (b)5 (10 @As wire of some length s bent inocula form and hasan area’0308 s5-emy I the same length of wire straightended out and bent in the forin Of square, the approximate area of the square in sq, cm maybe (a) 242 (by iat £5 (6)308 Te (d) 69.29 Considera sqaqure: cireumscebad bya circle with a radius of4 ums, The area ofthe square in square units is (@) 162 (®) 16 2 et Four cows are tethered at four comers ofa squate plot of side’ 4 meters so ; that the adjacent cows can just reach one another ‘There is a Sta cei, pond ofarea 20 @ ait the Centr The area left ungrazed is: 8 ‘There are two cubes on a table in which the volume of the second is half that of the first. If the first cube ‘occupies a certain area (¥)) on the table, how much area (approxiinately) does the second occupy? Xe Y y ¥ @y OF OM OR A paper of zie £ w (£> w) is folded in halfalong the longer dimension. Its then folded in half along the other dimension and a third time, a direction ofthe first fold. What are the dimension of the folled paper? bow Low Oy oo (©) Ovard opt‘Mensuration & area of plane figures Paper sizes are given by, A,,A, etc. such that A, is two times larger (in-area) than A,, A, is two times larger than A, and so on. The longer dimension ofeach smaller size is equal o the shorter dimension of the larger size. For example, the longer dimension ofA, i the same as the shorter dimension of A,. In this scheme if, is 210 x 297 mmin size, what are the dimensions of A, in mm? (a) 840594 (b) 420%594 (©) 8401188 (@None ofthe above, HINTS & SOLUTIONS Let the bases of the two triangles be x and y and their heights be 3h and 4h respectively. 1 HOM 4 a aye => 3-8 9 3\3 ota) > y ‘Then, a 2 Answeris (a). ‘Area of plot = 110 x 65 = 7150 nr, Area ofexcluding the path = (100-) (65-5) =6300 n?. ‘Area of path = (7150 ~ 6300) m? = 850 m. 30. Cost of gravelling the path. «o() Rs=Rs 680 Answers (¢) 90 nt a : 1a of sector ACBO = =~ = 154.sqem. Area of sector ACI ig iq Answer is (b) Inthe figure, PT? = PAx PB, 6. Answer is (a) : ADBC isa cyclic qudrilateral as all its fair vertices are on the circumference of the cirele. Also, the opposite angles of the cyclic qudtrilaterala supplementary. Therefore, — ZADB =180°-48°=132° Answer is (b) AADE is asimilarto AABC R Thus, DE:BC=3:5 ‘Area of AADE : Area of AABC ‘Area of trapezium = area of ABC—area of APE = 25-9 = 16 Areaof AADB :Area of trapezium EDBC = 9/16 . . Answer is (b) Speed = $4 kuv/h 5 Time = 5 min = <> hrs 5 ence, D= x time= 54x Hence, D= Speed time a 10. A. 13,‘Mensuration &: area of plane figures 10. iL “Answer is (c) jus of ineircle of any equi angle "= Se The radius ofincirle ofany equilateral triangle "=> Fe Hence, side of triangle is 2V3.° Hence, perimeter =3xa = 3x 23.1 = 6V3 r Answer is (4) ‘Diameter of inscribed circle = side of square = 6 r=3 Hence, area = ©3° =97 iz IN SE Diameter of circumcircle = diagonal ofsquare = 6V2 ne Pawi Hence, Area= n(3V2) = 18x Hence, ratio= 9x:187 21:2 Answer is (d) Let width =x, hence length Then area, x(x-+2)=15 = x=3.Thenlength=3+2=5 Answer is (b) ae a Sto Area of circle=308 em ‘Then, mr” = 308 > 7 Oe os ash Hence, circumference = 2xr = BeBe 44,2 om is is equals to perimeter of suite +4 ¥'side ='44V2 2 wW2) =242 Hence, area = A* = Answer is(a) Diagonal ofsquare =aV2 => av2=8 = a=4V2 4 yo Heneé, area= (42) =32 Answer is(¢) 12 Area of grazed by cow = 4% 7.x x | ce There is a pond = 20m? 4 KO Then area of square is = 14°= 196 7 Hence, ungrazed area = 196-154 —20= 22m? 14°16, 7. ‘Mensuration & area of plane figures ‘Answer is (a) Let longer side is ‘a’ and smaller side is “b’. Ifa person walk along a two adjacent side. ‘Then total distance = a+ and go through diagonal = ya? +b” os (a+b)-Va? +b? 3 b| NS > a — Answer is (d) Let side of first cube is Aand second cube is “a” Hence, V, =A® and Vy =a? , Ml24 Ly = 2972 = a= i 594) 2102420 594 - 5942 hence, 8401188 ee 1188 840 Answer is (0)CHAPTER | Volume & surface area of solid figures Solid Figure: Any figure bounded by one or more susfeces is called a sofid figure. When plane surfaces bind by solid, they are called its “faves” and s6lid is called'a Polyhedron. ( Cuboia: aH Let length = /, breadth =b andi (@ Volume = (1 * bh) cubic units. (i Surface are (ii) Cube: Let each edge ofa cube be ofleng cubic units, 64? sq. units. (iil) Diagonal = 3 a units. La (iil) Cylinder: ‘Let radius of base = rand Height (or length) = h. Then, (i) Volume = (rth) cubic units. i) Curved surface area = (2nth) sq, units, (iil) Total surface area = (2ath-+ 271?) sq. units = 2nr(h-+1) sq. units, (iv) Cone: Let radius of base =r and Height=h. Then, @ Slant height, 7 = Jh? +r? units. y (et (i) Volume= rps cubic units, ( (Gil) Curved surface area = (tr) sq. units (v} Total surface area =(nrl-+ nr?) sq. units, a10. Volume & surface area of solid figures Volu () Sphere: = Let the radius of the sphere be r. Then, fo 4 @ some = ($a ) cubic units. (ii) Surface area = (4nr*) sq. units. ( Hemisphere: Let the radius of a hemisphere be r. Then, J (i) Curved surface area (2m) sq. units. (ii) Total surface area = (31°) sq. units. EXERCISE : The surface area of cube is 726 cm. Find the volume of the cube. 2 (@Volume= G ar” | eubic units (a) 1314 m? (b) 1331. (174t me (726m? i Acube has a diagonal 34.64 m long, Find the volume, (a) 6000 nm? (b) 8000 (©) 7000; (49000 m* Find the number of lead balls, each 1 cm in diameter that can be made from & sphere of diameter 12 cm. : (a) 1700 (b) 1688 (1278 (@1728 A cone, a hemisphere and a cylinder stand on equal bases and have th ‘height. Find the ratio oftheir volumes. (@ 12:5 O32, (123 aba Two metallic right circular cones having theirheights 4.1 cm and 4:3 enand the radii oftheitbases 2.1 om | 3 cach, have been melted together and:recost into a sphere. Find the diameter of the sphere. | @A4tem (6) 4.2em (©)46em (@)5em A solid wooden toy is in the shape of a Tight citcular ne Iwainted:an a'tiemisphere. It the radius of the hemisphere is 4.2 cm and total height of the toy is 10.2 ém, find the vohtime of the wooden toy. (a) 244.030 (b) 266.112 (©) 148.125 (278.112 FFind the number of bricks, each measuring, required construct a wall 12 mlong, 5 mhigh and 0.25 m thick, While the sand and the cement mixture occupies 5% ofthe total valume of wall, Ifthe dimensions ofbricks are 25*12,5*7.5 (a) 6080 (& 1520 (3040 @ 1216 A spherical common of ball, 28 cm in diameter is melted and cost into a right circular conical mailed the base , of cone is 35 cm in diameter. Find the height of the cone correct up to to places of decimals, (9) 8.69.0m (b) 35.84 em (597 em (@17920m IfV be the volume ofa cuboid of dimention x, y, z and A is surface, then A/V will be equal to 1 ayy? Yaad @) x*y*z’ aay ya “ax A solid is in the form ofa cylinder diameter of the cylinder is 7 cm. Find the total surface area of the solid, (US hemispherical ands. The total height of the solid is 19 cmand the 2/7)dithe Volume & surface area of solid figures (a) 418 cm? (b) 318 cm? (c) 468 cm? (d) 368 cm? HINTS & SOLUTIONS Ina cube volume V surface area s = 6a” (Jv-Qf 2-18 6 \6 6 ¥ Answer is (b) Volume Answer is (b) ‘Volume oflarger sphere ‘Volume ofa small lead ball Number of lead ball = 288% ® 6 Answer is (d) Let Rbe the radius of each. Height of hemisphere ~ Its radius = R, Height ofeach =R leone zee mee Ratio of volume = Cone: Hemisphere : Cylinder= 3 7R’ aad mR? xR =]:2:3 Answer is (c) a(2.t) dre ta(2t)?<43 ‘Volume of sphere = Volume of 2 cones= (2.1) (8.4)em? Let the radius of the sphere be R. 4p depp) rhus “aR? = 1 (2.1) x4 Thus 5 ®R? = 5-x(2.1) 2R=4.2.m Answer is (b)7h, ‘Volume of the cone 3 here, r= 4.2 om, h= 10.2, h=6 cm 1 3 n(4.2)'x6 ‘Volume of the cone = 110.88 em? La, volume ofthe hemisphere = 5%57'= 155.23 Total volume = 110.88 + 155.232 266.112 em? Answer is (b) Volume of wall= 1200%500%25 = 15000000em> ‘Volume of cement = 5% of 15000000 = 750000 cm? Remaining volume = 15000000 ~750000 = 14250000 em? Volume of brick = 25%12.5x7.5 = 2343,75em* 14250000. 2343.75 ‘Answer is (a) 3 z Number of bricks used = ‘The volume in both cases will b 3 _ nf 35) 4(i4y' =n{ 22 var) h=35.84 em Answeris (b) A=2xyt yz 2x) ye A_2(xy+yz+zx) Vv xyz niet) xyz Answer is (c) Radius of cylinder and hemisphere = = = 3.Sem 2 Height of cylinder = 19- (3.5x2)= 12cm Total surface area of solid = 2nth + 4mx? = 2%3.14%3,5%12 +4%3.14x (3.5) =418 em? Answer is (a) laGeometry About parallellines : 45=27, 46= 28 (i correspondence angles are gual 41 a 22=L6 + 4-21, L4h= LB i) alternate interior angle are equal A426, 225 (iv) sum of interior angle of same side is equals to 180° 4+ B= B+ L6=180 line, then CHAPTER Exterior angle theorem : In any triangle, the exterior angle of any angle is equals to sum ofremaining two intetior angle ofthat triangle. A ZLACD = LABC + ZBACTnany triangle, the sum of two sides is always greater than the third side. OR Inany triangle, the difference of two sides is always less than the third side. AB+BC>AC AB-BCc a-b AC=BC A B i ‘Two chords located from same distance of centre of circle have same length, i NowifOP=OC =» AB= MN. 1 3. Theradius ofthe circle is always perpendicular on tangent line. i N P => ONLMP = 4ONM=ZONP=90° 4. Thetwo tangent line draw from same point on any circle have equal length. here PM = PN 5. IfPABisa secant fine and PT ia tangent neo a ‘circle PAX PB=PT? here 4B = MN = LAOB=ZMON 7. Angles ofsame segments are equals ce — here C and D are two points of same segments. Then ZACB= ZADB iSHere, ZACB=90° ‘Angle made by any arc at the centre is always twice to the angle made by same arc at any point of remaining, segments. | 1 “4 LOAB = ABO =65° z Now, 24BO+ZBAO+ ZAOB = 130° then ZAOB =180-65—65 = 50" again ZAOB+ ZBOC = 180° . => BOC =180°-50=130° EUR also, angle made by any ar at the centre is twice to the angle mrad bysane afc at any point ofthe remaining segment. So, (radius of circle) j @os (yss° (©) 110° (d) none ofthese Since ABCD isa cyclic quadrilateral ZA+ LD =180° ZBDC = 180°-95° = 85° Now, ZBDC+ ZCDF =180° => _ LCDF=180°-85°=95° ‘Also, CDEF isa cyclic quadrilateral => LCDF+ZCEF =18° = ZCEF =180-95=85°Distance between two points (x, y;) and (2,2) is d= ~a) Hi-n) distance of (x,, ¥,) from origin (0, 0) is d = x3 + y? Point (x, y) which divides the join of two given points (x,,y,) and (x,, y; )ina given ratio m, : m, (Intemally and extranally) Internally x9) and (x»9,)4 (5.94) Note that ifone vertex {x,.,} isat the origin (0, 6) then ; (72-41) Particular case : (a) Ifthe two vertices on x-axis say (a, 0) (b, 0) and third vertex is (h, k) then area 1 1 =x basexheight =—x(a—b)k pxbasexheight =} «(a-) (©) Similarly ifthe two vertices be on y-axis say (0, €)(0, 4) and third vertex is (A,) , then are: asonabove. 1 (©) AOAB where O is (0,0), A is 2, 0) onx-axis and B is (0, b) on y-axis then area = > ab (@) Ifthe area of the triangle be zero, then the three points will be collinear. "|?Geometry 99 4. 10. Co-ordinates ofstandard point (@) Centroid of triangle: The point of the intersection ofthe medians. This point divides each median inthe ratio 2 : 1. Its co-ordinates is @ (S228 dt ate) 3 3 (©) Circum centre of triangle: Thisisa point which is equidistant from the three vertices of triangle Its the also the point of intersection of perpendicular bisectors of the sides of the triangle. It is the center O that ‘passes through the vertices of thetriangle. Ifthe triangle be a right angled one, the circumentrebe the mid point ofthe hypotenuse. (©) Incentre ofa triangle: This isthe centre of the circle which touches the sides of a given triangle. Its the point of intersection of the internal bisectors of the angles of the triangle. Its co-ordinates aregiven by the formal, I=(xy) _ ax tbe, + +by, toy, arbte” ) atb+e where a, b,c are the lengths of the sides of triangle AABC 0° the orthocentre His the vertex € 9 ss: ‘The points O, G and H are: ine at ican 0 Straight line (first degree) Ganges i Ace BytC=0 (G ten). : x= 0, y-axis 7 y=0, x-axis x=a, parallelto y-axis. y =b, parallel to x-axis The distance ofa point (x,y) fromn.x-axis is y| and from y-axis is |x] y= mec+c, line which cuts offan intercept C on y-axis and makes an angle @ with the positive direction (anticlockwise) of-axis and tan @ = m is called its slope or gradient = mex, any line through the origin, y~y, =m(x—;,), equation ofa line through a given point (x,, y,) and having slopei.e., tan @ = m =m, lim=0, ic, the line is parallel to x-axis, then its equation will be ¥~¥; = 0. ice. the line is perpendicular to y-axis then its equation will be Equation ofa line passing through twe given points (x,,),) and (x,,y,) is x4 = daa.OM %n% Its slope = 11. Angle @ between two given tines: It is given by 1. 2. 2 4, Infigure, Dand E are the mid points of sides AB and AC respectively of AABC. If ZA=70° and ZC= 40"! and DE = 4m. Find ZEDB and BC.b , E = AE and DF = 1.5m. Find the length of CD. I A | ~— B c | 6. Ingiven figure O is the centre ofthe circle with radius 5 cm. OP . AB and OQ 1. CD, AB=6 cand CD= 8m, Determine PQ. B ef) | 7, ABand CD are two parallel chords of circle su | opposite sides ofthe centre and the. 8 Infigure, length ofare AB = In figure, O is the centre of the circle. Find ZODB and ZODC.u. 12. 13. Geometry | Geom ‘Two chords AB and CD ofa circle intersect at a point E out side the circle as in given figure. 1£E=30°and | 14, CBE = 120°. Find ZEAD. | i 5. AABC is inscribed in a circle and AD 1 BC meets BC in D and AD produced meets the circle at Lin given | figure. If ZBCL = 55° the find ZABC. | 1 In figure ABC js inscribed the circle in E. If ZBAC: 50° find ZBCE. | | =| | 1 |14. In figure, O is the centre of the circle and BC is produced to P. If ZDCP = 70°. Then what is the angle made byare BD on the centre. A D ee P 15. —_Ingiven figure DA.LAB, CB LAB and OM AB. IfQA.=5.4 em, OC =7.2 cm and OB = 6 cm. Find OD. p 1.65") 2.(108") 6.(7em) —7.(13 em) 12.25") 13.(70°) 110°) 5.(4.5em) 11.85")Height and Distance I ele os CHAPTER | | Soin, Iftwo stones ate 500 meters apart, The angle of the altitude the plane is fying, (a) 250(V3 +1) (& 2503" h AADC, tan 30°= : I Fi In AADC, tan 30° = in ABDC 4 oe V3 500-x v34=500-x (i) hex (id) From (i) & (i) 3h =500-h (v3+1)h=500 __500( 3-1)a ‘Hight and Distance 2. The angle of elevation ofa cloud froma point x meter above a lake is “A’ and the angle of depression of its reflection in the lake is 45°. The height of the cloud is (a) xtan A (b) xtan(45°) (©) xtan(4+45°) (a) xcot(A+45°) Soln, Let height ofcloud ish. | Tn APOR asx tangsr=!** 5 pQ= n+ | nds P= hx In APOC, tan 4a t=® hebx | hax : h_lttand tan 45° + tan A > = a ea x I-tand tan 45°tan A =! h aes tan(A+45°) = xtan(4+45°) @ +a) (@ “ae -8) Ofna F | som In A4BC, tana =", In ap a ran29-21000 | I-tan?@ z = bay 2% a 2atbnab +h? bee _o(a +!) | a ae ah a 4. When the length ofthe shadow of a pote is equal to the height of the pole, then the elevation of source of light (a) 30° (was (0) 60" (dy 75° A Soln,Soin, Soin, Height and Distance ‘Acat knows the three exits A, B and C ofa mouse hole. Where should the cat sit so that the distance to the farthest exis is the minimum. (@) At the centre ofthe circle passing thorugh A, B and C. (b) At the point D, where the perpendicular from C intersects line AB ()Atthe pont D inside the ADABC, such that the area of ADABD = area of ADBDC =area of ADCDA (d) none of these A person standing of the bank of ariver observes that the angle cr subtended by the tree on the opposite bank is twice theangle subtended by it when moves away a distance twice as much as the width of the river. Angle ais @F 7 oF oF Let [be the length of the tree and d be the width of the river. So, tana =: tan2o 5 tana tan tang 1-tan?a@ Bli~tan*a)=2 V5 tan? @ = J5-2 > ana= person walking longa straight road cpserves that ab two pein feo the angles of elevation of a pole in front of him are 30° and 75°. Thgheight of the pole 8! ( (2) 250(V3+1)m (6) 250(V3—1)m_ — (@) 225(V2-1)m —_@) 225( V2 41)m A i tands+tan30_!* 3 VS41_ fh 5 | Bax tan (45+30)°= 1=tan45,tan30 Heiyvole Height and Distance and tan30°=—"_ xl Lh Bra Sxtl=vBh ¥3-1 BayeteCHAPTER 3. 1 | Venn Diagram = Soln, | 1 Acclass has 175 students. The following table shows the nuinber of students ‘studing one or more of the | following subjects in this case: Maths — 100 He i Physics —70 Chemistry—46 Math and Physics —30 | Math and Chemistry —28 Physics and Chemistry 23 | Math, Physics and Chemistry—18 mee How many students are enrolled in maths alone, physics aldne and chemistry-alone and how many students are | there who oo been offered anyone of these subject. oe | Som. atdtetg= . bedtft a | Sole, chetftg=46 i . Beh d+g=30 @ etgn28 . ' iis LEX | after solving we get, i e= 10, d= 12, c= 13, b= 35,a~ 60 } Maths only= 60 Cr% | Physics only=35 Chemistry only=13 |s Nowatbtctdtetfrg=153 | ‘Number of students who have not been offered any one of these subjects = 175153 =22 | 2 Out of 120 students, 80 students have been taken mathmatics, 60 students have taken physics, 40 students have taken chemistry, 30 students have taken both physics and maths, 20 students have taken chemistry and maths and 15 students have taken both physics and chemistry. Ifevery student has taken at least one course, then how many students have taken all three courses. 5s (0)25 is (10 Sola, atdtet |Venn Diagram Soln, fthe sare } Son. etetftg=40 d+g=30 e+g=20 steels cheney n(AUBUC)=2 (A) +1 (B) +2 (C)~2(ANB)-n(BAC)—2(COA)+N(ANBAC) 120 = 80 + 60 +40 ~ (30-204 15} +x 120 = 180-65 +x =120-5=5 A survey shows that 63% of Indians like banana where as 76% like apples. Ifx% oF Indians ike both banana and apples, then (ax=39 ()x=63 ()39 x= 182 oe From 50 students taking examination in Maths, Physits and Chemistry, 37 passed Maths , 24 in Physics and 43 in Chemistry. At most 19 passed Maths and Physics, at most 29 in Maths and Chemistry and at most20 in physics and Chemistry. The largest possible number that could have passed all ree examination is (a) 10 (12 9 vst (d) None of these ‘Chemistry Let x be the number of possible students who have passed all the papers, ‘We have, atbtetdte+ftgt+x=50—(i) i b+d+f-13—(i) | a+e+f=26—(iii) | ctdte=7—(i») e+xs19 i at+x<29 bt+xs20 Equation (i) and (iti) and (iv) atbtctdtetsft+(d+e+f=46 so dterft50-g-x=46 sogtxsdtdtetf n(MUPUC)=n (M) +n (P) +n (C)~n(MAP)—n (PAC)—2 (MAC) +n MAPAC) 50 = 37-424 +43 —19-29~20+.x x~14 €| l=228, CHAPTER Permutations & Combinations (® Permutation is all related to the act of permuting (rearranging) objects or values. (ii) Combination isa way of selectiig several things out ofa larger group, where (unlike permutations) order does not matter. @ Factorial Notation!” or “|”. [n=n(n—1)(n—2), n!=n(n-1)(n-2) = product of n consecutive integers starting from: 1 to the number n, (i or1 : (i Factorials, of only natural nu ‘n! is defined only for n: (iv) nC, =1. when n (v) Combinations (represented by:?"C) cati be-defined as the number of Ways in which r things at a time can ‘be “selected” from amongst “‘n” thitiés available for'seléction.” ~ ‘The keyword here is “selected”, Please understand here that the order in which ther things are selected has no ‘importance in the counting of combinations, ®C, = Number of combinations (selections) of things taken “r” ata time, a! . Fifa ais here n 2x (nis greater than or equal to 1) ‘Some typical situations where selection/combination is used: (@ Selection of people for a team, a party, a job, an office and so on (¢.g. selection of acricketteamof 11 from 16 members). i) Selection of set of objects (lke letters, hats, shirts) from amongst another larger set avaiable for selection, In other words, any selection in which the order of selection holds no importance is counted by using combinations. Permutations (represented by *P, ) canbe defined as the number of ways in which r things ata time can be “selected” and “arranged” a atime from amongst n things stnSoln. Soln. Permutations & Combinations ‘The keyword here is “arrangement”. Hence, please understand here that the order in which ther” things are arranged has critical importance in the counting of permutations. Inother words, permutations can also be referred to as an “ordered selection”, "p, = number of permutations (arrangements) ofn things taken rat a time. nt (a-1)! ‘Some typical situations where ordered selection/permutations are used: (a) Making words and numbers froma set of available letters and digits respectively. (b) Filling posts with peop. (c) Selection ofbatting order of a cricket team of 11 from 16 members. (@) Putting distinct objects/people in distinct places. For example, making people sit, putting letersinenvelops, finishing order in horse race etc. : snr! (v) The relationship between Permutation and Combination: When we look at the formulae for permutations and combinations and compare thetwo, we see that °P, =r" C, =" C, x "P, (vi) Important Results: The following results are important as they help in problem-solving. (Number ofpermutations (or arrangements) of different things taketiallata time=n! (ii) Number of permutations of n things out of which P,-aré alike and are of one type, P, are alike andare of (ii) Number of permutations 6 (rtimes) = 1. ‘number ofrings to be wom on atly aun Each ofthe rings could be worn in3 wa either on the index, ring ot middle finger So, 4-rings could be worn in 3x3%3%3 = 3 ways, (iv) Number ofsefections of things out ofn identical things = 1 Inbow many ways 5 marbles can be chosen out of 100 identical marbles? Since, all the 100 marbles are identical number of ways to select 5 marbles (v) Total number of selections of zero or more things out of“k” identical things =k + 1 ‘This includes the case when zero articles are selected. (vi) Total number of selections of zero or more things out ofn different things= PCy CH Cy tant C, (vii) Thenumber of selections of | or more things out of different thing °C, +" Cy 4....:#" Cy =2" — (vii) Number of ways of dividing m + n different things in two groups containing mand n things respectively men)! nim! = OC, Ferm Soln. | |ermutations & Combinations Soln, the 2n! (6x) Number of ways of dividing “2n” different things intwo groups containing n things = > ©) "CC ="C, (x) "C=C, => x=y or xty=n (xi) "C, =" Cy, xii Number of selections of things out ofn different things. (a) When k particular things are always included ="“* C, .. (b) Whenk particular things are excluded =" C,. (c) Whenallthe k particular things are not together in any selection =" C, "“¥ C,_,. (viif) Important Results: (i Number of ways of arranging n people on a circular track (circular arrangement =(n-1)! (i) When clockwise and anti-clockwise observation are not different then number of circular arrangements of nddifferent things = (n ~1)¥/2. ‘Thus the number of squares and rectangles in the following figure are given by P42? 43? = 14. Number of squares ‘Number of rectangles = I" +2°+3°-=36 forrectangle. sn cain Inhow many ways 3 prizes can be givenraway to 7 boys when each boy's ible for ay of the prizes. |__| -esame boy; |, “S saine prize, 2™ prize 2" boy. 1" prize ‘Two prizes can be given to the same boybut two boyscan pot get thesameptize, therefore, we muststart with prize. ek Each of the three prizes can be given away to anyone of the 7 boys in 7 ways. Therefore, required number = 777 = 343 The letters of the word figment are to be arranged in the manner such that vowels at first and last positions. How many words can be formed? For vowelsat first and last positions, first place can be taken by I and last by E, or vice versa Remaining 5 positions can be filled by 5 letters is 5! ways, So, total words formed = 5! x 2! = 5x4x3x2«1*2%1=240 A candidate is required to answer six out of ten questions which are divided into groups, each containing five questions, and he is not permitted to attempt more than 4 from any group. In how many ways can be make up his choice? (@) 60 (b) 300 (© 150 (6) 200 4 married couples and | single women want to play tennis while vacationing in a resort. How many different mixed doubles tennis match can be organized ifno man is willing to play ifhis wife is participating in the same ‘match? (In the mixed double tennis match, each of the two teams consists of one male and one fernale player). (@)36 (18 (054 @1210. Soln, al 10. U1. 12, 13. 14, 15. 16. Permutations & Combinations ‘license plate has 3 letters and 3 digits in that order. A witness to a hit and run accident saw the first 2 letters and the last digit. Ifthe letters and digits can be repeated, how many license plates must be checked by the police to find the culprit? (@) 480 (&) 960 (©) 260 (@) none of these A prospective buyer can choose between a fixed anda variable interest rate and can also choose a payment period of 24 months, 36 months or 48 months. How many total outcomes are possible? This experiment is made up of two steps: choosing an interest rate and selecting a loan payment period. There are two outcomes (a fixed or a variable interest rate) forthe first step and three outcomes (a payment period of 24 months, 36 months or 48 months) for the second step. Hence, total outcomes =2 «3 =6 tate Find the number of ways of arrangement of 10 person in four chairs. (a) 5020 (b) 5040 (©) 5000 (a) 5060 How many word can be formed by using letter of ward “MADAM” (@10 (b) 20 (930 (a0 How many words can be formed formletter of ENGINEER (a) 3300 (6) 33605 (©3600: (4) 3000 How many numbers between 2000 and 3009 aii Bee the digits 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7 (epittion ofigit not allowed) @a (b) 440 ©336 (a) 210 Ifthere are 11 players to be selecfed from ateam of 16 his ‘any Ways this canibe done (a) "C,, () C, @ Up that captain Mr. Dhoniis amtteen! @) 1001x111 (©) 364: Mes gg the Englshalpabe there are 11 symmetric letters that appear the same wher looked at ina mirror. Other 15 letters in the alphabet are asymmetric letters. How many four-letter computer passwords can be formed using only the symmetric letters (no repetition allowed)? (a) 7920 (b) 330 (©) 14640 (a) 419430 Inhow many different ways can the letters ofthe work ‘LEADING’ be arranged in such a way that the vowels are always placed next to each other? (a) 360 (b) 480 (720 (a) 5040 How many 5 digit’s number can be formed with the help of digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5? How many3 digits different even number can be formed by using the above digits ? How many five digit number can be formed with the help of digit 0, 1,2, 3, 4, 5 which i also divisible by 3? How many different messages can be generated with the help of 5 zeroes and 4 ones ? How many four digit numbers are there between 1000 and 2000 such that every digit seither 0, or 1,or 2? How many different words can be formed by using the letter of word ‘GLORY’. How many different words can be formed by using the letter of word ‘Preparation’. € Perm 17. 18, 19. 20. a 22. 2. 24. 28. 26. 20 28. 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35ermtatoes & Combinations Gs) sf it © 18. tt 19. | 20. a} a 22. B. 24, 25. 26. 21. Bry 28, 29. 30. S”. | 31. 32, ach } 33, | 34, eat | tion | a wels 1 2 y3? 2? ‘How many different words canbe formed by using letter of word ‘Banana’ in which all vowels come together? How many different words can be form by using the letter of word “NATURE ’in which all vowels come in odd places ? How many words ean be formed by using the letter of word ‘FIGURE? in which all vowels and all consonents come alternate ? How many different ways 3 pens can be put in4 pockets ? ‘There are 4 questions in any examination and every question has 5 different options. In how many different ways cana boy nat give the correct answer for all questions. From 7 English and 4 americans a team of to be formed. In how many ways it can be done if- () Team contains exactly 5 English. (i Teams contains at east 2 Americans {Gi Team contains No English. Inhow many different ways can a playing 11 be chosen out of 15 players if- (ia particular player is always chosen. i) apauticular player is never chosen. In how many ways 12 different things can be distributed equally among 3 persons ? Ram has 5 friends. in how many ways he can invite one or more of them to a dinner party ? How many different triangles:can be formed by joinirig the vertices of an octagon, How many different diagonals can be formed in any heptagon. g ‘There ate 10 points in aplane oUt of which 7 ate collinear. How many diferent triangles can be formed. Ina party every person shakés hands with evsty ather persons. It there are total of 105 hand shakes inthe party. Find the number of persons presenti the party. : ‘There are 10 lamps in a hall. Each one of them can be switched. cindy Find the number of ways in which the hacen be iluminaled? In how many ways 100: rungcan be scored: swith the help! of fou and Ey How many number of signalscan be'gene#ated by using 6 differently colow: Naps ? tis small town railway station and there are 25 stations on at line. At each of the 25 station the passenger diferent types of ket you ik he booking cerchas 0 keep ? . A single tournament of tennis is\held in Which 30 mien paticipatp I players eliminated as soonas he loses a rmatch. How many matches are requireid to determie the winner ? ‘There are 10 cards numbered ,2,3,....., 10 ina bag, 4 cards are drawn together. Find how many ways we get the sum of written number in card even? HINTS & SOLUTIONS 3 Inword “MADAM” we have 2 -M's, 2~ A's, So total number of ways of forming words are = 3,9) Answers (c) 8! Here “ENGINEER?” contains 3 R's and 2'N's, one each Gand R. So total number of words = 3,51 ~ 360 Answer is ()10. ui 1B. Permutations & Combi 2 Number between 2000 and 3000 are four digits number in which “2” must be its first digit (7g! Next three boxes (d,,4,,d,) can be filled in ”P, ways Answer is (d) This is problem of selection, thus combination formula is applicable" C,, Answer is (b) Band S are fixed at the start and the end position. Hence, we have to arrange BI s] soh solves. ‘ales Four places four letter can arrange is 4 ! ways Answer is (d) Mj x11!= 1001x111 Answer is (a) (ifio [9 [8 Hence, number of passwards =72%110=7920 Answer is(a) LEADING woe Vowels=EAI= a Pe RS then L,D,N,G a canmakeiwords 5 |Sx|3 =120x6=720 ars Answer is (c) ¥ : oy BEB 2h) LACE 5x4x3x2x1 = 120 or *P, =|5=120 4]3]2|;4x3x2=24 ‘Sum of the digits should be divisible by 3. Then group of 5 digit (1, 2, 3, 4,5) and (1,2,0,4, 5) By(1,2,3,4,5) the total number of Sdigit=[5 [4 |3[2]1]=120 By (1, 2,0,4, 5) the total number of Sdigit=[4 | 4[3 | 2/1]=96 Hence, total number = 120+ 96 = 216 [2 9x8x7x6x|5 iSxl4 [Sx4x3x 2x1 The thousands place can be filled by only 1. 3/3[3 =) 1x3x3x3=27 =126 p, G Land N among them 15, 16. 17, 18. 19,15, 16. 17. 19, B. 18. 2. Permutations & Combinations But number is between 1000 to 2000. Hence in these 27 number > 1000 is also included. So total number is 21-1 = 26 GLORY contains 5 lettershence number of words = [5 =120 PREPARATION has 11 letters in which P comes 2 times, R comes 2 times, Acomes 2 times. [LL _11x10%9x8% 716 : . 11063720 Hence, number of words sig” pycdad In BANANA, here are 3 vowels B,N,N,AAA= 4 Bo ax3at2 Hence, now total eter is 4 Then number of words= [> * [3 [Since, N isvepested 2 times and A is repeated three times] InNATURE, there are 6 letters , hence 6 places, 30h eas Now vowel is AUE, and 3 consonent. Hence, total word= 33x22 =36 Inword FIGURE, there are,3 consonent and 3 vowel. It means word can be start either Vowel or consonent. cCvcvev voewveve 3BRRE) + Bape nTe [Answers 72] 36 + ex m1? TP [Pe ‘ ‘ First pen can be put in. nyo ickel ie ‘ie., 4.ways, scvond pen 4 Ways: Hence, number of ways = 4dhx4 = Every question can be answered by 5 different ways, hencefor, 1 oD UW WV $5 5 5 Hence, boy can answered = 5* ways but there is ony one way in which his all answer is rig So, 51 =625— I = 624 is the way when a boy can not give correct answer forall questions. Answer is 624 (i Ffteamcontains SE then there will be | American hence, 7C5x*G, PS 488 (Atleast 2 American canbe choose ofthe following ways ()2Aand4E (i 3Aand 3E (i) 4A and 2E $C yx 104 4Cyx 7Cy + 4Cyx 7Cy 43, T9605 4, THORS 1.76 _ p104440421=371 2x 3x2K1 13x21 Dd (ii) Zero, because there are only 4 American and team has 6 persons. (@) When a particular player is always choosen means in 1| player, | is fixed, $o, we have to select only 10 player out of 424. 25. 26. 21. 28, 29. 30, 31 Permutations & Combinations 14x13 12x11 =91x11=1001 4x3x2x1 C=" C,= (ii) When a particular player never choosen, it means we have to choose 11 player out of 14 14x13 12 Mo, 4 OF Os Os Abox contains 20 electric bulbs, out of which 4 are defective. Two bulbs are chosen at random frombox. The probability that atleast one ofthese is defective is na by 2L wo. w 4 15 os O45 O75 Ina box, there are red, 7 ue and 6 green balls. One ball is picked up randomly. What isthe probability that it is neither red nor green ? 8 9 1 3 @ a Os OZ OF Four persons are chosen at random froma group of 3 men, 2 women and 4 children, The chance that exactly 2 of them are children is 10 1 1 1 Oa OF ©§ M510. ul 12, 13, 14, 15. 16. 17, Probability ‘A box contains 10 black and 10 white balls, The probability of drawing two balls of the same colouris. 5 10 9 9 @ 9 ) t> Oz Oi ‘A speaiks the truth in 70 percent cases and B in 80 percent cases. The probability that they will contradict each other in describing single event is (2) 0.36 (6) 0.38 (0.40 (0.42 A problems given to three students A, B and C whose chances of solving the problem are i ; and respectively. The probability that the problem will be solved is @) z oF Or @ x Three coins are tossed together. What is the probability to getting exactly two tail. ‘Two dice are thrown randomly. What isthe probability to getting sum more than 7. Find the probability to getting triplet on throwing three dice randomly. ‘Onapack of 52 cards 2 cards are dravn randomly. Find the probability that drawn cards are - (a)blackcolourcard. (b) Bothare Ace. (c) One queen. (d)Honour cards (6) Either both are queen ot both are red colout card, ; Ina bag, there are 6 Red, 5 Green and 4 Black balls colour balls, 3 balls are picked out from bag. What is the probehilty that (a) All balsate of different colours. (b) All'balls from same colour. (©) No ballofgreensolour. * (a) Arlette polour (©) Atmost two balls fromblack colour... ‘There are two bags containing: 3 Redand: 4Black balls in first: bap. and4 Red: atid 2 Black balls in BagII. One one ball drawn from each bag. What is the probability that (2) Both balls are red colour. (b) Both balls are green colour (©) One balls red and other is black ‘ j In leap year, what is the probability that there are 53. Sundays. Conditional Probability : ‘The probability that Rahul Dravid will make a century is ; and sachin will make a centaury is ; Then ind the probability that Ina match - (a) Both will make centaury. (b) None will make centaury. (©) Exactly one ofthem make acentaury. (4) At least one centaury made in match. Prob 10, A.(LEVEL 1. There are3 envelopes corresponding to 3 letters. Ifthe letters are placed in the envelopes at random. What is the probability that none of the letters are placed in the right envelop ? 2. The probability ofhorse A winning a race is 1/3 and that of horse B winning the same race is 1/5. Find the i probability that (@) Either ofthem will win (b) None of them will win Aletteris taken at random fiom the lettets ofthe word “STATISTICS” and another letter is taken atrandom from the letters of the ward “ASSISTANT” what is the probability that they are the same letter. A number is chosen from each of the two sets {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9} and {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8.9}. IfP, denotes the probability that the sum of the two munibers be 10 and P, the probability that their sum be 8, then (P, +P.) is 1 A coins biased so that probability of head =~. The coinis tossed 5 times. Find the probability of obtaining, 4 ‘two heads and three tails with heads occurring in succession. 6. Whats the probability that a person tossing three fair coins willget together all heads or all tails for the second time on the 5® toss. 7. Theprobabilties that three mei hit target are z ; 4 respttively Each shoots once the target, What isthe probabilty that exactly one of them hits the tanget. 8 What i the probability of geting 78 head inthe tenth toss of an unbiased coin? 9. ArpuipofSisto te town aioli open What the probably ta certain mara couple wil it a e te 10, Fromabox containing 10 cards, numbered 1,2:3,...., 10 four cards are drawn together. what is the prob- ability that their sumis even ? IL, A faire is rolled repeatedly until 6 shows up 3 tines. What iste probability that exactly 5 tosses are needed. | 12, Inatank containing 3fsh A,B, C, pelts of food are frequently ped. Each time apllet is dropped, the fish tel compete for it. Suppose that over a long period of time itis observed that either A or Bis successful : ofthe time and that either Aor C issuccessfl 2 ofthe time. What is the probability that A is successful 13, There are 2.groups of subjects, one of which consists of 5 science and 3 engineering subjects and the other consists of 3 science and 5 engineering subjects, an unbiased dice is cast. Ifthe number 3 or 5 tums up @ subject is selected at random from the first group. What isthe probability that an engineering subject is ulti- mately selected ? 14. Acoinis tossed untila head appears or until the coin has been tossed 5 times. Ifa head does not occur on the first two tossed, then the probability that the coin willbe tossed 5 times is what ? 15, AandB play 12 games ofchess of which 6 are won byA, 4 are won by B and 2 end ina tie. They agree to play a tournament consisting of 3 games. What is the probability that A and B win alternatively ?16. 17. 18, 19. 20. 21 22. 24, 25. Probability ‘The probability of getting a defective floppy in three boxes A, B and Care 1/3, 1/6 and 3/4 respectively. A box is selected randomly and a floppy is drawn from it. The probability that the floppy is defective ands drawn from box Ais what ? ‘Two letters are chosen one after another without replacement from the English alphabet. What is theprobabil- ity that the second letter chosenis vowel ? A cow is tied with a pole by a 100 meter long rope. What is the probability that at some point of time the cow. isat least 60 meters away from the pole ? AandB play a game of dice. A throws the dice first. The person who first gets a6 is the winner. What is the probability that A win ? ‘Two teams Aand B play a series of four matches. Ifthe probability that team A wins a match is, 2 » then the probability that team A wins three matches, loses one and the third win occurs in the fourth match is what ? player is going to playa match either in the morning or in the afternoon or in the evening all possiblities being equally likely. The probability that he wins the matchis 0.6,0.1 and 0.8 according asif the matchis played in the momig,atleroon or inthe evening respestively Given tat hehagwon the match, the probabiy thatthe ‘Three persons playa game by tossing fair coineach indepen! Gee Wameegds in atrial ifallof them get the same outcome in that trial, otherwise they continue is the probability that the game ends inan even number of trials? Sa student is likely choose any oft four choices with ste a sulliple choice examination with 5 questions then the probability tt the stent -anst east 4 question comectly is what ? dou Lis te probably that there will be at the number was 2578527? ‘The last 3 digits ofa ee ‘been erai are allequal to each other Assuming that all possibilities sean is what? Probability that allare blue = — Answeris (a) “Doublet” means thai both dice show the same number favourable outcome § are (1,1), (2,2), (3,3), (4,4), e 6 il (5,5), (6.6). Hence probability = Agee Answer is (b) Event that sumisa prime number £(1,1), (1,2), (14), (1,6), (2,1); (2,3), (2,5)s (3,2), (3,4); (4,0), (4,3), 6.2 5,0) (6,1), (6.5)} cco 36 12 Total events favourable for prime number= 15. Probability Answer is (b)probability __ Hence, required probability P(A" 2 an ; 27 Jo Probability of atleast one defective piece Probability (No defective piece) Answer ic (¢) Total number ofballs=(8 +7+6)=21. Let E=event that the ball drawn is neither blue nor green~event that 8 the ball drawn is red n(£)=8. Probability 35 Answer is (@) 9x8x7x6 x3x2x1 ‘Number of ways choosing 4 persons out of nine =” C, = =126 Number of ways of choosing two children out of 4 and 2 persons out of (3+2) persons =" C, x’ C, = 60 60 _10 Require probability = 55-5 Answer is (a) ‘Two ball either both black or both white can drawn in "Cc, +6, =90 ways, “Answer is (d) ee) yee ee They contradict each other When A tells truth and B tells lie o A tes lie and B tells truth, P(A) = 10% =0.7, P(A) =03 PB) = 80% =0.8, P(B) .14+0,24 = 0. Answer is (b) : Problem willbe solved ifone of the siiident cin'salve the problem. So, required probability ~ I~ no one solve the problem: rh P(T)=4, P( Answer is (0) n(s)=2? =8{HHH, HHT, HTH, HTT, THH, THT, TTH, TTT} 2 o(E)=3 = P(E)=2 n(s) = 6 6= 36 Sum more than 7 8=(2, 6) (3, 5) (4, 4) (5, 3) (6, 2) 3, 6) (4, 5) (5, 4) (6, 3) 10= 6,4) (S, 5) 4,6) 11=(6,5) (5, 6) 12= (6,6) n(E)=15Probabitity | prot 12. n(s) = 6* 6 x 6= 216 1) = 6{(1, 1, 1) 2, 2.2) 3,3, 3) (4, 4,4) (5,5, 5), 6, 6, 8)} p(z)=—6_-1 6x6x6 36 16. sq _ 52x51 = = 26x51 1 n(s)= Fe, = ae, -26*25_ oe (@) n(B)=¥C, =X =13%25 Bere (Ele aaa sieni07 , (b) n(E}= ‘C, = P(E) ( n(B)=4C,x°C, (@ n(E) = 8C, = P(E)= He (there are 16 honour cards} 5 2 aNe : (©) n(E)=*C,+4C,-% 14. 6R, SGand 4B, 34 Pas (© n(B)=""c, = 10928 _ 31 20 @5 (O55 3x2x1 15,robabitiy (b) Zero, since bag do not contain any green ball 32,4 4 6 16 22 1 P(B,).P(Ry) =2%24+4x4=2 418-2 Ue (©) P(R:)P(Bu)+P (Br) P(Ru) =F +5 E = 4545 = pay 16. Inleap year, there are 52 weeks and2 extra days ‘These can be (Sun, Mon), (Mon, Tue), (Tue, Wed), (Wed, Thur), (Thur, Fri), (Fri, Sat), (Sat, Sun) a(s)=75 m(E)=25 PCE)=3 ae 5 61 PRL) S32 _HINTS & SOLUTIONS = esver-m Let us suppose the A, B and Care enivélops and 1 inA, 2 in B and 3 in C is correct order, Letigi can be placed in envelop A B Cc 1 2 3 1 3 2 2 1 3 2 3 1 3 1 2 3 2 1 ‘There is only 2 ways when no one letter can correct envelope. Hence, n(E)=2 1 P(E) > (E)=5-5 2, P(A)=Lanap(p)=4 3 5 Since event are mutually exclusively or dependent Hence, P(A B)=0Probabtity | proba () P(AUB)=P(A)+P(B) (iy P(AUB)'=1-P(AUB)=1-5 -4 (i P(AUB) (AUB)=1-T2=75 ‘There are 4 letter common in both words §, T, A, I STATISTICS 3 3 1 2 Pi »P(T)=4,P(A)=—, P(I)= )=S.r(r)=3. r(a)= rq) . ASSISTANT P(9)=3.P(1)=5, P(A) i probability, 2x2 + 324 ence, required probability, 75% 5 +75 %5 , n(s)=9x9=81 : B, =sum be 10 =(1,9)(2, 8)(3,7)(4,6)(5,5)(6,4)(7,3)(8,2) (91), 9 g ‘ \ ai EB, f P= 281 10. fs . i Probability of getting all heads or al tails on tossing three fair coins. n(s)= 8 { HHH, HHT, HTH, HTT, THH, THT, TTH, TTT} n) aval P(E)===— 9-4 the event is happend 2" time in in 5* toss means in previous 4 tosses it happened only I time but in which toss. So, first we have to select a toss. So, required probability 2, 13,331, 27 *Cxgx P@=4.P(0)r es = robs S )P(ut) 6 a 10 15_ 31 m2 Re Rm 72 8 ‘We get 7* head in 10" toss it means in previous 9 tosses. We get already 6 head. Hence probability, wtih dba di di didi d = 96847 | 2888 329" 2 "2 “2 ~ 3x2x ' 9x8x7x6 _ 19g 7 4x3x2x1 () When married couple always choosen then number of ways =7C, (il) Whennot at all then~7C; 1x65" 7x6 _, “3x2X1 2xt 28 126 63 10. mediate Now, its cards is even ther 109% 8x7 4x3x2x1 5454100110 210 a(s Hence, P =) 5 Hl. Getting 6 of far dice rolled P(E) =. P(E)=< because 5 tosses are needed it means third show in 5%, 1 6 rolled. So, previous 4 rolled it becomes two times. LSS bo Ls 5 1 25 Hence, probability =* Cy bx dP = 6x dnd bn OS , P(AUB)= 4, 3 P(AUC) P(AUBUC)= P(AUBUC)-P(AUB)= P(AUBUC)-P(AUC)=14. 18. Probability of engineering subject from group A = P(E.) = P(E a 8 i dtty= bx3 42x 523 410 lence, required probability 55 +3% 5" 34 +3, I af i Vv Ad x x % % ‘Ifhead not appears in first two tosses and 5 tosses are needed then it is cleared that it not comes in 3“ and 4* tosses also. So, probability depends in 3" and 4" tosses. Ligeg we am 1 x (for 3 &al tosses) = 1 So, required probability = 6 P(A)=2 = (Al=5 : ‘They can win alternatively such that P(A)-P(B).P(A)+P(B).P(A).P(B) gl _ 5 seeapcees 1218-36 At first we have to choose box A; then get defective floppy fromi there.'S6, ‘probability for box A = i So, probability of getting defective floppy from box A: Second iciter vowel can be choosen on the following way, 1 oa 1 oO @ C&VvV oo V&V 255.4 125 Hence, probailty =3¢ 25° 2625 26x25 5 26 Since cow is ied from 100m long rope. Hence, n(s)=nR? = 21007 At any tine cow is at least 60 maway from pole fit is located on shaded area J] 1n(E) = nl00? — 60? (1) = 100 =? _ (100+ 60)(100-60) _ 16040 _ 16 100° 71007 100x100 25 19. 20. 21 2. €) ;vility aq Probability 19. Probability ofgetting 6 => P(E)== Since A throw dice first and also A will win. So, A can win int or 3° of 5" or 7 So, probability ~ P(E so on throw. =P(A)+P(A)P(B)P(A)+P(A).P(BLP(A)P(B) P(A) +... 400 = ts S de dde 66°66 6 6 ae pabe “(6 + ote) The series is GP. whose first termis a= 1 rf So, sums, =—2-= 1 ar) 2btees 36 1 36_ 6 P(E) = 2x36 = £2 ea ae 20. 3* win occurs in 4* match nieahisn previous 3 matches. oSiaa ‘Abas win? times but in which inate ‘So, frst we select 2 match from 3 matches ic Now, P(A)= : ra) 2 Hence, probability = °C x Sx, 21, Same as Q. No. 17 1 5x01 P(E a ale }fos+oi+0s] 15 15 22, They get same out come ifthey all get HHH or TTT. 4 P(E)===-, Hence, P(E)= 5 => ‘Now, game ends in even trials means in 2" or 4" or 6". ...80 on trial. Hience, probability = P(T).P (Tl) +P(7).P(ii), p(t) Pay) + ese xSxdx le. a4a4 3, eg ten GG = a|1+{=) 4/2] +... 16, 4) 4 3.1.3 xta3 ag23. 24, 25. Itisa GP. At least 4 question can correct in following ways. (4 comect and 1 wrong or (ii) SC =5C, x a P(E)="C, a REGULATION contains 10 letters. So, there are exactly 4 letter between R and E. IfR and E located in (I &6*), (2% &7*), (39 as), (4! & 9") and (5% & 10") position Now, wehave to select aposition i.e. °C, n(s) = 10 x 10x 10 = 1000 Since missing digit are all eq n(E)=10{000, 111, 101 PCE) = F906 “00 aCHAPTER Function and Graph Function: Function is the chapter of mathematics that studies the dependence between variable quantities in the process of their changes. For inétarices, with a change in the side‘ofa Squiare, the area ofthesquate also ‘varies. The question of how the change in the side of the square affect relationship between the area ofthe square and the side‘ the Funetionis symbolized as y= £(x) ) whey ht wad variable and le dependent arabe. é f thduch table, we simply write down a sequence of values of the independent variable “x” and then write down the corresponding value ofthe dependent variable “y”, Thus, we have tables of logarithms, trigonometric values and so forth, which are essentially tabula representations of functions Jie j Spe] (minutes) | (rvs) 1 (i5 2 [30 | 3 | 45 I a | 60 [aes 175 ii) Graphical Representation of functions: In this way of representation function is produced in “xy” coordinate plane for every value of x from the domain D of the fiction, a point P(x, y)is constructed whose abscissa is x and whose ordinate yis got by putting the particular value of x in the formula representing the fuetion. aFunction and Graph yaxtl (iv) Even Functions: Let function y =f (x) begiven in a certain interval. The function is said to be even if for any value of x. f(x)=£(-x). Properties of even functions: (a) The sum, difference, product and quotient of aneven fnction is also an even function. (b) The graph ofan even function is symmetrical about the y-axis, Examples: y= x*, y= x’. < (¥) Odd funetions: Let a function, be Biven ina’ certain ntl ‘The fons aia tobe odd ifforany value of x. Iff{-x) =— f(x) . x ws Properties ofodd functions: : (a) The sum and difference ofa sdb tort isan odd function, (b) The product and quotient ofan od function isan even fa Examples: Not all functions eed be aneven function and an odd functio ‘The speed of a car increases ‘every minute’ ‘as shown'in ‘ne following table ‘he speed at the end of the 19th rminnte would be | Time | | Speed minutes | (aise: (2) 96.5 (0) 98.5, (28.5 |y fod value amof 19th Funetionand Graph 2. ‘A ball is dropped from a height h above the surface ofthe earth. Ignore air drag, the curve that best represents its variation of acceleration is g 3 g g 3 8 5 a 9g mg o§ @3 asians “aance stance aisance Which ofthe following straight line passes through the point (1,1)? @y=2%+3 (y= 1-6 @©x=1 @y=x ‘The following line graph gives the annual percent profit eamed by a company during a petiod 1995 -2000, study the fine-graph and answer the questions that are based on it. Which one of the following is true about the given graph? y (1.0)10. | l xanye0 =o x40 ey x= y40 Cas wy=" ory @y Which ofthe following straight ine posses through the point (3, 2) (@)y=3x+4 (b)y=x+7 (y=x+1 (@y=x-! IfA#B =A+B +AB. Iffos any A there is amumber C such that AMC=A, then A=? @4 1 2 @o What is the value of x if x-I] #\x|=2 1 3 @-> OF (c)both(a) and(b) —_(d) none of these Ifa +b=20 then maximum value of ab is, (19 (o) 75 (©) 100 @ 120 HINTS & SOLUTIONS From the table we can draw the conclusion that speed= 1.5 (time) 5 Thus speed (After 19th minute)= 1.5<19=28.5 m/sec Answer is (d) ig lea Ee Newton third aw $= ut-+5at = 0(Balljustdapped) but for free falling body gravity mu Then, Conclusion: g constant, s gradually increasing, only (d) graph hold boii Conditions Answer is (d) Put the value of x=1 in all equation the eqpiation which satisfy the point will must pqrs through the equation. x-6 (2) y= 2xt3 = 243 = 5 No, wy (0) x= I forall value ofy thus No. @y=i Answer is (d) (i Let the expenditure is 1998 be Rs. x carores. Then 65 = 264 —* <199- 55 = x 264100 xa = 160 Answer is (€) (ii) Fromthe line graph we obtain information about the percentage profit only. To find profit in 2000 we must have data for the income or expenditure in 2000. Therefore, the profit for 2000 cannot be determined. Answer is (d) to.ist Functionand Graph 3 For function y Ifx=1 theny=e=2.718 Ifx=2then y=e? =7.382 So (c) isnot possible and increasing of value of is much faster than n thus only (a) can be the possible graph ofthe fimction. Answer is (a) ‘Mode (1x1) means the absolute value of the “x” thus it must be always positive. We have two point (-1,0) x (1,0), it these point must be the satisfy the graph. Answer is (a) Put the value of x inall equation, (a)y=94=13 (byy=3k2=5 (@y=341=4 Answer is(d). AHC=A We get. ACCHAC=A C=00rA=- C(i+A)=0, ‘Answer is (a) Put x=3 th it X=5 then Answeris (c) Maximum value of (ab) when vale Answers (¢) = fa" and "6" are equal to gach other, Thus a=b=10. Then ab ~100 hee denotes the set representing all ‘experiment [e.g. sample space when a coin is tossed is (Head, Tail) 3,456) Gi) Sample Space: Thisis, the possible outcomes of tl ‘Sample space when a dice is thrown is (1, (iy Event: The set representing the sited Gutcote of random experiments called the event. Note thatthe event isa subset of the sample space. (iv) Non-event: The outcome that is opposite the desired outcome is the non-event. Note that ifthe event ‘occurs, the non-event does not occur and vice versa. AlCalendar, Clocks TF RRR RA CHAPTER a) Calendar: The year consists of365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes (52 weeks and 1 odd day). An extra day is added once in every fourth year which was called the leap year, shih days), se if days. Gy) Counting of Odd Days: 1 ordinary year = 365 days = (52 weeks + | day) 1 ordinary year has 4 odd day, 1 leap year = 366 days = (52 weeks +2 days), Therefore, 1 Jeap year has 2 odd days. 16 X 1 +24 x 2) odd days = 124 odd days 100 years =76 ordinary years +24 leap years = (17 weeks + 5 days) = 5 odd days. ‘Number of odd days in 100 years = 5 odd days. Number of odd days in 200 years = (5 x 2)=3 odd days. Number of odd days in 300 years = (5 * 3) = 1 odd day. Number of odd days in 400 years = (5 4+ 1) = 0 odd day. Similarly each one of 800 years, 1200 years, 1600 years, 2000 years etc. has zero odd day. Day of the Week Related to Odd Days: Noofdys 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Day Sun, Mon, Tues. Wed. ‘Thurs, Fri, Sat, G le Soin @ Sofn, Soin. Soin.Calendar, Chocks 1 Soln: ‘What was the day on 4" June 2002: 2001 = 1600+ 400+1 bode Odd days:0 0 Up to 4% June number of days are equal to 31+28+31+31+30 +4155 days =22 weeks day lodd day So total number of odd days is 2 and hence day is Tuesday. 2) Clock: The face or dal ofa watch isa circle whose circumference is divided into 60 equal parts called minute spaces. A clock has two hands the smaller one is called the hour hand or short hand while the larger one is called the minute hand or long hand. The minute hand moves around the whole cireumférence ofeclock once in J hour while hour hand moves arounxl the whole circumference of clock in twelve hours. So minute hand is twelve times faster than hour hand. : (euportané points about clock: (i Angle traced by minute hand in 60 min. = 360° & Angle traced by hour hand in 12 hrs = 360°. i) In one minute hand moves by 6 degree while hour hand moves in { snimute by 0.5 degree. So in oneminute, 1 ‘minute hand gains $ degree more than hour hand, il) In 60 minutes the minute fiarid gains 55 minutes over the hour hand or ih terms of angle by 330 degree. (iv) Inevery hour both hands coincide means both are’0 degree apart. d (¥) Inevery hour both the hands edincide once means they are 0 degree,apart: In fact if both handsstart moving 3602 together from the same position both the hands will coineide after: (vi) When the two hands are at right angles tiey are 1S .tninute spaces every hour. ‘ : (vii) When the two hands are in opposite direction they are 30 minutes spaceS.apart 30 x6 = 180° this happens 55 once inevery hour. (vii The hands are in same straight line when they are coincident or opposite to each other ox together. (ex) When hands are together they are 0 degree apart. 2. Clock Alosses 2 minute day and clock B gains 3 minutes per day. [felock B is 10 minutes ahead ofclock A, how many days wil it take clock B to be 30 minutes ahead of clock A. Sols. B must be ahead of A by (30-10) ~ 20 minutes Since clock A loses 2 minutes and B gains 3 minutes B gains over A= (3+2)=5 minutes ‘Therefore, required number of days = 20/5 = 4 days 3. Awatchwhich gains 5 seconds in 3 minutes was set right at 7 :00 am, Inthe afternoon of the sameday, when the watch indicated quarter past 4 °O” clock. Find the true time. Soin. Time from 7 -00 to quarter past 4 onthe same day=9 hours 15 minutes= 555 minutes 3 minutes and 5 seconds of this clock =3 minute ofthe correct clock. a) 555 minutes of this clock = (3 57% 555 | = 540 minutes =9 hrs of ofthe correct clock hence correct time will be 9 brs. after 7:00 a.m. The true time's 4:00 p.m. |. _Awatch gains uniformly. ft was observed that it was 5 min. Slow at 12 °O” clock in the night on sunday. On thursday of 6 : 00 p.m. it was 5 minute 48 sec. fast when was it correct? joln. The time between 12 °O” clock on sunday right and 6 pm on thursdisy=90 hours.Soln. Soln. Soin, GB) Catendar, Clocks 2954 Now, the watch gains 5 += "> minutes in 90 hours ants 5g 125 i So, the watch gains S minutes in= 90% x5 =">> hours =41 hours 40 minuts ‘Thus watch is correct at 5 : 40 on tuesday. Awatch slows down by 3 minutes in one day after one day, the percentage error in time shown by the watch is (a) 5/24% (b) 6/24% (©503% (203% Error in 24 hours=3 minutes Error in (2460) minutes = 3 minutes 3 5 x109 =2.% hence percentage eror = 34° 55%100= >. % Clock X loses one minute a day and clock ¥ gains 3 minutes per day. [fclock Y is 15 minutes ahead of clock X. How many days will it take clock Y to be 35 minutes ahead of clock X @)2 (b) 3 4 @s Y¥ must be ahead of X by 35-15 =20 minutes Y gains over clock X = +1) =4 minutes ‘Therefore, required days =20/4=5 days. Aclockis set right at | pm. It gains one minute an hour, when the clock indicates 6 p.m. on the same day. The true time is (2) 55 minutes past 5 pm ) ae minutes past Spm. @5 ig miners “oe Tie fom pm to 6 pmon he hours 1 hour | minute of this clock uur ofthe correct clock 61 ites of correct clock This is sso minutes past 5 : 00 PM. How much does a watch gain or lose per day ifits hands coincide every 66 minutes (approx) (@)loses 12min (B) loses 14min. (@)loses 10min (d) noneof these bl Thehands coincide 65 minutes 4 6 Which means tis slow by 7 6 In 66 min, watch loses by + minutes 7°24 60min = 11,90 = 12min (approx.) Required time and required angle in degree between hour hand and minute hand: If fnital position of an hour hand is“H’” and then ehe time at which both hour hand and minute handmake angl> 1 Therefore, (24%60) min, watch loses by [60% H -11M| adegree in one hour is 4 Caen:ch ek, Che 10, ‘Calendar, Clocks (LEVEL-1| What was the day of the week on 17th June, $998 ? (a) Monday (b) Tuesday (©) Wednesday (d) Thursday ‘What was the day of the week on 28th may 2006 ? (@) Thursday (b) Friday (©) Saturday @ Sunday On" Feb 2005 it was Tuesday. What was the day of the week on &th Feb 2004 ? (a) Tuesday (b) Monday {©) Sunday (@) Wednesday ‘The angie between the minute hand and hour hand of a clock when time is 4:2( @o (b) 10” Os (0)20° How much doesa watch lose per day, ifits hands coincide every 64 minute. (a) 32. Amin ) 365 min (©) 90a (96min At what time between the “4” and “5” 0’clock will the hands of'a watch point in opposite directions. (a) 45 minute past 4 (b) 40 minute past 4 (c) sos minute past 4- ‘While a wall was being a wall clock got hedged ane displaced in sucl{ Way be a workman that 2 o’clock in the afternoon, the hour hand jwas pointing roughly to the south west direction. Then at which point of time will the minute han heat point tovairds the north east direction ? @ wa minute past 4 (a) At around 2:40 p.m. (b) At 3:45 p.m. = We ‘The train for Lucknow leavés every tivo and half ours from New Delhi Railway Station. An announcement ‘was made at the station that c iit ag0 Al next train willleaves at 18:00 hours, At what time was the} fe ve (@) Sunday (b) Monday" (©) Wetn’sda (Friday A calendar year on the hypothetical planet. Dektron has year of 1000 days. Each yearis divided imo 7-day weeks just like ours. If their New Year falls on a Sunday this year, what day will it be 55 years from now. (@) Sunday (b) Monday (Friday (a) Saturday (e) None of the above. Jina leap year, one of the months started with a Sunday. What is the shortest time gap between two such months? For example, if February and March both started on a Sunday, then the time gap is | month, (@)6 months (b)3 months (©)2 months @ 1 month (©) None of the above. Tnany year, if April lis a Wendesday, then so is (a) January 1 (by uly 1 (©) October 1 (@ December 1 On Planet X, a year ha 400 days with a leap year of 401 days every 4 years. Aiso, a year ending in ‘00"is a {eap year only ifthe year is divisible by 400, e.g. 2000 isa leap year but 3000 is not. Such a calender is exact and needs no more corrections. The length of the year on Planet X is (a) 400.2425 days (b) 400.2475 days (c) 400.25 days (d) None of the above. (2Calendar, Clocks 1 HINTS & SOLUTIONS 17th June, 1998 = ( 1997 years + period from 7.1.1998 to 17.6.1998) odd days in 1600 years = 0 ‘odd days in 300 years = 53 =1 Ityears has 24 leap years +73 ordinary years. ‘Number of odd days in the 91 years = 24x2+73= 121= 2 odd days. Jan + Feb + March + April + May+ June (31428 +31 +30 +31 + 17) = 168 days= 24 weeks= 0 odd day Total number of odd day=0+1+2+0=3 Given days Wednesday Answer is(€) 28 may, 2006 = (2005 years + period from 1.1.2006 to 28.5.2006) ‘odd days in 1600 years = 0; odd days in 400 years = 0 S years = (4 ordinary years + L leap years) = (4x1+1%2) odd days = 6 odd days Jan +Feb + March + April + May (31 +28 +31 +30 +28) = 148 days= 21 weeks I day~ 1 odd day Total number of odd days = (0+0+ 6 + 1)= 7=0 odd day Answeris(d) The year 2004 is a leap year. It has tivo odd days The day on 8th February 2004 is 2 days before the day on 8th February 2005. Hence this day is Sunday Answer is (0) & 3) ae 13 ‘Angle traced by hour hand in hrs = ( iz 68 LN Angle traced by minute in 20 minute (San) = 120° Required angle = 130~120= Answer is(b) 60 55 minute spaces are covered in 60 minuté. 60 minute spaces aré covered in ( \55* 6o}= a oo 7 minute / ey Lossin 4 mime ={ 65:5 os) 18 rninate. Loss in hour : 24x 60-32 minute 4 i Answer is (@) At 4 o’clock the hands of the watch are 20 minute spaces apart. To be in opposite directions, they must be 30 minute spaces apart. Minute hand will have to gain 50 minute spaces. 55 minute spaces are. a in 60 minute ‘50 minute spaces are gained in (2, 59 ) 1) =546 if minute Answer is (d). Answer is (a) Answer is (d) 9. Answeriss (6) Answer is (b) I1.Answeris(b) 12. Answeris(b) 13. Answer is (a) a Sol Soln Sola.30 Soln. Soln. Soln. Soln, Soln. Calendar, Clocks (LEVEL ‘Avwatch which gains uniformly is2 minutes low at noon on Monday and is 4 min, 48 sec fast at 2 pmon the following Monday. When was it correct? ‘Tine from 12 pmon Monday to 2 pm onthe following Monday =7 days 2 hours = 170 hours. ogame Therefore, watch gains ( +4 3) in =“ min in 170 brs 4 Now, “min are gained in 170 hrs. 2 nin. gine in (1702s =D 34 ‘Therefore, watch is correct 2 days 2 his. after 12 p.m, on Monday i, it will be correct at2 p.m.on wednesday. ‘Aclock loses 1% time during the first week and then gitins 2% time during the next one week. Ifthe clock was set right at 12 noon ona Sunday, what will be the time that the clock will show exactly 14 days from the time ft was set right? ‘The clock loses 1% time during the first iveek. Inaday there are 24 hours and in a week there are 7 days. Therefore, there are 7x24 = 168 hours ina week Ifthe clock loses 1% time during the first week, theinit will show a tine which is 1% of 168 hoursless than 12 ‘Noona the end of the first w urs ie Tb ‘Subsequently, the clock gairs 2% during thie next week. The'secoiid week has 168 hours andthe clock gains 2% time = 2% of 168 hours = 3.36 hours more than the actual time. Asit lost 1.68 hours during the first week and then gained 3.36 hours during the next week, the net result will bea-1.68 + 3.36 = 1.68 hou time. So, the clock will. ime which is 1.68 hours more than 12 noon two weeks from the 140.8 rninutes = | hour + 40 minutes Sumedha would like to complete allher homework before 10 puis: in order to watch important final cricket match between India and Pakistan EY. She hs 40 misiites aSsightheitt in each of her five prepared subjects. ‘What is the latest time at which she can start and still complete het homework in time for the final cricket match? Time needed for Sumedha to complete all her 5 assignment = (40 * 5) miutes = 200 minntes hours 20 minutes Hence, the required time is 3 hours 20 minutes before 10 p.m. so, she can start work at 6.40 p.m. Neetu exactly remembers that her brother’s birthday is after twelfth but before the sixteenth of February whereas her sister correctly remembers that their brother’s bitthday is after fourteen but before twentieth february. On which day was definitely her brother's birthday? According to Neetu her brother's birthday may be on 13® or 14 or 15" February. According ot Neetu’s sister her brother's birthday may be on 15*or 16% or 18 or 19" February. Hence, common date is 15* february. Which cannot be the last day of a century? 100 years contain 5 odd days. ‘Therefore, last day of first century is Friday 200 years contain (5%2)=10 = 3 odd days. Therefore, last day of second centuryis Wednesday. 300 years contain (53) = odd day.