LESSON 1 : BIOMOLECULES AND LIFE. BIOMACROMOLECULES.

THESE INTURN FORM SUPRA-

1. 90% OF LIVING MATTER MADE OF C,H,O,N,S,P AND 10% IS
COMPOSED OF K , Ca , Na ,Mg , Cl , F, I , Fe , Zn , Mo , Se , Cu ,
Co.
2. AMONG THESE CARBON PLAYS A VERY IMPORTANT ROLE
BECAUSE OF ITS TETRAVALENCY, ISOMERISM AND COVALENT
BOND FORMING CAPACITY.
MOLECULAR ASSEMBLIES, WHICH ARE REQUIRED TO FORM
THE CELL ORGANELLES , THEIR MEMBRANES AND THE CYTOSOL.
6. ALL THE ORGANELLES FORM A CELL. CELLS AGGREGATE TO
FORM TISSUES. THESE THEN FORM ORGANS .
7. ORGANS FORM ORGAN SYSTEMS WHICH COORDINATE TO
REGULATE THE ORGANISM.

3. E.COLI HAS 6000 TYPES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS AND A 8. FOR A 65 KG MAN,

HUMAN CELL HAS 1 LAKH TYPES OF ORGANIC MOLECULE.
4. 40 KG 60% WATER
MICROMOLECULE MACROMOLECULE FUNCTIONS 11 KG 17% PROTEINS
PROTEINS AMINO ACIDS BASIS OF 9 KG 13.8% LIPIDS
STRUCTURE AND 1 KG 1.5% CARBOHYDRATES
FUNCTION(STATIC 6.1 KG 4% MINERALS.
AND DYNAMIC).
9. CELL IS THE STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL UNIT OF LIFE.
DNA DEOXYRIBONUCLEOTIDES REPOSITORY OF THE ORGANELLES OF A CELL CAN BE EASILY ISOLATED BY
GENETIC DIFFERENTIAL CENTRIFUGATION.
INFORMATION
RNA RIBONUCLEOTIDES PROTEIN PROKARYOTIC CELL EUKARYOTIC CELL
BIOSYNTHESIS 1 TO 10 MICRON. 10 TO 100 MICRON.
WELL DEFINED NUCLEUS WELL DEFINED NUCLEUS
POLYSACCHARIDES MONOSACCHAARIDES SHORT TERM
ABSENT PRESENT.
ENERGY
NUCLEAR ENVELOPE NUCLEAR ENVELOPE PRESENT
LIPIDS FATTY ACIDS AND LONG TERM
ABSENT
GLYCEROL ENERGY
MOST CELL ORGANELLES ALL CELL ORGANELLES PRESENT.
ABSENT
5. SIMPLE INORGANIC MOLECULES FORM BIO PRIMITIVE ADVANCED
MICROMOLECULES. THE LATTER FORM

10. CELL ORGANELLES :-
A. NUCLEUS:-
 LARGEST CELL ORGANELLE.
 DOUBLE MEMBRANE ENVELOPE.
 OUTER MEMRANE IS CONNECTED WITH E.R.
 NUCLEAR PORES (DIAMETER= 900 nm.)
 DNA – REPOSITORY OF GENETIC INFORMATION.
 RNA - PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.
 EUKARYOTIC DNA : HISTONE PROTEINS = 1:1.
 DNA + HISTONES = NUCLEOSOMES.
 1 CHROMOSOME HAS MILLIONS OF NUCLEOSOMES.
 46 CHROMOSOMES IN HUMAN GENOME.
 NUCLEUS HAS NUCLEOLUS RICH IN RNA.
 NUCLEOPLASM IS RICH IN ENZYMES LIKE DNA
POLYMERASES AND RNA POLYMERASES.
 NOTE: HGPS -
 HUTCHINSON GILFORG PROGERIA SYNDROME.
 DISTORTION OF NUCLEAR ENVELOPE.
 DEPOSITION OF LAMINA – A PROTEIN.
 AGEING AT BIRTH ITSELF.
 RARE(1 IN 5 MILLION BIRTHS).
B. MITOCHONDRIA:-
 MITOS- THREAD , CHONDRUS – GRANULE.
 POWER HOUSE OF CELL.
 VARIOUS SHAPES ANDV SIZES.(DIMENSION = 1 × 3 μm).
 DOUBLE MEMBRANE SYSTEM.
 1- 5 th OF CELL VOLUME COVERED BY 2000
MITOCHONDRIA.
 OUTER MEMBRANE – SOFT AND CONTINEOUS.
 INNER MEMBRANE - CRISTAE FORMATION.
 MATRIX OF MITOCHONDRIA IS CALLED MITOSOL. IT HAS
CHEMICALS LIKE FLAVOPROTEINS, CYTOCHROMES b, c1, c, a,
a3 .(useful in electron oxidation chain and oxidative
phosphorylation.)
 Rxns LIKE BIOMOLECULE METABOLISM, BETA OXIDATION ,
CITRIC ACID CYCLE, ATP PRODUCTION, HEME AND UREA
SYNTHESIS OCCURS IN MATRIX.
 THE INNER MEMBRANE CONTAINS COUPLING FACTORS.
 MITOCHONDRIA HAS ITS OWN DNA, RNA, PROTEINS.
 IT PREPARES ITS OWN PROTEINS(10% OF TOTAL CELL
PROTEIN).
 AEROBIC PROKARYOTES EVOLVED INTO MITOCHONDRIA
WHICH THEN LIVED WITH SYMBIOSIS WITH ANAEROBIC
EUKARYOTES . THESE LATER EVOLVED INTO AEROBIC
EUKARYOTES.
C. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM:-
 S.E.R - Ca SUPPLY.
- DRUG METABOLISM.
- LIPID SYNTHESIS.
