HUMAN ANATOMY PRELIM TERM

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN
AND PHYSIOLOGY NURSING 1

MC 102NUR

WEEK 3.1

CELL STRUCTURES, FUNCTIONS AND CELL CYCLE

The Cells
Basic living unit of all organisms

Parts of the Cell

CELL MEMBRANE
A selective barrier and the outermost component of cells

Molecules of Cell Membrane

 Phospholipids:
Non polar and Polar

Basic Parts of the Cell

 Proteins
NUCLEUS Structural support
Contains the cells' genetic material

 Cholesterol
Gives added strength

CYTOPLASM
Contains the other organelles

 Other Molecules of Cell Membrane

- Water
- Ions

ORGANELLES
CELL WALL
Encloses the cytoplasm

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NUCLEUS GOLGI APPARATUS
Collect, modifies, packages and distributes. Responsible
in producing proteins and lipids lysosomes
manufactured by the E.R

NUCLEAR ENVELOPE

SECRETORY VESICLES
Store substances ready for release once the cell
receives the stimulus

CHROMOSOMES LYSOSOMES
Chromatin: DNA AND CHON contain a variety of enzymes that function as
intracellular digestive system.

PERIXOSOMES
break down: fatty acids, amino acids, hydrogen peroxide
NUCLEOLUS Amino acid – oxidation- H2O2
Involved in the production of Ribosomes: Nucleolus, Ribosomal H2O2- catalase- H2O + oxygen
Subunit, CHON

MITOCHONDRIA
the cell’ powerhouse

RIBOSOMES
Involved in the production of CHON

CYTOSKELETON
support the cell, hold organelles in place and enable the
cell to change in shape

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 Parts: The Cell’s Life Cycle
Microtubule- cell division, cilia and flagella production
Microfilaments- cell movement INTERPHASE
Intermediate filament- mechanical support

PROPHASE

CENTRI OLES
facilitate the movement of chromosomes toward the
centrosomes during ng the cell division

METAPHASE

ANAPHASE

CILIA, FLAGELLUM, MICROVILLA

TELOPHASE

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 WEEK 3.2 Types of Cellular Transport
 Passive transport
CELL STRUCTURES, FUNCTIONS AND CELL CYCLE Cell doesn’t use energy
1. Diffusion
2. Facilitated Diffusion
3. Osmosis
About Cell Membranes
 Active Transport
Cell does use energy
1. All cells have a cell membrane
1.
2. Functions:
2. Protein Pumps
a. Controls what enters and exists the cell to
3. Endocytosis
maintain an internal balance called
4. Exocytosis
homeostasis
b. Provides protection and support for the cell Passive Transport
3. Structure of cell membrane
 cell uses no energy
Lipid Bilayer- 2 layers of phospholipids
a. Phosphate head is polar (water loving)  molecules move randomly
b. Fatty acids tails non-polar (water fearing)  Molecules spread out from an area of high concentration
c. Proteins embedded in membrane to an area of low concentration.
 High-Low)
 Three types: diffusion, facilitated diffusion and osmosis

3 Types of Passive Transport

DIFFUSION
 Net movement of particles from an area of high
concentration area of low concentration

 Diffusion: random movement of particles from

Fluid Mosaic of the Cell Membrane
an area of high concentration to an area of low
cconcentration
 (High to Low)
 Diffusion continues until all molecules are
evenly spaced (equilibrium is reached)

 Note: molecules will still move around but stay

spread out.
 Example: Brownian movement

FACILITATED DIFFUSION

 Diffusion with the help of transport proteins

Polar heads love water & dissolve  Facilitated diffusion: diffusion of specific
Non-polar tails hide from water particles through transport proteins found in the
membrane
4. Cell membranes have pores (holes) in it.
a. Selectively permeable: Allows some molecules a. Transport Proteins are specific – they “select”
in and keeps other molecules out only certain molecules to cross the membrane
b. The structure helps it be selective b. Transports larger or charged molecules

Structures of Cell Membrane

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 Cellular transport from a high concentration to a low
concentration through transport proteins
Ex. Intestinal Cell
Glucose- Transport Protein(papasok and maisstore)-
Transport Protein (lalabas and magtratransfer) from
blood low glucose to blood high low glucose
Note: Lactose not broken down no Transport Protein for
lactose
Effects of Osmosis on Life
Osmosis. Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable
membrane
Water is so small and there is so much of it the cell can't control
it's movement through the cell membrane.
HYPOTONIC SOLUTION:
The solution has a lower concentration of solutes and a higher
concentration of water than inside the cell. (Low solute; High
water)

Result: Water moves from the solution to inside the cell) Cell
OSMOSIS – DIFFUSION OF WATER Swells and bursts open (cytolysis)!
Osmosis: diffusion of water through a selectively permeable
membrane
Water moves from high to low concentrations
-Water moves freely through pores.
-Solute (green) to large to move across.

HYPERTONIC SOLUTION:
The solution has a higher concentration of solutes and a lower
concentration of water than inside the cell. (High solute; Low
water)

Result: Water moves from inside the cell into the solution: Cell
Active Transport shrinks (Plasmolysis)!
 Cell uses energy
 Actively moves molecules to where they are needed
 Movement from an area of low concentration to an area
of high concentration
 Low to High
 Three types

1. PROTEIN PUMPS
transport proteins that require energy to do work ISOTONIC SOLUTION:
•Example: Sodium / Potassium Pumps are important in
nerve responses. The concentration of solutes in the solution is equal to the
Protein changes shape to move molecules: this requires concentration of solutes inside the cell.
energy!
Result: Water moves equally in both directions and the cell
remains same size! (Dynamic Equilibrium)
2. ENDOCYTOSIS:
Taking bulky material into a cell
 Uses energy
 Cell membrane in-folds around food particle
 “cell eating” – phagocytosis
 “cell drinking” – pinocytosis
 Forms food vacuole &bDigests food
 This is how white blood cells eat bacterial

3. EXOCYTOSIS
Forces material out of cell in bulk
 membrane surrounding the material fuses with cell
membrane
 Cell changes shape - requires energy
 EX: Hormones or wastes released from cell

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