AMAZING TOUR INSIDE THE CELL CHROMOSOMES

An organized structure of DNA and protein that is found in

cells. It is a single piece of coiled DNA containing many genes,
regulatory elements and other nucleotide sequences.
FUNCTION :

Chromosomes are essential for the process of cell division

and are responsible for the replication, division and creation of
daughter cells, that contain correct sequences of DNA and proteins.
Proteins make up one of the most important components of
the human body, they are responsible for building muscles and
tissues, growth and repair, as well as the synthesis of the thousands
of enzymes like DNA replication enzymes, produced by the body.

NUCLEAR MEMBRANE
Nucleus Function
Nickname: “The Control Center/command center Regulates passage into and out of the nucleus.
Function:
The nucleus regulates all cell activity. It does this by
controlling the enzymes present. The chromatin is composed of
DNA. DNA contains the information for the production of proteins
used for growth and metabolism.
NUCLEAR PORES- are openings
NUCLEAR MEMBRANE

NUCLEOLUS
 Dark spot in the middle of the nucleus that helps make Golgi Bodies/Apparatus
ribosomes.
Function :
-collects, packages and distirbutes molecules
manufactured in the cell.
-secretes (gets rid of) waste
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM Location: in cytoplasm
Endoplasmic Reticulum (E.R.)
Nickname: “Roads”
Function : The internal delivery system of the cell It transports
materials and sends messages to all parts of the cell
Two types: smooth and rough (has ribosomes)
Location: attaches from cell membrane to nuclear membrane

CELL/PLASMA MEMBRANE
Cell Membrane
Nickname :” The Guard”
Function : Protects the cell
RIBOSOMES Regulates the entry and exit of materials in the cell
Nickname:“ Protein factories” Location: around the cell
Function :
Site for protein synthesis
These make proteins.
Location: in cytoplasm or
Attached to E.R

GOLGI BODIES CYTOPLASM

Semi liquid or Gel-like substances Function :
Function : Holds all organelles in cell supports organelles cell shape and plays a role in cell motion
Location: in cell
MICROTUBULES
Microtubules are hollow cylinders about 23 nm in
diameter .
Function :
• Forms the protein molecules present in cytoplasm,
centrioles, cilia and flagella

INTERMEDIATE FILAMENT
PEROXISOMES
• The organelles were first discovered by the Belgian scientist
Christian de Duve, who also discovered lysosomes.
• Function : It contain a variety of enzymes, which primarily
function together to rid the cell of toxic substances, and in • Function:
particular, hydrogen peroxide (a common byproduct of Intertwined protein fibers that provide support and strength.
cellular metabolism) Organize the internal tridimensional structure of the cell, anchoring
organelles

ACTIN FILAMENT

Twisted protein fibers that are responsible for cell movement

CYTOSKELETON LYSOSOMES
Function :
Contains digestive enzymes that breaks down
macromolecules and digest worn out cell components and destroys
bacteria
Location: in cytoplasm

CENTRIOLE/CENTROSOME
Centrioles
Complex assembly of microtubules that occurs in pairs
Function: Helps the cell to divide
Location: in cytoplasm

MITOCHONDRION
Mitochondria
NICKNAME : “ powerhouse”
Function :
Organelle in which energy is extracted from food during oxidative
metabolism
Location: in cytoplasm

•
 CELL WALL • solating materials that might be harmful or a threat to the
cell
• Functions :
 The wall gives cells rigidity and strength, offering protection
• Containing waste products
against mechanical stress.
• Containing water in plant cells
 act as a pressure vessel, preventing over-expansion when
• Maintaining internal hydrostatic pressureor turgor within
water enters the cell. 
the cell
 Cell walls are found in plants, bacteria, fungi, algae, and
• Maintaining an acidic internal pH
some archaea. 
• Containing small molecules
 Animals and protozoa do not have cell walls
• Exporting unwanted substances from the cell
• Allows plants to support structures such as leaves and
flowers due to the pressure of the central vacuole
• In seeds, stored proteins needed for germination are kept in
'protein bodies', which are modified vacuoles.

CHLOROPLAST
found in plant cells and other eukaryotic organisms that conduct
photosynthesis. Chloroplasts contains chlorophyll that capture light
energy, store it in the energy storage
VACUOLE molecules ATP and NADPH and use it in the process
called photosynthesis.

• Vacuoles are essentially enclosed compartments which are

filled with water containing inorganic and organic molecules
including enzymes in solution.
PLASTIDS
chromoplasts
Chromoplasts are red, yellow or orange in colour and are found in
petals of flowers and in fruit. Their colour is due to two pigments,
carotene and xanthophyll.
Functions
the primary function in the cells of flowers is to attract agents of
pollination,
and in fruit to attract agents of dispersal.
Leucoplasts
Leucoplasts are colourless plastids and occur in plant cells not
exposed to light, such as roots and seeds. They are colourless due
the absent of pigments.
Functions
leucoplasts are the centers of starch grain formation;
they are also involved in the synthesis of oils and proteins.
Chloroplasts
Chloroplasts are probably the most important among the plastids
since they are directly involved in photosynthesis. They are usually
situated near the surface of the cell and occur in those parts that
receive sufficient light, e.g. the palisade cells of leaves. The green
colour of chloroplasts is caused by the green pigment chlorophyl