FEU CLASS 2024: ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY WITH PATHOPHYSIOLOGY|1

enzymes
LESSON 3: Peroxisomes In cytoplasm Breaks down
fatty acid; amino
CELL STRUCTURES acid; hydrogen
peroxide
AND THEIR Mitochondria In cytoplasm Aerobic
FUNCTIONS respiration &
ATP synthesis
Microtubules In cytoplasm Support
cytoplasm
CELL STRUCTURE Centrioles In cytoplasm Facilitate
movement of
Cell chromosomes
 Is the basic living unit of all organism Cilia On cell surface Moves
substances
 Simplest organism consists of single
Flagella On sperm cell Propel sperm
cells.
surface
 Human are composed of multiple cells.
Microvilli Extension of cell Increase surface
 Averaged sized of cells is one-fifth surface areas
 Cells are also complex living structures

Organelles FUNCTIONS OF THE CELLS (CSCR)

 Specialized structures perform specific
1. Cell metabolism and energy use
functions.
2. Synthesis of molecules
 Nucleus- is an organelle containing the
3. Communication
cell’s genetic material.
4. Reproduction and inheritance
 Cytoplasm – living material that
surrounds the nucleus. CELL MEMBRANE
 Cell membrane (Plasma membrane) -
enclosed by the cytoplasm. Cell Membrane (Plasma Membrane)

ORGANELLES AND THEIR  Selectively permeable

 Allows some substances to pass into or
LOCATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
out of cells.
ORGANELLES LOCATION FUNCTIONS  Outermost component of a cell
Nucleus Near center Contains DNA  Extracellular- Substances outside the
& Nucleoli cell
Ribosomes In cytoplasm Site of protein  Intracellular- Substances inside the cell
synthesis  Composed of two major types of molecules
Rough ER In cytoplasm Many ribosomes  Phospholipids
Smooth ER In cytoplasm Site of lipid  Proteins
synthesis;
detoxification Fluid Mosaic Model
Golgi apparatus In cytoplasm Modifies &
package proteins  Is the arrangement of molecules in the cell
membrane.
Secretory vesicle In cytoplasm Contains
materials; Cholesterol
formed by Golgi
apparatus  Is the other major lipid in the plasma membrane
secreted by
exocytosis 2 Predominant Lipids of Plasma Membrane:
Lysosomes In cytoplasm Contains
1. Phospholipids
Compiled by: Ancheta,C
 FEU CLASS 2024: ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY WITH PATHOPHYSIOLOGY|2

2. Cholesterol  Difference in the concentration of a solute in a

solvent minus the concentration of the solute at
Phospholipids another point
 readily assemble to form a lipid bilayer
TWO CLASSES OF CELL
Lipid bilayer MEMBRANE CHANNEL:
 A double layer of phospholipid molecules, Leak channels
because they have a polar (charged) head and a
nonpolar (uncharged) tail  Allow ions to pass through
 (Polar) Hydrophilic (water-loving) - Gated channels
heads are exposed to the aqueous
extracellular and intracellular fluids of  Limit the movement of ions across the
the cell. membrane
 (Non-Polar) Hydrophobic (water-
fearing) - tails face one another in the Osmosis
interior of the plasma membrane.  Diffusion of water across a selectively
Membrane Channel & Carrier molecules permeable membrane

 Are involved in movement of substances Osmotic pressure

through the cell membrane
 force required to prevent movement of water
Receptors Molecules across a selectively permeable membrane
 Hydrostatic pressure – as solutions rises
 Are part of an intracellular communication its weight produces and moves water out
system of the tube

MOVEMENT THROUGH THE CELL Hypotonic (“hypo”-under)

MEMBRANE  lower concentration of solute and higher
Passive Membrane Transport concentration of water

 Does not require energy Isotonic

Active Membrane Transport  same concentration

 Does require energy Hypertonic (“hyper”-above)

Diffusion  higher concentration of solute and lower

concentration of water
 Movement of a solute from an area of higher to
lower concentration gradient Lysis

Solution  when cells swell, then ruptures

 Is generally composed of two major parts solute Crenation

and solvent
 cell shrinking
 Solute- is the substance that is being
dissolved
 Solvent- is the dissolving medium.

Concentration gradient

Compiled by: Ancheta,C

 FEU CLASS 2024: ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY WITH PATHOPHYSIOLOGY|3

Carrier-Mediated Transport Mechanisms ORGANELLES

Carrier-mediated transport Nucleus
 movement of a substance across a membrane by  large organelle usually located near the center
means of a carrier molecule
Nuclear envelope
Facilitated diffusion
 two-layered membrane(inner &outer) with
 Is a carrier-mediated transport that moves narrow space between them that bounds the
substances from a higher to lower concentration; nucleus
does not require ATP
Nuclear pores
Active transport
 where materials can pass into or out the nucleus
 Is a carrier-mediated transport that moves
substances from a lower to higher concentration; Chromatin
requires ATP
 loosely coiled chromosomes
 Cystic fibrosis – genetic disorder that
affects the active transport of Cl- into Nucleoli
cells
 diffuse bodies with no surrounding membrane
Secondary active transport  consists of ribosomal RNA and proteins
 moving concentration gradient to move another Chromosomes
substance
 Cotransport – same direction  23 pairs consists of DNA and protein
 Countertransport – opposite direction
Ribosomes
Endocytosis and Exocytosis  Site of protein synthesis
Endocytosis  Protein produced

 Usually exhibits specificity Endoplasmic Reticulum

 Receptor-mediated endocytosis- specific
substance binds to the receptor
molecules
 movement of materials into cells by formation of
vesicles
 Phagocytosis – cell eating; solid particles
are ingested
 Pinocytosis – cell drinking; smaller
vesicles are formed and contains liquid
 Secretory Vesicles- accumulate materials
for release from cell
Exocytosis
 secretion of materials from cells
 Forms tubules/sacs throughout the cell
 Rough E.R. – protein synthesis and
modification; contains ribosomes
 Smooth E.R. – lipid synthesis,
detoxification, and Ca storage
Golgi apparatus (Golgi complex)
 Modifies, packages, and distributes lipids and
proteins
Secretory vesicles
 Transports and stores materials within cells
 Vesicles – small membrane-bound sac

Lysosomes
Compiled by: Ancheta,C
 FEU CLASS 2024: ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY WITH PATHOPHYSIOLOGY|4

 Membrane bound sacs containing hydrolytic  Specialized zone of the cytoplasm

enzymes
 Contains variety of enzymes that functions as
intracellular digestive system Spindle fibers
Peroxisomes  involved in separation of chromosome during
 Enzymes that digest fatty acids and amino acids mitosis
 Enzymes that catalyze the breakdown of Cilia, Flagella, and Microvilli
hydrogen peroxide
Cilia (“sing”, cilium an eyelash)
Proteasomes
 moves substances over the surface
 Not bound by membranes
 projects from the surface of cells
 Digest selected proteins
 cylindrical structures that extend form cell
Mitochondria
Flagella
 Major site of ATP production
 propel sperm cells
 Smooth contour- outer membrane
 Cristae- inner membrane projects into Microvilli (“mikros”- small; “villus”- shaggy
the interior of mitochondria hair)
 Mitochondrial matrix- material within
the inner membrane and contains  specialized extension of cell membrane
enzymes & mitochondrial DNA supported by microfilaments
(mtDNA)  increase the surface area of cells; aids in
absorption
Cytoskeleton
Whole-Cell Activity
 Skeleton of the body acts as internal framework
of cell Gene Expression
 Holds organelles in place; enables the cell to
change shape  protein produced in cell
 Microtubules – support the cytoplasm;  DNA- contains the information
assist in cell division
Gene
Microfilaments  sequence of nucleotides
 involved in cell movement
Transcription
Intermediate filaments  is the first step in gene expressions
 provide mechanical support  making a copy of a gene
 Keratin- specific type of intermediate
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
filaments; protein associated with skin
cells  copy of gene produced during transcriptions

Centrioles Codons
Centrosome  information of mRNA carried of groups of three
nucleotides
 where microtubule formation occurs
Translation
Centrioles
 A cylindrical organelle
Compiled by: Ancheta,C
 FEU CLASS 2024: ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY WITH PATHOPHYSIOLOGY|5

 is the synthesis of protein based in the Cellular Aspects of Aging

information of mRNA
1. Cellular clock.
 converting that copied information into a protein
2. Death genes.
3. DNA damage.
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
4. Free radicals.
 carry the amino acids
5. Mitochondrial damage.
Anti-codon
 series of three nucleotides of tRNA
Nucleotide Pairs
Cytosine Guanine
Thymine Adenine
Uracil Adenine

UAA – stop codon

Cell Life Cycle

Two Phases of the Cell Life Cycle
1. Interphase – non-dividing phase
2. Cell Division – formation of daughter cells
from a single parent cell

46 Chromosomes
 diploid no. of chromosomes
2 X Chromosome = Female
X + Y chromosome = Male

Autosomes – 22 remaining pairs of chromosomes

Mitosis
1. Prophase – chromatin condenses
2. Metaphase – chromosomes align at the center
3. Anaphase – chromatids separate at the
centromere and migrate to opposite poles
4. Telophase – chromosomes unravel to become
chromatin

Differentiation
 Cells develop specialized structures and
functions

Apoptosis
 Programmed cell death
Compiled by: Ancheta,C