Summary

This Report was prepared for our project to analyze and interpret the practical implications of
leadership practices that we studied in our course of H.R specialization. The report presents
information about the leadership traits, characteristics and styles etc. of the well-known
leader Nelson Mandela. The report is based upon the information analysis and interpretation
of the authors.

Leadership is the ability to influence the group towards the achievement of goals by being
visionary, self-aware, ability to motivate and socially aware etc. leaders are charismatic
transformational and possess special personality traits and characteristics and they also
possess different leadership styles. Nelson Mandela was born on July 18, 1918, in Mveso,
Transkei, South Africa. For 20 years, he directed a campaign of peaceful, nonviolent defiance
against the South African government and its racist policies. . Nelson Mandela became the
first black president of South Africa in 1994, serving until 1999. Nelson Mandela was a
visionary leader, Nelson Mandela had visions which lead him to fight for a better mankind.
Mandala was an emotionally stable person because he never reacted to his oppressors or to
any one and this was evidenced when he was released from prison. Mandela had a sense of
humour- ‘a childlike sense of humour’, Mandela was also assertive as a leader. He was
flexible with great interpersonal skills also had courage during his stressful situations and he
was passionate for his people and work to illuminate racism. Mandela was a charismatic
leader because his behaviour was that of a unique style because he was considered to be the
socialized and divine charismatic leader. Perhaps one of Mandela’s most endearing qualities
was his big, broad, kind smile that lit up the room and communicated acceptance and a warm
embrace and he inspired his followers by assisting them to understand the importance and its
values of his visions. According to him the appearance matters and always remember to smile
and Nelson Mandela lived to serve others, his achievements were not only to benefit himself
or his own goals but also to achieve goals of his people. The leadership style of Nelson
Mandela was participative because hi encouraged participation in many situations in his life
time. His power was stemming from managing the critical problem in the society which was
the racism and black white discrimination which was causing many problems in the South
Africa. Mandela stunned both his supporters and doubters by building a staff of both black
and whites. , Mandela’s greatest legacy as President of South Africa is the way he chose to
leave it. When he was elected in 1994, he probably could have pressed to be President for
life. . Mandela died at his home in Johannesburg on December 5, 2013, at age 95.

Page 1 of 18
 Nelson Mandela

A good leader can engage in a debate frankly and thoroughly, knowing that at the end he and
the other side must be closer and thus emerge stronger. You don’t have that idea when you
are arrogant, superficial and uninformed [ CITATION Nel00 \l 1033 ]. Basically leadership is the
ability to influence the group towards the achievement of goals by being visionary, self-
aware, ability to motivate and socially aware etc. leaders are charismatic transformational and
possess special personality traits and characteristics and they also possess different leadership
styles. [ CITATION Dub14 \l 1033 ].

Biography:

Nelson Mandela was born on July 18, 1918, in Mveso, Transkei, South Africa. Becoming
actively involved in the anti-apartheid movement in his 20s, apartheid in South Africa is a
policy or system of segregation or discrimination on grounds of race. Mandela joined the
African National Congress in 1942. For 20 years, he directed a campaign of peaceful,
nonviolent defiance against the South African government and its racist policies. In 1963,
when many fellow leaders of ANC and the Umkhonto were arrested, Mandela was brought to
stand trial with them for plotting to overthrow the government by violence. During his years
of imprison, his reputations grew steadily. In 1993, Mandela and South African President
F.W. de Klerk were jointly awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for their efforts to dismantle the
country's apartheid system. Nelson Mandela became the first black president of South Africa
in 1994, serving until 1999. Mandela died at his home in Johannesburg on December 5, 2013,
at age 95. Mandela's birthday (July 18) was declared "Mandela Day" to promote global peace
and celebrate the South African leader's legacy [ CITATION Tut95 \l 1033 ].

Visionary:

Nelson Mandela was a visionary leader, Nelson Mandela had visions which lead him to fight
for a better mankind. In the early years, Mandela had a vision where he saw an Africa with
apartheid being eliminated and man are being free and equalized. It was this vision that
pushed him to do what he was supposed to do and it was also this vision that made him
believe that he still has hope through the darkest days in prison. Nelson Mandela’s
perseverance made him believe that one day he could succeed in freeing the people from the
prejudiced past. He never gave up even though he was imprisoned for twenty-seven years
before being elected to be the first president of South Africa [ CITATION Ang13 \l 1033 ].

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Mandela had two immediate goals as the President. One is the reconciliation between blacks
and whites, goal of winning the world cup and 2 nd is building the economy base for the
country for which he travelled around the globe to encourage other countries to invest in
South Africa.

Mandela’s personality traits

Mandala was an emotionally stable person because he never reacted to his oppressors or to
any one and this was evidenced when he was released from prison. He came out Unchanged,
and has never been attracted to any sense of vengeance or hatred and his Personal beliefs also
remained unchanged. Mandela often called meetings of his kitchen cabinet at his home in
Houghton, some of his colleagues shouted at him and he was so emotionally stable that he
simply listened them calmly and after they finished he answered them without being
aggressive.

Mandela had a sense of humour- ‘a childlike sense of humour’. At one time Mandela

was asked by a foreign correspondent why the ANC was so bent on achieving a two- thirds
majority when it already had a clear governing majority, he responded with a polite tirade
against his political opposition, which he dismissed as "Mickey Mouse" parties.

Mandela was also assertive as a leader. At one aspect of Mandela that fascinates some
admirers and biographers is the ease with which he interacts with the rich and powerful. After
being released from jail he soon became a potent fund-raiser for the ANC – both
internationally and at home. He was not shy in asking his foreign guests, or anyone else, for
funds. He once was known to return a check for $40,000 to a leading South African
industrialist because he had asked for four times that amount.

Mandela had a warm personality. "This is a man who rewarded his enemies with love and for
that commands great respect all over the world" (Kwame Arko, Brazil). By forgiving his
tormentors and oppressors, Mandela has proved to the world that Africans are the most
civilised people on earth.

“Do not judge me by my successes, judge me by how many times I fell down and got up
again.” A famous saying of Nelson Mandela which shows how strong his self-confidence
was, because he had confidence in his ability to do good for the nation. He strictly rejected
the offer made by jailers of remission of sentence in exchange of the Bantustan Policy. He
had the determination to keep going even when he faced imprisonment or obstacles.

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As an extravert, Mandela asserted his opinions tactfully, and subtly guided opinion in his
favour.  His vision and passion of ending the brutal apartheid system and setting his country
on a path to freedom was a cause that he was willing to give his life for.  His dignity and easy
grace separated him from others, and ensured that his self-assuredness and commanding
presence could not be ignored.

Even in conflict-based or hostile situations, Mandela was a consensus builder.  His

agreeableness was apparent to all through his ability to be accepting and nurturing to
everyone around him.  During his imprisonment, a time that for most would be one of
despair, hostility and bitterness, Mandela was known to care for those that were sick or
wounded, and to walk proudly though the prison yard.

Task related traits of Mandela

He was flexible with great interpersonal skills because he encouraged, empowered,

complimented, listened to input from everyone. At the same time he knew when it was time
to be direct and assertive and he knew when it was time to challenge others and hold folks
accountable.

Nelson also had courage during his stressful situations when he was in prison. His courage
helped him in getting past seemingly impossible obstacles or odds, he had the will to hold on
for his health and for his life. Courage was one of thing that kept him from breaking in that
cell all those years after doing all that labour. During his lifetime he took many risky
decisions for the wellbeing of his people and Africa.

Nelson Mandela changed the world for the better. His lifelong goal, similar to Martin Luther
King, Jr., was to achieve equal rights for non-white people in his country, which was his
passion for his people. He was so dedicated to this cause, that he spent a large portion of his
life in prison for his beliefs. While in prison, he became an inspirational leader and symbol
for his people. After 27 years in prison, he was released. Once he got out of prison, he
continued his work to support equal treatment of non-whites.

Nelson was an emotionally intelligent leader. When Mandela was sent to jail he already
possessed qualities of self-awareness that helped him to accept the decision of the court
instead of trying to fight it: “I was made by the law a criminal, not because of what I had
done but because of what I stood for”.  Mandela knew that one of his strengths was holding
him back – he knew he was not a criminal, and of all people, he had a passion for freedom.

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Being aware of this, and managing that passion to bear the long years of prison with such
grace and composure, was and continues to be an inspiration to a generation, and those who
came after. 

When Mandela was sent to Robben Island prison in Cape Town, he remarked that “how you
are treated in prison depends on your demeanour”. Mandela understood that he could not be
just himself anymore, that he depended on others and therefore if he could engage with those
people he could create better opportunities for a more bearable life. By keeping his emotions
in check, he could start to listen to and understand his jailors. Since Mandela was imprisoned
for almost a third of his life, social awareness helped him to create a more constructive
existence, and make the experience of prison count in his life. No one is more dangerous than
one who is humiliated”: meaning that being aware of others and your impact on them is vital,
an integral quality of great leadership.

Mandela was aware that his existence in jail would be much worse alone, and that by
influencing others and using them to help he could improve it, but to do this he had to
manage himself. He said that: “we don’t have to be victims of our past, that we can let go of
our bitterness and that all of us can achieve greatness.” Exercising self-control and harnessing
our drive to motivate ourselves is self-management. A lack of self-control has been found to
be the main factor that stops high potential leaders achieving their full potential. By keeping
his emotions in check despite his beliefs and experiences before and during his time in jail, he
managed himself to the degree that he could understand his jailors and in time, build
relationship with them.

Relationship management is the way in which a leader brings people together towards the
greater good. It is at this moment that a leader truly matures, leaves themselves behind, and
leads by getting the most out of other people. For Mandela, this allowed him to establish
relationships with his jailors, they could disagree with him but nobody could question his
integrity. Mandela made people feel bigger, and in achieving this he also rose as a leader.

Nelson Mandela a Charismatic Leader

Charisma is a Greek word which means “divinely inspired”. It is basically the qualities,
abilities and characteristics of leaders which differentiate them from others. It can be defined

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as a special quality of leaders whose purpose, power and extra ordinary determination
differentiates them from others [ CITATION Dub141 \l 1033 ].

Mandela was a charismatic leader because his behaviour was that of a unique style. "He was
reaching out to the white minority regime while stressing the need for black majority
empowerment, this all, being done through peaceful means. Only a man with spiritual
substance is able to fulfil his objective through peaceful mean because it requires patience on
the part of that person to deal with such a situation that involve’ a great multitude of
people. As a super statesman, liberator, and peacemaker, Mandela's opposition to the Iraq
War is what was expected from this humble but alert African. He even refused to meet
President George Bush of the United States of America when he visited South Africa. 

Socialized and divine leader:

Nelson Mandela was the socialized and divine charismatic leader because he worked for the
social wellbeing of his people in Africa for eliminating non-white decimation. He also
possessed the divine qualities and he helped and guided his people in a very critical
situations.

Communication style of Nelson Mandela:

When facing challenges, arguments and defences, Mandela would anticipate his opponents
and he will effectually communicate his responses based on those challenges.
Communication is the vital process that allows him to coordinate his followers effectively by
explaining the plan to fight for a better South Africa. Perhaps one of Mandela’s most
endearing qualities was his big, broad, kind smile that lit up the room and communicated
acceptance and a warm embrace. From the start, Mandela’s message was not only about
ending the destructive system of apartheid in South Africa but about creating a just and free
society for all South Africans. His message was big, bold and brave during communication.

Leading by inspiration:

While Nelson Mandela was the leader of ANC, he inspired his followers by assisting them to
understand the importance and its values of his visions. Mandela, as the ANC leader,
encouraged his followers to develop their own understanding of what is important for their
nation, for example to fight for equality by abolishing racial discrimination. Nelson
Mandela’s inspiring leadership has contributed in helping South Africa to overcome the
apartheid and developed into a stable modern democracy since the early 1990s. He travelled

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to every part of South Africa and spoke to his nation and people were inspired and convinced
by his speech. In the speeches, he added that he could do something to overcome apartheid
and it was his confidence that convinced his nation. At the same time, he also warned his
nation not to be overwhelmed by the government nor striking back no matter what the hassle
is yet, he convince them to restrain themselves in the face of verbal and physical abuse. He
inspired people by his quotes which are still famous and inspiring.

Vision Creator:

Mandela had a vision where he saw an Africa with apartheid being eliminated and man are
being free and equalized. It was this vision that pushed him to do what he was supposed to do
and it was also this vision that made him believe that he still has hope through the darkest
days in prison. He initiated this vision for the wellbeing of people of Africa.

Optimist:

He was a true optimist. This optimism that led to Mandela surviving 27 years of
imprisonment. Mandela came out of prison in 1990 expressing no bitterness towards his
tormentors; espoused the principles of nation building and cooperative governance.

Sensible persistent:

The power of persistence, perhaps. Twenty-seven years in prison is testimony to the power of
persistence. And yet, persistence by itself is not the mark of greatness. More remarkable is
that those prison decades did not poison his spirit. Such is the power of hope.

Impressive appearance:

According to him the appearance matters and always remember to smile. He was the first
black South African who had ever seen being fitted for a suit. His uniform was a series of
exuberant-print shirts that declare him the joyous grandfather of modern Africa. His uniform
was the symbol of his struggle and achievements.

Compassion towards co-workers:

Mandela had a strong compassion towards his subordinates. He makes an effort to remember
each staff’s name even the name of a tea lady. He also asks about their family wellbeing
which showed his characteristic of being a charismatic leader.

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Transformational leader

Transformational leadership is a type of leadership style that can inspire positive changes.
Nelson Mandela, a man who fought to encourage his people to continue fighting until they
strive freedom and never giving up until they achieved their goal. This influential leader, who
was once imprisoned for twenty-seven years, was able to lead his nation to a nearly liberated
from the prejudices of the past. On the other hand, as a significant leader, he elevated
consciousness of his followers by appealing to their higher ideals and values. In fact, he also
encouraged many to educate themselves because adopting education is the key to success.

He was a charismatic leader who was able to articulate his vision and gained millions of
followers who shared this vision. Beyond that, he was known as a role model for his strong
moral conviction, personal example, and self-sacrifice.

Transformational leaders attempt to inspire others by addressing individuals’ self-

actualization needs to support the greater good rather than their own self-interests. Nelson
Mandela understood his people and their desires for freedom and democracy. Followers of
Nelson Mandela believed that his ideals and vision represented the means to end the years of
bigotry in their country. They possessed the strong desire to fulfil their self-actualization
needs of being free from years of segregation and discrimination. Correspondingly, they felt
empowered to adopt the necessary measures to achieve their common goals, and were willing
to abide by guidance given by their leader.

Mandela led the country through a period of transition from apartheid to black majority rule.
As a transformational leader, he successfully used the country’s love for sports to promote
reconciliatory efforts and hosted the Rugby World Cup in 1995 which further instilled a sense
of nationalistic pride in its people and promoted reconciliation. Under the new constitution,
Mandela ensured that the rights of minorities and freedom of expression was incorporated
under the system of black majority rule [ CITATION Nel13 \l 1033 ].

Nelson Mandela was the transformational leader whose values pass beyond that of his own
needs for the greater good of humanity.  In his Nobel Peace Prize acceptance speech in 1993,
Mandela urged the rest of the world to “fight racism, wherever it occurs and whatever guise it
assumes”. As the country’s first black president, Mandela is well-liked amongst his peers and
counterparts in other countries and his monumental success has further fuelled inspiration for
other leaders including U.S. President Barack Obama [ CITATION Nak13 \l 1033 ].

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Nelson Mandela a Servant Leader

Nelson Mandela lived to serve others, his achievements were not only to benefit himself or
his own goals but also to achieve goals of his people. Despite the personal cost. He stayed
true to his conviction that South Africa should be a democracy with one-person, one-vote
equality for all of its citizens. He worked with those who had imprisoned him in Robben
Island to bring about a peaceful transition of power. He walked away from power leaving the
example for South Africa that dictatorships and royal families are poor governing models.
Nelson focused on what is feasible to accomplish because his goal to remove discrimination
of his non-white people was realistic and achievable. He didn’t manipulated his followers, he
just guided them toward the right path and to be empowered just like other white people. He
during his meetings at his home he listened very actively to his colleagues without being
aggressive and with proper body language which expressed confidence in his colleagues and
followers. Due to this followers trusted him and they feel open in sharing their problems with
him.

Embracing Ethics

Being the first black president of South Africa, Nelson Mandela showed strong ethical values
in his leadership by constantly guiding his followers to avoid all violence and keep the centre
of attention before they act. Whilst fighting for apartheid, Nelson Mandela established
Utilitarianism leadership through soldiering ahead as he had the morals to continue fighting
against the apartheid. Nelson Mandela was described as a hero and freedom fighter because
of his perseverance through fighting for apartheid until he became the first elected black
president of South Africa after twenty-seven years being jailed. His traits of morality and
responsibility towards his followers were embraced through his honesty.

Nelson Mandela Leadership Style

The leadership style of Nelson Mandela was participative because hi encouraged

participation in many situations in his life time. In participative Nelson use consultative and
consensus leadership styles to influence his followers. In consultative he took opinions and
advice from his competent followers and colleagues in his cabinet and after the consensus
and willing of all the followers he took important decisions. His style was to lead from the
back and let others believe that they are in the front. Mandela often called meetings of his
kitchen cabinet at his home in Houghton. Some of his colleagues shouted at him and Mandela

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just simply listened to them. When he finally did speak at those meetings, he slowly and
methodically summarized everyone’s point of view and then he released his own thoughts,
and then he cleverly steered the decision in the direction he wanted without imposing it.
Once he said that “The trick of leadership is allowing yourself to be led too. It is wise to
persuade people to do things and make them think it was their own idea”. This strongly
shows that he was in favour of consensus and consultative leadership style to get the
followers on track to achieve goals and to persuade them that actually these goals are theirs
not leaders.

Power in Context of Nelson Mandela

His power was stemming from managing the critical problem in the society which was the
racism and black white discrimination which was causing many problems in the South
Africa. Nelson started his campaign for this apartheid and quickly became popular due to its
charisma and transformational leadership.

Legitimate power:

Mandela used legitimate power after becoming a President in 1994 and could fall into a civil
war due to deep wounds by apartheid. He stopped brain drain in South Africa also known as
white flight. He reduced fears of the white minority, invited his prison guards when he was
being sworn as the president and he contained violence due to killing of Hani in 1993.

Personal power:

He rejected the proposal to be independent from President Botha and rose to prominence in
ANC through his liberal politics especially defiance campaign. He had expertise of
establishing peace and unity and he made the springbok emblem to stay and made Afrikaans
(white South Africans) speaking white to believe that they had a place in the country. He also
used his referent power to make one to one relationship with followers and leaders to guide
the future of South Africa. He also practiced connection power, he established linkages with
all the sections of the society to effectively influence the movement of the masses.

Empowerment view:

“You take your support base along with you. Once you arrive at the beachhead, then you
allow the people to move on”. This saying of Nelson Mandela clearly describes that once
your followers are ready then empower your responsibilities so that they can make decisions

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by themselves. He encouraged his people for the positive change and he influenced his
people to take responsibility for making this change possible for the peaceful South Africa.
He provided his followers with his stressful experiences and learnings after his imprisonment
so that followers use this information to make this change happen effectively. He not only
just empowered his followers he stood on the back for the guidance and support.

Empathetic Leader

Mandela argued against discarding the South African springboks, which according to the
black South African represents the apartheid era. Mandela said that when he was imprisoned
in the Robben Island, he studies the Afrikaners (the white South Africa) habits and culture in
order to understand the enemy. Mandela also emphasized this need of understanding the
others view when he argued with his daughter who dislikes the Afrikaners and told her that
you criticize without understanding.

Nelson Mandela religious and political view

Mandela is a Christian of some unspecified kind, some speculate that it is either Methodist or
Jehovah’s Witness. And his political view is all about democracy, equality and tolerance. He
was the first black President of South Africa and the President elected in that country’s first
free election. Nelson displayed a high loyalty to his people during his imprisonment which
inspired his people to believe in him. Mandela obtained prominence in the ANC through his
liberal political views and opposition activities, especially the Defiance Campaign of 1952.
He was at first committed to non-violence, inspired by Gandhi’s successful opposition to
British colonial rule in India. Mandela turned down the President and opted to stay in his
cold, dark prison. This key decision was strategic since it greatly elevated his position as the
face of the ANC while also drawing attention to his enormous personal sacrifice. Mandela’s
intuition proved right: Half a decade later, this man of deep principle was released
unconditionally and rose to become the president of the ANC and then the country [ CITATION
Pau13 \l 1033 ].

Build a Team for the Future

Mandela stunned both his supporters and doubters by building a staff of both black and
whites. This extended to his personal security detail which ended up including white agents,

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who had deployed against ANC in the apartheid era. Mandela wanted a unified country and
he wanted his team to reflect the goal.

Mentor to Nelson Mandela

Walter Sisulu, who brought Mandela in to the party in the 1940s and continued mentoring
him the next half century, has passed on to history. While his name will never be as famous
as Mandela's, Sisulu's role in South Africa's liberation is hard to overstate. It was Sisulu who
recruited Tambo and Mandela, whom he met in Johannesburg in 1941 when the younger man
was a newcomer to the city, into the newly formed ANC Youth League. Sisulu mentored
Mandela formally as well as informally during his complain to eliminate racism and
discriminations.

Quitting is leading too

Knowing how to make abandon a failed idea, task or relationship is often the most difficult
kind of decision a leader has to make. In many ways, Mandela’s greatest legacy as President
of South Africa is the way he chose to leave it. When he was elected in 1994, he probably
could have pressed to be President for life. Mandela died at his home in Johannesburg on
December 5, 2013, at age 95. Mandela's birthday (July 18) was declared "Mandela Day" to
promote global peace and celebrate the South African leader's legacy.

Page 12 of 18
 Conclusion

Nelson Mandela is a name that cannot be pronounced without mentioning the apartheid. At
least, without thinking about it. Since the beginning of this fight, he has been the symbol of a
generation who wanted and who needed a change in its own country. South Africa has been
long enough oppressed by an antidemocratic regime. This government practiced the
apartheid, which means that there was a segregation of the black people, who had not the
same rights as the white, because they were considered as inferior. From this report we
concluded that for being a good leader it is necessary to have transformational and
charismatic nature of Nelson Mandela. We have studied many leaders having only one
characteristic or trait or charismatic leadership quality whereas in Nelson Mandela we found
that most of these traits were present in one person which made him a divine leader. From
this report it is clearly visible that for an effective leadership general personality traits are
more important instead of the task related traits and in the case of power personal powers are
likely more important as compared to formal powers for being a good leader. Nelson
Mandela had visions which lead him to fight for a better mankind. Nelson Mandela made a
big difference in the lives of people in South Africa. He made the most of opportunities he
was given and had great determination to bring freedom and peace back to all South Africans.
He changed a country and freed a nation.

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 Glossary

Superficial: Shallow, lacking substance

Apartheid: Discriminatory policy of racial separation in South Africa

ANC: African National Congress

Afrikaans: White South Africans

Defiance: Boldly resisting opposition

Springbok: A small fast mammal native to South Africa

Hassle: Trouble, Bother

Torment: War engine

Oppress: To smoother, crush

Perseverance: Continuing in a course of action without regard to failure.

Prejudice: Fear or hatred towards a particular group.

Reconciliation: Reestablishment of friendly relations

Dismantle: To remove Fittings

Segregation: Separation from a mass

Transcend: To pass beyond the limits of something

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References
Dubrin., 2014. "Principles of leadership". 4th ed. s.l.:s.n.

Dubrin, 2014. Charismatic leadership. In: 4th, ed. Principles of leadership. 4th ed. s.l.:s.n.

J.H., P., 2013. lasting legacy: Nelson Mandela's Evolution as a strategic leader.. [Online]
Available at: http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/lasting-legacy-nelson-mandelas-
evolution-as-a-strategic-leader/
[Accessed 5 july 2015].

Madison, A., 2013. www.wordpress.com. [Online]

Available at: https://vernlee99.wordpress.com/
[Accessed 2nd july 2015].

Mandela., N., 2013. The biography Channel website.. [Online]

Available at: http://www.biography.com/people/nelson-mandela-9397017.
[Accessed 29 june 2013].

Mandela, N., 2000. [Interview] (18 june 2000).

Nakamura, D. &. R., 2013. www.washigtonpost.com. [Online]

Available at: http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/president-obama-reflects-on-nelson-
mandelas-legacy-south-africas-past/2013/06/29/9b9ed570-e0a6-11e2-8ae9-
5db15d3c0fca_story.html
[Accessed 30 june 2013].

Tutu, D. A. &. M., 1995. The Rainbow people of God.. Issue Bantam books..

Page 15 of 18
Bibliography
Dubrin., 2014. "Principles of leadership". 4th ed. s.l.:s.n.

Dubrin, 2014. Charismatic leadership. In: 4th, ed. Principles of leadership. 4th ed. s.l.:s.n.

J.H., P., 2013. lasting legacy: Nelson Mandela's Evolution as a strategic leader.. [Online]
Available at: http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/lasting-legacy-nelson-mandelas-
evolution-as-a-strategic-leader/
[Accessed 5 july 2015].

Madison, A., 2013. www.wordpress.com. [Online]

Available at: https://vernlee99.wordpress.com/
[Accessed 2nd july 2015].

Mandela., N., 2013. The biography Channel website.. [Online]

Available at: http://www.biography.com/people/nelson-mandela-9397017.
[Accessed 29 june 2013].

Mandela, N., 2000. [Interview] (18 june 2000).

Nakamura, D. &. R., 2013. www.washigtonpost.com. [Online]

Available at: http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/president-obama-reflects-on-nelson-
mandelas-legacy-south-africas-past/2013/06/29/9b9ed570-e0a6-11e2-8ae9-
5db15d3c0fca_story.html
[Accessed 30 june 2013].

Tutu, D. A. &. M., 1995. The Rainbow people of God.. Issue Bantam books..

Page 16 of 18
 Appendix
 Childhood: 1918–1936
Early life  Clarkebury, Healdtown, and Fort Hare: 1936–1940
 Arriving in Johannesburg: 1941–1943
Revolutionary  Law studies and the ANC Youth League: 1943–1949
activity  Defiance Campaign and Transvaal ANC Presidency: 1950–195
 Congress of the People and the Treason Trial: 1955–1961
 MK, the SACP, and African tour: 1961–1962

Imprisonment  Arrest and Rivonia trial: 1962–1964

 Robben Island: 1964–1982
 Pollsmoor Prison: 1982–1988
 Victor Verster Prison and release: 1988–1990
End of apartheid  Early negotiations: 1990–1991
 CODESA talks: 1991–1992
 General election: 1994
Presidency of South  National reconciliation
Africa: 1994–1999  Introduced Domestic programs
 Dedication for foreign affairs

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  Sakharov Prize (1988)
 Bharat Ratna (1990)
Awards
 Nobel Peace Prize (1993)
 Order of Lenin
 Nishan-e-Pakistan
 Presidential Medal of Freedom

Died  5 December 2013 (aged 95)

Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa

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