1.

1 Introduction

Telecommunications are now part of human life. In offices, homes, and cars, a wide variety of

devices and technologies (telephone, fax, radio, e-mail, TV, mobile phones) simplifies work,

leisure and domestic activities. Of course, all these services did not appear overnight. They took

more than 150 years to develop.

Up to the mid-19th century, the means of communications were the monopoly of governments.

All empires dispatched their written documents and governmental instructions using racers,

horses, pigeons, coaches, ships, sometimes optic signals (smoke, flags, lights…) or a

combination of these. Commercial, financial, and finally private traffic appeared in the early 19th

century. The optic networks built by the Chappe brothers through continental Europe (1793–

1830) and the British Admiralty network along the southern coast of England at the end of the

18th century were the ultimate form of optic network used for long-distance transmission of

governmental and intelligence messages. They were simply more sophisticated than versions

previously used.

Two inventions of the Industrial Revolution changed the world: electricity and steam power. The

new transportation facilities were based on the force of steam: steamships and railways reduced

distances and helped organize a global world. The electric telegraph initially installed along

railway lines for monitoring traffic also offered facilities for public telecommunications traffic.

This instantaneous transmission of information, previously limited to the “speed of a man on a

horse,” crossed seas and oceans.

It took 30 years (1837–1866) and the invention of Morse code to send a message by transatlantic

commercial telegraph using electricity.

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It took 80 years (1876–1956) and Bell’s invention of the telephone to speak though a

transatlantic telephone commercial system (TAT 1) using frequency transmissions on a coaxial

cable.

Only 20 years elapsed between Kao and Hockham’s assumptions on fiber glass potentialities in

1966 and the first optic fiber transatlantic commercial submarine cable TAT 8 in 1988. The

coded light allowed the transmission of all telecommunications facilities (fax, voice, pictures and

video).

For 150 years, submarine cables have had to cohabitate with wireless communications: radio

(1920–1960) and satellite (1956). This was a source of progress and emulation, never a cause of

obsolescence for either telecommunication technique. The content of this chapter is buit starting

from the reference book “Du Morse à l'internet”.[ CITATION GTI19 \l 1033 ]

1.2 Scope of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

Today, technology is growing at a rapid pace. In the coming future there is bound to be huge

demand for competent engineers in electronic industry to cope this demand in technology. These

engineers would be involved in creating and sustaining cutting edge technology to stay ahead in

competition. 

An electronic engineer can find job in Consumer electronics manufacturing organization,

Telecommunication industry, IT industries, Health care equipment manufacturing industry,

Mobile communication, Internet technologies, Power Electronics, and Other industries like steel,

petroleum and chemical industry, directing control and testing production process. 

Electrical technicians and technologists can specialize in technical sales, product representation,

systems management, the design and manufacture of electronic devices and systems, or the

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installation, maintenance and repair of electronic systems and equipment. They may also work

with computers and electronic equipment in the medical, manufacturing sectors.

Electronics Engineering is one of the largest and most sophisticated branches of engineering. It

has made us available the equipment like Television, Radio, computers, telephones etc.

Electronics has a major role in improving productivity in industries like oil, energy, agriculture

and so many other important sectors of economy.

An electronics engineer works in groups to design, fabricate, produce, test and supervise the

manufacturing of complex products and systems i.e. electronic equipment and components.

He works for a number of industries including hospitals, computer industries, electronic data

processing systems for communication and in defense etc. They work with microprocessors,

fiber optics, telecommunication, television, radios etc. Electronics engineering is a rapidly

growing sector where there is excellent job opportunity for the skilled professionals.

1.3 Telecommunications in Clinical Engineering

Telecommunications, one of the most quickly changing fields, is enabling existing and new

platforms to exchange information and to support interaction through unique applications

including the medical peripherals. Thus, the management of a telemedicine program must

incorporate the understanding of telecommunications technologies and the optimization of this

component. The convergence of the digital and the analog transmission methods and the

advantages of the various networking technologies require an ability to evaluate and match the

network needs with the capabilities of the available infrastructure. Clinical requirements must be

matched with technical capacity and supported by financial sustainability to influence the design

and the implementation decisions when selecting the platform to be employed. The many modes

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of communications support speed and bandwidth that ranges from the narrowband used for the

traditional telephone system to the wideband application supported by an integrated services

digital network and satellite communications. Various selectable bandwidths and availability and

level of service should be considered. In selecting the telecommunications technology, one must

clearly know how the network will be designed, what protocols are expected to be used, how

much and how often data will be transmitted, and, finally, what the budget will allow for this

program.

Video compression, a coding technique that is used to reduce the bandwidth required for the

transmission of video images, is a developing science. Recent developments are awaiting

validation of its clinical acceptance and are still largely unsubstantiated by a conclusive body of

research. Opinions vary widely on the topic, but few hard data exist. The science of visual

perception is unique in that it is a subjective function of the brain as well as the eye. No two

individuals perceive a particular image in exactly the same way. The threshold of persistence of

vision and the measurable speed at which a motion-picture or video screen ceases to flicker and

begins to “move” may vary significantly among different observers under different lighting

conditions. The eye and brain are thought to retain a visual impression for approximately 1/30th

of a second. When viewed as a continuum, this collective retention is “seen” by the viewer as

uninterrupted motion. It is important, therefore, that the effect of the compression technique

chosen for a telemedicine system will not further modify the assessment of the medical

conditions being viewed. [ CITATION Els19 \l 1033 ].

1.4 Electronic and Telecommunication Engineers Job Description

Electronics and Communication Engineering branch deals with analog transmission, digital

transmission, reception of video, voice and data, basic electronics, solid state devices,

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microprocessors, digital and analog communication, analog integrated circuits, satellite

communication, microwave engineering, antennae and wave progression.

It also deals with the manufacturing of electronic devices, circuits, and communications

equipment like transmitter, receiver, integrated circuits, microwaves, and fiber among others.

It aims to deepen the knowledge and skills of the students on the basic concepts and theories that

will equip them in their professional work involving analysis, systems implementation,

operation, production, and maintenance of the various applications in the field of Electronics and

Communications Engineering (MyKlassroom, 2019).

As an Electronics and Telecommunication engineer, various opportunities are there which are

enumerated thus:

i. An electronics engineer can get a job in Central Government, State Governments and

their sponsored corporations in public enterprises and the private organizations like

All India Radio, Indian Telephone Industries, MTNL, National Physical Laboratories,

AIR, Civil Aviation Department; Post and Telegraph Department; Co-ordination

Department, National Physical Laboratory, Bharat Electronics Limited, Development

Centers in various States etc.  Dealing in manufacture, sales and services of

electronics consumer goods and appliances.

ii. Electronics engineers are also absorbed into the entertainment transmission industry,

research establishments, and defense. They can also take up teaching and research in

one of the many engineering colleges in India or abroad.

iii. They can also be employed by private companies manufacturing radio equipment and

electronics such as Sony, Samsung etc.

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 iv. In Ministry of Communication, All India Radio, DD.

v. In information and broadcasting sectors, railways, police, BSF, CRPF and defense

related organizations.

vi. In research organization like ISRO.

vii. Take up teaching as professor of communications in educational institutes

1.5 Telecommunication Managers Association (TMA)

The Telecommunications Managers Association (TMA) is a UK company limited by guarantee

and is a registered charity. Its activities are managed by an elected Executive Committee, which

in turn elects a Chairman.

Membership of the TMA is on an individual basis, primarily by those responsible for planning,

management or operations of telecommunication systems, and to consultants and project

managers with special interest in telecommunications. Although this is essentially a user group,

many of its members are from supplier organizations.

TMA activities are of three types:

i. Education and information exchange, where it organizes conferences, exhibitions, and

courses.

ii. Liaison with government and other official bodies, such as the DTI and the Office of

Telecommunications (OFTEL), and with ETSI and the European Community

Telecommunications Users Association (ECTUA). The TMA is also a founding

member of the International Telecommunications Users Group (INTUG) through

which it promotes its members’ interests at an International level.

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iii. Dialogue with suppliers, where TMA maintains a series of channels through which its

members and principal suppliers, such as BT and Mercury, can interact. The prime

aim is to encourage the development of a range of telecommunication services of

sufficient quality and tariffed to address customer needs.

1.6 Conclusion

Telecommunication services are subject to fundamental changes, due to the growing

displacement of circuit switched traffic by packet switched traffic for residential customers,

and new broadband services. It is a challenge for the service providers to meet the enormous

growth in bandwidth demand and the increasing need for service transport flexibility, while

the budget of customers for telecommunication services remains limited. This enforces

industry-wide optimization of transport efficiency of the core and aggregation networks. It

also calls for robustness and simplified network operation, and reduced capital and

operational expenditures for carriers.

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References
B.V, E. (2019, September 20th). Telecommunication - an overview. Retrieved from Science Direct:
http://www.sciencedirect.com

GTI Media Ltd. (2019, September 20th). Communications Engineer Job Description - Target Jobs.
Retrieved from GTI: https://targetjobs.co.uk

MyKlassroom. (2019, September 20th). Electronics and Telecommunication Engg. Retrieved from
MyKlassroom: http//media.myklassroom.com