Repair : process of reconstruction and renewal of existing buildings.

Renovation: process of substantial repair or alteration that extends a building’s useful life

Rehabilitation: an upgrade required to meet the present needs:

Restoration: the process of re establishing the materials, form and appearance of a structure

Strengthening The process of increasing the load resistance capacity of a structure, or a portion thereof

Retrofitting− process of strengthening of structure along with the structural system

Demolition process of pulling down of the structure not deemed to be fit for service

Deterioration : gradual loss of the desired material properties

DISTRESS : Symptoms indicating that defects are present

Blow holes: Individual rounded (irregular) cavities formed against the formwork and become
visible on stripping of the formwork−

Cold joints: These are created when new concrete is poured against the concrete that has just
hardened

Honey Combing: voids caused by the mortar not filling the spaces between the coarse aggregate
particles

Crazing: network of fine random cracks that are formed due to the shrinkage of the layer
relative to the base concrete does not pose any structural or Serviceability problem

Pop outs: Rough conical depressions in the concrete surface caused by the expansion of the
deleterious aggregate particles near the surface or expansion due to freezing

Disintegration

Scaling:- Localized flaking or peeling away of the near surface portion of the hardened concrete
due to freeze thaw.

Dusting : White powdery formation on the surface of hardened concrete that receives
excessive traffic

Types of crack:

Structural Cracks

Non- Structural Cracks

 Settlement Cracks

Spalling: It is development of the fragments usually in the shape of the flakes, due to corrosion of steel
or freeze thaw effects

Stain:− It is white powdery surface which may be caused by alkali aggregate reactions

Corrosion: Rusting of steel results in cracking or spalling

Deflection: It is the bending or sagging of the reinforced concrete structural elements like beams, slabs,
columns, etc.

Causes of Damage

•Pre Construction stage

Poor Design

Poor Design Detailing

Poor Deflection Estimations

Faulty Design of Rigid Joints in Precast Elements

Faulty Design Estimations at changes in section

Prevention: Through careful design

Construction Stage−

Local settlement of Subgrade

Swelling of formwork

Internal settlement of cracks−

Setting shrinkage

Premature removal of shores

Vibrations
Post-Construction Stage

−Temperature Stresses
−Corrosion of steel
−Aggressive action of chemicals
−Weathering action
−Overloading
−Moisture effects
−Natural disasters
−Fire