ASTER

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 I / . . ANL-7089

J '
Physics
(TID-4500,..46th Ed.)
AEC ~ e s e a r c hand
Development R e p o r t

. .
ARGONNE NATIONAL LABORATORY
9700 South C a s s Avenue . .
Argonne; Illinois 60440

STRESS ANALYSIS O F REINFORCED CIRCULAR

'. AND RECTANGULAR FLAT PLATES . . .

J'am-es. L. S. Chen, Chia- shing L a i ,

. ,
and Donald A. Moen

ANL-AMU S u m m e r E n g i n e e r i n g , P r a c t i c e School
Argonne National. T_,aboratory
A s s o c i a t e d . Midwest U n i v e r s i t i e s

. . 'ANL Staff ~ d v i ' s o r

~ u r t d nK. S n y d e r , ,Central. s h d p s D e p a r t m e n t

AMU F a c u l t y A d v i s o r s
P r o f . D a n i e l F. Hang, U n i v e r s i t y of. Illinois
P r o f . Davi.d L. H e t r i c k , . T h e ' U n i v e r s i t y - o f . A r i z o n a ,

WB.ILm POR A N S J D U N ~ C ~ ~ T
August 1965 , IN W I C W BQIrnCE ABSl'UCTS

o p e r a t e d by. T h e U n i v e r s i t y of Chicago
under
C o n t r a c t W - 31- 109-eng- 38
with t h e
U. $. Atomic E n e r g y C o m m i s s i o n
 T A B L E O F CONTENTS

Page

NOMENCLATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

ABSTRACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 . .
I. INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

11. MATHEMATICAL FORMULATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

A. Rectangular Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
B. Circular Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

I11. PROCEDURES F O R OPTIMUM DESIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

IV . RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

APPENDIXES
A. D e r i v a t i o n s of E u l e r E q u a t i o n a n d N a t u r a l B o u n d a r y
Conditions f o r O r t h o t r o p i c P l a t e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
B. P r o g r a m f o r U n i d i r e c t i o n a l l y - stiffened P l a t e s C3 s i n g
S i m p l e B e a m T h e o r y . '. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1. P r o g r a m N o m e n c l a t u r e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2. ' P r o g r a m. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3 . Flow Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4. DiscussionofProgram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
C. P r o g r a m f o r U n i d i r e c t i o n a l and C r o s s - stiffened P l a t e s
Using O r t h o t r o p i c T h e o r y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
1. P r o g r a m N o m e n c l a t u r e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2. P r o g r a m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . 24
3 . Flow P a t t e r n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4 . D i s c u s s i o n of P r o g r a m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 a

. 5. Recommendations f o r Improving the P r o g r a m . . . . . . . 27

ACKNOWLEDGMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
' I
 NOMENCLATURE

Width of plate in x-direction, o r radius of plate

Maximum allowable distance between stiffeners
Distance between stiffeners in y-direction
Width of plate in y-direction
~ i s t a n c ebetween stiffeners in x-direction
Torsional rigidity of one stiffener (= GJ)
Eh'
, f l e x u r a l rigidity of isotropic plate
12(1 -vZ)

Rigidity constants of orthotropic plate

E1zh% ~,lh% Ezzhi3
Dl = 7' Dx = - 12 l D y = 1 2

Torsional rigidity of plate without stiffener

Modulus of elasticity
Modulus of e l a i t i c i t y in shear {= ~ / [ 2 ( l+v)])
Thickness of isotropic plate

Dl + 2Dxy
Combination height of -plate and stiffener
Thickness of orthotropic plate, o r "equivalent"
thickness of orlholropically-stiffened plate
Moment of inertia of a T-section of width a l o r bl ( ~ i 2)~ .
Moment of inertia of one stiffener about principal ?-axis,
E-axis ( I =~hct3/12, I[ = th;/l2)
Torsion constant
Bending moment
Number of stiffeners
Applied uniform load
Width of c r o s s section of stiffener
Strain energy due t o bending
Total potential energy of plate
Deflection of plate

Section modulus of T - b e a m

Strain
Variation of a function
~ o i s s o ns' r a t i o of isotropic plate
Stress
Potcntial energy of external load
 STRESS ANALYSIS OF' REINFORCED CIRCULAR
ANDRECTANGULARFLATPLATES'

'
J a m e s L . S . Chen, Chia-shing L a i ,
and Donald A..-!Moen

ABSTRACT

A s e t of m a t h e m a t i c a l m o d e l s h a s been c o n s t r u c t e d
f o r applying orthotropic plate t h e o r y t o the c a s e of p l a t e s
with attached r i b s o r s t i f f e n e r s .

The p r o c e d u r e f o r obtaining a n optimum d e s i g n of

p l a t e s h a s been given f o r a d e s i r e d deflection limitation.
Two s e t s of c o m p u t e r p r o g r a m s , one f o r applying s i m p l e
b e a m t h e o r y t o the deflection of p l a t e s a s a n a p p r o a c h , and
the o t h e r f o r orthotropic plate t h e o r y , have been w r i t t e n i n
FORTRAN I1 language to d e t e r m i n e the optimum c o s t . A
n u m e r i c a l example h a s been executed by IBM- 1 6 2 0 c o m -
p u t e r . The r e s u l t s indicate t h a t Lhe two a p p r o a c h e s a r e i n
r e a s o n a b l y good a g r e e m e n t .

I . INTRODUCTION

In designing p l a t e s f o r vacuum o r p r e s s u r e v e s s e l s , e i t h e r stiffened

o r unstiffened p l a t e s m a y be u s e d . It i s well-known that the h i g h e r the
p r e s s u r e applied, the g r e a t e r the t h i c k n e s s r e q u i r e d . T h i s i s c o s t l y and
a l s o l e a d s t o s e v e r e t h e r m a l s t r e s s , f o r i n s t a n c e , i n t h e c a s e of f l a t p l a t e s
on b o i l e r s . I t i s , t h e r e f o r e , of i n t e r e s t t o u s e , i n m o s t c a s e s , stiffened
p l a t e s i n s t e a d of t h e ' f l a t , r e l a t i v e l y thick, unstiffened p l a t e s t h a t would be
r e q u i r e d . Stiffened p l a t e s c a n be c o n s t r u c t e d by using b a r s o r b e a m s
welded to f l a t p l a t e s . T h i s , however, i n c r e a s e s labor c o s t s i n both cutting
and welding.

T h i s r e p o r t p r e s e n t s a m a t h e m a t i c a l a n a l y s i s of s t r e s s e s and d e -
f l e c t i o r ~ sirlduced i n f l a t p l a t e s a s well a s i n stiffened p l a t e s f o r which a n
optimum d e s i g n m a y be obtained.-

T h e m a t h e m a t i c a l a n a l y s i s of t h i s p r o b l e m i s b a s e d upon a n appli-
cation of orthotropic plate t h e o r y to the c a s e of p l a t e s with a t t a c h e d r i b s
o r s t i f f e n e r s . It i s a s s u m e d t h a t an orthogonally- stiffened i s o t r o p i c p l a t e
i s equivalent t o an orthotropic p l a t e . T h i s type of application w a s introduced
by s c h a d e 1 t o stiffened bottom s t r u c t u r e s i n s h i p s and by ~ e c k td ' aircraft
design.
i'
 In t h i s a n a l y s i s , the. s m a l l - d e f l e c t i o n t h e o r y i s u s e d , and i t i s
a s s u m e d t h a t t h e d e f l e c t i o n i s c a u s e d by bending due t o u n i f o r m load alone
and t h a t t h e r e i s no bending c a u s e d by heating.

S i n c e e x p e r i m e n t s on r e c t a n g u l a r p l a t e s with u n i f o r m load and

s i m p l y - s u p p o r t e d edges have shown t h a t t h e d a n g e r o u s s e c t i o n i s approxi-
m a t e l y a diagonal s e c t i o n , except f o r a plate i n which a >> b , it i s m o r e
effective t o stiffen the p l a t e diagonally. However, t h i s a r r a n g e m e n t of
s t i f f e n e r s i n t r o d u c e s t h e difficulty of applying t h e o r t h o t r d p i c p l a t e t h e o r y
t o t h e p r o b l e m . The method t h e r e f o r e r e c o m m e n d e d in t h i s r e p o r t i s
l i m i t e d t o orthogonal r e i n f o r c e m e n t . In t h e f o r m e r c a s e , a n a p p r o x i m a t e
solution m a y be obtained, using s i m p l e b e a m t h e o r y a s a guide, by dividing
t h e diagonally- stiffened Glates into s e c t i o n and t r e a t i n g t h e s e p l a t e s a s a
T - b e a m . This a p p r o a c h , in addition t o the urlllulrupic-thttury a P p r o $ c h ,
i s a l s o u s e d in t h e c a s e of unidirectionally-stiffened p l a t e s s o t h a t a c o m -
p a r i s o n of t h e s e two m a y b e m a d e .

C i r c u l a r p l a t e s a r e c o n s i d e r e d a s w e l l a s r e c t a n g u l a r p l a t e s . One-
way r e i n f o r c e m e n t and c r o s s r e i n f o r c e m e n t a r e u s e d in both c a s e s ( ~ i ~1 s .
and 2 ) . F o r a given allowable deflection b e c a u s e of p r a c t i c a l r e a s o n s , t h e r e
e x i s t s a s e t of p l a t e - s t i f f e n e r combinations t h a t e n s u r e t h e d e s i r e d l i m i t a -
t i o n . A d i g i t a l - c o m p u t e r pr.ogram i s found t o be helpful f o r obtaining t h e
o p t i m u m design.

Fig. 1. One-way-stiffened Plates

 Fig. 2. Cross-stiffened Plates

11. MATHEMAT.1CAL FORMULATION

A. Rectangular P l a t e s

T o apply t h e a n a l y s i s given f o r o r t h o t r o p i c p l a t e s t o stiffened p l a t e s ,

t h e following a s s u m p t i o n s m a y be made:

( 1 ) The stiffened plate h a s t h r e e planes of s y m m e t r y with r e s p e c t

to its elastic properties.

(2) The s t i f f e n e r s a r e identical and equally orthogonally s p a c e d .

(3) The bending and twisting s t i f f n e s s f a c t o r s do not depend on the

boundary conditions of t h e stiffened plate.

*
B a s e d upon Assumption ( I ) , t h e s t r e s s - s t r a i n r e l a t i o n of t h e o r t h o t r o p i c
p l a t e f o r the c a s e of plane s t r e s s c a n b c w r i t t e n in the following t e n s o r
notation:

It i s notbd t h a t P'. . = E j i , due t o the orthotropic p r o p e r t i e s of t h e p l a t e .

1J
T h e r e f o r e , t h e r e a r e f o u r independent c o n s t a n t s , E l l , El*, EZ2,and E66,
r e a d y t o be d e t e r m i n e d e i t h e r t h e o r e t i c a l l y 3 o r e x p e r i m e n t a l l y 4 in t e r m s
of Dx, H, and Dy in Equation ( 2 ) .
 T h e E u l e r differential equation5 governing the deflection of . a n ortho-
t r o p i c p l a t e in which bending action i s dominant m a y be w r i t t e n in the e x -
p r e s s ion ( f o r d e r i v a t i o n by using t h e v a r i a t i o n a l method, s e e Appendix A)

DxWx-x + 2=!Wxxyy + DyWyyyy = q. (2)

F o r a s i m p l y - supported r e c t a n g u l a r plate, t h e f o r c e d boundary conditions

a r e , taking the c o o r d i n a t e a x e s a s shown i n F i g . 1,

W = 0, a t x = 0 a n d , x = a;
(34
W = 0, a t y = 0 and y = b;

and the n a t u r a l boundary conditions ( s e e Appendix A) a r e

Wyy = 0, a t y = 0 andy = b. J
T h e N a v i e r type solution of Equation (2) t h a t s a t i s f i e s the boundary con-
ditions ( 3 a ) ,and (3b) w a s p r e s e n t e d by Timoshenko and ~ o i n o w s k y - k r i e g e r 5
in the f o r m

Sin -
m7Tx
a
Sin -
n7TY.
h
1 (4)
mn(- m 4 2m2n2 n
t -H t - D y )
x6 4 I
'D,
m=i,3,5, ... n=i,3?5, ... a4 a2b2 b4

w h e r e m and 'n a r e i n t e g e r n u m b e r s . T.he m a x i m u m deflection of the plate

o c c u r s a t i t s c e n t e r and i s found t o b e

, ( - l ) + ( n i l n )- 1
- -
Wmax n6 2m2n2 (5) ,

H t $Dy)
a2b2
m=1,3,5, ... n=1,3,'5,...

Observing that t h i s i s a rapidly converging s e r i e s , we m a y obtain a high

d e g r e e of a c c u r a c y by taking only the f i i s t t e r m of the s e r i e s . T h u s , it*
follows t h a t

- -16 9 1
' Wmax -
7T6
- 2H
Dx t-t-
a* a2b2 b4
 In the c a s e of an isotropic flat plate Dx = H = Dy = D, Equation (6)
reduces t o

The maximum bending s t r e s s occurs at the c e n t e r of the simply-

supported plate. If a >
b , it i s f o u n d that My>M,. The u s e of E q ~ l a t i o n( 4 )
5
and the e x p r e s s i o n ,

- oY zdz = - ( D ~ W ~ ~ + D ~ W ~ ~ ) ,
MY - J- ho/2

gives the maximum bending moment at the c e n t e r of the plate. This follows,
a f t e r using the f i r s t one- t e r m approximation, X

where

'
Thus, the corresponding maximum bending s t r e s s , which m u s t not exceed
proportional limit s t r e s s , op, i s

Again, in the p a r t i c u l a r c a s e of isotropic flat plate, ho = h , Dx =

Dy = .H = D, and Dl = vD, Equation (9) becomes

It i s known that i f the elastic constant E i j o r the f l e x u r a l rigidity

constants D, Dx, 14, a i d Dy a r e defined by either t h e o r e t i c a l or experimental
-
methods, the problem m a y be solved with no difficulties by using Equa-
tions ( 6 ) , ( 7 ) , ( 8 ) , ( 9 ) , and (10). ~ x ~ r e s s i o for n s ~the values of the rigidities
in s o m e c a s e s of p r a c t i c a l i n t e r e s t m a y be taken, assuming that the s t i f -
f e n e r s in both directions a r e identical and that the material's of thk plating
and the stiffeners a r e the same:
 ( 1 ) F l a t plate:

( 2 ) One-way .stiffened p l a t e ( F i g . 1):

"
Dx =

Dl
I3alh3
+
12(al - I: a3t)' D~ -
- EI

- 0 (neglected t h e effect of' the t r a n s v e r s e c o n t r a c t i o n ) ; '1 ( 1 2)

( 3 ) C r o s s - stiffened plate ( ~ i g 2):

.

Dl - f O (neglected t h e e f f e c t of t h e t i a n s v e r s e contraction); } (13)

If a v e r y n a r r o w c r o s s s e c t i o n i s a s s i g n e d t o t h e s t i f f e n e r , the l a t e r a l
buckling m u s t b e t a k e n into conside'ration. In the. c a s e of a s i m p l y - s u p p o r t e d
b e a m with n a r r o w r e c t a n g u l a r c r v s s section, thc c r i t i c a l value nf t h e uni-
f o r m d i s t r i b u t e d load i s given by the formtilab
. .

Note t h a t f o r one-way stiffened p l a t e , bl = b . By o b s e r v i n g t h a t t h e m a x i -

m u m bending m o m e n t acting on t h e c e n t e r of the b e a m ' i s qilb:/8 and t h a t
' t h e s e c t i o n modulus i s 21~/h,, t h e m a x i m u m bending s t r e s s , if w = 0.3, i s

T h i s r e s u l t shows - t h a t buckling m a y o c c u r only if t h e r a t i o t2/hCbl i s v e r y

s m a l l f o r a given n i a t e r i a l , s a y , s t e e l . T h i s c r i t i c a l s t . r e s s , O c r 1 m u s t not
t , f o r example, a p = 55,000 p s i f o r s t e e l .
e x c e e d t h e p r o p o r t i o n a l l i ~ ~ i iap;
, T h u s , t h e r a t i d t2/hcbl i s found t o be 0.000834. .
 T h e m a x i m u m p e r m i s s i b l e d i s t a n c e , a t , between s t i f f e n e r s i s d e t e r -
,.
mined by the f a c t t h a t the m a x i m u m bekding s t r e s s b c d u r r i n g in t h e p l a t e
i s equal t o , o r l e s s than, the d e s i g n ( p r o p o r t i o n a l l i m i t ) s t r e s s of the plate
m a t e r i a l . The c a s e of a plate with s i m p l y - s u p p o r t e d edges i s c o n s i d e r e d
s i n c e t h i s c a s e i s known to be on the s a f e s i d e , while the c a s e of a plate
with built-in edges i s not. In the f o r m e r c a s e , the m a x i m u m bending s t r e s s ,
which o c c u r s a t t h e c e n t e r of the plate and m u s t not b e beyond the p r o p o r -
t i o n a l l i m i t , ap, i s

where

Mmax = P q a t 2 , ( 17)

in which /3 i s a n u m e r i c a l f a c t o r depending on t h e r a t i o b l / a l . S e v e r a l
values of t h i s f a c t o r i n t h e c a s e of bl 2 a ' a r e given i n the following table:

Equating Equations ( 1 6) and ( 1 7 ) , the m a x i m u m allowable d i s t a n c e between

s t i f f e n e r s i s given .in t h e e x p r e s s i o n

The l e a s t n u m b e r of s t i f f e n e r s follows i m m e d i a t e l y f r o m t h e i n f o r m a t i o n
given by Equation ( 1 8 ) . The a c t u a l d i s t a n c e between s t i f f e n e r s , a l , which
m u s t not excccd a t , i s give11 in the l u r . r r l

w h e r e n i s t h e n u m b e r of s t i f f e n e r s .
 With the m a t h e m a t i c a l models f o r m u l a t e d i n t h i s r e p o r t , t h e design
-
f o r stiffened and unstiffened p l a t e s a r e d e s c r i b e d in Section 111.

Circular Plates

Since the deflection a t any point of the c i r c u l a r plate which c a r r i e s a

u n i f o r m l y - d i s t r i b u t e d load i s a function of i t s r a d i a l coordinate r , a s i m p l e
solutionrof Equation (2) c a n be obtained in the c a s e of a c i r c u l a r plate s i m p l y -
supported on the edge and c a r r y i n g a u n i f o r m load q. he e x p r e s s i o n of the
deflection s u r f a c e , f o r t h e c a s e Dx = Dy, is I

i n which

and

s a t i s f i e s Equation (2) and the r e q u i r e d boundary conditions:

= at = a)forced boundary conditions; (21a) .

W r = O a t r = U

DIWr t DxrWrr = 0 s t r = a
n a t u r a l boundary c u n d i t i ~ n s (2
. lb)
r-co (.Wrrr
Lim t wrr - >) = 0

T h e m a x i m u m deflection a t the c e n t e r of t h e plate i s

F o r a n i s o t r o p i c f l a t plate, Equation (22) r e d u c e s t o

T h e m a x i m u m bending moment f o r a n i s o t r o p i c f l a t plate i s

(Mr) = ( ~ t ) -- -3 t v qa2.
max max 16
T h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g m a x i m u m bending s t r e s s i s

6 ( ~ ,m
) a x - 3( 3 + v) qa2
-
- -
- -
(or)ma ('t) m a x
h2 8h2

In designing a stiffened circu1,ar plate, Equations ( 1 l ) , ( 12), ( 13),

( 1 4 ) , (15), ( 1 6 ) , .(17), (18), and (19) a r e unchanged a n d t h e d e s i g n p r o c e d u r e s
a r e the s a m e a s f o r r e c t a n g u l a r p l a t e d e s c r i b e d in Sectioil 111.

111. PROCEDURES FOR OPTIMUM DESIGN

In designing a vacuum o r p r e s s u r e v e s s e l , the m a x i m u m deflection

of the p l a t e o r i t s m a x i m u m slope a t t h e boundary i s r e s t r i c t e d by . s o m e
p r a c t i c a l r e a s o n s ( e . g . , t o avoid a l e a k between the plate and t h e w a l l of ,
the v e s s e l ) . Accordingly, i t i s of i n t e r e s t t o a s s u m e a n allowable m a x i m u m
deflection o r a n allowable m a x i m u m slope a t t h e boundary. With this given
information, the p r o c e d u r e s i n d e t e r m i n i n g t h e optimum d e s i g n f o r r e c -
t a n g u l a r p l a t e s a r e a s follows:

( 1 ) U s e Equation (.7) t o d e t e r m i n e t h e t h i c k n e s s of f l a t plate, h .

( 2 ) Substitute t h e value of' h into Equation (10) t o m a k e s u r e that
( G ~m
) a x 5 Up ( = 55,000 p ~ i - f o .rs t e e l ) . If (oy),,, > opJ it i s n e c e s s a r y t o
i n c r e a s e -h accordingly.
(3). S e l e c t , f r o m a s t a n d a r d handbook, a value f i r h s m a l l e r than
t h a t obtained i n ' s t e p ( 1 ) .

( 4 ) U s e Equation (18) to d e t e r m i n e the l e a s t n u m b e r of s t i f f e n e r s .

( 5 ) U s e Equation (19) t o c a l c u l a t e the a c t u a l d i s t a n c e , a l , between
stiffeners.
( 6 ) S e l e c t a s e t of s t a n d a r d s t i f f e n e r s f r o m t h e handbook, .put t h o s e
v a l u e s of t h e i r . d i m e n s i o n s into Equation ( 15) f o r buckling t e s t , and t h r o w
away " u s e l e s s " s t i f f e n e r s .

( 7 ) Substitute t h e values of Steps ( 3 ) , ( 5 ) , and ( 6 ) into Equations (12)

and ( 1 3 ) .

( 8 ) Substitute t h e r e s u l t s of S t e p s ( 3 ) , ( 5 ) ) and ( 6 ) into t h e equation

omax = M , ~ Z 5 op f o r m a x i m u m bending s t r e s s , t e s t on t h e T - b e a m .

( 9 ) Substitute the r e s u l t s of Steps (7) and ( 8 ) into Equation ( 6 ) t o

check the m a x i m u m allowable deflection.

(1.0) S e l e c t v a r i o u s values f o r h , and r e p e a t S t e p s (4) t o ( 9 ) .

( 1 1) F r o m the knowledge of the above 'findings . ( a f a m i l y of combina-
t i o n s of p l a t e and s t i f f e n e r ) , d e t e r m i n e t h e optimum c o s t f o r a given con-
dition of.the p l a t e a c c o r d i n g t o t h e f o r m u l a
 c o s t = AX + B Y + JZ,
where

A = unit c o s t of m a t e r i a l , $/lb,
B = unit c o s t of cutting, $/in.2,
J = unit c o s t of welding, $/in.,
X = weight of m a t e r i a l u s e d , lb,
Y = a r e a of cutting r e q u i r e d , in. 2 ,
and
Z = length of welding r e q u i r e d , in.

A digital p r o g r a m ( ~ ~ ~ e nCd) ih axs been set up f o r t h i s p r o b l e m

" b e c a u s e of i t s i t e r a t i v e n a t u r e .

T h e optimum design p r o c e d u r e f o r r e c t a n g u l a r p l a t e s i s applicable

f o r , c i r c u l a r p l a t e s , e&cept t h a t Equations (22), ( 2 3 ) , and (25) a r e u s e d in-
s t e a d of Equations ( 6 ) , ( 7 ) , and (1.0), r e s p e c t i v e l y .

IV. RES'CTLTS AND DISCUSSIONS

A s an e x a m p l e p r o b l e m , a 16- x 24-in. plate w a s designed t o with-

s t a n d a design p r e s s u r e of 20 p s i with a m a x i m u m allowable slope a t the
boundary of 0.0104. ?'he m a t e r i a l was taken t u b e T-y.pe 304 stainlcoo ~ t e e l
throughout, and the design s t r e s s was s e t at t h e yield s t r e s s of 55,000 p s i .
F o r t h i s p r o b l e m , t h e orthotropic a p p r o a c h indicated that the m o s t economi-
c a l design was a unidirectianally- stiffened 0.15625- in. -thick plate with one
0.1875- x 1 . 5 - i n . - t h i c k p l a t e s t i f f e n e r . The indicated c o s t of t h i s solution
w a s $29.35, and t h e m a x i m u m bending s t r e s s was 50,343 ps,i. F o r t h e
c r o s s - stiffened c a s e , t h e m o s t economical solutiull was a 0.125-in. p l a t e ,
stiffened by one s t i f f e n e r i n each d i r e c t i o n . The optimum s t i f f e n e r dimen-
s i o n s w e r e again 0.1875 x 1 . 5 i n . , but t h i s t i m e the c o s t was $34.35 and t h e
m a x i m u m s t r e s s was 52,192 p s i .

T h e s i m p l e b e a m t h e o r y a p p r o a c h f o r the unidirectional solution

produced a 0.125-in.-thick plate stiffened by two 0.1875- x 1 . 5 - i n . s t i f -
f e n e r s at a c o s t of $31.04 and a m a x i m u m s t r e s s of 35,621 p s i . T h e s e c o s t
f i g u r e s c o m p a r e t o a n unstiffene'd-plate c o s t of $73.70 f o r t h e 0.5-in. flat
plate required.

It c a n b e s e e n t h a t t h e s i m p l e b e a m t h e o r y i s m o r e c o n s e r v a t i v e ,
a s one would expect. ow ever; t h e s i m p l e b e a m t h e o r y i s only f o r deflection
c o n s i d e r a t i o n s and f o r calculating s t r e s s i n t h e equivalerlt p l a t e and s t i f f e n c r
s e c t i o n s , which a r e c o n s i d e r e d a s s i m p l e T - b e a m s . The d i s t a n c e between
s t i f f e n e r s i s governed by s t r e s s in the p l a t e i t s e l f . T h u s , t h i s d i s t a n c e
depends on the a s s u m p t i o n s m a d e concerning the boundary conditions of
a plate s e c t i o n between s t i f f e n e r s . T h e o r e t i c a l l y , the a s sumption of two
edges built i n and the two edges s i m p l y supported should be the m o s t con-
s e r v a t i v e , and t h i s t h e o r y s e e m s t o be substantiated by t h e r e s u l t s . Also,
t h i s a s sumption p r o d u c e s excellent a g r e e m e n t between t h e plate t h i c k n e s s
a t which s t i f f e n e r s a r e no longer r e q u i r e d and t h e t h e o r e t i c a l value f o r a n
i s o t r o p i c unstilfened plate. F o r the c a s e of c r o s s s t i f f e n e r s , however, a l l
edges a r e obviously i n t h e s a m e condition, and t h e a s s u m p t i o n t h a t a l l edges
a r e s i m p l y supported should b e m a d e t o ' b e on t h e s a f e s i d e . T h i s a s s u m p -
tion w a s m a d e f o r t h e orthotropic a p p r o a c h i n which c r o s s s t i f f e n e r s w e r e
included.

Using t h e orthotropic a p p r o a c h , it w a s noted t h a t r e s u l t s could be

obtained with no s t i f f e n e r s b e f o r e t h e p l a t e t h i c k n e s s was g r e a t enough t o
s e r v e a s a n unstiffened plate. Obviously a n explanation i s in o r d e r . The
f o r m of t h e equations f o r orthotropic rigidity c o n s t a n t s changes f o r a n un-
stiffened p l a t e . T h e r e f o r e , a n unstiffened plate of l e s s than the r e q u i r e d
t h i c k n e s s might p a s s t h e deflection t e s t b e c a u s e the t e s t w a s no longer
working p r o p e r l y . The question then b e c o m e s one of explaining why t h e
m a x i m u m d i s t a n c e between s t i f f e n e r s b e c a m e s o l a r g e when it c e r t a i n l y
a p p e a r s t h a t s t i f f e n e r s a r e n e c e s s a r y . . The a n s w e r i s probably t h a t a m o r e
c o n s e r v a t i v e a s s u m p t i o n concerning s t r e s s i n t h e p l a t e i s in o r d e r . It
would be i n t e r e s t i n g t o t r y the orthotropic a p p r o a c h using the a s s u m p t i o n
of a plate s e c t i o n with two edges built in, a s was done i n the s i m p l e b e a m
theory approach.

Although t h i s group did not g e t t o the point w h e r e m u c h w o r k w a s '

done with c i r c u l a r p l a t e s , both of the p r o g r a m s could quite e a s i l y be ex-
tended t o c i r c u l a r p l a t e s a s indicated i n Section I1 of t h i s r e p o r t .
 APPENDIX A
D e r i v a t i o n s of E u l e r E q u a t i o n and N a t u r a l Boundary
Conditions f o r Orthotropic P l a t e s '

T h e s t r a i n e n e r g y of a n o r t h o t r o p i c p l a t e b e c a u s e of bending a l o n e
i s g i v e n by the e x p r e s s i o n

T h e p o t e n t i a l e n e r g y of e x t e r n a l load i s

1;2 = - J S q W d x d y . (A- 2 )

In s m a l l d e f l e c t i o n t h e o r y , m e m b r a k e effect c a n b e n e g l e c t e d ; i f t h e r e i s no
bending c a u s e d by h e a t i n g , t h e t o t a l p o t e n t i a l e n e r g y of the p l a t e m a y be
written a s t

Thus,

By 1.1si.ng t.he p r o c e d u r e s of Lhe c a l c u l u s of variation;the L u l e r equation for

t h e double i n t e g r a l '

A c c o r d i n g l y , E q u a t i o n s (A- 3 ) and ( A - 4 ) y i e l d the E u l e r d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a -

tion f o r the o r t h o t r o p i c p l a t e ,

T o d e t e r m i n e t h e n a t u r a l boundary c o n d i t i o n s , the following r e l a t i o n s

which a r e a l s o d e r i v e d by t h e v a r i a t i o n a l method may L e u s e d :
r)['-$(&x)-$.(~yj'= 0, a t x = O i n d x = a;
.. 1
3F = 0, at y = 0 a n d y = b;

The b r a c k e t e d e x p r e s s i o n s in Equation (A-6) m u s t vanish if the values of r ) , r),,

and q y a r e u n r e s t r i c t e d by f o r c e d boundary conditions. F o r s i m p l y -
supported rectangular p l a t e s , the value of the v a r i a t i o n a l function r ) on the
boundaries i s z e r o . T h e r e f o r e , the n a t u r a l b,oundary conditions of the plate
follow f r o m the second and fourth e x p r e s s i o n s of Equation (A-6),

D,W, +D ~ =w
O', ~a t x~ = 0 and x = a ;

~ ~ w ~ ~ + n , w , = aot ,y = o a n d y = b ;

observing that Wxx and W y y m u s t vanish a t y = 0 and y = b , and x = 0 and

x = a , respectively. Consequently, the n a t u r a l boundary conditions f o r the
simply supported e d g e s of the plate reduce to

Wxx = 0 , a t x = 0 a n d x = a;
(3b)
Wyy = 0 , at y = O a n d y ' = b.

As might be expected, W, = 0 and,Wyy = 0 a r e equivale'nt to having bend-

ing m o m e n t s Mx = 0 and My = 0 along e d g e s , r e s p e c t i v e l y .
 APPENDIX B
P r o g r a m f o r Unidirectionally- stiffened P l a t e s Using Sirrlple Beam T h e o r y

1 P r o g r a m Nomenclature

H(1) = thickness' of plate ( s u b s c r i p t e d )

N1 = the n u m b e r of H(1) values e n t e r e d on the d a t a c a r d s
WIDTH(K) = width of r e c t a n g u l a r s t i f f e n e r s
N2 = the n u m b e r of WIDTH(K) v a l u e s e n t e r e d on the data c a r d s
THICK(K,L) = height of s t i f f e n e r s
N3 = the m a x i m u m numbhr of THICK(K,L) val;cs entered nn the
d a t a c a r d s for. e a c h value of WIDTH(K)
A = "x" d i m e n s i o n of plate
B = " y " d i m e n s i o n of plate, (A .) B )
"NU = Poisson's ratio (v)
S L = m a x i m u m allowable slope of plate a t the edges
DEN = m a t e r i a l weight density
VPRI = p r i c e of m a t e r i a l in $/lb -

CPRI :
: p r i c e of cutting i.n $/in. 2

WPRI = of. welding i n $/in.

C! = d e s i g n prcssi.lre ( n r va.c~ium)of vessel
PI = a I

HU = the t h i c k n e s s of unstiffened plate r e q u i r e d to m e e t deflection

criteria
HNEAR = the s t a n d a r d plate t h i c k n e s s whicll is n e a r e s t to HU but
above i t i f p o s s i b l e
E = Young's ~nodulus
YIELD = d e s i g n stres;; t h i s may o r m a y not b e the m a t e r i a l yield
s t r e s s depending on the . f a c t o r of safety r e q u i r e d
COST = c o s t of m a t e r i a l + c o s t of cutting + c o s t of welding
DMAX = m a x i m u m allowable d i s t a n c e between s t i f f e n e r s ' .
M A r AM = n u m b e r of s t i f f e n e r s r e q u i r e d
DACT = a c t u a l c e n t e r - t o - c e n t e r d i s t a n c e between s t i f f e n e r s
 Neutral a x i s

a a

Equivalent T -beam

RI = r e q u i r e d moment of i n e r t i a about a x i s 0-0 to m e e t deflec-

tion r e q u i r e m e n t s
A I . = actual moment of i n e r t i a of T - b e a m about a x i s a - a
Y = :distance f r o m 0-0 to a - a
01 = actual moment of i n e r t i a about a x i s 0-0

SIG = bending s t r e s s
CRIT = c r i t i c a l s t r e s s in buckling

2. P r o g r a m

The p r o g r a m written in FORTRAN I1 language for r e c t a n g u l a r uni,dir e c -

tionally- stiffened plates, using s i m p l e b e a m theory i s a s follows:

C MOEN, CHEN, LA!, HECT. U N I D I R ~ S T I F F E N E D P L A T E S

1 FORMAT ( 6 F 1 0 . 5 )
3 FORMAT ( 2 F i 0 . 0 )
3 FORMAT ( 1 3 H U N S T l F F E N E D , 3 F i o , 5 )
6 FORMAT ( 3 1 4 )
7 FORMAT ( 7 F 1 0 . 5 )
DIMENSION H ( ~ O ) , W I D T H ( ~ ~ ) ~ T H I C K ( ~ O ~ ~ O ~ ~ G ( ~ ) , ~ ( ~ )
READ 6 r N l n 1 ' i 2 r N 3
R E A D E,E, Y IELD
READ ~ , A I B , A N U , S L , D E N B V P R ~ I C P R I ~ W P R I
READ 1, ( H ( l ) r l = l r N I )

1 0 READ 7 r ( T H I C K ( K , b ) r L = l r b 3 )
READ 1.0
P1=391416
HU=(192r+(lr*ANU**2)*Q*A++4*B++3/(S~*E*(A+*2*B**2)**2+P~**~))*+
1(1*/3*)
DO 9 l = i ~ N l
1101
I F (H(1)pHU) 9.12r12
9 CONTINUE
12 HNEARsH(I1)
- -. C O S T = A * B * H N E A R * D E N * V P R I + I A + @ ) * H N E A R + C P R I
PUNCH ~ ~ H U , H N E A R ~ C O S T
G(1)=,0833
G(218.0842
G(3)=,0822
G(4)3*081(1
- G(5)=.0794
G(6)=,0771
G(7)=,0739
C(l)=4.
C(2)02.
C(3)=1*5
-- C(4)=1.4
C(5)=1*3
 . .
2 4 CONTINUE

45 COST~(A*B*H(~)*UEN+WIUTH(K~*THICK~K,L)*~~*AM*DENJ*VPRI+((A+RJ*
IH(I)*WIDTH(K)*THICK(KBL)+AM)*CPAI+~~*~*AM*WPRI
PUNCH 5 , H ( I ) ~ W I ~ T H ~ K ) ~ T H I C K ( K ~ L ) , C O S T ~ A M ~ S I G , D A C T
5 FORMAT ( 1 i H IJNI S T I F F r 3 F l 0 . 5 ~ 3 F R . ? r F B . O r F 7 . 3 )
60 C O N T I N U E
61 S T O P
END
3. Flow Diagram
-
-
Read: /
H(I), I = l ! N l
Cnlc.111at.eand Punch:
Width(K), K = 1 , N2
HU, HNEAR, and
Thick(K,L), I< = 1, N2, L = 1, N3 - - b.
C o s t of Unstiffened
Q, E , Yield, N I , N2, N 3
Plate
A, B , ANU, S L , DEN,
VPRI, C P R I , a n d WPRI

1 Assume
+
Calculate:
DMAX, M,
Assume
Wldth(~)
* Assume
Thick(K,L)
-
DACT, and RI
*
A > 4
Middle L o o p
11

O u t e r Loop Inner Loop

t
I

7 1 0 1 , SIC, and
aelt;:
Test
f
excessi.vn
deflection o r
stress
1
If R e i e c t e d

pa:sed { H(I),
I
P u n c hWidth(K),
Thick(K, L), C o s t .
AM, SIC, and DACT
 4. D i s c u s s i o n of P r o g r a m
1. I

T h i s p r o g r a m w a s w r i t t e n f o r the IBM-1620 c o m p u t e r . F o r the

s a k e of s p e e d , the output i s on cards.

T h e method u s e d in t h i s p r o g r a m i s to a s s u m e a combination of .
plate and s t i f f e n e r d i m e n s i o n s and then to t e s t t o s e e if the combination
i s s a t i s f a c t o r y with r e g a r d to deflection, s t r e s s , and buckling c o n s i d e r a -
I
tions. If a given combination i s found to b e s a t i s f a c t o r y , H(I), WIDTH(K),
THICK(K,L), AM, COST, SIG, and DACT a r e punched on a n output c a r d ,
and the c o m p u t e r a s s u m e s a new combination and r e p e a t s t h e s e q u e n c e .
If the given combination i s not s a t i s f a c t o r y , the m a c h i n e i m m e d i a t e l y -
d i s c a r d s i t and t r i e s again. T h u s , the output includes a c o s t f i g u r e f o r
e v e r y s a t i s f a c t o r y combination and the p r o g r a m u s e r c a n o p t i m i z e the
d e s i g n s i m p l y by looking a t t h e COST c o l u m n and picking the s m a l l e s t
figure.

T o u s e the p r o g r a m , a d e s i g n e r m u s t s e l e c t s e v e r a l s t a n d a r d v a l -
u e s of H ( I ) , WIDTH(K), and THICK(K,L) f r o m h i s c a t a l o g and put t h e m on
d a t a c a r d s along with the o t h e r i n d i c a t e d input d a t a . F o r e a c h s t i f f e n e r
WIDTH(K), a s e r i e s of s t i f f e n e r h e i g h t s i s u s e d s o t h a t the a s s u m e d s o l u -
tions c a n c o n s i s t e n t i r e l y of s t a n d a r d - s i z e d m a t e r i a l s . The H(1) v a l u e s
m u s t b e a r r a n g e d i n i n c r e a s i n g o r d e r , with H(1) being the s m a l l e s t and
H(N1) being the l a r g e s t . It i s s u g g e s t e d t h a t a s i m i l a r p r o c e d u r e b e f o l -
lowed .for WIDTH(K) and THICK(K,L). ( A s s u m e , in the following d i s c u s s i o n ,
t h a t t h i s h a s b e e n done.)

T h e c o m p u t e r will f i r s t c a l c u l a t e and punch out HU, HNEAR, and

COST, w h e r e COST, a t t h i s point, i s f o r a n unstiffened p l a t e of t h i c k n e s s
HNEAR. T h e u s e r i s cautioned to note w h e t h e r HNEAR i s g r e a t e r o r l e s s
than HU. If HNEAR i s g r e a t e r , the solution i s v a l i d , but if HU i s g r e a t e r ,
t h i s m e a n s t h a t t h e r e w a s no value of H(1) g r e a t e r than HU and the c o s t
f i g u r e f o r the unstiffened c a s e should b e d i s r e g a r d e d .

T h e c o m p u t e r will now go on to the unidirectionally-stiffened s i t u -

ation. It f i r s t a s s u m e s the ' s m a l l e s t plate t h i c k n e s s H(1) and c a l c u l a t e s
the c o r r e s p o n d i n g DMAX, AM, DACT, and RI. DMAX, AM, and DAC-T a r e
c a l c u l a t e d by c o n s i d e r i n g a s e c t i o n of plate between s t i f f e n e r s to have two
e d -g e s s i m p l y s u p p o r t e d and two e d g e s built i n , a s i l l u s t r a t e d below.
DMAX i s c a l c u l a t e d f r o m the
SIMPLY -SUPPORTED EDGES
AT EDGE OF PLATE c x p r ca aion

( YI E L D ) ( H ( I ) ~ )
DMAX =
(6G(J)Q) '
BUILT-IN EDGES
ALONG STIFFENERS
w h e r e G ( J ) h a s b e e n u s e d to r e p r e -
s e n t y and c o m e s f r o m T a b l e 29 i n
T i m o s h e n k o and Woinowsky-krieger
 T a b l e 29 h a s b e e n - built into the p r o g r a m . s o that the com.puter automatically
s e l e c t s the p r o p e r va1u.e .of G(J). R I is calculated by considering the s t i f -
fened plate to b e m a d e up of a s e r i e s of s i m p l e T - b e a m s and applying s i m -
ple b e a m theory.7 By c o n s i d e r i n g m a x i m u m allowable deflection to b e
SL(B/Z), R I i s dalculated f r o m the equation

where

T h e machine next a s s u m e s the s m a l l e s t values of WIDTH(K) and

THICK(K,L), r e s p e c t i v e l y , and p r o c e e d s to t e s t the new c o m p l e t e s e t of
d i m e n s i o n s . It f i r s t c a l c u l a t e s 01 and c o m p a r e s i t s value to RI. 01 i s c a l -
c u l a t e d f r o m the equations

+
A1 = (DACT) ~ ( 1 ) ~ / 3wIDTH(K) T H I C K ( K , L ) ~ / ~ ,

Y = [WIDTH(K) T H I C K ( K , L ) ~ / -~ (DACT) H ( I ) ~ / ~ ] /
[WIDTH(K) THICK(K,L) (DACT) H(I)], +
and

If 01 is g r e a t e r than RI, the 'deflection t e s t i s s a t i s f l e d and the machine

g o e s on to t e s t f o r bending s t r e s s . Again, using s i m p l e b e a m t h e o r y , m a x i -
m u m , bending s t r e s s i s c a l c u l a t e d f r o m the equation ,

If SIG is l e s s than YIELD, the bending s t r e s s t e s t is s a t i s f i e d and the .

J
c o m p u t e r goes on to the buckling t e s t . GRIT is calculated f r o m the equation

and i s a l s o c o m p a r e d with YIELD. If CRIT i s g r e a t e r than YIELD, the a s -

s u m e d s e t of dim.ensions h a s b e e n found satisfactory.. T h i s being the c a s e ,
t h e q u a n t i t i e s t o b e output a r e punched on a c a r d and the machine a s s u m e s
new combination by going to the next value O ~ - T H I C K ( K , L )If . the given
s e t of dim.ensions f a i l s one of the above t e s t s , the machine i m m e d i a t e l y
d i s c a r d s i t and g o e s d i r e c t l y to the next g r e a t e r value of THICK(K,L).
T h i s s c h e m e c o n t i n u e s 'until a l l the v a l u e s of THICK(K, L ) c o r r e s p o n d i n g
t o the i n i t i a l value of WIDTH(K) have b e e n t r i e d . The m a c h i n e then
i n c r e a s e s the value of WIDTH(K) and m o v e s to a new sequence of THICK(K,
L) v a l u e s . T h i s p r o c e d u r e i s r e p e a t e d until a l l v a l u e s of WIDTH(K) have
been t r i e d , a t which t i m e the c o m p u t e r i n c r e a s e s the value of H(1) and the
e n t i r e sequence i s repeated. When a l l possible combinations of d i m e n s i o n s
have been t r i e d , o r when M b e c o m e s z e r o , p r o c e s s i n g i s complete.
 APPENDIX C

-
P r o g r a m f o r Unidirectional and C r o s s - s t i f f e n e d P l a t e s
Using Orthotropic Theory

1. P r o p r a m Nomenclature

The nomenclature used i n this p r o g r a m i s s i m i l a r 'to that used i n

the p r o g r a m d e s c r i b e d i n Appendix B. Hence, only those symbols which
have been changed o r added a r e l i s t e d h e r e .

MA o r AM = number of s h o r t s t i f f e n e r s ( s t i f f e n e r s p a r a l l e l to the
B dimension)
M B o r BM = number of long s t i f f e n e r s ( s t i f f e n e r s p a r a l l e l to the
A dimension)
DACTA = a c t u a l c e n t e r - t o - c e n t e r distance betwee'n short s t i f f e n e r s
DACTB = a c t u a l c e n t e r - t o - c e n t e r d i s t a n c e between long s t i f f e n e r s
WMAX = m a x i m u m allowable deflection a t the 'center of the plate .

G = modulus of e l a s t i c i t y i n s h e a r
DX = D, ( ~ q u a t i o n s11, 12, and 13)
D Y = Dy (Equations 12 and 13)
HCON = H ( ~ q u a t i o n s12 and 13)
DPRIM = D' quati ti on 8b)
W = a c t u a l deflection al: the c e ~ l l e r u. l the plate

2. Program

The p r o g r a m w r i t t e n in FORTRAN I1 language for unidirectionally-

and c r o s s -stiffened r e c t a n g u l a r p l a t e s , using orthotropic plate theory, i s
a s follows:

c H O E N , CHEiV,. L A 1, HECTANGLJLAR P L A T E S
DIMENSION H ( ~ O ) ~ W ~ I ~ T H ( ~ ~ ~ ~ T H I C K ( ~ O ~ ~ O ~ I R E T A ( ~ ~ ) ~ C ~ I ~
I FORRAT (6F10.5)
2 FORMAT ( 2 F 1 0 . 0 )
3 FORMAT ( 1 J H ~ J ~ S T I F F E N E D ~ 3 F 1 0 . 5 )
6 FORMAT ( 3 1 4 )
7 FORMAT ( 7 F 1 0 . 5 ) I. .
READ 6 , b ~ i r N 2 r N 3
READ 3 r F r Y I E L D
REAlj I D A D ~ ~ A N U D S ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ V P ~ I , C ~ R I , W P R I
R E A D I#(H(I),l:l,NJ 1
READ l r ( ~ 1 D T H ( K ) r K = l r N 2 ) ----+-
DO 1 0 K = l r N 2
10 REAU 7 , ( T H I C K ( K r L ) r L = l r h 3 )
READ 1 . 6
 COST=A*B*HNE~R~~DEN*VPRI+(A+Q)*HNEAR*C~R~
PUNCH ~ ~ M U ~ H N E A R # C O S T
YHAX=SC*H/2r
G=E/(?.*(I.+ANu))
BET~(i)=,125
BETA(2)=*1246
BETA(3)=*1?35
BETA(4)=*1189
RETA(5)=e1017
RETA(6)=*0985
BETA(7)=*094!l
BEfA(B)=,090fl
BETA(9)=,UA6?
BETA(10)=~0R22
BETA(il)=*0755
BFTA(13)=*0694
BETA(13)=r0627
REPA($4)=*0554
t BFPA(15)=r0479
C(1)=10,
C(2105.
- (3)14.
C(41~3,
C(5)=2,
C(61~1.9
C(7)31e8
C(8)~1*7
C(9)=1.6
C(l0)01r5
C(1%)&1.4
C(12)o1.3
C(i3)=$,2
C(14)=lrl
C(15)=P.
DO 6 0 I = S r N l
DO 2 4 J c l r l 5
DMAX~(YIELD*H(I)**~/(~,*~ETA(J)*Q~)**~~
I F (C(J)-B/DMAX)25,25#24 l

24 CONTINUE
2 5 MA=A/DMAX
If(O~MA)26,61r61
7 6 A'M=MA
RACTAEA/(AM+~O
DO 6 0 K = I o N ' L
DO 6 0 I = r l r N 3
IF ( 0 ~ ~ T H I C K ( K ~ L ) ~ 2 7 r 6 0 ~ 6 0
27 A I ~ ~ A C T A * H ( I ) * * ~ / ~ , * W I D T H ( K ) * T H I C K ( K I L ) * * ~ / ~ ~
Y=(W!DPH(K)*THICK(KRL).**~/?~~DACTA*H(I)**~/~~)~
I(WIDTH(K)*THICK(K~L)+DACTA*H(I))
 OI=AI-(WIDTH(K)*ThIUN(KrL)+DACTA*H(I))*Y**2
SIG=Q*DACIA*R**~*(THICK(KDL)-Y)/~~,*OI)
I F ( Y I ~ L D - S I G ) ~ O D ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
4 2 CRIT=2,19H*dIUTH(K)**2*E/((THICK(KaL)+H(I))*B)
I F (CHIT-SIG)6nr45r45
45 DX=E*DACTA*H~I)**~/~~~~*(OACTA-U~IDTH(K)+(H(I)/(~(~)+TH!CK(K~L)))**
,13*W I D T H ( K ) 1 )
DY~E+WIDTH(~)*THICK(KDL)**~/(?~~*DACT~)
HCON=2s*H(I)**3*R*G/3a+6*TH~CK(h~L)*WIDTH(K)**3/(3w*DA~TA)
DPRIM=DX/A**4+3,tHCON/(A**2*P**2)+nY/R+*4
W=l6.*Q/(Pl+*6*DPHIM)
I F ( ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ) 6 f l a 5 0 ~A5 0
50 C O S T = ( A * R * H ( ~ ) * D ~ N + ~ I D T H ~ K ) * T Y I C K ( K ~ L ~ * R * A M * D ~ N ) * V P R I + ( ( A + R ) * H ( ~ ) +
lWIDTH(K)*?HICK(KaL)+bM)*CPHI+2,*R*4M*rlPUI
5 F O R M A T ( 1 1 H UN1 S T I F F r 3 F d n a 5 r 2 F H m 2 r F A w O ~ F 7 w 3 )
PUNCH 5 r H ( I ) ~ W I ~ T H ( K ) ~ T M I C K ( K , L ~ , C O S T ~ A C T A

If (wPAX-wllZU175r7J
75 C O S T = ( A * R * H ( ~ : ) * D E N + I J I I I T H ( K ) * T H I C K ( K ~ L ) * . ( B * A M * ( A ~ A M * W I D T H ( U ) ) * B M ) *
~DEN)+VPRI+((A+R)*H(I)*WI~TH(K)*THICK~K~L)*(AM+BM*(AM*~~)))*CP~I+(B
l+AM+A*RM)*hPRI*2. ,
8 FORMAT ( 7 H C R O S S r 3 F S O a 5 r ? F 8 . 7 , C A . n a ? F 7 . 3 )
. PUNCH 8 a ~ ( I ) r W ~ D T H ( K ) r T H I C K ( K a L ) ~ C O S T ~ A M r S I G , D A C T A r D A C T B
120 CONTINUE
1 2 1 STOP
END

3. Flow P a t t e r n

The organization of this p r o g r a m i s n e a r l y identical to that of the

p r o g r a m d e s c r i b e d i n Appendix B. The differences a r e :

(1) A slightly different a s sumption i s used 'in calculating DMAX. I

 (2) Orthotropic theory i s used i n establishing deflection c r i t e r i a
i n s t e a d of s i m p l e b e a m theory.

( 3 ) An additional s e c t i o n f o r the c r o s s - s t i f f e n e d c a s e h a s b e e n
added to the unidirectionally- s tiffened section.

Since the flow p a t t e r n of the c r o s s - s t i f f e n e d s e c t i o n i s the s a m e a s

t h a t of the unidirectional section, the flow d i a g r a m of Appendix B a l s o ap-
p l i e s t o this p r o g r a m i f one r e a l i z e s that s t a r t i n g with the a s s u m p t i o n of
H(I), the e n t i r e p a t t e r n i s s i m p l y r e p e a t e d f o r c r o s s - s t i f f e n e d p l a t e s .

4. D i s c u s s i o n of P r o g r a m

As previously indicated, the organization and sequencing used i n

'
this p r o g r a m a r e a l m o s t i d e n t i c a l to those d e s c r i b e d i n Appendix B. Hence,
the d e s c r i p t i o n will not b e r e p e a t e d h e r e .

The f i r s t difference one e n c o h t e r s i s i n the calculation of DMAX.

Instead of considering a plate s e c t i o n to b e built i n on two e d g e s , the plate
s e c t i o n i s now a s s u m e d to be s i m p l y supported on a l l edges'. The method
of calculation r e m a i n s unchanged, but the c o n s t a n t s BETA(J) a r e now taken
f r o m T a b l e 8 i n Timoshenko and W o i n ~ w s k ~ - k r i e g e rThe . ~ table h a s b e e n '
*
built into the p r o g r a m s o t h a t f o r the unidirectional c a s e , the c o m p u t e r
automatically s e l e c t s the p r o p e r value of BETA(J). F o r the c r o s s - s t i f f e n e d
c a s e , the plate s e c t i o n is a s s u m e d t o . b e n e a r l y s q u a r e . Hence, BETA(J) b e -
c o m e s s i m p l y BETA(^ 5). '

The m a j o r difference between the two p r o g r a m s i s t h a t . i n t h i s p r o -

g r a m , o r t h o t r o p i c t h e o r y i s u s e d to c a l c u l a t e deflection a t the c e n t e r of the
plate. Deflection is c a l c u l a t e d by using the equation

and i s c o m p a r e d to WMAX. If WMAX i s g r e a t , e r than W, the deflection t e s t

has been passed.

S i m p l e b e a m t h e o r y i s s t i l l u s e d , however, i n the bending , s t r e s s t e s t .

F o r the c r o s s - s t i f f e n e d c a s e , one m u s t r e a l i z e t h a t this t h e o r y might b e sig-
nificantly i n e r r o r . The e r r o r , however should b e on the s a f e s i d e and hence
i s not c o n s i d e r e d to be s e r i o u s .

5. Recornmeridations f o r Improving the P r o g r a m

The r e s u l t s of the two p r o g r a m s indicate t h a t the a s s u m p t i o n s con-

c e r n i n g boundary conditions m a y have a c o n s i d e r a b l e effect when calculating
 . .
DMAX. T h u s , i t i s thought that the p r o g r a m could be i m p r o v e d by putting
.the BETA(J) table oh d a t a c a r d s i n s t e a d of w r i t i n g ' i t into the s o u r c e p r o -
gram,. With this change, the u s e r could s e l e c t different boundary conditions
s i m p l y 'by putting -in the p r o p e r v a l u e s of BETA(J).

The're should be no p r o b l e m s a s s o c i a t e d with running this p r o g r a m

. o n a n o t h e r computer. F o r example, to r u n the p r o g r a m on.the CDC- 160A,
t h e only change should b e to change a l l PUNCH s t a t e m e n t s t o PRINT
statements.
 I
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The a u t h o r s of t h i s r e p o r t w i s h t o e x p r e s s t h e i r a p p r e c i a t i o n of t h e
, \
a d v i c e given by M r . B u r t o n K. Snyder who s e r v e s a s t h e a d v i s e r of t h i s
project.

Acknowledgment i s g r a t e f u l l y m a d e of t h e a i d i n c.omputer p r o g r a m -
ming r e c e i v e d . f r o m M r . Donal'd A. J o n e s a n d . M r . L e o C. Douglas.

REFERENCES

1. Schade, H. A., Application, of O r t h o t r o p i c P l a t e o he or^

to Ship Bottom
S t r u c t u r e , 5th Int'l. Cong. of Appl. Mech., p. 140 (1938).

2. Heck, 0. S,, Methods of F o r m u l a s f o r Calculating the S t r e n g t h of P l a t e

a n d S h e l l C o n s t r u c t i o n s a s Used i n A i r p l a n e Design, T. M. No. 785,
NASA, Washington, Do C . (1936).

3. Huffington, J r . , N. J . , T h e o r e t i c a l D e t e r m i n a t i o n of Rigidity p r o p e r t i e s
of Orthogonally Stiffened P l a t e s , J. Appl. Mech.,.pp. 15-20 a arch. 1956).

4. Hoppmann, 11, W. H., Bending of Orthogonally Stiffened P l a t e s , J.

Appl. Mech., pp. 267-271 ( ~ u n e1955).
\

5, Timoshenko, S., .and S. Woinowsky-krieger, T h e o r y of P l a t e s and S h e l l s ,

2nd ed., M c G r a w - H i l l Book Co., New York, pp. 364-377 (1959).

6. Timoshenko, S o , a n d J. G e r e , T h e o r y of E l a s t i c Stability, 2nd ed.,

M c G r a w - H i l l Book Co., New York, p. 269 (1961).

. 7. L a b e e , C. J . , Designing R e c t a n g u l a r P r e s s u r e V e s s e l s , Machine D e s i g n
( ~ 25,a 1961). ~ I