CHAPTER 15 - LAPLACE TRANSFORM. List of topies for this chapter: Definition and Properties of the Laplace Transform Inverse Laplace Transform Application to Circuits Transfer Functions Convolution Integral Application to Integrodifferential Equations ‘Applications ere ee DEFINITION AND PROPERTIES OF THE LAPLACE TRANSFORM ‘The Laplace transform is an integral transformation of a function f(t) from the time domain into the frequency domain, giving F(s). Problem 15.1 Find the Laplace transform for (a) (10-100) u(t) e (&) — (10-10e*") u(t=1) (©) @0-10e") u(t—1) 10 10 3 rrr (35) 10c* 100 _ -(! 3) ® 3 843 ee s s+3. 3 = (as) (©) Manipulate this to match a transform pair using the time-shifting property. (10-10e*) u(t—1) = 10-10e™) u(t) = (10-10e%e*) u(t=1), ‘The Laplace transform is 10e* 10e7e* Sst a) 265Problem 15.2 @ ) © @ (a) (b) © @ Find the Laplace transform for [te" +t e*]u(t) [tte +e ]u@ [t+ ]ua-) [tte +(t-4)e* +e] u(t) 1 2 G23 wr ‘Manipulate this to match a transform pair using the time-shifting property. [t+O] ut =[@-14)+¢-140"] ut-) =[(t- +14 (tI? + 2-1) +1) ut) =[(t-1)+(t-1)? +2(t-1) +2)] u(t—1), =[(t-1)? +3(t-1) +2] u(t-1) ‘The Laplace transform is 2e* 3e* Bet opted ss s 2,3 3]e {2 3,3] <3? +3842] se sls First, expand the third term. Then, combine like terms. [ttet#(t-de*+t7e"Ju(t) =[t+e% + tet de" +P Ju) =[t-3et+te' +t e“Ju(t) The Laplace transform is i ee 2 (+1) +1)? +I INVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFORM. Finding the inverse Laplace transform of F(s) involves two steps: Decomposing F(s) into simple terms using partial fraction expansion, and Finding the inverse of each term by matching entries in a Laplace transform table, 1 2, 266Partial Fraetion Expansion NO) Consider the thre possible forms F NO consider Pea three possible forms F(s) may take and how to perform partial fraction expansion of F(s) for each form. Suppose F(3) has the general form F(s} Real Poles If F(s) has only real poles, then the denominator becomes a product of factors so that F@)= 9 _ (S+PXS+P2)-““(S+P,) where $= -P,,-P2,**+-P, are the real poles and p, p, for all i #j Assuming the degree of N(s) is less than the degree of D(s), partial fraction expansion is used to decompose F(s) as Fs) = SL S+Py S+P, There are many ways to find the expansion coefficients, k,,k, ++-,k, , or residues of F(s). One way is the residue method. If both sides of the equation are multiplied by (s+ p,). then k,(+P, k(St) 2G6+P i), Ke(S+P)) G+ PpFO =k + sD, Since p, # pj, Set S=-p, to find k, Hence, (s+P)FS) ‘Thus, in general, (8+p,)F() mn ‘When the residues of F(s) are known, the inverse of F(s) can be found. Since the inverse transform of each term is then FD) = ke™ +kye™ tt k,e™ ‘Repeated Poles ‘Now, suppose that F(s) has repeated poles at ¢=-p. Then, F® ky ” 7 ky k, +R) F(s) = +5 (s), (s+p)"_ (s+p)" (stp) s+p where F,(s) is the remaining part of F(s) that does not have a pole at s 267‘The expansion coefficient k, is determined as. k,=G+P) Fn, e similar to the method for real poles. To determine k,_, multiply F(s) by (s+ p)", differentiate -pto isolate k, . Thus, [(s+p)"F()]| and evaluate the result at s and [S+P)"F@)]].- 1 d™ ager +P FO).., Once the values k,,k,,+,, are obtained using partial fraction expansion, apply the inverse transform to each term in order to obtain k f(t) = ke +k,te™ + Stem +. Complex Poles A pair of complex poles may be handled the same as real poles, but the complex algebra may be quite cumbersome. Even so, K Ki FO Ga iB)" @+a+iB) and K,=G+a-jB)FO), 0. where K, =|K,|_20 and Kj =|K,|2-6. Thea, £()=[K,Jo% ee" + c,feeeorinn £()=|K le [ei +H] £(t) = 2|K,|e** cos(Bt +0) ‘An easier approach is a method known as completing the square. Since N() and D(6) always have real coefficients and complex roots occur in conjugate pairs, F(s) may have the general form Fe) = FA AF), tastb where F,(s) is the remaining part of F(s) that does not have complex poles. e 268Begin completing the square by letting st tast+b=s? +2as+a? +p Also, let A\stA,=A,(6+0)+B,B (5) = rls #) BB 5 "Gray +h Gro HP BO and the inverse transform is f(t) = A, e** cos(Bt) + B, e* sin(Bt) + f,(t) Then, Problem 153 Find the inverse Laplace transform for 1 @ @ 546 1 o = © 349 Qo s+2s+1 @ (b) Manipulate this to match a transform pair. 3G) #49 BAS? +9. ‘The inverse Laplace transform is(1/3)sin(3t) (©) Manipulate this to match a transform pair. 1 ~ (+l? ‘The inverse Laplace transform is te Problem 15.4 Find the inverse Laplace transform for 1 © 346 s+2 st +4543 2 +2: © s?+2s+1 si+s?+4s+4 None of the above match a transform pair. Manipulate these problems, perform partial fraction expansion, and then use a table of Laplace transform pairs to find the inverse Laplace transforms. 269Manipulate and perform partial fraction expansion to get the following, 6 © F466 s 1546 s+2 s+2_ 2 ©) 445437 GeDG+D 541 si +2s+1 (s+1)’ 1 2 O Wyst4ds+4 GE TH sal 4) Now, the inverse Laplace transforms are (b) (©) cos(2t)+0.5sin(2t) Problem 15.5 Find the inverse Laplace transform for si +2042 OF aeears 1 s'+3s? +3541 (b) ‘The inverse Laplace transforms are @ Jet Feos(2t 36.87) (b) dees ——_— APPLICATION TO CIRCUITS Begin by transforming the circuit from the time domain to the s-domain. Solve the circuit using nodal analysis, mesh analysis, source transformation, superposition, or any circuit analysis technique with which we are familiar. Take the inverse Laplace transform of the solution and ‘thus obtain the solution in the time domain. Solving ccs with nal conditions isa saghtorward proces following the same basic approach as circuits without initial conditions. Let us start with a capacitor and see how we actually solve such circuits. Start with the defining equation for a capacitor. 7 dvo(t) ie =c He dt 270‘Taking the Laplace transform gives Ic(s) = C[sVe(s)- ve(0)] = CsVe(s)-Cve(0) or Vols) = (Cs) Ie(8) + ¥e(0)/s We now can use the following circuit model for capacitors with initial conditions. 1/Cs a : Vets) ve(OV/s ‘Now let us look at the inductor. The defining equation for the inductor is di, (1) 1) = LO vO ‘dt Taking the Laplace transform gives V, (8) = L{sl, (8) ~ i, (0)] = LsI, (s)- Li, 0) or 1,6)=V_@)/Ls+i,/s. ‘We can use the following circuit model for inductors with ini 1) > + Vuls) Ls g QD iLOVs Problem 15.6 Solve first-order capacitive circuit with an initial condition using Laplace transforms. In Figure 15.1, solve for v(t) for all t > 0. The initial value of v¢(t) = 50 volts, or ve (0) = 50 volts, and the value of v(t) = 20 u(t) volts vs(t) + 52S OFA welt) wos . Figure 15.1 an> Carefully DEFINE the problem. Each component is labeled completely. The problem is clear. e@ > PRESENT everything you know about the problem. In this circuit, we are expected to find v¢(t) forall t > 0 using Laplace transforms. We need to set up a circuit in the frequency domain that will lead us to the desired solution. It should be noted that the initial condition on the capacitor must be included so that the fact that we do not have initial conditions is not violated. ‘This is easy to do. Initial conditions can be represented by impulse functions in the time domain. An impulse function transforms into a constant. Thus, the capacitor can be represented by a capacitor in series with what appears to be a constant DC source. In reality, the Laplace transform of an impulse function is a constant in the frequency domain. Thus, we have the following circuit. Vets) : 20/s ss L ve«s) 10 50/s _ Please note that the actual value of Ve(s) is the voltage across both the initial condition e source and the s-domain capacitor. This is in agreement with the model developed earlier. Once we have found V,(s), then we can take the inverse Laplace transform to find v¢(t). v Establish a set of ALTERNATIVE solutions and determine the one that promises the greatest likelihood of success. Because we have accounted for the initial condition in the frequency domain equivalent circuit, we can use nodal analysis, mesh analysis, or basic circuit analysis to find the voltage across the capacitor for any time greater than zero. Looking at the frequency domain circuit above, itis evident that nodal analysis is the best technique. Because there is only one nonreference node, this could be considered an application of KCL and Ohm's law. > ATTEMPT a problem solution. Summing the currents flowing out of the node gives us Vels)=20/s , Ve(s)=0 , Ve(s) ~50/ 10 5 ¥/0.1s ‘Simplifying and collecting terms, [1/10 +1/3-+ 8/10] Ve(s) Multiplying both sides by 10, (s+3)Vc(s) = (20/s) +50 2mThus, 20 50 Vel = 5645) "543 Let us simplify the first term, using partial fraction expansion. 20 20/3. -20/3 s(s+3) 8 7 +3 Finally, 20/3 , =20/3, 50_ Vols) COS eed sed ‘Taking the inverse Laplace transform produces Ve(t) = {(20/3) [Ie ]+50e"} u(t) volts This can also be written as vc (t) = (20/3 +130/3e"} u(t) volts. EVALUATE the solution and check for accuracy. How does this com pare with our earlier approach, where we used a generic solution for a first-order differential equation? The value for Ve(t)=A+Bet _ 7 0)(5) 1 where ty =O seeand t=RC= 70 O.)=5, 20/3volts, and v¢(0) = 50 volts. Vol) ‘Thus, A= 20/3 volts ve(0)— A = 50-20/3 30/3 volts Therefore, ve (t) = {20/3+130/3e*"} u(t) volts, and our answer is the same as what we got using the Laplace transform approach! Our check for accuracy was successful. Has the problem been solved SATISFACTORILY? Ifso, present the solution; if not, then return to “ALTERNATIVE solutions” and continue through the process again. ‘This problem has been solved satisfactorily. {= 130 »} velt)=] y+ qe fut) V sis, 223Problem 15.7 Given the circuit in Figure 15.2, solve for i, (t) where v(t)=(0e*)ut) @ volts and i, (0) =-2 amps. 5Q 5H Figure 15.2 ' ‘We now convert the above circuit into its Laplace equivalent as shown below. ho 5 >—Wr + Vis) 2) («) wo 3 (wo) inx(O/s Write a mesh equation, where i, (0) = -2 amps. @ -V(s) +51, (8) + 5s[I,,(8)—(-2/s)] = 0 5(s+I)I,(s) = V(s)-10 _@)=10 L@= 5(s+1) Since v(t) =(10e™)u(t) volts, V(s) = 10/(s +2). Now, substitute V(s) into the equation. 1. @ = tstD=10 * 5(8+1) a (s+I)6+2) s+] I()= ‘Simplifying the first term using partial fraction expansion, 2-2-2 Qe O= yon ol Le Taking the inverse Laplace transform of I, (s) gives i, () = (-2e*} ut) A e 274‘The answer can be easily checked by again summing the voltages around the loop using this value of i, (t). Y of voltages =0 {- 1oe* 45-20%) 45.6 as") u(t) =0 {-10e + (-10e7*) + (S)[(-2)(-2)e"]} u(t) = 0 {-20e7 +20e7"} u(t) =0 ‘The sum does equal zero. (10-10e)u(t) volts for the Problem 15.8 Find the current, i, (t) forall, given v(t igure 15.3. Note that there are no initial conditions. 5Q vip) *) («) SH Figure 15.3 ‘This problem is most easily solved using Laplace transforms. The first thing to do is to write a mesh equation since we are looking for a current. -v(t) +5i, (t)+5di, (D/dt=0 Sdi, (1)/dt + 5i,,(t)= vt) where v(t) = 10-10e") u(t) volts ‘Taking the Laplace transform of both sides, noting that i, (0) =0, 10-10 OGL.O)-9+51.= +55 or (+) = and 1) Calan Ges arieva) + —]=2]—— + s st2Aset) “Uss+)) G+D6+2) ‘Now perform a partial fraction expansion of both terms. no-a(s)-Gaea) 275Now to find i, (t) all we have to do isto take the inverse transform of I, (S).. i (= 2{1-2e* +e} u(t) A Itis interesting to check and sce if our answer is correct. To do that, we need to place this into the original equation. Sdi, (t)/dt + Si, (t)= v(t) where Sdi, (t)/dt = 5{(2)[0-D(2e*)] - 2e74} u(t) = {20e" ~ 20e7"} u(t) Si, (t) = (S)(2){1-2e* +674} u(t) = (10-20e* +10e*} u(t) Clearly, {20e" — 20e7} u(t) + {10-20e* +10¢*} u(t) = {10-10¢7"} u(t) = vit) and our answer checks. Problem 15.9 Given the circuit in Figure 15.4, R, = 10, R, =100, C=1/10F, and y(t) = 10u(t) volts. Calculate ip,(t) Ri ina(t) AW > ve) ARE SR Figure 15.4 ina(t) Rr Tnx(s) > AW > vo) C mc SR => VO ARMs SR Time domain Frequency domain Vy2 (= qt vee R, +1R, |] (/Cs)] R,/Cs__ Rs where R; WVCS)= Ry a/cs ~ Rjcse1 216R,/(R,Cs+) Vel) = RR, R,Cs+D) ky “RR cs+p+R, VO where R,R,C = (10)(10)(0.1) = 10 10 10 Vp2(s)= 12 _vig) = 10 _ 29 TE T0410 F0s+20 Taking the Laplace transform of v(t), V(s) = 12. $ Then, {1 Tio] 10 wo-[S]2] sG@+2) The partial fraction expansion is 5,75 Vpa(s) = 24 rere) ‘The inverse Laplace transform is Vao(t) = (5)d~e7) u(t) Now, _ Ol=e*) uO) 7 10 Finally, iga(t) = (0.5)(1-e*) u(t) A Problem 15.10 Given i,( v,(0) =0 volts, and the circu (le*)u(t) amps, i,(t) = (le*)u(t) amps, v,(0) =0 volts, in Figure 15.5, find v,(t) and v,(t) 102 vilt) vit) WW ora i (4 int) AR OAR — Figure 15.5, anSince there are no initial conditions, the above circuit is easily changed into the s-domain circuit, shown below. vis) 19 vais) 10/s 75) LG) Using nodal analysis, ‘At node 1 ‘Atnode2: VO-ViS) _ 9 V,@)=0_ 10 10/s which leads to stl -1 ][V,@]_[10L@) -1L s+1J[V,()} | 101,6) Hence, stl eg al Vi (s) (10S +1) a V,(s)= 1(s)+ L,(8) s?+2s Vy)= a Os i 1)+ wank 1) Taking the Laplace transform of i,(t) and i, (t), we find that 16)=1@)= +1) Substitute these currents into V, (s) and V, (s) _ s+) 10 MiG)= Fe42\(6+) * 564264) 10 , s+) s+ DG+D * s+2%s+D V2(8)= 10 Vi(s)= Vi()= 5@+D6+2) 10 s(s+2) 278 10/sTherefore, v,(t) = (10 10e"'} u(t) V and v,(t) 10-10e"} u(t) V Problem 15.11 Develop the matrix representation for the circuit shown in Figure 15.6, using nodal analysis with three nodes. wWQ USF 5Q 15H WW 1€ MW—~TTHO™ ve) = 202 102 S20 a i Figure 15.6 ‘Transforming Figure 15.6 to the frequency domain, vi v3 15s e 10 WW {W000 ve) © t 20 10 =n 1) Using nodal analysis, + =0 10 S+15s Ns a 5415s 20 =I) =0 Simplifying these equations, 2V, -2V(s)+ V, + 4sV, ~4sV. [(2s)s +] (V, - V,)+ Gs +1) V, + (2)(V, - V3) =0 e (MV, ~ V2) + Bs-+1)V; ~ (20)3s-+1(s) = 0 279‘Combining like terms, (241+48)V, ~4sV, =2V(s) [€-2s)s +I] V, +[(2s)(3s+ 1) + Gs+1)+2]V, -2V, =0 -4V, +[4+ Bs+D]V, = 20)G8+1)1(8) Simplifying further, (4s+3)V, -4sV, =2V(s) (-6s? —25)V, +(6s? +58+3)V, -2V, =0 -4V, + (38+5)V, = (20)(38-+1)1(8) Therefore, the matrix equation is 4s+3 -4s 0 ] 7 2vs) | - 68" —2s ne 2 I] v: | 0 | 0 3545 Lv] Leos’ Problem 15.12 Given the circuit in Figure 15.7, write the s-domain equations for V,, V3. V,,and V,. DO NOT SOLVE, iy 190 ,, O1F { v(t) 102 = was v2 Sin(t) Figure 15.7 Converting this circuit to the s-domain yields, 10) 1 y, 1s y, 10% y, 105 y, vo) 10 = 10 = 10 = 10 = BS 514) Using nodal analysis, Atnode 1: 280Atnode 2 Atnode 3 At node 4 Simplifying, Vo)-¥, where 1,(9) = (+2)V,-sV, = Vis) -sV, +(2s+1)V, ~sV, =0 -sV, +(2s+1)V,-sV, =0 SV, -sV, +(5+DV, =5SV(5) Finally, collect the equations and place them into a matrix form. st2 -s 0 0 J[V,] [ Vo) 5 0 -s s+itilv,} sv) -s 2s+t -s 0 ||v,|_| 0 0 -s 241 -s ||V,} | 0 @ Proeniss Gu(t) © 2H g 3 18 “es 20 [15.49] For the circuit in Figure 15.8 find v, (t) for t>0 1H * + Consider the circuit shown below. 281For mesh 1, $a +2s)I, +81, a For mesh 2, O=sI, + 2+5)1, 2 1, ={i-2), @ Substituting (2) into (1) gives 6 2) 2 =-(14 2s} 14+=]I, +81, s 8 6 hal so 5542 212 212 Vo=2ls = 255542 (+ 0438)(5+4.561) Since the roots of s? +5s-+2=0 are -0.438 and - 4.561, 1 | 2.91 +0438" s+4.561 fe" — 02) uty V Problem 15.14 Given the circuit shown in Figure 15.9 and v,, (t) = (10+ 10e") u(t) volts, find Vay (t), Vt. 102 110 F WW { a 108 * Vin(t) C : SwL2 veal 10Q _ Figure 159 282Vou (t) = UOe" — Ste") V Problem 15.15 Given the circuit shown in Figure 15.10 and V,y(t) = {Se u(t)} volts. Find v(t) 202 0a Wr AW- + v(t) >) 5H 3 0a 7 Vout) Figure 15.10 vO = 20u(t) V ‘TRANSFER FUNCTIONS The transfer function H(s) is the ratio of the output response Y(s) to the input excitation X(s), assuming all initial conditions are zero. Problem 15.16 [15.51] The transfer function of a system is a 3841 Find the output when the system has an input of 4e-‘° u(t) H(s)= 4 2 s+1/3 3st Y(s)= His) X(s), X(s)= a4 8s 4 ~37 9 (+i/3" 27 (s+1/3? YO) Let 283Using the time differentiation property, ales?) Vola te te 8 8 ater Saou B= a7 te 9° Hence, rye eee yO= Zur g7te —Jee ~s ote 4 8 4 = tage 4 tte y= Zu) ye” + 55te Problem 15.17 [15.59] Refer to the network in Figure 15.11. Find the following transfer functions: @ H@=V,0/V) (e) HA (8) = V,(9)/I,(8) © — Hs@)=1,6)/1,) @ — H,6)=1,0)/V,) i 12 1H >—W TOI + Ys 1F IFA 19 7 Yo Figure 15.11 (a) Consider the following circuit. Roly s y, ib >—W “OTD + Vs Ws Us =v. Atnode I, a 284Q) Sub: ting (2) into (1) V, = (s+1+1/s)(s? +8 +1)V, -I/sV, 5° +25? +35+2)V, HO= Vy" Feast aaeed (&) 1, =V,-V, = (6) +28? +38+2)V, -(6? +8+DV, s) +s? +2s+1)V, a S 4s 4241 © @ CONVOLUTION INTEGRAL ‘The convolution of two signals consists of time-reversing one signal, sh point by point with the second signal, and integrating the product. ig it, multiplying it Steps to evaluate the convolution integral : 1. Folding: ‘Take the mirror image of h(?.) about the ordinate axis to obtain h(-A) 2. Displacement: Shift or delay h(-A) by tto obtain h(t— 4). 3, Multiplication: Find the product of h(t —) and (2) 4, Integration For a given time t, calculate the area under the product h(t — 2.) x(2.) for O<2 vo ‘Qj \ ve L Si(s+1) o EC — 289Writing a node equation at a, which is only one equation with two unknowns. We need a constraint equation, V,=V,=0 ‘Then, ‘ 8) + Vou (8)I 10/s -2V(s)-[2+8V,_.(s)]=0 . al. 3 Partial fraction expansion of the first term leads to vi =204 10 Vou (8) Taking the inverse Laplace transform of both sides produces Vou (t) = {12+ 100} u(t) V e Problem 15.23 In Figure 15.14, find v, (t) and i, (t), given that v(t) = (10e") u(t) volts. 202 10H v(t) Figure 15.14 290Begin by transforming the time domain circuit to the frequency domain, 20 10s vis) At node a: ¥.=VO) , V.=V.8) og 10s 20 We cannot help ourselves by writing any more node equations. So we have one equation and two unknowns. We need another equation without generating any additional unknowns. So we go to the constraint equation. V,=V,=0 So, now our node equation becomes =V(s) , -V,(8) 10s. 20 V,(9) ,-V) 20 10s which leads to V,0)= v6) 7 Taking the Laplace transform of v(t) gives v= 22. al Substituting for V(s) yields 10 vo-( i stl)” s(s+l) After partial fraction expansion, 220, 20° s s+l ‘Taking the inverse Laplace transform produces. v(t) = 20+ 20e") u(t) V 291Since v=iR in either domain, we do not need to find 1, (s). i,()= v,(t)/1= 20+ 20e") u(t) A Problem 15.24 Given the circuit in Figure 15.16, calculate Vy (s) in terms of V,(s) Rr WW Ri AW 7 7 7 wu vaudt) & Re Figure 15.15 Begin by transforming the circuit from the time domain to the frequency dom: R: AM Ry, AM — 7 Vy B qi ns) Vou(s) = Ru ‘Using nodal analysis, This is one equation with two unknowns. Thus, we need the following constraint equation. V,=V,=0 Then the node equation becomes 292‘Therefore, e Vou (S) Problem 15.28 Given the circuit in Figure 15.16, calculate V,,,(S) in terms of V,, (8) G | L a Vin(t) Vout) = Ri Figure 15.16 Begin by transforming the circuit from the time domain to the frequency domain. uCs e | IC Vin(S) Using nodal analysis, Cs ‘one equation with two unknowns. Thus, we need the following constraint equation. V,=V,=0 ‘Then, the node equation becomes =Val8) , *Voul®) — 9 R, Cs 293Vou(s) _ = Vial) yCs Ry ‘Therefore, Vou (8) = zav (s) i Problem 15.26 Given R, =100 kQ. What value of C, in Figure 15.16, yields Voalt) =-JVa(0 dt Taking the Laplace transform, Veue(S) From Problem 15.25, we know that Vou (8) = ‘Thus, or = 1x10" = 10 pF Problem 15.27. Given R, =10kQ, R, =100., C=50 pF, and V,,(t)=10e7 u(t) Calculate the total energy that v,, delivers to the circuit shown in Figure 15.16. Also, find the total energy delivered to Ry w(t)= Icey t= Jr2¢Q at ‘To find the total energy that v;, delivers to the circuit, w.,O=UR, fycoat w,, (0) = 110,000 f doe" (10e"*) de = 100/10,000 fe de = /100y(-1/4e|;) = (1/100)(-1/4e"" + 1/4) = (1/400)(1-e*") 294To find the total energy delivered to Ry, Ww. =UR, Wy(Dat First, find V,,(t). From Problem 15.25, we know that Vou (S) = ‘Vin(S) “l R,Cs where R,C=(10x 10°)(50 x 10*) = 50010" = 0.5 Then, Taking the Laplace transform of vi.(t) Substitute V,,(8) into the equation for Vi4(S) a Vals) 1) - a Take the partial fraction expansion of V,,,(8). Vou (8) = -10 10 Veal) = +5 Hence, Va (t) = (-10-+10e7*) u(t) Now, wp =U, fe, (0 at =1/100 fct0 +106 104 10e7*) de =1/100 faove 4 — 200e"* +100) dt = few ar-afe det { ldt =[C-Y/4e" +1/4]-Q)[C/2)e% +2] +t = W/4y(-e" ++ Ce +1) +t 295Problem 15.28 [15.69] A gytatoris a device for simulating an inductor ina network. A @ basic gyrator is shown in Figure 15.17. By finding V,(s)/I, (8), show that the inductance produced by the gyrator is L=CR?. R c R rt R 5 AW : 4 1, vi R Figure 15.17 ‘The gyrator is equivalent to two cascaded inverting amplifiers. Let V, be the voltage at the output of the first op amp.