Baker Directional DRLG

Directional Drilling
An Overview
© 1996 Baker Hughes Incorporated

All rights reserved.
1
Introduction
n Historical Notes
n Directional Drilling Applications
n Drilling Technology Overview
n Well Planning
n Directional Control Methods
– Rotary Assemblies
– Steerable Systems
– Surveying Overview
n Data gathering techniques
n Calculation methods
n Conclusion

2
Historical Notes
Spring Pole method of early

drilling
Drilling rig
- salt production

Early settlers in America generally built their homes wherever timber and
water were in good supply. Many water wells were dug during this time
where there were no natural streams. Some areas of the land produced
“salt licks”which were seepage's of brine. The brine was used for
cooking or washing, and when the water evaporated salt was left as
precipitate. The excess requirements were often sold for profit.
In 1806, the Ruffner brothers decided to drill to obtain a higher quality
salt and to intercept the seepages at source. This first crude drilling rig
became known as the “springpole method of drilling”. Many other salt
wells were drilled and some produced oil and gas; however, at that time
no use could be made of the oil or gas. Salt was the only interest.
Although many wells had been drilled post-Ruffner, it was in 1859 that
the first well was purposely drilled for oil in America - the Drake Well.
The well was drilled to 69 feet and produced oil at 32 bbls/day.
Many patents for drilling equipment were registered and used, both prior
to and after the Drake well. The Corsicana field, discovered in 1893 while
drilling for water, saw the use and improvement of the hydraulic rotary
rig, where approximately 100 wells were drilled prior to the famous
Spindletop well drilled by Captain Lucas.
Spindletop was discovered near Beaumont, TX. near the Gulf Coast. It
was a dome shaped rise in an otherwise flat terrain. It turned out to be a
salt dome.
3
Historical Notes (Continued)
Raining Oil - A gusher before

shutting in
Rough necks resting - No rotary table

or kelly

The final Lucas Spindletop well was spudded on October 27th, 1900 and “blew
in”as a wild gusher on January 10th, 1901. On January 19th, the 8 inch valve
was closed on the well head and oil was commercially produced. Three strings
of casing were used in this fifth Spindletop well, a 10”, 8”, and 6”, and while
drilling with 4”pipe the well “blew in”pushing out both drilling mud and the 4”
string.
Previous estimates of ‘easily 50 bbls/day’were a little pessimistic as oil gushed
at an estimated 84,000 bbls/day.
The drilling industry was constantly inventing techniques - roller cone bits,
circulation systems, square kellies, etc. to overcome drilling problems as they
arose. It was not until the 1920s that the industry became aware of deviation, of
apparently straight holes. It was in the Seminole field of Oklahoma that deviation
was first measured. An acid bottle technique from the late 19th century, used in
South African diamond mines to survey boreholes, was utilized. Dilute
hydrochloric acid etched on the glass tube from which the angle of the bore
could be determined. Inclinations up to 45° were recorded in what had
previously been believed to be straight holes.
When the courts decreed that the landowner owned all deposits found in the
downward vertical projection of lease lines, it rapidly led to straight hole drilling
techniques, surveying tools and instruments and directional drilling techniques.
In the late 1920’s the Totco mechanical drift indicator was developed which
measured borehole inclination only, but was more accurate than the acid bottle
and other early techniques. The first magnetic single shot and multi-shot
instruments were also developed around this time by H. John Eastman. These
instruments used sensors employing magnetic compass needles and plumb
bobs and were similar in basic concept to those still in use today. The
instruments featured a simple camera to record the survey on photographic film
and mechanical timers.
4
First Openhole Single Shot Survey,

Long Beach, CA.
Long Beach CA., Shoreline Drilling

(1930’s)

The first DIRECTIONAL WELLS were DRILLED in the late 1920’s. Hardwood
wedges were used to deliberately deviate the wells from vertical, pushing the bit
to onse side of the hole and producing a deflection - forerunner of the whipstock.
The steel whipstock was the main deflection tool used in directional drilling from
1930 to the 1950s. The coast of California was the scene of some shoreline
drilling that produced directional wells from shore to oil/gas deposits offshore.
In 1934 a blow-out occurred in a field owned by Humble Oil Co. of Conroe, TX.
A gas kick was ignited and the entire rig was engulfed in flames. After many
months and attempts to bring the fire under control, other nearby rigs had to be
closed down and the entire field was threatened. As a last resort the Humble Oil
Co. requested H. John Eastman to drill a relief well. Although primarily an
expert in survey techniques, he had experience in directional drilling using
whipstocks. He succeeded in directing this directional well close enough to the
blow-out well to kill the blow-out on the first attempt. This led to the acceptance
of directional drilling as a reliable technique by the oil industry.
Surveying techniques were continuously improved from the 1920s, NMDC -
1940s, Gyroscopic surveys - 1940s-50s-60s, and steering tools 1970-80s.
MWD, introduced in 1980s, is still ongoing.
The jet deflection technique was introduced in the early 1950s and proved a
quicker and hence cheaper method of deflecting wellbores in soft formations.
The late 1950s saw the advent of the bent sub used above a downhole motor
(turbine or PDM) to deviate the borehole in a smooth, continuous curve. The
development of various PDM deflection devices together with survey techniques
has in the last ten years caused a quantum leap in directional drilling
applications.
5
Kick Off Sub (KOS) Double Tilt Universal (DTU) Motor

Motor Double Kick Off (DKO)
Bent Sub & Motor
Motor Fixed Angle Build (FAB) Motor
2 4
1 3 5
B OS
BO S
BO S
B OS
Double Alignment Kick Off

(DAM) Motor Adjustable Kick Off
(AKO) Motor
7 6
BOS

Directional drilling guides the wellpath along a prescribed trajectory. The principal means
whereby the wellpath is caused to change direction - inclination - and/or azimuth, include
those which either;
a) Create a side force at the bit, or b) Create a change in bit attitude (tilt) [Bit off-set
(BOS) is the effect of bit tilt], both of which are the result of tool curvature
Motor configurations for “directional drilling” would include motors with 1) bent subs
(always unstabilized) and 2) bent u-joint housings of several types.
The 5) fixed angle build motor is configured as a non-rotatable directional drilling motor
for applications requiring uniform high curvature wellpaths. In these applications the tool
face of the motor is oriented in the hole to the heading which will produce the desired
course change or correction. The rotary table is usually locked and the motor is used to
drill ahead in a sliding mode. Steerable tools that are configured with a 4) double tilted
universal (DTU) joint allows effective use of the motor in several drilling techniques,
including long and medium radius horizontal drilling, slim hole, underbalanced, and
performance drilling.
With the DTU the motor configuration can be used for drilling both tangent (rotary)
sections and building angle (oriented “sliding” sections).
6) Steerable tools that are configured with an adjustable kick-off sub (AKO), are rig floor
adjustable. This allows effective use of the motor in several drilling techniques, including
long and medium radius horizontal drilling, slim hole, underbalanced, and performance
drilling.
With specific AKO settings, the motor configuration can be used for drilling both tangent
(rotary) sections and building angle (oriented “sliding” sections).
The addition of a 7) alignment bent sub enables the AKO motor to increase the build up
rates of the assembly, in effect it becomes an adjustable angle building motor assembly.
However, in this configuration surface rotation is not possible.
6
Inclination
Neutron Resistivity Measurement
Gamma Ray
Density
n Multiple depths of investigation for quantitative determination of formation

resistivity (Rt)
n Early bed boundary detection
n A near bit inclinometer, enabling quick response to inclination changes
n A steerable motor system, permitting variable build rates for up to 15°/100 ft
n Resistivity measurements available in either oil base or water base muds
n Dual azimuthal gamma ray sensors 180° apart, providing high and low side
measurements.
Steerable motor systems are now available that combine a steerable PDM with
advanced MWD sensors for geosteering and formation evaluation. The sensor
array can include inclinometers, azimuthal gamma ray scintillators, and a
multifrequency, multidepth of investigation resistivity sensor.
7
Applications Of Directional
Drilling
Definition of Directional Drilling:
Directional drilling is the science of directing a wellbore

along a predetermined trajectory to intersect a
designated sub-surface target

Definition of directional drilling;
Directional drilling is the science of directing a wellbore along a

predetermined trajectory to intersect a designated sub-surface
target
8
Drilling
l Multiple wells from offshore structures

The most common application of directional drilling techniques is in offshore

drilling. Many oil and gas deposits in the Gulf of Mexico, North Sea and other
areas are situated beyond the reach of land based rigs. To drill a large number
of vertical wells from individual platforms is obviously impractical and would be
uneconomical. The conventional approach for a large oilfield has been to install
a fixed platform on the sea bed, from which many directional wells may be
drilled. The bottomhole locations of these wells can be carefully spaced for
optimum recovery.
In a conventional development, the wells cannot be drilled until the platform has
been constructed and installed in position. This may mean a delay of 2 - 3 years
before production can begin. This delay can be considerably reduced by pre-
drilling some of the wells through a subsea template while the platform is being
constructed. These wells are directionally drilled from a semi-submersible rig
and tied back back to the platform once it is installed.
9
Drilling
l Relief wells

Directional techniques are used to drill relief wells in order to “kill”blowout wells.
The relief well is deviated to pass as close as possible to the uncontrolled well in
the reservoir. Heavy mud is pumped into the reservoir to overcome the pressure
and bring the wild well under control.
10
Drilling
l Controlling vertical wells
Corrected Original Well Path

Well Path

Directional techniques are used to “straighten crooked holes”. In other words,

when deviation occurs in a well which is supposed to be vertical, various
techniques are used to bring the well back to vertical. This was one of the
earliest applications of directional drilling.
11
Drilling
l Sidetracking
Original Well Path

Sidetrack
Corrected Original Well Path
Well Path
Sidetrack
Original Well Path

Sidetracking out of an existing wellbore is another application of directional

drilling. This sidetracking may be done to bypass an obstruction ( a “fish”) in the
original wellbore or to explore the extent of the producing zone in a certain
sector of a field.
12
Drilling
l Inaccessible locations

Directional wells are often drilled because the surface location directly above the
reservoir is inaccessible, either because of natural or man-made obstacles.
Examples include reservoirs under cities, mountains and, lakes.
13
Applications of Directional
Drilling
l Fault drilling

Directional drilling is also applicable in fault drilling. It is sometimes difficult to

drill a vertical well in an inclined fault plane. Often, the bit will deflect when
passing through the fault plane, and sometimes the bit will follow the fault plane.
To avoid this problem, the well can be drilled on the “up dip” or “down dip” side
of the fault and deflected into the producing formation.
14
Drilling
l Salt dome drilling

Directional drilling programs are sometimes used to overcome the problems of

salt dome drilling. Instead of drilling through the salt, the well is drilled at one
side of the dome and is then deviated around and underneath the overhanging
cap.
15
Drilling
l Shoreline drilling

In the case where a reservoir lies offshore but quite close to land, the most
economical way to exploit the reservoir may be to drill directional wells from a
land rig on the coast.
16
Drilling
l Horizontal Drilling - Long, Medium, and Short Radii
2°- 6°/100ft
3000-1000ft radii 6°- 60°/100ft
700-125ft radii
1.5°- 3°/ft
40-20ft radii
Long Radius Medium Radius
Short Radius

Horizontal drilling can be subdivided into 3 categories:- Long Radius, Medium

Radius, and Short Radius.
The basis for this categorization is the rate of angle build in the wellbore, which
determines the distance that must be drilled to turn the wellbore from its vertical
or nearly vertical configuration to the horizontal plane.
Long and medium radius wells use conventional directional drilling tools,
equipment and drilling techniques, while short radius requires modified and
specialized drilling tools, equipment, and techniques.
17
Drilling
l Re-entry/Multi-lateral wells

Re-entry and Multi-lateral drilling employs the full range of directional drilling
tools and techniques. Including planning, wellbore engineering, and careful
consideration of the numerous aspects of drilling straight and deviated holes.
Well configurations can include dual stacked, dual opposing, dual opposing
stacked, spokes, lateral tie-back, and herringbone.
18
Drilling Technology Overview
Build Rate (deg./100’, deg/30m) 3 6 12 18 24 30 60 90 120 150

Curvature Long Medium Short
Conv Rotary Specialty Motors
Tool Type Conventional Drilling Motors
Articulated Motors
Collar
MWD Type (Secondary Application) Probe (Primary Application)
(Secondary Application) Flexible (Primary Application)
Conventional - No Limit Composites
Pipe Rotation Premium - Limited Rotation

Slide Drill - No Rotation
Conventional - No Restrictions
Completions Special
Project Specific
Radius (ft.) 2000 1000 600 300 200 100 60 40

NTS
Radius (m) 600 300 180 90 60 30 18 12

An overview of the present Drilling, MWD, Pipe Rotation, and Completions

technologies, showing where the tool types are in relation to a given curvature
range.
The chart can be used as an indicator for areas of concern or interest pertaining
to specific product types and/or projects as related to a given build-up-rate
(BUR).
19
Well Planning Reference
Systems and Coordinates
n Depth Reference
– Measured Depth
– True Vertical Depth
n Inclination Reference
– Vertical Reference
n High Side Reference
n Direction Measurement
– Azimuth Reference
– Quadrant Bearings

With the exception of Inertial Navigation Systems, all survey systems measure
inclination and azimuth at particular measured depths (depths measured ‘along
hole’). These measurements must be tied to fixed reference systems so that the
borehole course may be calculated and recorded.
The reference systems used are:
- Depth references
- Inclination references
The vertical reference is the direction of the local gravity vector and
would be indicated by, for example, a plumb bob.
- Azimuth references
20
n Depth Reference
– Measured Depth (MD)
– True Vertical Depth
(TVD)
True Vertical
Depth Measured Depth
Along Hole Path

Measured Depth (MD) or “Along Hole Path”is the distance measured along the
actual course of the wellbore from the surface reference point to the survey
point. This depth is always measured in some way, e.g., pipe tally or wireline
depth counter.
True Vertical Depth (TVD) is the vertical distance from the depth reference level
to a point on the borehole course.
In most drilling operations the rotary table (RT) elevation is used as the working
depth reference (BRT or RKB). This is also referred to as derrick floor elevation.
For floating drilling rigs the rotary table elevation is not fixed; hence, a mean
rotary table elevation has to be used.
21
n Inclination (Drift)
– The angle (in degrees)
between the local vertical
(local gravity vector as
indicated by a plumb bob)
and the tangent to the well
bore axis at a particular
point.
– By oilfield convention, 0° is 3° 10°
vertical and 90° is
horizontal.
30
30°
Drift - Degrees from Vertical to High Side
(Vertical Plane)
The inclination of a borehole at a point is the angle between the borehole axis
and vertical.
Pendulums and accelerometers can be used to measure the earth’s local
gravitational direction.
Pendulum technology is found in the mature product offerings (single- and multi-
shots). This technology is limited in accuracy and resolution.
Advanced survey systems take advantage of accelerometers to measure the
earth’s gravitational pull. Each accelerometer consists of a magnetic mass
(similar to a pendulum) suspended in an electromagnetic field. Gravity deflects
the mass from its null position. Sufficient current is applied to the sensor to
return the mass to the null position. This current is directly proportional to the
gravitational force acting on the mass.
The gravitational readings are used to calculate the hole inclination, toolface,
and the vertical reference used to determine dip angle.
22
n Toolface
– Rigsite use of the term
“toolface” is often used as a
High Side
shortening of the phrase 0o TFO
“toolface orientation”. This
can be expressed as a
direction from North or
topside of the wellbore. High Side
0o TFO
– Toolface Orientation is the
angular measurement of the
toolface of a deflection tool 90o Low Side
with respect to either North 180o TFO
or up (highside). TFO - Degrees from High Side to Tool Face Scribe

(Horizontal Hole Section Plane)

TOOLFACE
This term is used in connection with deflection tools, orientation sleeves,
or st eerable motors, and can be expressed in two ways.
Physical – The place on a deflection tool or orientation sleeve, usually marked
with a scribe line, that is positioned to a particular orientation while drilling to
determine the future course of the wellbore.
Conceptual – Rigsite use of the term "toolface" is often used as a shortening of
the phrase "toolface orientation". For example, "toolface" can be the orientation
(expressed as a direction either from North or topside of the hole) of the
navigation sub of a steerable motor.
23
n Highside/Magnetic Toolface
– Highside Toolface
n indicates whether a
component is facing up, High Side
down, to the left or right
– Magnetic Toolface
n an angular measurement
from North.
Magnetic TFO
N
W
E
TFO
Magnetic TFO - Degrees from North to Tool Face Scribe
(Horizontal Plane)

TOOLFACE ORIENTATION
The angular measurement of the toolface with respect to either up (highside) or
north.
Highside Toolface
Highside toolface (sometimes referred to as gravity toolface) indicates whether
the toolface of a deflection tool is facing up (0°), down (180°), or at any angle
from 0° to 180° to the left or right of highside (0°). This type of orientation is
used when the hole has an inclination of 3° - 5° or greater. With 0° Inclination,
there is no highside of the hole.
Magnetic Toolface
Magnetic toolface indicates the orientation of the toolface of a deflection tool as
an angular measurement from North (direction). This type of toolface is usually
reported when the borehole has less than 3° - 5° of inclination.
Mag TFO = Azimuth + Highside
24

Survey tools measure the direction of the wellbore on the horizontal plane with
respect to the North reference, whether it be True or Grid North.
In the Azimuth system, directions are expressed as a clockwise angle from 0° to
359.99°, with North being 0°, e.g., 87°, 192°, 270°.
25
n Azimuth (Hole Direction)
– The azimuth of a borehole at a
point is the direction of the
borehole on the horizontal plane,
measured as a clockwise angle
(0°- 360°) from the North reference.
– All magnetic tools give readings
referenced to Magnetic North;
however, the final calculated
coordinates are referenced to
either True North or Grid North.
N
W E
S Azimuth
Azimuth - Degrees from North to High Side
(Horizontal Plane)
The azimuth of a borehole at a point is the direction of the borehole on the

horizontal plane, measured as a clockwise angle (0°- 360°) from the North
reference. Azimuth is calculated from measurements of the earth’s local
magnetic field.
Compasses and magnetometers can be used to measure the earth’s local
magnetic field. Compasses are low in accuracy and resolution, and not well
suited to a drilling environment.
Magnetometers offer enhanced accuracy in areas free of magnetic interference,
and are robust enough for drilling operations. Each magnetometer device
consists of two identical cores with a primary winding around each core but in
opposite directions. A secondary winding twists around both cores and the
primary winding. The primary current (excitation current) produces a magnetic
field in each core. These fields are of equal intensity but opposite orientation,
and therefor cancel each other such that no voltage is induced in the secondary
winding. When the magnetometer is placed in an external magnetic field which
is aligned with the sensitive axis of the magnetometer (core axis), an imbalance
in the core saturation occurs and a voltage directly proportional to the external
field is produced in the secondary winding.
The measure of voltage induced by the external field will provide a precise
determination of the direction and magnitude of the local magnetic field relative
to the magnetometer’s orientation in the borehole.
26

In the Quadrant system, the directions are expressed in degrees from 0°

to 90° measured from North in the two Northern quadrants and from the
South in the Southern quadrants, e.g., N87°E, S12°W, S90°W or ? SW.
27
n Well Trajectory
– Type Of Directional Pattern
n Type 1 - Build And Hold
n Type 2 - “S” Type Well
n Type 3 - Deep Kick-Off and Build
n Type 4 - Horizontal

With the advent of steerable systems, some wells are planned and drilled with
complex paths involving 3 - dimensional turns. This happens particularly in the
case of re-drills, where old wells are sidetracked and drilled to completely new
targets.
These complex well paths however are, harder to drill and the old adage that
“the simplest method is usually the best” holds true. Therefore, most directional
wells are still planned using the traditional patterns that have been in use for
many years. The most common patterns used are:
Type 1 - Build and Hold

Type 2 - “S” Type Well
Type 3 - Deep Kick-Off and Build
Type 4 - Horizontal
28
n Well Trajectory
– Type Of Directional
Pattern
n Type 1 - Build and Hold
Kick-Off Point
Build-Up Section
n Type 3 - Deep Kick-Off End Of Build
and Build
n Type 4 - Horizontal Tangent Section
Target

Features:
- Shallow kick-off point (KOP)
- Build-up section (may have more than one build up rate)
- Tangent section
Applications:
- Deep wells with large horizontal displacements
- Moderately deep wells with moderate horizontal displacement where
intermediate
casing is not required
29
n Well Trajectory
Pattern
n Type 2 - “S” Type Well Kick-Off Point
Build-Up Section
n Type 3 - Deep Kick-Off End Of Build
and Build Tangent Section
Start of Drop
Drop Section
End Of Drop
Hold
Target

Features:
- Shallow KOP
- Build-up section
- Tangent section
- Drop-off section
There are several variations:
- Build, hold, and drop back to vertical
- Build, hold, drop and hold (as above)
- Build, hold and continuous drop through reservoir target
Applications:
- Multiple pay zones
- To reduce final angle in reservoir for easier completions
- Lease or target limitations
- For well spacing requirements on multi-well fields
- Deep wells with a small horizontal displacement
Disadvantages:
- Increased torque and drag
- Increased risk of key seating
- May cause logging problems due to increased maximum inclination
30
n Well Trajectory
Pattern
n Type 3 - Deep Kick-Off
and Build
Kick-Off Point
Build-Up Section
Target

Features:
- Deep KOP
- Build-up section
- Short tangent section (optional)
Applications:
- Appraisal wells to assess the extent of a newly discovered reservoir
- Repositioning of the bottom part of the hole or re-drilling
- Salt dome drilling
Disadvantages:
- Formations are harder so the initial deflection may be more difficult to achieve
- Harder to achieve desired tool face orientation with downhole motor deflection
assemblies - more reactive torque
- Longer trip time for any BHA changes required
- On multi-well platforms, only a very few wells may be given deep kick-off points
because of the small separation of the slots and the difficulty of keeping wells
vertical in firmer formation. Most wells must be given shallow kick-off points to
reduce congestion below the platform and minimize the risk of collisions.
31
n Well Trajectory
Pattern
n Type 3 - Deep Kick-Off
and Build
n Type 4 - Horizontal Kick-Off Point
Build-Up Section
End Of Build
Target

Horizontal drilling; to turn the wellbore from its vertical or nearly vertical
configuration to the horizontal or near horizontal plane.
Can be divided into three categories - short, medium, and long radius drilling.
The basis for this categorization is the rate of angle build in the well bore from
the vertical or nearly vertical configuration to the horizontal plane.
Applications:
•Used to cross natural vertical fractures
•To limit invasion of unwanted fluids, water and gas coning.
•To maximize production of low pressure and low production zones
•For methane drainage
•Solution mining
32
n Well Trajectory
– Target
– Kick-Off Point & Build Up Rate
– Tangent Section
– Drop-Off Section
– Horizontal Projection

One area of well planning which is critical for a successful drilling phase is the
planning of the well trajectory.
33
n Well Trajectory
– Target
–
Target Area;

The target is specified by the Geologist, who will not merely define a certain
point as the target but also specify the acceptable tolerance, e.g., a circle of
radius 100 feet having the exact target as its center. A target zone should be
selected as large as possible to achieve the objective. If multiple zones are to be
penetrated, the multiple targets should be selected so that the planned pattern is
reasonable and can be achieved without causing excessive drilling problems.
34
n Well Trajectory
– Kick-Off Point & Build Up
Rate
Surface
Location
Kick-Off Point
Horizontal
Section
S
Build-Up Rate
Degrees /100ft
Vertical
Section

The selection of both the kick-off point and the build-up rate depend on many
factors including the hole pattern selected, the casing program, the mud
program, the required horizontal displacement and the maximum tolerable
inclination. Choice of kick-off point may be severely limited by the requirement to
keep the well path at a safe distance from existing wells. The shallower the KOP
and the higher the build-up rate used, the lower the maximum inclination.
Build-up rates vary with the type of well profile required;
Long radius 2° - 6° /100ft
Medium radius 8° - 50° /100ft
Short radius 1.5° - 3° /ft
Build-up rates for standard directional wells are usually in the range 1.5°/100ft
MD to 4.0°/100ft MD. The maximum permissible dogleg severity must be
considered when choosing the appropriate rate.
In practice the well trajectory may be calculated for several choices of KOP and
build-up rate and the results compared. The optimum choice is that which gives
a safe clearance from all existing wells, keeps the maximum inclination within
desired limits and avoids unnecessarily high dogleg severities.
35
n Well Trajectory
– Tangent Section
Tangent Section
End of Build

If wells are drilled at inclinations up to 80°, (as with extended reach wells - long
radius) the area which can be covered from a single platform is approximately 8
times that covered if the maximum inclination of the wells is limited to 60°.
However, inclination angles over 65° may result in excessive torque and drag on
the drillstring and present hole cleaning, logging, cementing and production
problems.
Experience over the years, when using rotary BHA’s, has been that directional
control problems are aggravated when the tangent inclination is less than 15°.
This is because there is more tendency for bit walk to occur, i.e., change in
azimuth, so more time is spent keeping the well on course.
36
n Well Trajectory
– Drop-Off Section
Drop-Off Section

On S type wells, the rate of drop-off is selected mainly with regard to ease of
running casing and avoidance of completion and production problems. It is
much less critical with regard to drilling because there is less tension in the drill
pipe run through this deeper dogleg and less time will be spent rotating below
the dogleg.
37
n Well Trajectory
– Horizontal Projection
Surface
Location
Horizontal
Section
Vertical
Section

On many well plans, the horizontal projection is just a straight line drawn from
the slot (wellbore surface location) to the target. On multi-well platforms it is
sometimes necessary to start the well off in a different direction to avoid other
wells. Once clear of these, the well is turned to aim at the target. Of course this
is a 3-dimensional turn, but on the horizontal plan it would only be represented
as a 2-dimensional drawing.
The path of the drilled well is plotted on the horizontal projection by plotting total
North/South coordinates (Northings) versus East/West coordinates (Eastings).
These coordinates are calculated from surveys.
38
Well Planning
Drilling Considerations
n Drill String Design
n Determine maximum operating limit for WOB and
slack-off
n Determine required topside equipment and rig size
specifications
n Optimize well profile for minimum torque and drag
n Design BHA drillstring configurations
n Assess impact of doglegs or sidetracks on torque
n Determine overpull limits

Using a “Drillstring Simulator”(DSS), which is fundamentally a Torque-Drag

computer model for the rapid analysis of drillstring and casing configurations (it
will cope with any tubular configuration), covers a range of operations including
drilling, reaming, tripping, coil tubing operations and running casing or liners.
The drillstring is subject to a complex interaction of forces and stresses, the DSS
will predict the effect of these forces on the drillstring and determine the overall
torque and drag. Additionally the DSS indicates the stress state along the string
and predicts the onset of buckling.
39
Well Planning
Drill String Design
n Cumulative stress of the string
n Fatigue endurance limit (when rotating)
n Maximum top drive/rotary table torque
n Surface power requirements
n Rig/pipe overpull capacity
n Tooljoint make-up torque
n Surface pump pressure capacity
n Maximum WOB - buckling in the drillstring while drilling
n High wall forces leading to casing wear, key-seating and high
torque

DSS Results
A summary report, power and hydraulics report, numerical report and graphical
profiles can be produced through DSS analysis. The DSS analyzes the following
factors and determines which ones will limit the drillstring’s performance and
design.
* Cumulative Stress of The String

* Fatigue Endurance Limit (When Rotating)
* Maximum Top Drive/Rotary Table Torque
* Surface Power Requirements
* Rig/Pipe Overpull Capacity
* Tooljoint Make-up Torque
* Surface Pump Pressure Capacity
* Maximum WOB - Buckling in the Drillstring While Drilling
* High Wall Forces Leading to Casing Wear Key-Seating And
High Torque
40
Well Planning
n Casing Design
n Off-set well information
n Casing set depths
– Frac gradients
– Legal requirements
– Isolate problem zones
– Optimize well completion
n Select hole sizes
n Select casing weight & grade
– Burst pressure
– Collapse pressure
– Tensile load
Casing is designed so that the minimum cost casing string will exceed all the
requirements for the well. Usually, that means using the minimum weight and
grade of casing that will have the appropriate properties.
The first step in casing design is to determine casing and hole sizes. The design
starts from the production casing and works up the hole, (production,
intermediate and surface). At the bottom, collapse will be the prominent design
criterion; and at the top, burst or joint strength will be the design criterion.
Casing seats are often a function of frac gradients and anticipated formation
pressures. Usually casing design must meet three primary criteria:
- Tension or Joint Strength

- Internal Yield or Bust
- Collapse
With casing design for directional wells, particular attention should be applied to:
- Torque and Drag for pick-up weight

- Adjustments for bending stresses
Refer to “Bulletin on Performance Properties of Casing, Tubing, and Drill Pipe”,
API Bulletin 5C2 (BUL 5C2)

TWENTIETH EDITION, MAY 31, 1987
41
Well Planning
Casing Design – Casing Selection Sheet
Casing & Liner Size, in. 4 4 1/2 5 5 1/2
Bit & Hole Size, in. 4 3/4 5 7/8 6 1/8 6 1/2 7 7/8
Casing & Liner Size, in. 6 5/8 7 7 3/8 8 3/8 9 5/8

7 3/4
Bit & Hole Size, in. 7 7/8 8 1/2 8 3/4 9 1/2 10 5/8 12 1/4
9 5/8 11 3/4 13 3/8

Casing Size, in. 8 5/8
9 7/8
10 3/4
11 7/8 14
Bit & Hole Size, in. 10 5/8 12 1/4 14 3/4 17 1/2
11 3/4 13 3/8
Casing Size, in. 11 7/8 14
16 20
Bit & Hole Size, in. 14 3/4 17 1/2 20 26
Casing Size, in. 16 20 24 30

This chart can be used to select the casing bit sizes required to fulfill many
drilling programs. To use the chart:
1. Determine the casing size for the last size pipe to be run.
2. Enter the chart at that casing.
3. The flow of the chart then indicates hole size that may be required to set
that
size of pipe(i.e., 5” liner inside 6-1/8” or 6-1/2” hole).
Solid lines indicate commonly used bits for that size of pipe. This bit size will
normally provide adequate clearance to run and cement the casing (i.e., 5-1/2”
casing inside
7-7/8”hole). The broken lines indicate less common hole sizes (i.e., 5”inside 6-
1/8” hole). If you select one of these broken lines, you should carefully consider
connections, mud weight, cementing and doglegs. Large OD connections, thick
mud cake build-up, problem cementing areas (high water loss, lost returns, etc.)
and doglegs may aggravate attempts to run casing and liners if clearance is low.
4. Follow the chart flow, selecting casing or liners large enough to allow
passage of a bit to drill the hole selected in step 3.
Solid lines indicate commonly required casing sizes, encompassing most

weights (i.e., 6-1/2”bit inside 7-5/8” casing). Broken lines indicate casing sizes
for which you can use only the lighter weights (i.e., 8-1/8”bit inside 7” casing).
5. Repeat steps 2-4 until you have selected all casing sizes for the well.
42
Well Planning
n Bit Program
n Economic evaluation
– Cost/foot
n Rock mechanics stress evaluation
n Bit type recommendation

The bit program would try to design the best, most efficient, and economic bit
(cost/foot) for the particular application.
Bit selection would be based upon efficient rock cutting, maximum rock removal,
the most efficient hydraulics configuration, bit economics - long life.
Geographic and known drilling performance information, (offset well information,

bit records), formation characteristics, and hydraulic requirements are all needed
prior to any bit type recommendations.
43
Well Planning
n Drilling Fluid Program - Drilling “Mud” Functions
n Cool and lubricate the bit
n Clean the bottom of the hole
n Carry cuttings to the surface
n Permit cuttings removal from the mud at the surface
n Deposit an impermeable wall cake
n Over come formation fluid pressures
n Prevent caving of the borehole walls
n Avoid damage to productive zones
n Allow interpretable electric logs to be obtained
n Protect the drill pipe against corrosion
The Functions of drilling mud, i.e., the individual tasks within the drilling
operation that the mud is expected to perform, are outlined.
44
Well Planning
Drilling Fluid Program- Drilling “Mud” Characteristics
n Weight
n Rheology
n Plastic viscosity
– Yield point
– Gel strength
– Funnel
n Filtrate
– Quantity
– Quality
n Other
– Lubricity
– Corrosivity
– Osmatic effects 15
When in the course of the drilling operation, problems arise that may be
attributed to the mud, a decision must be agreed upon about what actions to
take. The varied drilling problems that are susceptible to alleviation in part
through the drilling fluid may be approached systematically by analysis in terms
of the fundamental characteristics of the drilling fluids, stated here.
45
Well Planning Drilling
Considerations
n Torque and Drag Considerations
– Depth Control
– Orientation Of Drilling and Completion Tools

One of the most significant problems associated with directional drilling,

especially of a high angle or horizontal profile, is torque and drag.
Due to the well profile, drag can affect the positioning of the BHA, and can
cause the depth and azimuth positioning of the bit high side (depending on
depth) to be at a different azimuth position in relation to the surface high side,
and at a different MD than the calculated MD.
46
Well Planning
Torque And Drag Considerations

T
FN
W = Bu oye d We igh t o f P ipe

T = Axial Te n s ion
F N = Res u lta nt No rma l Fo rce
W
T
To understand the effects of Torque and Drag, one has to first review how it acts
on the downhole tools that are being used.
The magnitude of the torque and drag is determined by the force with which the
pipe contacts the hole wall and the friction coefficient between the wall and the
pipe.
The friction coefficient depends upon the type of drilling fluid in the wellbore and
the roughness of the wellbore walls. Cased hole should have a lower friction
coefficient than open hole. Untreated water based muds will have a higher
friction coefficient than oil based muds; 0.1 to 0.35 for oil based mud, 0.2 to 0.6
for water based muds.
When hole curvature is considered, an additional force is added to the normal
force. Pipe placed in a curved wellbore under tension will exert a force
proportional to the tension and rate of curvature change - shown here. The
resultant normal force is the sum of the normal forces due to tension.
47
Well Planning
– Depth Control
M i c r o s o f t C l i p A r t G a l l e r y
25ft movement
at surface
Depth Related
< 10ft movement downhole

There are two modes of drillstring movement, either rotational and

reciprocal (or a combination of both). Generally when pipe movement is
considered, reciprocation is traditionally regarded as the simplest to
implement.
With highly deviated or horizontal wells, frictional drag can limit the
available forces required to set and pull controls, shift levers, shear pins,
etc.
48
Well Planning Drilling
Considerations
n Torque And Drag Considerations
– Orientation Positioning
6 Rotations at
Surface (6 x 360°)
Depth Related
~ 1/2 Rotation Downhole (180°)

Investigation into pipe-stretch behavior in straight holes indicates that

although the pipe may be reciprocated 15 to 30ft (4.5 to 9m) on surface,
there would be reduced movement at the mechanism downhole., e.g., a
3,530ft string of 7”liner is run on 12,100ft of 5”drillpipe in 12.6 ppg mud.
Because of pipe stretch, a 16ft surface stroke translates to 12ft
downhole.
49
Well Planning
– To alter the effect of drag:
n Change the friction coefficient
n Change the directional profile of the well
n Change the string weight

Change the Friction Coefficient

If the friction coefficient is reduced by 50%, the drag also will be reduced
by 50%.
Change the Directional Profile of the Well
Building at higher rates and to lower inclinations will yield a greater drag
than building at low rates and to higher inclinations.
Change the String Weight
Reducing the tension in a dogleg will reduce the torque and drag in the
wellbore.
50
Directional Control Methods
n Rotary Assemblies
– Side Force and Tilt Angle
– Fulcrum Principle
– Stabilization Principle
– Pendulum Principle
– Drill Collar Stiffness
n Effect of Bit Type
n Effect of Formation
n Steerable Motors
– Positive Displacement Motor
– Modes of Operation
n Oriented
n Rotary
An important aspect of directional drilling is the design of rotary BHAs

which will drill the planned trajectory. The effect of drilling parameters
such as WOB, formation anisotropy, rotary speed, etc. should be
considered when drilling with a rotary assembly.
Historically, it has always been possible to control angle (inclination) of
directional wells during rotary drilling by correct design of the assembly
and use of suitable drilling parameters. However, the control of hole
direction has traditionally been poor. Roller cone bits usually “walk”to the
right, and directional control was formally limited to using well-stabilized
assemblies to reduce this tendency. Until the eighties it was standard
practice to give wells a “lead angle”t o the left of the proposal to
compensate for this right hand walk.
51
Rotary Assemblies
n Side Force and Tilt Angle
– Factors affecting bit trajectory
n Gauge and placement of stabilizers
n Diameter and length of drill collars
n Weight on bit
n Rotary speed
n Bit type Hole Gauge
n Formation anisotropy and Side Force

at Bit
dip angle of the Bedding
Side Force
planes Resultant at Stabilizer
Force at Bit
n Formation hardness
Hole Axis Formation
n Flow rate Anisotropy
Bit Tilt Angle
n Rate of penetration
Directional trends are accepted to be related to the direction of the

resultant force at the bit. It has also been shown that the bit angle, i.e.,
the angle between the axis and the hole axis, affects the direction of
drilling. This is because a drill bit is designed to drill parallel to its axis. In
rotary assemblies where there is a near bit stabilizer, the bit angle is
small and the magnitude of the side force at the bit is the key factor.
Factors that can affect the directional behavior of rotary assemblies,
either individually or interrelated, are listed.
52
Rotary Assemblies
n The Fulcrum Principle
– is used to build angle (i.e. increase borehole inclination)
n The Stabilization Principle

– is used to hold (maintain) angle and direction
n The Pendulum Principle

– is used to drop (reduce) angle

Directional trends are accepted to be related to the direction of the

resultant force at the bit. It has also been shown that the bit angle, i.e.
the angle between the axis and the hole axis, affects the direction of
drilling. This is because a drill bit is designed to drill parallel to its axis. In
rotary assemblies where there is a near bit stabilizer, the bit angle is
small and the magnitude of the side force at the bit is the key factor.
Factors that can affect the directional behavior of rotary assemblies,
either individually or interrelated are listed.
53
Rotary Assemblies
n The•Build
Stabilization Principle
rate will be increased by the following:
– is used to hold (maintain) anglefrom
– An increase in the distance andthe NB stabilizer
direction Weight
to the first ST stabilizer
– Increase in hole inclination
– is used to drop of
– Reduction (reduce) angle
drill collar diameter
– Increase in WOB
– Reduction in rotary speed
– Reduction in flow rate (in soft formations)
Component of Force
On High Side
Full Gauge
Near-bit
Stabilizer
Force

An assembly with a full gauge near-bit stabilizer, and 40’- 120’of drill
collars before the first string stabilizer, or no string stabilizer at all, will
build when weight is applied. As illustrated on the slide, the collar above
the near-bit stabilizer acts as a pivot, or fulcrum, of a lever and the bit is
pushed to the high side of the hole. The bit therefore drills a path which
is gradually curving upwards, i.e., the assembly builds angle.
54
Rotary Assemblies



This principle is that if there are three stabilizers in quick succession

behind the bit separated by short, stiff drill collar sections, then the three
st abilizers will resist going round a curve and force the bit to drill a
reasonably straight path. The first of the three stabilizers should be
immediately behind the bit, i.e., a near-bit stabilizer, and should be full
gauge.
Assemblies which utilize this principle are called packed hole assemblies
and are used to drill the tangent sections of directional wells, maintaining
angle and direction. High rotary speeds (120 to160+) will assist the
tendency to drill straight.
55
Rotary Assemblies


Bi
Fo t Sid
rce e
WOB
Force
This was the first directional control principle to be formulated and was
originally analyzed for slick assemblies drilling straight holes. For
deviated wells, the portion of the assembly from the bit to the first string
st abilizer “hangs like a pendulum”and, because of its own weight,
presses the bit to the low side of the hole. The major design feature of a
pendulum assembly is that there is either no near-bit stabilizer or an
undergauge near-bit stabilizer. In most cases where a pendulum
assembly is used, the main factor causing deviation is the component of
the forces at the bit acting on the low side of the hole.
The length of collars from the bit to the first string stabilizer (the
“pendulum”) must not be allowed too bend to much towards the low side
of the hole. If the collars make contact with the low side of the borehole,
the effective length of the pendulum and the side force are both reduced.
This could result in the bit axis tilting upwards in relation to the hole axis
which can reduce the dropping tendency and could produce a build
tendency. Careful selection of drilling parameters is required to prevent
this. High rotary speed (120 to 160+) helps keep the pendulum straight to
avoid the above situation. Initially, low weight on bit should be used, and
once the dropping trend has been established, moderate weight can be
used to achieve a respectable ROP.
56
Rotary Assemblies
n Effects of Formation on Bit Trajectory
– Isotropic
n Sandstone
– Anisotropic
n Shales
Bedding
Fd
Plane
UNEQUAL Chip Volumes

In some cases, the nature and hardness of the rocks being drilled can have a
pronounced effect on directional tendencies, although in many cases the
importance of formation effects is exaggerated. Of fundamental importance is
whether the rock is isotropic or anisotropic.
An isotropic rock is one which has the same properties, or behaves in the same
way, no matter which direction you approach it from- most sandstones are
isotropic. Anisotropic rocks do not have the same properties in all directions -
shales are anisotropic.
Most oilfield drilling, although not all, is done in sedimentary formations,
sedimentary rocks have layers or bedding planes, and most sedimentary rocks
show some degree of anisotropy. Experience from drilling into dipping (tilted)
formations has shown that the drill bit is forced towards a preferential direction
related to the dip angle and direction of the bedding. The trends are most
prevalent in low angle medium to hard drilling, notably in fields with pronounced
structure. A number of explanations and models have been proposed over the
years to explain these effects. All agree that when the bit is drilling an
anisotropic rock, large chips will be cut rapidly on one side of the bit and small
chips will be cut out more slowly on the other side. Unequal chip volumes will
therefore be generated on each side of a bit tooth.
The forces between the bit tooth and the rock will be greater on the right side of
the tooth; therefore, there will be a resultant force on the bit acting to the left , -
this is Fd , the deviation force. It follows that the deviation force depends on the
angle of the dip.
57
Rotary Assemblies
n Dip Angle and Deviation Force
5000
Up Dip
Fd Deviation Force (LBF)

1000
Down Dip Up Dip
Fd Deviation Force (N)
2500 500
0 0
15 30 45 60 75
2500 500
Down Dip
1000
5000
Maximum deviation force as a function of formation Meaning of up-dip and down-

dip dip

Based on the preferential chip formation theory explained on the previous slide,
the graph here has been derived from experimental work.
The effective angle of dip is the angle at which the bit strikes the bedding
planes. The graph predicts that when the effective angle of dip is less than 45°
the direction of the deviation force is up-dip, but when the effective dip angle is
greater than 45° the direction of the deviation force is down-dip. Up-dip and
Down-dip is shown.
Experience of unwanted deviation in vertical wells over many years has borne
out the predictions of the graph. Drilling through alternately hard and soft
formations with low dip angles, using a well stabilized bit and enough weight
high to cause collar flexure, usually results in a course perpendicular to the
bedding planes.
58
Rotary Assemblies
Dog Leg Angle
t
Spo
Tr Dip Hard
an
sit
ion
Dog Leg Angle
At high dip angles, deviation At low dip angles, deviation tendency is up-dip
tendency is down-dip

Here, on the left, the tendency of the bit to deviate in the up-dip direction
when the formation dip angle is low.
The formation attitudes will have a similar effect on directional
tendencies. For dip angles less than 45°, if the direction is due to up-dip,
then the bit will tend to maintain direction but build angle.
However, if the borehole direction is left of up-dip, the bit tends to walk to
the right; whereas if the direction is right of up-dip the bit tends to walk to
the left. Both of these phenomena are in reality just special cases of the
up-dip tendency.
When the formation dip angle is greater than 45°, the usual tendency of
the bit is to drill parallel to the bedding plane. If the borehole direction is
right of down-dip direction then the bit tends to walk to the right. Again,
these are simply special cases of the down-dip tendency.
There will be no deflection of the bit caused by the formation at 0° or 90°
dip. This is because the bit is cutting into a structure that is essentially
uniform and is constantly cutting into the same layers at the same time or
const antly drilling between layers.
59
Rotary Assemblies
30° 35°
35° 35° 35°

Be
dd
ing
Pla
ne
– Hole Inclination = 30° – Hole Inclination = 0° – Hole Inclination = 35°

– Real Dip Angle = 35° – Effective
angle of dip equals real dip – Real Dip Angle = 35°
angle (35°)
– Effective Dip Angle = 30°+35°=65° – Effective Dip Angle = 0°
– There will be a up-dip deviation force
– There will be a down-dip deviation – There will be no deviation force
force

There are a few points concerning the effect of rock hardness on

directional behavior which should be mentioned.
In very soft formations, the formation may be eroded by the drilling fluid
exiting from the bit nozzles creating an overgauge hole. This can make it
difficult to build angle, even with a strong build assembly. If this problem
is anticipated, then fairly large nozzels should be fitted in the bit. If it
occurs while drilling, then the pump rate should be reduced and prior to
making each connection, increase the flow rate to clean the hole with the
bit one joint off bottom. Hole washing or enlargement in soft formations
may also cause packed assemblies to give a dropping tendency at high
inclinations. This may be counteracted by increasing WOB and reducing
flow rate.
BHAs tend to respond more closely to their theoretical behavior in harder
formations. This is mainly because the hole is more likely to be correct
gauge. In medium to hard formations, building assemblies are more
responsive as maximum bit weight may be applied to produce the
required build. The main directional problem encountered in hard
formations is getting a pendulum assembly to drop angle. Generally
speaking the harder the formation, the longer it takes a dropping
assembly to respond. There may also be a conflict between the need to
reduce WOB to get the dropping trend established and the need for high
WOB to maintain an acceptable ROP.
60
Steerable Motors

All steerable motor assemblies are engineered as “three point” curve

drilling assemblies. This diagram provides a simple basis for
understanding how an oriented, steerable motor establishes wellbore
curvatures.
THREE POINTS OF STABILIZATION - at the bit gauge, bearing housing
st abilizer, and at the motor top end string stabilizer - approximate a circular
arc which defines the wellpath.
The curvature of this arc is determined by the deflection device tilt angle
and the distance from the bit gauge surface to the blade surfaces of the
st abilizers (L1 + L2).
61
Steerable Motors
Double Adjustable Fixed Angle Build
Motor (DAM) (FAB) Motor
n Angle build configuration

– Oriented drilling only,
No drill string rotation
– Wellpath
n Controlled curvature
n Controlled direction
Θ Θ

The fixed angle build motor is configured as a non-rotatable directional drilling

motor for applications requiring uniform wellpath curvatures. In these
applications the tool face of the motor is oriented in the hole to the heading
which will produce the desired course change or correction. The rotary table is
usually locked and the motor is used to drill ahead.
When operated in the oriented mode, steerable motors drill a well path with
controlled curvature and direction. Steerable motors when oriented initiate or
propagate wellpath deflection due to the effect of the u-joint housing/AKO tilt on
the bit attitude.
62
Steerable Motors
Adjustable Kick-off
Double Tilted Housing
Motor (AKO)
Motor (DTU)
n Angle hold configuration
n Course correction
– Oriented drilling
– Rotary drilling
n Behavior same as a
rotary drilling assembly
n Hole slightly over size
Θ
Θ

Steerable tools are Navi-Drill motors that are configured with either a double
tilted universal joint (DTU) or an adjustable kick-off sub (AKO). This geometry
allows effective use of the motor in several drilling techniques, including long
and medium radius horizontal drilling, slim hole, underbalanced drilling and
performance drilling.
With the DTU and specific AKO settings, the motor configuration can be used for
drilling both tangent (rotary) sections and building angle (oriented “sliding”
sections). When steerable motors are operated in the rotary mode, the motor
drills with the behavior of a rotary drilling assembly.
Steerable motors are made to drill a straight course by rotation of the drill string,
which negates the bit tilt or bit side force. Extended rotation of steerable motors
is made possible by concentric stabilization of the bearing housing and motor
top-end locations, as well as the relatively low tilt angle.
Two additional BHA design considerations will have significant effect on

steerable motor dogleg development. By reducing the diameter of the motor top-
end string stabilizer, the build rate capability of the motor can be enhanced and
an angle-build tendency in the rotary mode can be developed. Similarly
movement of the motor top-end stabilizer to a higher position will generally
reduce dogleg capabilities, although this tendency will eventually be offset by
drilling assembly deflection between bearing housing and motor top-end
stabilization.
The normal mode of operation through intervals of significant angle change is an

alternation of oriented and rotary footage. After establishing actual dogleg
development performance, the course length of oriented “sets” is controlled such
that oriented drilling is minimized. Typically course lengths for oriented sets are
15-90 ft (4.6-27.7m), depending on required DLS and formation characteristics. 63
Steerable Motor Deflection Devices
Bent Sub & Motor Kick Off Sub (KOS) Double Kick Off (DKO)
Motor Motor
1/2° - 3°/100ft Bent Sub ≤6°/100ft (30m)
(30m)
Large BOS
Large BOS 1/2° - 3°/100ft No Surface
(30m)
No Surface Rotation
Rotation Smaller BOS
No Surface
Rotation
Double Kick-Off
Sub
Kick-Off Sub
B OS B OS B OS

Directional drilling methods guide the wellpath along a prescribed

trajectory. The principle means whereby the wellpath is caused to
change direction - inclination - and/or azimuth, include those which
either,
1) Create a side force at the bit, or
2) Create a change in bit attitude (tilt) [Bit off-set (BOS) is the
effect of bit tilt]
Both of which are the result of tool curvature, as noted on the previous
slide.
Motor configurations for “directional drilling”would include motors with
bent subs (always unstabilized) and bent u-joint housings of several
types.
Typical applications for these PDM configurations would include kick-
offs, sidetracks, and simple course corrections.
64
Steerable Motor Deflection
Devices
Fixed Angle Build Double Tilt Universal
(FAB) Motor (DTU) Motor
Flex Bent Sub

≤20°/100ft (30m)
Large BOS
No Surface ≤6°/100ft (30m)
Rotation
Small BOS
Surface Rotation
Bent Sub
Double Tilt
Housing
Tilted Drive Sub
B OS

The fixed angle build motor is configured as a non-rotatable directional

drilling motor for applications requiring uniform high curvature wellpaths.
In these applications the tool face of the motor is oriented in the hole to
the heading which will produce the desired course change or correction.
The rotary table is usually locked and the motor is used to drill ahead in a
sliding mode.
Steerable tools that are configured with a double tilted universal joint
(DTU) allow effective use of the motor in several drilling techniques,
including long and medium radius horizontal drilling, slim hole,
underbalanced, and performance drilling.
With the DTU, the motor configuration can be used for drilling both
tangent (rotary) sections and building angle (oriented “sliding” sections).
65
Steerable Motor Deflection
Devices
Adjustable Kick Double Alignment Kick Off
≤12°/100ft (30m) (DAM) Motor
Off (AKO) Motor
Moderate BOS
Surface Rotation ≤20°/100ft (30m)
up Large BOS
to 8°/100ft (30m)
No Surface
Rotation Alignment
Bent Sub
Adjustable Kick-Off Sub
BOS

Steerable tools that are configured with an adjustable kick-off sub (AKO),
are rig floor adjustable. This allows effective use of the motor in several
drilling techniques, including long and medium radius horizontal drilling,
slim hole, underbalanced, and performance drilling.
With specific AKO settings, the motor configuration can be used for
drilling both tangent (rotary) sections and building angle (oriented
“sliding” sections).
The addition of an alignment bent sub enables the AKO motor to

increase the build up rates of the assembly. In effect it becomes an
adjustable angle building motor assembly, however, in this configuration
surface rotation is not possible.
66
Positive Displacement Motor
Overview
Bearing Deflection Stator By-Pass
Assembly Device Valve
Drive Sub a) Mono Lobe

(Bit Box) 1 Stage
b) Multi Lobe
Drive Sub Universal Joint Rotor

Assembly

The positive displacement (PDM) downhole motor is powered by the

circulating fluid to provide rotation and torque to the bit without the need
for rotation of the drill string. It is a simple and rugged drilling tool.
The PDM consists of four basic components:
* By-Pass Valve
* Power module (rotor and stator)
* Universal joint assembly/deflection device (transmission element)
* Bearing assembly with drive sub
PDMs operate effectively with all types of drilling mediums, at any mud
weight, including water, salt water, oil-base, oil emulsion, fluids with high
viscosity or which contain lost circulation material and compressible
fluids.
The motor design is modular in construction. Depending on the required
application the various modular assemblies (PDM systems differ mainly
in the power module) can be modified or replaced enabling motor
geometry to be constructed for specific applications.
67
PDM - By-Pass Valve
Open Closed
Drilling Fluid
Flow
Piston
Sleeve
Stator
Housing

The BPV is designed to allow the circulation fluid to by-pass the motor
assembly, thereby filling the drill string while tripping into the hole, and
draining the pipe when pulling the drill string or making a connection.
With no circulation, or low circulation, a spring holds a piston in the upper

position. The ports are open and allow the mud to flow into or out of the
drill string. The piston is actuated by the flow rate. At about 30% of
maximum recommended pump rate, the piston is forced down against a
seat, thus closing the ports. The drilling fluid is now directed through the
motor. When the pumps are shut down, the spring forces the piston to
the upper position again, thus opening the ports.
68
PDM - Fluid Flow Path
Stator
(Elastomer)
Rotor
Direction
Of
Rotation
Fluid Flow
Universal
Joint

A PDM power module consists of an elastomer molded stator with a

spiral shaped chamber and a helicoidal profile steel rotor coated with a
special hardfacing to reduce wear and avoid corrosion.
A continuous seal is formed between the elastomer of the stator and the
coated surface of the rotor.
As the drilling fluid is pumped through the motor, it fills the cavities
between the dissimilar shapes of the rotor and stator, displacing the
rotor. The resulting motion is transferred through the bearing assembly to
the drive sub, delivering rotation and torque at the bit.
The rotational SPEED (angular velocity) of the rotor is proportional to
the drilling fluid FLOW rate through the motor cavities.
The TORQUE generated is proportional to the drilling fluid PRESSURE
DROP across the power module, and is typically a function of the weight
on bit (WOB).
Increasing weight on bit will create more torque and thereby increase
differential pressure across the power module until the motor stalls, so
an increase in WOB usually causes an increase in pump pressure.
By adjusting the bit speed and torque to changing downhole conditions,
the driller can enhance bit life and optimize penetration rates.
69
PDM - Lobe Configurations
1/2 2/3 3/4
5/6 7/8 9/10

The characteristics of a PDM are a function of the design of the stator/rotor

geometry.
The available torque and rotational speed depend on the pitch angle and the
number of lobes in the stator and rotor. The original PDM design was the 1/2
lobe, which worked well with natural and synthetic diamond bits, but was too fast
for roller cone bits.
As a result, low speed, high performance PDM’s were developed with multi-lobe
configurations. With a multi-lobe system the relationship between speed and
torque can be changed with the number of lobes.
The stator/rotor geometry dictates that a helicoidal steel rotor with one or more
lobes is placed inside an elastomer stator having one more lobe than the rotor.
The rotor/stator configuration is written with a slash between the two numbers:
1/2, 3/4, 5/6, 7/8 or 9/10
HP created = T xN where: HP is horsepower
5252 T is torque in ft-lbs
N is bit speed in rpm
HHP consumed = P x Q where: P is pressure drop
1714 Q is flow rate in gpm
EFFICIENCY = HP created
HHP consumed
70
PDM - Drive Line Components
Multi-part, Universal-Joint Shafts
Drilling Fluid
Flow Path U-Joint
Housing Drive Sub Rotor
Rotor
Universal Joint
Assembly

Universal Joint Assembly/Flexible Shaft

The lower end of the rotor and the upper end of the drive sub are
connected by a universal joint assembly or flexible shaft to transmit the
power generated by the power module via the drive sub to the bit.
Also, the universal joint assembly/flexible shaft translates the eccentric
motion of the rotor into concentric rotation for the bearing assembly.
71
Flexible Shafts
Drilling Fluid
Flow Path U-Joint Housing Drive Sub Rotor
Rotor
Flexible Shaft
Assembly

One piece flexible shaft usually manufactured from high strength

materials, both ferrous and non-ferrous (steel, titanium, beryllium copper,
etc.).
The outer housing (u-joint housing) connects the bearing assembly with
the power module. Depending on the job requirement, the u-joint housing
can be straight (performance drilling) or configured with a single bend
(oriented drilling), adjustable bend assembly, or double tilt (steerable
drilling - oriented and rotary applications).
72
Bearing Assemblies - Mud Lubricated
Pin Connection To
Drilling Fluid
Universal Joint Flow Path
Assembly
Upper Radial Bearing Lower Radial Bearing

Assembly Assembly Drive Sub
Axial (Thrust) Bearing (Bit Box)
Assembly
Screw-On Stabilizer Sleeve
Bearing Housing

The bearing supported drive sub transmits rotation and torque developed
by the power module to the bit.
Axial loading of the drive sub is supported by specially designed ball
bearing stack - axial (thrust) bearings, while journal radial bearings
provide lateral support above and below the axial bearings.
The radial bearings are designed to restrict drilling fluid flow such that a
small percentage of the total circulation enters the bearings for cooling
and lubrication prior to exiting the lower radial bearing clearance to the
annulus.
The percentage bypassed through the bearings will depend upon
operation parameters such as bit pressure drop, drilling fluid properties,
and radial bearing clearance.
The major portion of the fluid circulation rate enters the drive sub through
ports on the universal joint assembly, above the upper radial bearing,
and exits through the drill bit nozzles.
73
Bearing Assemblies - Sealed Oil Bath
Pin Connection To Drilling Fluid

Universal Joint Sealed Oil Flow Path
Assembly Reservoir
Marine Bearing Upper Rotary Thrust Bearing Lower Rotary

Face Seal Assembly Face Seal
Compensating Drive Sub
Assembly (Bit Box)
Upper Radial Lower Radial

bearing bearing

The prepressured and pressure compensated bearing section supports

the weight on the bit and provides rigid lateral stability to the drive shaft.
Heavy duty roller thrust and radial bearings operating in synthetic oil
permit high bit loads and long bearing life.
Usually, the oil system is filled under pressure to charge the oil reservoir
and a calculated amount is bled off to compensate for downhole
operating conditions. The oil reservoir also contains a floating piston that
allows equalization of the oil pressure with wellbore hydrostatic pressure.
74
Sleeve Stabilizer Blade Type: Blade Matrix:

n Straight n Tungsten Carbide
n Spiral n Insert
n Tight Spiral
Blade Number: Blade Direction:

n 3 blades to n Left Hand
6 blades
n Right Hand
Integral Stabilizer
Blade Profile:
n Angle of Leading/Trailing Edge
n Area of Wall Contact (Blade Surface)

Sleeve Stabilizer
The sleeve stabilizer is usually a cast/forged component with the blade type,
number, and direction established prior to initial manufacture, the profile and
matrix can be selected at final manufacture to suit the project and or expected
drilling conditions. The condition of the sleeve after use is determined by the
gauge size and blade wear; it is not usually repairable. They allow the same
PDM to be adapted to fit various hole sizes, and by careful sizing
(gauge/under-gauge) can be used by the driller in steerable motor applications
for maintaining specific well profiles.
Integral Stabilizer
The upper bearing housing (UBH) with the integral stabilizer is usually forged
but can be machined from a forged billet. As with the sleeve stabilizer, the
blade type, number and direction have to be established prior to initial
manufacture, but the profile and matrix can be selected at final manufacture to
suit the project and or expected drilling conditions. Usually, the integral
st abilizer on the UBH can be repaired, i.e. build-up and re-hardfaced.
Once the integral stabilizer on the UBH is worn to the point where it is affecting
motor steerability or borehole inclination/azimuth, the motor has to be laid
down.
75
Oriented Mode
n Wellpath
– Controlled curvature
– Controlled direction
– No drill string rotation

When operated in the oriented mode, steerable motors drill a well path
with controlled curvature and direction. Steerable motors when oriented
initiate or propagate wellpath deflection due to the effect of the u-joint
housing/AKO tilt on the bit attitude.
76
Rotary Mode
n Wellpath
– Behavior same as a
rotary drilling
assembly
– Hole slightly over size

When steerable motors are operated in the rotary mode, the motor drills
with the behavior of a rotary drilling assembly.
Steerable motors are made to drill a straight course by rotation of the drill
string, which negates the bit tilt or bit side force.
Extended rotation of steerable motors is made possible by concentric
st abilization of the bearing housing and motor top-end locations, as well
as the relatively low tilt angle.
Two additional BHA design considerations will have significant effect on
st eerable motor dogleg development. By reducing the diameter of the
motor top-end string stabilizer, the build rate capability of the motor can
be enhanced and an angle-build tendency in the rotary mode can be
developed. Similarly, movement of the motor top-end stabilizer to a
higher position will generally reduce dogleg capabilities, although this
tendency will eventually be offset by drilling assembly deflection between
bearing housing and motor top-end stabilization.
The normal mode of operation through intervals of significant angle
change is an alternation of oriented and rotary footage. After establishing
actual dogleg development performance, the course length of oriented
“sets”is controlled such that oriented drilling is minimized. Typically,
course lengths for oriented sets are 15-90 ft (4.6-27.7#m), depending on
required DLS and formation characteristics.
77
Overview of Surveying
Why Wellbores are Surveyed
n Surveys are taken:
– To permit calculation of well coordinates at a series of
measured depths, thus specifying well path and current
bottomhole location
– To measure inclination and azimuth, hence well direction
– To determine orientation of tool face
– To locate doglegs and allow calculation of dogleg severity

Surveys are required throughout the well life cycle --- from drilling and
completion, through production and abandonment, although the type and
quality of survey information required varies according to the application.
To generalize, it is possible to group survey applications into five major
application categories: Drilling Control, Position Verification, Orientation,
Production, and Non-Oilfield.
Within each of these general areas, there are a variety of survey systems
suitable for use; that is, any number of survey instruments may be able
to provide the necessary information in a given application. The type of
syst em used is dependent on a number of related factors.
78
Why Wellbores are Surveyed
n Accurate knowledge of the course of a wellbore is
necessary:
– To avoid collision with other wells
– To allow intersection by a relief well in the event of a
blowout
– To hit the geological target areas
– For equity determination
– To provide a better definition of geological and reservoir
data to allow for optimization of production
– To fulfill local and government regulations

Wellbore surveys are required for legal reasons and for safety, as well as
operational concerns. For example, lease boundary restrictions and
governmental regulations often require specific information on wellpath
location. Obviously, surveys are instrumental in determining specific
downhole formation target penetration, and may be used in reservoir
evaluation to facilitate distribution and reserve analyses. Directional
surveys are f undamental to position correction operations, such as re-
drills or sidetrack jobs, and are essential to minimize the risk of collision
between wellbores drilled from multi-well sites. Finally, relief well drilling,
one of the earliest applications for directional surveying, is based upon
the ability to direct the control well to intersect a blowing well.
The objectives of any good survey are to gather and maintain information
on well locations, to ensure that data satisfies the accuracy requirements
of the structure, and to carry out the program as cost-effectively as
possible while satisfying those accuracy requirements.
79
Data Gathering Techniques
n Photographic film
– Disks / strip
n Memory modules
– Multi-shot / MWD
n Wireline
– Surface readout
n Mud Pulse Telemetry
– MWD

Photographic film is similar to that used in your regular camera. Once the
image has been taken down hole, the tool has to be retrieved, and the
image processed such that it can be manually interpreted.
Memory modules allow for data to be stored in the tool. This information
has to be associated to time/depth, such that when it is downloaded at
the surface it can be correlated to the wellbore path and orientation. It
can be used in a multi-shot service or as a backup (in some cases with
higher data density) to MWD data.
Wireline systems allow surface readout of the tool’s parameters during
the drilling/orientation process. Obvious drawbacks are that you cannot
rotate the drillstring, and it is not the preferred situation for well control
(BOP operation, split bushings, ability to circulate), but the main
advantage is an instantaneous look at the BHA’s position and
orientation.
Mud Pulse Telemetry provides real time data during the
drilling/orientation process. It is only available for magnetic, dynamic, and
formation evaluation sensors (no gyro). This system overcomes the
limitations of wireline.
80
Technology Tree
Survey
Magnetic Gyroscopic
Low End High End Low End High End
OR OR / SS North Inertial
MS MWD Non SRG SRG
SS MS / ST Seeking
OR = OrientationSS = Single-ShotMS = Multi-Shot ST = Steering ToolSRG = Surface Readout Gyro

MWD = Measurement While Drilling

The most consistent difference between low end and high end survey
technology is the service accuracy and cost.
The “Non SRG” category makes reference to film based single- and
multi-shot gyro’s.
81
Magnetic Single-Shot
n Function
– Provides photographic
record of inclination,
direction and toolface
orientation at a single point
in the open hole section of
the well
n Limitations
– Requires non-magnetic drill
collars
– Temperature
– Must re-run to confirm
changes in toolface
Magnetic survey instruments use a magnetic compass to measure the

direction of a wellbore in relation to magnetic north.
Magnetic instruments determine both direction and inclination using a
plumb bob or drift arc that is designed to seek the low side of the hole.
To measure inclination and direction, the instrument camera
photographs the attitude of the plumb bob in reference to a calibrated
angle indicator and in reference to a compass. These parameters and
the measured depth of the survey station are used to calculate the well’s
position.
Single-Shot surveys, which photograph the instrument at a single
position, are often used by the directional driller to track the bit’s
progress while drilling is underway. The compass unit of a magnetic
survey instrument is placed in a non-magnetic drill collar (NMDC) to
isolate the compass from the drillstring’s magnetic interference.
Placement of the instrument within the NMDC varies with the wellbore
attitude, latitude, and the bottomhole assembly.
Magnetic survey directional readings also must be adjusted for the
difference between local magnetic North and True North or Grid North.
The amount of correction varies geographically and with time.
Baker Hughes INTEQ offering == SS (Single-Shot)
82
Magnetic Multi-Shot
n Function
record of inclination and
direction throughout the full
open hole section of the
well
n Limitations
– Needs non-magnetic drill
collars
– Temperature
– Must be run when tripping

Multi-Shot surveys provide a more comprehensive picture of the well’s

path.
This type of survey is normally run when the drilling assembly is being
tripped out of a hole, either for a bit change or a wiper trip. As the name
implies, a succession of surveys are taken at regular depth intervals
(typically stand lengths) through the open hole section. The tool is
located downhole in a non-magnetic drill collar with the bottom of the tool
landed on a baffle plate.
There are two instrument sizes available corresponding to two sizes of
downhole tool. The standard magnetic multi-shot instruments fit inside
the same 1.75" (4.5cm) OD barrel that is used for R single shot. The
mini-multi-shot instruments fit inside a 1.38" (3.5cm) OD barrel. This is
not the same barrel as is used for E single shot because the complete
mini-multi-shot instrument is considerably longer than the E single shot.
However, t he other items of running gear, i.e., spacer bars, etc., are
common to both systems.
Heat shields are available for both the standard and the mini magnetic
syst ems.
Baker Hughes INTEQ offering == MMS (Magnetic Multi-Shot)
83
Wireline Steering Tools
n Function
– Provides real-time surface
readout of, inclination,
direction and toolface as
drilling progresses
n Limitations
collars
– Requires conducting
wireline
– Temperature

A wireline steering tool is a survey tool used to give continuous surface

readout of survey data while drilling with a downhole navigational
assembly. An electronic probe is run into the hole on a conductor line
and is seated in an orienting sub just above the motor. Within the probe
are the electronic sensors that measure hole inclination, azimuth and
toolface. The survey results are transmitted from the probe via the
conductor line to the surface, where a computer analyzes the signal and
gives a digital display of the angles measured. This method of surveying
offers several advantages over single shots:
• Rig time is saved by eliminating the large number of wireline trips
required to take surveys and to check orientation.
• Continued monitoring will reduce the risk of the well straying off course,
and therefore reduce the number of correction runs.
• Owing to better control, the well path should be smoother, with fewer
dog-legs.
The advent of MWD tools has meant limited usage of this type of tool;
however, special applications such as air drilling do utilize this
technology.
Baker Hughes INTEQ offering == DOT or SHAREWELL (3rd Party)
84
Electronic Multi-Shot
n Function
– Records inclination,
direction and toolface
– Records raw magnetic and
gravity field data
– All data electronically
measured and recorded
n Limitations
collars
– Temperature

The electronic multi-shot makes use of some of the latest technology in

downhole magnetic surveying, achieving new standards of magnetic
survey accuracy using tri-axial accelerometers and magnetometers to
measure a variety of downhole parameters.
In addition to hole inclination and direction, it also calculates the
magnetic dip angle and field strength at each survey station. These
values are used to determine downhole magnetic interference, providing
a good measure of survey validity. In addition, the probe measures
downhole temperature and is modeled for a range from 32° to 302°F (0°
to 150°C).
The system is armed at the surface, then run like a standard multi-shot.
The tool can be programmed for either the single-shot, multi-shot or core
orientation mode, with variable delay times and station intervals set at
the surface. Survey data for as many as 1023 data points can be stored.
Surface equipment includes a system printer and a rugged portable
computer which processes results. Following the survey, the tool is
reconnected to the system computer, which processes the data and
generates a survey report at rigsite.
Because it uses an electronic memory to store survey data, the system
eliminates many of the error sources associated with camera-based
syst ems, such as data entry error, or misinterpretation of data.
Baker Hughes INTEQ offering == EMS (Electronic Magnetic
Surveyor)
85
Gyro Single-Shot
n Function
record of inclination,
direction and toolface at a
single point in the wellbore
n Limitations
– Needs surface reference
direction Accuracy effected
by gyro drift
– Temperature
– Must re-run to confirm
changes to toolface
orientation
Survey instruments which use magnetic compass cards to measure

direction cannot be used in a cased hole because the presence of the
st eel casing will give erroneous results. This may be true when surveying
in open hole when there are cased wellbores nearby. When kicking off a
directional well from a multi-well platform, a magnetic single shot may be
unreliable owing to the close proximity of adjacent wells. Under these
circumstances the magnetic compass can be replaced by a gyroscopic
compass that will not be affected by the presence of magnetic fields.
This tool configuration is then known as a gyro single shot.
Baker Hughes INTEQ offering == GYRO Single-Shot
86
Gyro Multi-Shot
n Function
record of inclination and
direction throughout the
required section of a
wellbore
n Limitations
direction
– Accuracy effected by gyro
drift
– Inclination limits
– Temperature
Once a string of casing has been run in the hole, the trajectory of the
cased borehole can be provided by a gyro multi-shot survey. The gyro
multi-shot is run on wireline and the surveys are taken while running into
the hole. This is to reduce the error caused by gyro drift, which becomes
significant over longer times. Gyro drift does not increase uniformly with
time. To correct the survey results for the effect of gyro drift a series of
drift checks is made both running in and coming out of the hole. The gyro
is held stationary for a few minutes, allowing a number of pictures to be
taken at the same point. A drift correction chart can then be drawn up to
adjust the raw survey results.
Baker Hughes INTEQ offering == Gyro Multi-Shot
87
Surface Readout Gyro
n Function
– Provides surface readout of
inclination and direction
throughout the required
section of a wellbore
– Provides surface readout of
orientation in magnetic
environments
n Limitations
direction
– Accuracy effected by gyro drift
– Inclination and Temperature
limits

This surface readout system is a real time gyroscopic instrument with

single-multi-shot, and orientation recording and processing capabilities.
The service is made up of a gyroscopic probe run on a single-conductor
wireline, a surface computer and a hard copy printer. The probe employs
a directional gyroscope for determining direction, with two
accelerometers used to determine inclination and toolface. In place of a
compass card, an optical encoder is used to read gyro attitude, providing
directional accuracy to within ± 1°.
This system can be used to orient deflection tools and take multi-shot
surveys that are unaffected by magnetic interference from the drillstring,
casing, or nearby wells. The service gives continuous readings of hole
azimuth, inclination, and tool-face orientation, thus eliminating film and
saving time during operations.
Baker Hughes INTEQ offering == SIGMA or Humphries (3rd Party)
88
North Seeking Rate Gyro
n Function
– Provides real-time
inclination, direction and
toolface at any point in the
wellbore
n Limitations
– Needs conducting wireline
– Latitude
– Inclination > 70 °
– Moving environments

A rate gyro is mounted in a revolving gimbal with a single accelerometer.

The gyro measures the earth’s rate of rotation at each survey station,
and the accelerometer measures the force of gravity. This information is
transmitted via wireline to the surface where the system computer
determines hole direction and inclination independently for each station.
This service requires no surface orientation, which speeds the survey
and eliminates a potential source of survey error. In addition, the rate
gyro is not subject to conventional gyro drift, so drift checks and drift
corrections are not needed.
By rotating its sensor package at each survey station, the tool allows
gyro and accelerometer bias terms to be averaged from the signal,
further enhancing survey accuracy.
A standard 2" (5.1cm) OD barrel permits surveys in drill pipe, deep hole
and production tubing, making it one of the most versatile high-accuracy
survey syst ems available.
Baker Hughes INTEQ offering == SEEKER
89
MWD Architecture
n Probe systems
– Battery powered
– 150°C (302°F)
– Modular
– Slim hole
–
n Collar systems
– Turbine powered
– 125°C (257°F)
– Non-retrievable
– Large hole
MWD Services focus on high end magnetic surveying, drilling efficiency

and formation evaluation (FE). Benefits over conventional magnetic
surveying include a smoother wellbore, potential cost savings
(depending on project costs), safety (no wireline), and access to
advanced FE technology. Limitations have been noted as the limits
placed on any magnetic surveying device and, depending on the bottom-
hole assembly, the distance from the bit to sensor(s).
There are magnetic correction algorithms available which can account
for most magnetic drillstring interference, & SAG algorithms to correct
for sensor position in the well bore.
Similarities: positive pulse; raw & calculated data; scintillator gamma;
20,000 psi (138Mpa) pressure ratings.
The collar tool is the foundation for high end services such as resistivity,
density, porosity, and downhole dynamic measurements.
The Probe tool is the foundation for slim hole, short radius, and multiple
propagation resistivity in holes smaller than 7”(17.8cm) diameter.
Baker Hughes INTEQ offering == Probe (DMWD;
NaviTrak/NaviGamma; NaviTrak SR/NaviGamma SR) and Collar
(AccuTrak; D; DG; DDG; MDD; RGD; DPR; Triple Combo; NaviGator)
90
Retrievable Directional MWD
Flow Sub
n Function
Pulser Assembly
Lifting Sleeve
– Compact MWD service with full
Pulser Driver
suite of directional parameters.
Module
– Fully retrievable and replaceable
Battery Pack
2" Probe O.D.
n Limitations
Directional
Sensor Package
(DSP)
– Dated technology
Spacing
– No FE Support
Lander Assembly
– Only Western Hemisphere
Non-Magnetic
– Size / Flow limits
Drill Collar
UBHO Sub

Directional sensors only. First commercial system - 1984

Retrievable and replaceable in flow rates less than 550 gpm (34.7 L/s).
Initially designed to minimize lost-in-hole exposure, this service also has
significant uses in completion programs. Retrievable with wireline, sandline,
or coiled tubing, the drillstring must have a minimum 2¼” (5.7cm) ID.
Replacement in the drillstring can be made at surface, or downhole (go-
deviled / wireline).
The main applications are small hole projects and horizontal wells. The
service is presently in a sustaining phase, no new manufacturing of assets
is planned.
This tool is offered in the Western Hemisphere only.
Collar sizes: 3½" to 9½" (8.9-24.1cm)
Nominal length: 23 feet (7m) maximum operating temperature: 302°F
(150°C).
Flow Rates: Retrievable 100 - 550 gpm (6.3 - 34.7 L/s)
Non-Retrievable 550 - 1200 gpm (34.7 - 75.7 L/s)
Battery operating time: ± 125 hours.
Survey time: 65 or 110 seconds
Tool Face updates: 15 or 30 seconds.
Medium to long radius applications.
Baker Hughes INTEQ offering == DMWD

91
Probe MWD
Alignment
Sub
n Function
Lifting
Sleeve
Transmitter – Act as the platform for future
Pulser probe systems and motor
Driver
Module Battery integrated tools
Pack
– Provide a modular bus structure
Digital
– Provide the foundation for small
Attitude
Sensor
hole and short radius MWD / FE
systems
Flow
Switch
Gamma
Module
n Limitations
End Cap Non-Magnetic
Drill Collar
– Not retrievable or replaceable

This next generation probe MWD allows for natural formation gamma ray
data to be acquired along with the full suite of directional parameters. It
employs advanced electronic circuitry and has been identified as the
platform from which to provide multiple propagation resistivity in small
holes (near 5-7/8”or 14.9cm).
Directional and optional Gamma sensors (Scintillator detector).
First commercial system - 1991 (Gamma 1992)
Collar sizes 4-1/8" to 9½" (10.5 - 24.1 cm)
Nominal length for directional service 23 feet (7m) Gamma 29 feet
(8.8m)
Maximum operating temperature 302°F (150°C)
Flow Rates 150 - 1200 gpm Battery operating time ± 150 hours
Survey time 80, 120, 160 sec. Tool Face updates 12, 18, 24 sec.
Gamma updates Rotary 12, 18, 24 sec. Steering 24, 36, 48 sec.
Gamma Applications include: offset well correlation; lithology recognition;
casing / coring point selection; and geosteering
Medium to Long radius applications.
Baker Hughes INTEQ offering == NaviTrak (Directional) /

NaviGamma (Directional + Gamma)
92
MWD (Short Radius)
• Efficiency
– Eliminate wireline
– Compliment Drilling Systems
• Safety
NaviGamma SR – No split bushings
MWD – BOP Operation
– Continuous circulation
• Cost
– Cost savings
– Assist the overall drilling project
economics
Interchangeable Sensor Modules

Directional Gamma
Short Radius Motor

The introduction of MWD for short radius provides for reduced exposure
to cost by eliminating the wireline and associated wireline problems.
Steering tools will continue to be used as back up systems until such
time as MWD is available in quantities that will provide for volume of
work. With the hundreds of short radius wells that Baker Hughes INTEQ
has drilled, why switch to MWD when steering tools have sufficed in the
past?
To complement drilling systems, save time, and enhance safety.
EFFICIENCY (time): wireline rig up/down time is on the order of two to
four hours per BHA change. MWD nears 15 to 20 minutes; the
complications with using steering tools are amplified when problems
occur downhole, not necessarily with the steering tool, but with the
associated wireline. As the hole deepens or the length of the lateral
extends, there is more chance of bird nests, or side-entry sub packing
problems, or trouble with the cable-head assembly. Compliment Drilling
Systems with the ability to drill smoother wellbores.
SAFETY: Concerns are raised over the use of a side-entry sub and the
associated wireline, when encountering a pressure situation.
COST: As previously noted, efficiency will most often result in cost
benefits. The use of MWD is application specific. It might better serve the
interest of the overall project if the use of steering tools were limited to
shallow KOP, with short lateral sections and minimal well control
concerns. To date, MWD has proven itself in all of our expectations.
MWD will also allow the use of FE technology in the future.
93
Collar MWD
n Function
– Provide extremely reliable
borehole surveying and
drillstring orientation in
large hole, non-magnetic
environments.
– Act as the platform for all
gamma, dynamic,
resistivity, and nuclear
measurements in large size
wellbores.
n Limitations
– Hot hole environments

The first commercial MWD system was introduced to the drilling industry in
1978 by Baker Hughes INTEQ (Teleco). Gamma followed in 1981.
The internal components are collar mounted, and specifically suited for
large hole applications. This service continues to be the industry
benchmark for MWD reliability. Collar sizes are 6¾" to 9½" (17.2 -
24.1cm).
Nominal length:
DI RECTIONAL 34’(10.4m) for 6¾" (17.2cm); 30’(9.1m) all others.
DG 39’(11.9m) for 6¾" (17.2cm); 35’(10.7m) for all others.
Maximum operating temperature is currently 257°F (125°C). Survey time,
55 seconds; Tool Face updates, 11 or 25 seconds; Gamma updates, 11 or
25 seconds.
The Gamma measurement is real time only. If a recorded memory log is
needed, you should use the DPR service. Uses either gamma ray
scintillators or geiger mueller detectors and works in all mud types
(calibrated to API units).
The gamma applications include: offset well correlation, lithology
recognition, casing/coring point selection, and geosteering.
Baker Hughes INTEQ offering = DIRECTIONAL / DG
94
Drilling Dynamics MWD
n Function
6¾” OD
17.15cm
8¼” (21cm) OD
7¾” (19.7cm) OD – Collect and transmit, real-time
measurements of downhole
weight-on-bit, and downhole
torque.
– Provide real-time data to enhance
drilling performance.
Sleeve Stabilizer
n Limitations
LOR Series 85
– Advanced interpretation and
collection techniques.
Torque &
Weight Sensors
– Limited to use in Collar MWD.

This service offers Directional, plus Gamma, plus Weight-On-Bit, plus

Downhole Torque sensors. The dynamic data are obtained through the
use of strain gauges to measure downhole weight on bit and torque on
bit. The service works in all mud types.
First commercial system - 1987.
The service has been developed to provide drilling efficiency. Its use can
assist to optimize actual WOB, optimize drilling rate of penetration, and
detect drilling abnormalities (bit wear, hanging stabilizers, potential
sticking) identify lithologies, improve steerable system performance, and
monitor hole gauge.
Collar sizes 6¾" to 8¼" (17.2 - 21cm)

Nominal length 42’(12.8m) for 6¾" (17.2cm)
41’(12.5m) for all others.
As this offering is a complimentary service to the Collar MWD, all other

operating specifications are equivalent.
Baker Hughes INTEQ offering = DDG / MDD
95
Survey Calculation Methods
n Measured Values n Calculated Values
– Measured (along hole) – TVD
depth – Northing
– Inclination – Easting
– Azimuth – Vertical section
– Dogleg severity

Most survey tools measure borehole inclination and direction at a series

of measured depths. These values are used to calculate coordinates and
values of dogleg severity.
96
n Tangential
n Balanced Tangential
n Average Angle
n Ten Chord
n Mercury
n Acceleration
n Radius of Curvature
n Minimum Curvature

There are many trigonometrical methods which can be used to calculate surveys. Average
Angle, Radius of Curvature, and Minimum Curvature are considered to be more industry
acceptable than the others.
Definition of terms used in field calculations;

Station - Any point at which measurements of the various quantities needed for a survey are made.
Measured Depth - The actual length of wellbore from its surface location to any specified station.
Inclination - The angle between the vertical and the wellbore axis at a survey station.
Course Length - The difference in measured depth from one station to another.
Vertical Depth - The length of a line made by projecting the course length to a vertical plane. In
practice, the difference in vertical depth between two stations.
Total/True Vertical Depth - The cumulative vertical depth
Course Deviation - The length of a line made by projection a course length onto a horizontal plane.
In practice, the horizontal displacement between two stations.
Northing - The horizontal displacement of one station from another in a north or south direction.
Easting - The horizontal displacement of one station from another in an east or west direction.
Total Rectangular Coords - The cumulative total of Northings or Easting from the origin.
Line of Closure - A straight line, in a horizontal plane, drawn from the projected surface location to
the last station.
Direction of Closure - The direction of the line of closure
Vertical Section - The distance on the horizontal plane from the slot to the projection of the bottom
hole location on the plane of proposal.
97
∆ TVD 1 = (CL x cos lavg l Average Angle

)
∆ Lat = CL x sin lavg x cos B avg
)
∆ Dep = CL x sin lavg x sin B avg )
lavg = I2 + I1 Station (1) - actual
2
Bavg = B 2 + B 1
Assumed course
2 ∆ TVD1
where: I2
TVD = true vertical depth Actual course

Bavg
Lat = latitude (North-South)
Dep = departure (East-West)
CL = course length Station (2) ∆ Lat N
UP W
I = inclination angle Projection of
actual wellbore E
B = bearing angle
S
∆ Dep
B1 I2

In this method, each course length is assumed to be a straight line.

The hole direction is taken to be the average of the directions at the
upper and lower survey stations. Similarly, the inclination (drift angle)
is the average of the values measured at the upper and lower
st ations.
This method is less accurate if applied over long course lengths. It

will be less accurate in curved sections of wellbore such as build or
drop sections. It is a simple method because it reduces the problem
to solving right-angled triangles. It is therefore still used occasionally
when a series of survey calculations (e.g., a multi-shot) have to be
performed by hand.
98
n Radius of Curvature Station (2) - actual
∆ Lat = 1802 ∆MD (cos I1 - cos I2) (sin B 2 - sin B1 )

π2 (I2 - I 1) (B 2 - B1 )
I1
∆ Dep = 1802 ∆MD (cos I1 - cos I2) (cos B 1 - cos B2 ) ∆ TVD
π2 (I2 - I 1) (B 2 - B1 ) Actual
wellbore
∆ TVD = 180 ∆MD (sin I 2 - sin I1 )
π (I2 - I1 )
∆MD
c
L
B1 ∆ Lat
N
Station 2 W UP
E
∆ Dep B2 S
I2

This method assumes the course length is a smooth curve. The

projection of the well path onto the vertical plane is assumed to be a
circular arc of one radius and the horizontal projection is assumed to
be a circular arc of a different radius. This is equivalent to saying that
the wellpath lies on the curved surface of a cylinder.
This method is very accurate but a programmable calculator or

computer is required to perform the calculations.
99
n Minimum Curvature Method

∆ North = ∆MD [sin I 1 cos A 1 + sin I 2 cos A 2] RF
2
∆ East = ∆MD [sin I1 sin A 1 + sin I 2 sin A 2] RF

2 A1 DL
2
∆ Vert = ∆MD [cos I1 + cos I2] RF DL
2 2
I1 ∆ MD
DL
∆ Vertical
N
A2 ∆ North UP W
E
S
I2
© 1996 Baker Hughes Incorporated ∆ East
This method assumes the wellpath is a smooth curve of minimum

curvature. This results in the wellpath being an arc on the surface of
a sphere. In fact, the wellpath turns out to be a circular arc, but this is
not an assumption of the method, but a result of minimizing the total
curvature within the physical constraints on a section of the wellbore.
The surveys at the beginning and end of a course length define
vectors which are tangents to the wellpath at the two survey points.
The two vectors are smoothed onto the wellbore curve by the use of
a ratio factor which is defined by the curvature (dogleg) of the
wellbore section. This method has the best theoretical justification
and is the recommended method, but a computer or programmable
calculator is required to perform the calculations.
Since the measured distance (MD) is measured along a curve and
the inclination and direction angles (I and A) define straight line
directions in space, it is necessary to smooth the straight line
segments onto the curve. This is done by using the ratio factor RF.
Where ; for small angles (DL less than 3°)
RF = 180 2 tan ( DL/ 2

it is usual
) to set RF = 1. Then: (refer to formulae on slide.......)
x DL
100
Build Rate (deg./100’, deg/30m) 3 6 12 18 24 30 60 90 120 150

Curvature Long Medium Short
Conv Rotary Specialty Motors
Tool Type Conventional Drilling Motors

Articulated Motors
Collar
MWD Type (Secondary Application) Probe (Primary Application)
(Secondary Application) Flexible (Primary Application)
Conventional - No Limit Composites
Pipe Rotation Premium - Limited Rotation

Slide Drill - No Rotation
Conventional - No Restrictions
Completions Specia
l
Project Specific
Radius (ft.) NTS 2000 1000 600 300 200 100 60 40
Radius (m) 600 300 180 90 60 30 18 12
An overview of the present Drilling, MWD, Pipe Rotation, and Completions

technologies, showing where the tool types are in relation to a given curvature
range.
The chart can be used as an indicator for areas of concern or interest pertaining
to specific product types and/or projects as related to a given build-up-rate
(BUR).
101
Current Drilling System Tool
Configurations
l Long Radius
l Medium Radius
l Short Radius
Long Radius
Medium Radius
Short Radius

The current drilling systems tool configurations are based on the three types of
horizontal drilling techniques; Long Radius, Medium Radius, and Short Radius.
The basis for this categorization is the rate of angle build in the wellbore, which
determines the distance that must be drilled to turn the wellbore from its vertical
or nearly vertical configuration to the horizontal or near horizontal plane.
102
Configurations
n Long Radius
Long Radius
Medium Radius
Short Radius

The most traditional method of drilling horizontal boreholes from both an

operations and equipment standpoint is the “Long Radius Drilling System”.
Standard directional drilling techniques and assemblies are used to build hole
angle at rates of 2-6°/100ft. Both PDM’s and rotary assemblies can be used in
long radius drilling.
103
Configurations
n Long Radius - Tool/Hole Size Matrix Configuration
MOTOR HOLE SIZE MOTOR MAXIMUM RADIUS STEERABLE RADIUS

SIZE TYPE BUR BUR
in. in. °/100ft-°/30m ft. m. °/100ft-°/30m ft. m.
3-1/8 3-1/2 to 4-3/4 AKO 40 143 43 20 286 86
3-3/4 4-1/4 to 5-7/8 AKO 16 358 107 5 1146 344
4-3/4 5-7/8 to 7-7/8 AKO 17 107 101 10 573 172
DTU 3.7 1549 465 3.7 1549 465
6-1/2 7-7/8 to 8-3/4 AKO 20 286 86 9 637 191
DTU 4.5 1273 382 4.5 1273 382
6-3/4 8-3/8 to 9-7/8 AKO 19 302 90 8 716 215
DTU 4.5 1273 382 4.5 1273 1273
8 9-1/2 to 12-1/4 AKO 14 409 123 7.5 764 229
DTU 4.5 1273 382 4.5 1273 1273
9-1/2 12-1/4 to 17-1/2 AKO 12 478 143 7 819 246
DTU 3.6 1592 477 3.6 1592 477
11-1/4 17-1/2 to 26 AKO 11 521 156 7 819 246
DTU 4 1432 428 4 1432 428
* Long radius tool configuration may require top and bearing assembly stabilization, if so the
maximum BUR and steerable BUR will be lower than indicated.
104
Configurations
n Medium Radius
Long Radius
Medium Radius
Short Radius

The Medium Radius Drilling System is tailored to maximize utilization of

conventional oilfield practices and hardware. The system is capable of
building hole angle rates from 6° to 20°/100ft, producing radii of 287 to
955ft. Wellbores can be turned from the vertical to the horizontal plane in
450 to 1500 drilled feet, respectively.
The primary advantage of medium radius versus long radius drilling is
that the well profile is shorter. Less TVD, departure, and MD are used
during the build-up section of a medium radius profile. This means that
the vertical portion of the well can be drilled deeper and casing can be
set deeper before beginning the directional drilling. Upon completion,
production equipment can be placed nearer the pay.
Since the course length of the section of the well is significantly shorter
than that of a long radius path, the number of days required to drill the
curve are fewer.
105
Configurations
n Medium Radius - Tool/Hole Size Matrix Configuration
MOTOR HOLE SIZE MOTOR MAXIMUM RADIUS STEERABLE RADIUS
SIZE TYPE BUR BUR
in. in. °/100ft-°/30m ft. m. °/100ft-°/30m ft. m.
3-1/8 3-1/2 to 4-3/4 AKO 40 143 43 20 286 86
3-3/4 4-1/4 to 5-7/8 AKO 16 358 107 5 1146 344
FAB 20.9 274 82 0 0 0
4-3/4 5-7/8 to 7-7/8 AKO 17 107 101 10 573 172
DTU 3.7 1549 465 3.7 1549 465
FAB 19.4 295 89 0 0 0
FAB* 25 229 69 0 0 0
6-1/2 7-7/8 to 8-3/4 AKO 20 286 86 9 637 191
DTU 4.5 1273 382 4.5 1273 382
6-3/4 8-3/8 to 9-7/8 AKO 19 302 90 8 716 215
DTU 4.5 1273 382 4.5 1273 1273
FAB 20 286 86 0 0 0
8 9-1/2 to 12-1/4 AKO 14 409 123 7.5 764 229
DTU 4.5 1273 382 4.5 1273 1273
FAB 12.4 462 139 0 0 0
9-1/2 12-1/4 to 17-1/2 AKO 12 478 143 7 819 246
DTU 3.6 1592 477 3.6 1592 477
11-1/4 17-1/2 to 26 AKO 11 521 156 7 819 246
DTU 4 1432 428 4 1432 428
* If short power section is used Maximum BUR 25°/100ft (/30m)

106
Configurations
n Short Radius
Long Radius
Medium Radius
Short Radius

The Short Radius System is capable of building angle at a controlled rate in a

pre-determined direction and can drill horizontally for extended distances. By
deviating the wellbore at rates of 1.5 to 3°/ft, the short radius system can turn a
well from vertical to horizontal in 30 to 60ft along a radii of 20 to 40ft.
107
Configurations
n Short Radius - Tool/Hole Size Matrix Configuration
3-1/8" Short Radius 3-3/4" Short Radius 4-3/4" Short Radius 4-3/4" 30m Radius 6-1/2" Short Radius
MOTOR SPECIFICATIONS System R18 System R12 System R12 System R30 System R30
Tool Size (inches) 3-1/8 3-3/4 4-3/4 4-3/4 6-1/2
Motor OD (inches / mm) 3-1/8 / 79.4 3-3/4 / 95.3 4-3/4 / 120.7 4-3/4 / 120.7 6-1/2 / 165.10
Curve Radius (feet / meters) 60 - 143 / 18-44 40 - 85 / 12-26 40 - 100 / 12-30 80 - 180 / 24.5-55 85 - 190 / 26-58
Curve BUR (°/100 ft.) 40 - 100 67 -146 58 -146 32 -71 30 - 67
Hole Size Drilled (inches) 3-7/8 4-1/2, 4-3/4 5-7/8, 6 5-7/8, 6 8-3/8
Motor Length (ft. / m) 14 / 4.3 12 - 17 / 3.5-5.2 12 - 17 / 3.5-5.2 12 - 17 / 3.5-5.2 15-17 / 4.7-5.3
Motor Weight (lbs / kg) 330 / 150 400 / 180 650 / 295 700 / 320 660 / 330
Minimum Hole Size Above
KOP - (1/8"over bit size, inches) 4 4-5/8, 4-7/8 6, 6-1/8 6, 6-1/8 8-1/2
Minimum Casing Size Above 5-1/2" 20#, 4-1/2" bit 7" 29#, 5-7/8" bit 7" 26#-32#, 5-7/8" bit
KOP - ( inches) 4-1/2" 11.6# 5-1/2" 17#, 4-3/4" bit 7" 26#, 6" bit 7" 23# - 29#, 6" bit 9-5/8" 36#, 8-3/8" bit
Max. Op. Temp. (°F / °C) 260 / 127 260 / 127 260 / 127 260 / 127 260 / 127
MOTOR SPECIFICATIONS 3-1/8" Short Radius 3-3/4" Short Radius 4-3/4" Short Radius 4-3/4" 30m Radius 6-1/2" Short Radius
Flow Rate (GPM / l/min) 80-160 / 300-600 133-185 / 500-700 132-230 / 500-850 132-230 / 500-850 265-480 / 1000-1800
Bit Speed (RPM) 182-365 260-370 150-255 150-255 110-200
Max. Diff. Press. (psi / bar) 613 / 40 683 / 48 341 / 24 512 / 36 430 / 30
Op. Torque (ft-lbs / Nm) 440 / 600 679 / 920 605 / 820 1048 / 1420 2150 / 2900
Box Up 3" CDP Pin 2-7/8" Hydril PH6 2-7/8" Hydril PH6 NC 38 NC 38
Make Up Torque (ft-lbs / Nm) 2655 / 3600 3500 / 4747 3500 / 4747 12800 / 17360 12800 / 17360

108
Conclusion
“Teamwork”
RESERVOIR DRILLING
GEOLOGY
PRODUCTION
IMPROVE PROJECT
ECONOMICS

Planning a directional well requires input from all disciplines within the oil
company: reservoir, geology, production and drilling. Selected service
companies also should be involved in the early stages of project
planning.
For a directionally drilled project to be successful, all parties must work
toward common, clearly identified objectives.
For best results, a directional well is planned from the bottom up,
beginning with the characterization of the reservoir and the geology.
Various sources, including electric logs, drill stem tests and quality core
samples, provide valuable information in understanding the reservoir’s
characteristics. These characteristics determine whether the project
makes economic sense and can influence drilling and completion
methods used to develop the well.
Every negative influence on the formation, like fluids and cuttings
invasion, may have a detrimental effect on production. Therefore, the
best possible approach for drilling and completing a directionally drilled
well is to avoid damage to formation at every phase of the operation.
Fluids, penetration rates, solids control procedures, and completion
methods should be chosen with this objective in mind.
109

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Directional Drilling

© 1996 Baker Hughes Incorporated

© 1996 Baker Hughes Incorporated

Spring Pole method of early

© 1996 Baker Hughes Incorporated

Raining Oil - A gusher before

Rough necks resting - No rotary table

© 1996 Baker Hughes Incorporated

First Openhole Single Shot Survey,

Long Beach CA., Shoreline Drilling

© 1996 Baker Hughes Incorporated

Kick Off Sub (KOS) Double Tilt Universal (DTU) Motor

Double Alignment Kick Off

© 1996 Baker Hughes Incorporated

n Multiple depths of investigation for quantitative determination of formation

Directional drilling is the science of directing a wellbore

© 1996 Baker Hughes Incorporated

Definition of directional drilling;

Directional drilling is the science of directing a wellbore along a

© 1996 Baker Hughes Incorporated

The most common application of directional drilling techniques is in offshore

© 1996 Baker Hughes Incorporated

Corrected Original Well Path

© 1996 Baker Hughes Incorporated

Directional techniques are used to “straighten crooked holes”. In other words,

Original Well Path

© 1996 Baker Hughes Incorporated

Sidetracking out of an existing wellbore is another application of directional

© 1996 Baker Hughes Incorporated

© 1996 Baker Hughes Incorporated

Directional drilling is also applicable in fault drilling. It is sometimes difficult to

© 1996 Baker Hughes Incorporated

Directional drilling programs are sometimes used to overcome the problems of

© 1996 Baker Hughes Incorporated

© 1996 Baker Hughes Incorporated

Horizontal drilling can be subdivided into 3 categories:- Long Radius, Medium

© 1996 Baker Hughes Incorporated

Build Rate (deg./100’, deg/30m) 3 6 12 18 24 30 60 90 120 150

MWD Type (Secondary Application) Probe (Primary Application)

(Secondary Application) Flexible (Primary Application)

Conventional - No Limit Composites

Pipe Rotation Premium - Limited Rotation

Radius (ft.) 2000 1000 600 300 200 100 60 40

© 1996 Baker Hughes Incorporated

An overview of the present Drilling, MWD, Pipe Rotation, and Completions

© 1996 Baker Hughes Incorporated

© 1996 Baker Hughes Incorporated

or up (highside). TFO - Degrees from High Side to Tool Face Scribe

© 1996 Baker Hughes Incorporated

© 1996 Baker Hughes Incorporated

© 1996 Baker Hughes Incorporated

The azimuth of a borehole at a point is the direction of the borehole on the

© 1996 Baker Hughes Incorporated

In the Quadrant system, the directions are expressed in degrees from 0°

© 1996 Baker Hughes Incorporated

Type 1 - Build and Hold

© 1996 Baker Hughes Incorporated

© 1996 Baker Hughes Incorporated

© 1996 Baker Hughes Incorporated

© 1996 Baker Hughes Incorporated

© 1996 Baker Hughes Incorporated

© 1996 Baker Hughes Incorporated

© 1996 Baker Hughes Incorporated