INDEX

A
Actin
Adenocarcinoma. See also Bladder adenocarcinoma; Bladder cancer; Carcinoma; Neoplasms
bladder
breast
clear cell adenocarcinoma
colon
colonic
infiltrating
colloid type
differential diagnosis
enteric type
NOS pattern
prognosis
usual urothelial carcinoma vs.
signet ring cell
in situ
Adenoma
nephrogenic
adenocarcinoma vs.
clear cell change
fibromyxoid variant
histogenesis
kidney transplant recipients
papillary formation
signet ring cell-like small tubules
thyroid-like secretions
tubules
vessels and hobnail atypia
villous
Adipose tissue
in lamina propriat
in muscularis propria
American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging Systemt
Amyloidosis
Angiosarcoma
Atypia
inflammatory
reactive
endocervicosis with
urothelial carcinoma in situ vs.
urothelium
therapy-associated
Atypical urothelial cells

B
Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG)
granulomatous cystitis secondary to
tuberculosis
Bladder
adenocarcinoma
lamina propria See (Lamina propria)
 layers
muscularis mucosae See (Muscularis mucosae)
muscularis propria See (Muscularis propria)
primary squamous cell carcinoma
submucosa
urothelium See (Urothelium)
Bladder adenocarcinoma. See also Bladder cancer
clear cell adenocarcinoma
infiltratingBladder adenocarcinoma. See also Bladder cancer
colloid type
differential diagnosis
enteric type
NOS pattern
prognosis
usual urothelial carcinoma vs.
signet ring cell
in situ
Bladder cancer. See also Bladder adenocarcinoma; Urothelial carcinoma
American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging Systemt
molecular and chromosomal markers
morphologic factors oft
predictive factors oft
prognostic factors oft
reportingt
staging of–
TNM staging of
Botryoid rhabdomyosarcoma
Breast adenocarcinoma
Bullous cystitis

C
Carcinoid tumor
Carcinoma. See also Adenocarcinoma
giant cell
prostate
cribriform glandular formation
immunohistochemistryt
metastasis
mucinous features
PSA and PSAP expression
signet-ring-like cell features
sarcomatoid
characteristics
leiomyosarcoma
in situ
small cell
squamous cell
diagnosis
infiltrating
non-schistosomal
schistosomal
in situ and superficially invasive
urothelial See (Urothelial carcinoma)
verrucous
Carcinoma in situ
denudation
interstitial cystitis vs.
lamina propria inflammation
 microinvasion
micropapillary features
polyomavirus vs.
radiation cystitis vs.
in situ adenocarcinoma vs.
urothelial carcinoma in situ See (Urothelial carcinoma in situ)
von Brunn nests
Carcinosarcoma
Caseating granuloma
CD44
Chemotherapy related cystitis
Choriocarcinoma
Chromogranin
Clear cell adenocarcinoma
Clear cytoplasm, urothelial carcinoma
Colloid cysts
Colon adenocarcinoma
Colonic adenocarcinoma
Condyloma acuminata
Cystitis
Bacillus Calmette-Guérin
bullous
chemotherapy related
emphysematous
encrusted
eosinophilic
follicular
fungal
giant cell
hemorrhagic
infectious
interstitial
carcinoma in situ vs.
cystoscopic findings
diagnostic evaluation for
differential diagnosis
Hunner ulcer associated with
mast cells in
nonulcerative type
signs and symptoms of
ulcerative
malakoplakia
noninfectious
polypoidt
radiation
transurethral resections
treatment related
viral
Cystitis cystica, histologic findings
Cystitis glandularis
histologic findings
intestinal type
adenomatous change
extracellular mucinous pools
paneth cell-like metaplasia
regenerative changes
Cytokeratins (7)
D
Denudation of urothelium
Desmin
Desmoplasia
Desmoplastic stroma
Diverticular disease
complications
congenital diverticula
hyperplastic muscularis mucosae

E
Ectopic prostatic polyps
Emphysematous cystitis
Encrusted cystitis
Endocervicosis
Endometriosis
Eosinophilic cystitis
Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma

F
Fibroepithelial polyp
histology
urothelial papilloma vs.
Flat urothelial lesions
with atypia
microinvasion
polyomavirus infection
therapy-associated atypia
of unknown significance
urothelial denudation
evaluation and diagnosis approach
features
atypia of unknown significance
flat urothelial hyperplasia
normal urothelium
reactive urothelial atypia
squamous metaplasia
urothelial carcinoma in situ See (Urothelial carcinoma in situ)
urothelial dysplasia
World Health Organization (WHO)/ International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) classificationt
urothelial carcinoma in situ See (Urothelial carcinoma in situ)
Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)
Follicular cystitis
Fungal cystitis

G
Giant cells
carcinoma
cystitis
osteoclast-typet
Glandular differentiation, urothelial carcinoma
Glycogenated squamous metaplasia
Granuloma, caseating
Gynecologic tract

H
Hemangioendothelioma
Hemangioma
Hemangiopericytoma
Hematological malignancies
Hemorrhagic cystitis
Herpes simplex virus (HSV)
High-grade urothelial carcinoma (HGUC)
carcinoma in situ
cytomorphological features
diagnosis
fragment of
negative for
atypical squamous cells
benign-appearing urothelial issue fragments
BK (polyoma) virus cytopathic effect
components
cystitis glandularis
degenerative changes
LGUN
malakoplakia
melamed-wolinska bodies
microbiological organisms
neobladder and ileal conduit specimens
parabasal-type cell
reactive changes
renal tubular cells
seminal vesicle cells
spermiophage
umbrella cells
urothelial tissue fragments
vesicoenteric fistula
papillary
histologic features
prognosis
variants of
Human chorionic gonadotropin
Hunner ulcer
Hyperplastic urothelium

I
In situ adenocarcinoma
Infiltrating adenocarcinoma
colloid type
differential diagnosis
enteric type
NOS pattern
prognosis
usual urothelial carcinoma vs.
Infiltrating squamous cell carcinoma
Inflammatory atypia
Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor
Intermediate cells
Interstitial cystitis
carcinoma in situ vs.
cystoscopic findings
diagnostic evaluation for
differential diagnosis
Hunner ulcer associated with
mast cells in
nonulcerative type
 signs and symptoms of
ulcerative
Intestinal metaplasia, cystitis glandularis
Invasive urothelial carcinoma
bladder wall deptht–
clinical presentation
eosinophilic cytoplasm
glandular differentiation
histologic grade
histologic type
lamina propria invasion
description
diagnosis
histologic grade of tumor
paradoxical differentiation
problems and pitfalls associated withtt
stromal response
histologic patterns and findings
stromal response
lymph node involvement
micropapillary
in muscle
muscularis propria invasion histologic features
prognostic factors
prostate gland and seminal vesicles
squamous differentiation
surgical margin status
TI, substaging of
variants
vascular–lymphatic invasion
Inverted papilloma
atypia
atypical cells
classic
colloid cysts
cytoplasmic vacuoles
degenerative atypia
diagnosis
focal atypical squamous epithelium
glandular differentiation
histology
nonkeratinizing squamous differentiation
polypoid growth
solitary papillary frond
stroma
urothelial carcinoma vs.t
von Brunn nests
xanthomatous cytoplasm

K
Keratinizing squamous metaplasia
Koilocytes

L
Lamina propria
adipose tissue int
hemorrhage of, in interstitial cystitis
histology of
 hypervascularity of
radiation effects on
thickness of
urothelial carcinoma invasion
description
diagnosis
CIS, von Brunn nests
deceptively bland patterns
histologic grade of tumor
muscle invasion indeterminate for muscle type
obscuring inflammation
over diagnosis, vascular invasion
paradoxical differentiation
problems and pitfalls associated withtt
stromal response
tangential sectioning and poor orientation
thermal injury
histologic patterns and findings
stromal response
TI, substaging of
Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma
Large cell undifferentiated carcinoma
Leiomyoma
Leiomyosarcoma (LMS)
immunoreactivityt
morphologic features
myxoid
sarcomatoid carcinoma vs.
spindle cell neoplasmst
Lipid-rich urothelial carcinoma
Low-grade papillary urothelial carcinoma
cytologic features
histologic featurest
inverted growth patterns
noninvasive
PUNLMP vs.
WHO/ISUP system
Low-grade urothelial neoplasia (LGUN)
Lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma
Lymphomas
hematological malignancies
urinary tract

M
Malakoplakia
Malignant fibrous histiocytoma
Mast cells, in interstitial cystitis
Melamed-Wolinska bodies
Melanoma
Mesenchymal tumors
angiosarcoma
epithelioid hemangioendothelioma
hemangioma
hemangiopericytoma
inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor/pseudosarcomatous myofibroblastic proliferation
ALK-1 protein positivity
differential diagnosis
histology
 immunohistochemical studies
mitotic figures
muscularis propria
leiomyoma
leiomyosarcoma
immunoreactivityt
morphologic features
myxoid
sarcomatoid carcinoma vs.
spindle cell neoplasmst
malignant fibrous histiocytoma
malignant mesenchymal tumors
neurofibroma
PEComa
rhabdomyosarcoma
botryoid variant
immunoreactivity
postchemotherapy
prognosis
small cell carcinoma vs.
solitary fibrous tumors
cellular areas
immunohistochemistry
microscopic features
spindle cell nodules
Mesonephric adenocarcinoma
Metastases
bladder
breast adenocarcinoma
clear cell adenocarcinoma
melanomas
micropapillary carcinomat
small cell carcinoma
Michaelis-Gutmann bodies
Microcystic urothelial carcinoma
Microinvasion, carcinoma in situ
Micropapillary urothelial carcinoma
Mucin
extracellular
extravasation
pools
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissuetype lymphoma
Müllerianosis
Muscularis mucosae
fibers
histology of
hyperplastic appearance
muscularis propria vs.
Muscularis propria
adipose tissue in
anatomy of
fascicles
gradual diminution
histology of
invasion
urothelial carcinoma invasion histologic features
Myxoid leiomyosarcoma
Myxoid stroma
N
Neoplasms. See also Adenocarcinoma; Carcinoma
papillary urothelial See (Papillary urothelial neoplasms)
spindle cell
Nephrogenic adenoma
adenocarcinoma vs.
clear cell change
fibromyxoid variant
histogenesis
kidney transplant recipients
papillary formation
signet ring cell-like small tubules
thyroid-like secretions
tubules
vessels and hobnail atypia
Nested urothelial carcinoma
Neuroendocrine tumor
Neurofibroma
Neurofibromatosis
Noninvasive papillary tumors
histologic grade
urothelial carcinoma in situ
Non-schistosomal squamous cell carcinoma
Nuclear protein in testis (NUT) carcinoma

O
Osteoclast-type giant cellst

P
p53
Pagetoid carcinoma in situ
Papillary urothelial carcinoma
high grade
histologic features
noninvasive
prognosis
subdividing
invasion into stalk
low grade
cytologic features
histologic featurest
inverted growth patterns
noninvasive
PUNLMP vs.
thickened urothelium
WHO/ISUP system
noninvasive
truncated papillae
Papillary urothelial hyperplasia
de novo papillary hyperplasia
dysplasia
histology
papillary urothelial neoplasms vs.
Papillary urothelial neoplasms
grading system
high-grade papillary urothelial carcinoma
inverted growth patterns of
 low malignant potential
cytologic features
inverted growth pattern
low-grade carcinoma vs.–t
papilloma vs.
mimickers
papilloma See (Papilloma)
treatment
WHO/ISUP system
benefits
cytologic features
WHO vs.
Papilloma
diagnostic criteria
fibroepithelial polyp vs.
histologic features
histology
inverted
Papilloma
atypia
classic
colloid cysts
cytoplasmic vacuoles
degenerative atypia
diagnosis
focal atypical squamous epithelium
glandular
glandular differentiation
histology
nonkeratinizing squamous differentiation
peripheral palisading and central streaming
polypoid growth
solitary papillary frond
urothelial carcinoma vs.t
von Brunn nests
xanthomatous cytoplasm
squamous
stroma
umbrella cells
WHO/ISUP system
Paraganglioma
amphophilic granular cytoplasm
degenerative atypia
diagnosis
eosinophilic cytoplasm
invasive urothelial carcinomas vs.
metastases
neurofibromatosis
paraganglia
treatment
vascular invasion
PEComa
Plasmacytoid urothelial carcinoma
Plasmacytoma
Pleomorphic giant cell carcinoma
Pneumatosis
Polyomavirus infection
Polypoid cystitist
Polyps
ectopic prostatic
fibroepithelial
Postoperative spindle-cell nodules
Prostate carcinoma
cribriform glandular formation
immunohistochemistryt
metastasis
mucinous features
PSA and PSAP expression
signet-ring-like cell features
Pseudosarcomatous stroma
PUNLMP. See Papillary urothelial neoplasms, low malignant potential

R
Radiation cystitis
Reactive atypia
endocervicosis with
urothelial carcinoma in situ vs.
urothelium
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC)
Renal tubular cells
Retraction artifact
Rhabdoid urothelial carcinoma
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS)
botryoid variant
immunoreactivity
postchemotherapy
prognosis
small cell carcinoma vs.
vesical RMS

S
Sarcoma, pleomorphic high-grade
Sarcomatoid carcinoma
Schistosoma haematobium ova
Schistosomal squamous cell carcinoma
Schistosomiasis
Seminal vesicle cells
Signet ring cell carcinoma
Small cell carcinoma
Solitary fibrous tumors (SFT)
Spindle cell neoplasms
Spindle-cell nodules, postoperative
Squamous cell carcinoma
bladder
diagnosis
infiltrating
non-schistosomal
schistosomal
in situ and superficially invasive
urinary tract
urothelial carcinoma
Squamous metaplasia
Squamous papilloma
Staging, of bladder cancer
American Joint Committee on Cancert
TNM
 transurethral resection of bladder tumor
Submucosa
adipose tissue
histology
Superficial cells
Suspicious for high-grade urothelial carcinoma (SHGUC)
Synaptophysin

T
Therapy-associated atypia
Thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1)
TNM staging, of bladder cancer
Trigone
normal features
squamous metaplasia of
Trophoblastic differentiation, urothelial carcinoma
Tuberculosis

U
Umbrella cells, papilloma
Undifferentiated carcinoma
Undifferentiated urothelial carcinoma
Urachal carcinoma
diagnosis
differential diagnosis
divergent (aberrant) differentiation
glandular differentiation
noninvasive gland-like lumina
signet ring cell adenocarcinoma differentiation
Urethra, multifocality and carcinoma in situ of
Urinary tract cytopathology
adequacy
ancillary test
FISH
UroVysion
atypical urothelial cells
benefits and drawbacks
colonic adenocarcinoma
gynecologic tract lesions
HGUC
carcinoma in situ
cytomorphological features
diagnosis
fragment of
negative for
variants of
lymphoma
melanoma
nonprimary squamous cell carcinoma
primary adenocarcinoma
primary squamous cell carcinoma
prostate carcinoma
RCC
SHGUC
small cell carcinoma
specimen procurement and preparation
Urothelial carcinoma
anaplastic
cartilaginous metaplasia
with chordoid
clear cytoplasm
divergent differentiation
giant cell carcinoma
gland-like lumina
high grade
characteristics
histologic features
noninvasive
prognosis
subdividing
histologic type
immunoprofile of infiltrating
invasion into stalk
invasiveUrothelial carcinoma
eosinophilic cytoplasm
glandular differentiation
histologic features
in muscle
squamous differentiation
vascular invasiont
inverted
low-grade
papilloma vs.
papilloma-like growth pattern
lamina propria invasion
description
diagnosis
CIS, von Brunn nests
deceptively bland patterns
histologic grade of tumor
muscle invasion indeterminate for muscle type
obscuring infl ammation
over diagnosis, vascularinvasion
paradoxical differentiation
problems and pitfalls associated withtt
stromal response
tangential sectioning and poor orientation
thermal injury
histologic patterns and findings
stromal response
TI, substaging of
large cell undifferentiated carcinoma
large nested variant
lipid-rich
low grade
cytologic features
noninvasive
PUNLMP vs.
WHO/ISUP system
lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma
microcystic
micropapillary variant
nested variant
neuroendocrine tumors
osteoclast-type giant cellst
 plasmacytoid
pleomorphic giant cell carcinoma
with pseudoangiosarcomatous features
pseudosarcomatous stroma
rhabdoid features
sarcomatoid carcinoma
small cell carcinoma
with small tubules
squamous cell carcinoma
squamous differentiation
stromal reactions
with trophoblastic differentiation
undifferentiated
Urothelial carcinoma in situ
biologic potential of
clinging
course of
cystoscopic detection of
diagnosis of
differential diagnosis
dyscohesive cells of
histologic patterns and findingst
lamina propria findings in
large cell
with micropapillary features
pagetoid
prognostic and predictive factorst
radiation cystitis vs.
reactive atypia vs.
schematic representation of
small cell
in small cell carcinoma
Urothelial dysplasia
Urothelial lesions, flat
with atypia
diagnostic difficulties in inflammatory
innate vagaries
microinvasion
polyomavirus infection
therapy-associated atypia
of unknown significance
urothelial denudation
diagnostic approach
evaluation and diagnosis approach
features
atypia of unknown significance
flat urothelial hyperplasia
normal urothelium
reactive urothelial atypia
squamous metaplasia
urothelial carcinoma in situ See (Urothelial carcinoma in situ)
urothelial dysplasia
World Health Organization (WHO)/ International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) classificationt
urothelial carcinoma in situ See (Urothelial carcinoma in situ)
Urothelium
denudation
flat lesions of See (Flat urothelial lesions)
histology of
 hyperplastic
reactive
thickness
von Brunn nests
UroVysion

V
Verrucous carcinoma
Verrucous squamous hyperplasia
Vesicoenteric fistula
Villous adenoma
von Brunn nests
florid
histology
urothelial carcinoma and
von Hansemann cells

W
Wagner-Meissner body
World Health Organization (WHO)/ International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) classificationt
flat urothelial lesionst
low-grade papillary carcinoma
papillary urothelial neoplasms
cytologic features
WHO vs.
papilloma
PUNLMPs
Table of Contents

Cover 2
Half Title 4
Title 6
Copyright 7
Contributors 8
Preface 9
Contents 10
1 Normal Bladder Anatomy and Variants of Normal Histology 11
2 Flat Urothelial Lesions 31
3 Papillary Urothelial Neoplasms and Their Precursors 70
4 Urothelial Neoplasms with Inverted Growth Patterns 114
5 Invasive Urothelial Carcinoma 141
6 Histologic Variants of Urothelial Carcinoma 184
7 Morphologic, Prognostic, and Predictive Factors and Reporting of Bladder Cancer 239
8 Glandular Lesions 249
9 Squamous Lesions 300
10 Cystitis 314
11 Mesenchymal Tumors and Tumor-Like Lesions 359
12 Miscellaneous Nontumors and Tumors 388
13 Secondary Tumors of the Bladder 411
14 Urinary Tract Cytopathology 434
Index 461