Dqo transformation

In electrical engineering, direct–quadrature–zero (or dq0 or dqo) transformation or zero–direct–quadrature (or 0dq or odq) transformation
is a mathematical transformation used to simplify the analysis of three-phase circuits. In the case of balanced three-phase circuits, application of the
dqo transform reduces the three AC quantities to two DC quantities. Simplified calculations can then be carried out on these imaginary DC quantities
before performing the inverse transform to recover the actual three-phase AC results. It is often used in order to simplify the analysis of three-phase
synchronous machines or to simplify calculations for the control of three-phase inverters. The dqo transform presented here is exceedingly similar
to the transform first proposed in 1929 by Robert H. Park.[1] In fact, the dqo transform is often referred to as Park’s transformation.

Definition
The dqo transform applied to three-phase currents is shown below in matrix form: [2]

The inverse transform is:

Geometric Interpretation
The dqo transformation can be thought of in geometric terms as the projection of the three separate sinusoidal phase quantities onto
two axes rotating with the same angular velocity as the sinusoidal phase quantities. The two axes are called the direct, or d, axis; and the
quadrature or q, axis; that is, with the q-axis being at an angle of 90 degrees from the direct axis.

Shown above is the dqo transform as applied to the stator of a synchronous machine. There are three windings separated by 120
physical degrees. The three phase currents are equal in magnitude and are separated from one another by 120 electrical degrees. The
three phase currents lag their corresponding phase voltages by . The d-q axis is shown rotating with angular velocity equal to , the
same angular velocity as the phase voltages and currents. The d axis makes an angle with the A winding which has been chosen
as the reference.The currents and are constant DC quantities.

Comparison with other transforms

Park's transformation

The transformation originally proposed by Park differs slightly from the one given above. Park's transformation is:

and

Although useful, Park's transformation is not power invariant whereas the dqo transformation defined above is [2]:88. Park's
transformation gives the same zero component as the method of symmetrical components. The dqo transform shown above gives a zero
component which is larger than that of Park or symmetrical components by a factor of .

αβγ transform

The dqo transform is conceptually similar to the αβγ transform. Whereas the dqo transform is the projection of the phase quantities
onto a rotating two-axis reference frame, the αβγ transform can be thought of as the projection of the phase quantities onto a stationary
two-axis reference frame
References
In-line references

1. ^ R.H. Park Two Reaction Theory of Synchronous Machines AIEE Transactions 48:716-730 (1929).
2. ^ a b P.M. Anderson and A.A. Fouad Power System Control and Stability IEEE Press (2003). ISBN 978-81-265-1818-0

General references

 J. Lewis Blackburn Symmetrical Components for Power Systems Engineering, Marcel Dekker, New York (1993). ISBN 0-8247-8767-6
 Zhang et al. A three-phase inverter with a neutral leg with space vector modulation IEEE APEC '97 Conference Proceedings (1997).

Symmetrical components
In electrical engineering, the method of symmetrical components is used to simplify analysis of unbalanced three phase power
systems under both normal and abnormal conditions.

Description
In 1918 Charles Legeyt Fortescue presented a paper[1] which demonstrated that any set of N unbalanced phasors (that is, any such
polyphase signal) could be expressed as the sum of N symmetrical sets of balanced phasors, for values of N that are prime. Only a single
frequency component is represented by the phasors.
In a three-phase system, one set of phasors has the same phase sequence as the system under study (positive sequence; say ABC), the
second set has the reverse phase sequence (negative sequence; ACB), and in the third set the phasors A, B and C are in phase with each
other (zero sequence). Essentially, this method converts three unbalanced phases into three independent sources, which makes
asymmetric fault analysis more tractable.

By expanding a one-line diagram to show the positive sequence, negative sequence and zero sequence impedances of generators,
transformers and other devices including overhead lines and cables, analysis of such unbalanced conditions as a single line to ground
short-circuit fault is greatly simplified. The technique can also be extended to higher order phase systems.

Physically, in a three phase winding a positive sequence set of currents produces a normal rotating field, a negative sequence set
produces a field with the opposite rotation, and the zero sequence set produces a field that oscillates but does not rotate between phase
windings. Since these effects can be detected physically with sequence filters, the mathematical tool became the basis for the design of
protective relays, which used negative-sequence voltages and currents as a reliable indicator of fault conditions. Such relays may be
used to trip circuit breakers or take other steps to protect electrical systems.

The analytical technique was adopted and advanced by engineers at General Electric and Westinghouse and after World War II it was an
accepted method for asymmetric fault analysis.

The three-phase case

Symmetrical components are most commonly used for analysis of three-phase electrical power systems. If the phase quantities are
expressed in phasor notation using complex numbers, a vector can be formed for the three phase quantities. For example, a vector for
three phase voltages could be written as
where the subscripts 0, 1, and 2 refer respectively to the zero, positive, and negative sequence components. The sequence components
differ only by their phase angles, which are symmetrical and so are radians or 120°. Define the operator phasor vector forward by
that angle.

Note that α3 = 1 so that α−1 = α2.

The zero sequence components are in phase; denote them as:

and the other phase sequences as:

Thus,
where

Conversely, the sequence components are generated from the analysis equations

where

An intuitive feeling
The phasors form a closed triangle (e.g., outer voltages or line to line voltages). To find
the synchronous and inverse components of the phases, take any side of the outer triangle and draw the two possible equilateral
triangles sharing the selected side as base. These two equilateral triangles represent a synchronous and inverse system. If the phasors V
were a perfectly synchronous system, the vertex of the outer triangle not on the base line would be at the same position as the
corresponding vertex of the equilateral triangle representing the synchronous system. Any amount of inverse component would mean a
deviation from this position. The deviation is exactly 3 times the inverse phase component. The synchronous component is in the same
manner 3 times the deviation from the "inverse equilateral triangle". The directions of these components are correct for the relevant
phase. It seems counter intuitive that this works for all three phases regardless of the side chosen but that is the beauty of this
illustration.

For an illustration see Napoleon's Theorem.

Poly-phase Case
It can be seen that the transformation matrix above is a discrete Fourier transform, and as such, symmetrical components can be
calculated for any poly-phase system. However, by Pontryagin duality, only certain groups have a unique inverse, which is necessary for
use in fault analysis.

See also
 Symmetry

References
1. ^ Charles L. Fortescue, "Method of Symmetrical Co-Ordinates Applied to the Solution of Polyphase Networks". Presented at the 34th
annual convention of the AIEE (American Institute of Electrical Engineers) in Atlantic City, N.J. on 28 July 1918. Published in: AIEE
Transactions, vol. 37, part II, pages 1027-1140 (1918). For a brief history of the early years of symmetrical component theory, see: J. Lewis
Blackburn, Symmetrical Components for Power Engineering (Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press, 1993), pages 3-4.

 J. Lewis Blackburn Symmetrical Components for Power Systems Engineering, Marcel Dekker, New York (1993). ISBN 0-8247-8767-6
 William D. Stevenson, Jr. Elements of Power System Analysis Third Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York (1975). ISBN 0-07-061285-4.
 History article from IEEE on early development of symmetrical components, retrieved May 12, 2005.
 Westinghouse Corporation, Applied Protective Relaying, 1976, Westinghouse Corporation, no ISBN, Library of Congress card no. 76-8060 - a
standard reference on electromechanical protective relays
Alpha–beta transformation
In electrical engineering, the alpha-beta ( ) transformation (also known as the Clarke transformation) is a mathematical
transformation employed to simplify the analysis of three-phase circuits. Conceptually it is similar to the dqo transformation. One very
useful application of the transformation is the generation of the reference signal used for space vector modulation control of three-
phase inverters.

Contents
[hide]

 1 Definition
 2 Geometric Interpretation
o 2.1 transform
 3 References
 4 See also

Definition
The transform applied to three-phase currents, as used by Edith Clarke, is shown below in matrix form:[1]

The inverse transform is:

Alternatively, the scaling of the transform can be chosen to instead of , then the inverse transformation matrix is also scaled

by .[2]

In a balanced system and thus and two of the phase currents suffice to compute the and components. In
this case the transform simplifies to[3]

and

Geometric Interpretation
The transformation can be thought of as the projection of the three phase quantities (voltages or currents) onto two stationary
axes, the alpha axis and the beta axis.
Shown above is the transform as applied to three symmetrical currents flowing through three windings separated by 120 physical degrees. The
three phase currents lag their corresponding phase voltages by . The - axis is shown with the axis aligned with phase 'A'. The current vector
rotates with angular velocity . There is no component since the currents are balanced.

transform
The transform is conceptually similar to the transform. Whereas the dqo transform is the projection of the phase quantities
onto a rotating two-axis reference frame, the transform can be thought of as the projection of the phase quantities onto a stationary
two-axis reference frame.

References
1. ^ W. C. Duesterhoeft, Max W. Schulz and Edith Clarke (july 1951). "Determination of Instantaneous Currents and Voltages by Means
of Alpha, Beta, and Zero Components". Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers 70 (2): 1248–1255. doi:10.1109/T-
AIEE.1951.5060554. ISSN 0096-3860.
2. ^ S. CHATTOPADHYAY, M. MITRA, S. SENGUPTA (2008). "Area Based Approach for Three Phase Power Quality Assessment in Clarke
Plane". Journal of Electrical Systems (01): 62. Retrieved 2012-04-26.
3. ^ F. Tahri, A.Tahri, Eid A. AlRadadi and A. Draou Senior, "Analysis and Control of Advanced Static VAR compensator Based on the
Theory of the Instantaneous Reactive Power," presented at ACEMP, Bodrum, Turkey, 2007.