Index

Concrete Page 2
Corrosion Page 8
General Page 13
Marine Life Page 15
Magnetic Particle Inspection Page 16
Other Inspection Methods Page 20
Photography Page 21
Ultrasonic Inspection Page 26
Weld Inspection Page 31

Page 1 of 32
CONCRETE (Return to Index)

Q WHAT IS CONCRETE
A LARGE AGGREGATE, SMALL AGGREGATE AND CEMENT

Q WHAT IS CEMENT
A A MIXTURE OF CHALK, LIMESTONE, SHALE AND GYPSUM (KILNED AND
GROUND)

Q WHEN MIXED WITH WATER AND IT BECOMES A ROCK WHAT IS THIS

CHEMICAL PROCESS CALLED
A HYDRATION

Q NAME THE TWO TYPES OF CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION

A STATIC SHUTTERING AND SLIP FORM SHUTTERING

Q WHAT ARE THE DISADVANTAGES OF STATIC SHUTTERING

A IT PRODUCES A HIGHER NUMBER OF CONSTRUCTION JOINTS

Q IN SLIP FORM SHUTTERING WHAT IS THE SLIP RATE

A ABOUT 200mm TO 250mm AN HOUR (DEPENDING ON SETTING TIME)

Q CONCRETE IS WEAK IN WHAT

A SHEAR OR TENSILE STRENGTH

Q HOW IS THIS COMPENSATED FOR

A REINFORCING BARS AND PRE-STRESSED TENDONS

Q THE CONCRETE CHANGES THE INGRESSED SEA WATER TO A Ph OF 10/12 WHAT

IS THIS CALLED
A PASSIVATION

Q TO WHAT PERCENTAGE OF THEIR YIELD ARE THE TENDONS STRETCHED

A 80%

Q NEAR SURFACE MESH REINFORCEMENT IS FOR WHAT ELSE ALSO

A TO MINIMIZE CRACKING

Q WHAT IS THE STRENGTH OF THE CONCRETE

A 590 N/mm²

Q WHAT DO YOU CALL THE 75mm DEEP ANCHORAGE POINTS

A CACHETAGE POINTS

Q NAME THREE THINGS WHICH ARE OF IMPORTANCE WHEN INSPECTING

A ATTENTION TO CRACKS, EXPOSED BAR AND ANCHORAGE POINTS

Q HOW CAN YOU IDENTIFY A CATHTAGE POINT

A A MOUND OR DIFFERENT COULOR CONCRETE

Q DOSE HIGH STRESS ON THE CABLES AFFECT CORROSION RATE

A YES IT INCREASES IT
Page 2 of 32
Q WHICH POINTS MUST BE MONITORED CLOSELY
A SPLASH ZONE ANCHORS

Q WHAT CAN CHEMICALLY ATTACK THE CONCRETE

A SALTS AND ALKALI AGGREGATE(BUT UNLIKELY)

Q WHAT PHYSICAL STRESSES CAN OCCUR

A ABRASION, CAPITATION, FREEZING AND THAWING, OVERLOADING, THERMAL
STRESS, IMPACT DAMAGE

Q BESIDES THE COVERING WHAT ELSE HELPS TO PROTECT THE CONCRETE

A THE ALKALINITY OF THE CONCRETE

Q WHAT IS THE MOST TROUBLESOME PROBLEM

A REINFORCEMENT EXPOSURE TO WATER AND OXYGEN CAUSING CORROSION

Q GIVE FIVE REASONS WHY CORROSION MAY OCCUR

A INSUFFICIENT COVER, COVER POROUS, COVER IS CRACKED, CHLORIDE
PENETRATION AND IN COMPLETED GROUTING IN THE DUCTS

Q WHEN PIECES OF SOUND MATERIAL BREAK AWAY FROM THE SURFACE WHAT
IS THIS CALLED
A SPALLING

Q DOES AIR ENTRAINMENT REDUCES THE COMPRESS IONAL OR THE TENSILE

STRENGTH THE MOST
A COMPRESSIONAL

Q WHAT CAUSES MICRO CRACKS USUALLY

A SHRINKAGE

Q IN EXCESSIVE LOADS WHAT CAN HAPPEN

A THESE MICRO CRACKS CAN DEVELOP

Q WHEN A PRIMARY CRACK APPEARS WHAT CAN HAPPEN UNDER LOAD

A THE RE BAR CAN DISTORT CAUSING INTERNAL CRACKS

Q WHAT MUST BE REPORTED ABOUT THE CRACK

A WHETHER IT'S OPEN OR CLOSED

Q WHAT COULD CLOSE A CRACK AFTER THE LOAD IS REMOVED

A THE PRESTRESSING

Q WHAT GOVERNS THE CORROSION OF RE-BAR

A THE SEA WATER PENETRATION, FORMATIONS OF CATHODIC AND ANNODIC
AREAS ON THE BAR

Q WHAT DOES THE INITIAL OXIDIZATION CAUSE

A A PROTECTIVE COATING ON THE BAR

Q THE RUSTING CAUSES WHAT

A CRACK PROPAGATION

Page 3 of 32
Q WHAT CAN BREAK THIS PROTECTION
A IF THE CHLORIDES BECOME TOO CONCENTRATED IE SPLASH ZONE THROUGH
EVAPORATION CYCLES

Q NAME THE FOUR TYPE OF CRACK REPORT

A 1,UNCRACKED, 2,CLOSED CRACK, 3,OPEN CRACK, 4,CORROSION CRACKING

Q DOSE THE OXYGEN NEED TO BE AT THE CRACK TO CAUSE RUSTING

A NO ONLY AT THE CATHODE PART OF THE REACTION IT CAN BE REMOTE

Q DOES RUST COLOUR MEAN CORROSION

A NOT NECESSARILY

Q NAME THE THREE TYPES OF INSPECTION

A 1, GENERAL VISUAL, 2, CLOSE VISUAL, 3,CLOSE VISUAL AND TESTING

Q NAME TWO TYPES OF TESTING

A PUNDIT, AND PACHOMETER

Q WHAT DOES PUNDIT DO

A TESTS THE STRENGTH

Q WHAT DOES PACHOMETER DO

A TESTS CONCRETE COVER

Q HOW MANY TERMS ARE APPLIED TO CONCRETE INSPECTION

A TWENTY-SIX

Q NAME THE GROUPS THEY ARE DIVIDED INTO

A CATEGORY A (DEFECTS)
CATEGORY B (AREAS OF CONCERN)
CATEGORY C (BLEMISHES)

Q NAME THE 8 DEFECTS

A 1. CRACKS
2. DELAMINATION
3. POP OUT
4. IMPACT DAMAGE
5. TEARING
6. EXPOSED REINFORCEMENT
7. FAULTY REPAIR
8. VARIABLE COVER

Q NAME THE 6 AREAS OF CONCERN

A 1. EMBEDDED OBJECTS
2. CAST IN SOCKET
3. RECESSED METAL PLATE
4. WATER JET DAMAGE
5. ABRASION
6. HONEYCOMBING

(Return to Index)

Page 4 of 32
Q WHAT IS THE PH VALUE OF CONCRETE
A 12

Q NAME THE 12 BLEMISHES

1. CONSTRUCTION JOINT
2. FORMWORK MISALIGNMENT
3. BLOWHOLES
4. SCABBLING
5. RUBBING DOWN MARKS
6. GOOD REPAIR
7. REGULAR HORIZONTAL RIDGE
8. IRREGULAR HORIZONTAL RIDGE
9. VERTICAL DRAG MARKS
10. RESIN MORTAR REPAIR
11. CURING COMPOUND
12. GROUT RUN

Q GIVE TWO OTHER TERMS A DIVER INSPECTOR MUST BE AWARE OF

A EXUDATION (SALTS LEECHING OUT OF CRACKS)
SPALLING (A DISPLACED PIECE OF CONCRETE)

Q HOW ARE CRACKS GAUGED

A FINE LESS THAN 1mm, MEDIUM BETWEEN 1 AND 2mm WIDE OVER 2mm

Q NAME TWO THINGS THAT CAN CAUSE DELAMINATION

A CORROSION OR IMPACT DAMAGE

Q GIVE TWO REASONS WHY YOU MAY GET A SMALL CONICAL DEPRESSION
A PARTICLE EXPANSION OR RE-BAR CORROSION (BOTH CALLED POP OUT)

Q WHEN IS TEARING CAUSED

A DURING THE CONSTRUCTION PHASE

Q WHAT USUALLY ACCOMPANIES EXPOSED REINFORCEMENT

A RUST STAINING

Q HOW COULD YOU SPOT A FAULTY REPAIR

A CRACKING AROUND A DISCOLOURED PATCH

Q WHEN DOES VARIABLE COVER OCCUR

A DURING CONSTRUCTION

Q WHAT IS A CAST IN SOCKET

A A SMALL HOLE WHICH MAYBE THREADED CREATED DURING CONSTRUCTION

Q WHAT PROBLEMS COULD OCCUR WITH A RECESSED PLATE

A CRACKING OF THE CONCRETE AROUND THE PLATE

Q HOW WILL ABRASION PRESENT ITS SELF

A A SMOOTH FLAT AREA

(Return to Index)

Page 5 of 32
Q WHAT CAUSES HONEYCOMBING
A INSUFFICIENT COMPACTION DURING CONSTRUCTION

Q WHAT IS SCABBLING
A THIS IS WHERE THE SMOOTH SURFACE HAS BEEN REMOVED DURING
CONSTRUCTION (USUALLY TO ADD MORE CONCRETE)

Q WHAT CAN RUB DOWN MARKS INDICATE

A A REPAIR

Q WHAT CAUSES REGULAR HORIZONTAL RIDGES

A SAGGING UNDER THE SLIP FORM

Q WHAT IS ANOTHER NAME FOR VERTICAL DRAG MARKS

A PEBBLE RUNS

Q WHAT IS CURING COMPOUND

A LARGE AREAS OF COLOURED COATINGS TO STOP WATER LOSS IN CURING

Q WHAT IS GROUT RUN

A PATCHES OR SPILT GROUT DURING CONSTRUCTION

Q WHAT IS THE BASE RAFT

A THE FOUNDATION SLAB ON THE SEA BED

Q IF YOU FIND AN EXPOSED CABLE OR CATCHAGE POINT AND WAS ASKED TO

EXPLORE IT WITH YOUR KNIFE WOULD YOU
A NO IT IS UNDER EXTREME STRESS

Q GIVE 12 THINGS YOU REPORT WHILE INSPECTING CONCRETE

A 1 LOCATION OF DEFECT
2 MARK POSITION
3 NOTE MARINE GROWTH
4 DAMAGE
5 RUST OR STAINING
6 COLOUR VARIATIONS
7 TEXTURE VARIATION
8 CRACKING AND DETAILS OF
9 SOUND OR HOLLOW
10 IS IT DETERIORATING
11 DIMENSIONAL DISCREPANCIES
12 USE CORRECT CLASSIFICATION

Q WHICH FOUR THINGS MUST BE RECORDED ACCURATELY

A 1. LENGTH OF DEFECT
2. WIDTH OF DEFECT
3. DEPTH OF DEFECT
4, POSITION OF DEFECT

Q WHAT IS WEATHERING
A THIS IS DETERIORATION DUE TO THE ENVIRONMENT
(Return to Index)

Page 6 of 32
Q NAME THE 14 WAYS TO REPORT A CRACK
A 1 LENGTH
2 WIDTH
3 DEPTH
4 POSITION
5 ORIENTATION
6 CRACK EDGES(SHARP CRUMBLY)
7 DEPOSITS
8 STAINING
9 PATTERN
10 TEXTURE
11 RE-BAR EXPOSED
12 OTHER DEFECTS
13 OBVIOUS CAUSES
14 TYPE OF CRACK

(Return to Index)

Page 7 of 32
CORROSION (Return to Index)

Q GIVE THREE RESULTS OF CORROSION

A 1. REMOVAL OF METAL
2. FORMATION OF OXIDES
3. FORMATION OF OTHER CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS

Q WHAT ARE THE TWO MAIN WAYS TO PROTECT AGAINST CORROSION

A COATINGS AND C/P

Q WHAT IS THE WORST AREA FOR CORROSION

A THE SPLASH ZONE

Q WHY IS THIS
A HIGH AERATION, HIGH SALT, HIGH STRESS

Q WHAT ARE THE COMPONENTS OF A CORROSION CELL

A ANODE, CATHODE, ELECTROLYTE, CONNECTIONS

Q WHAT IS THE CHEMICAL FORMULA FOR HAEMATITE

A Fe2O3

Q WHAT IS THE SERIES OF METALS PLACED IN SALT WATER CALLED

A GALVANIC SERIES

Q WHAT ARE THE THREE MORE ANODIC TO STEEL

A ALUMINIUM, ZINC, MAGNESIUM

Q WHEN STEEL IS IN CONTACT WITH COPPER WHICH IS THE ANODE

A STEEL

Q WHAT IS IT THAT CORRODES

A THE ANODE

Q WHEN YOU PLACE THE C/P METER ON TO STEEL WHICH WAY DO THE
ELECTRON FLOW
A FROM THE STEEL UP TO THE METER

Q WHEN A C/P METER IS CONNECTED TO ZINC WHICH IS THE CATHODE

A THE METER

Q WHEN A C/P METER IS CONNECTED TO STEEL WHICH IS THE CATHODE

A THE METER

Q IF THE METER IS CONNECTED TO THE STRUCTURE WHICH IS THE ANODE

A THE STRUCTURE

Q WHAT FLOWS FROM ANODE TO CATHODE

A ELECTRONS

Q WHERE DO THE ELECTRONS FLOW FROM AND TO

A FROM THE ANODE TO THE STRUCTURE
Page 8 of 32
Q WHERE DO THE POSITIVE IONS FLOW TO
A FROM ANODE TO ELECTROLYTE (SEA) TO STRUCTURE

Q WHAT INCREASES THE RATE OF CORROSION

A TEMP RISE, INC IN FLOW OF ELECTROLYTE, ELECTROLYTE BEING MORE
ACIDIC

Q WHAT IS ACIDIC ON THE PH SCALE

A 0 TO 7

Q GIVE TEN TYPES OF MARINE CORROSION

A 1. GALVANIC CORROSION
2. CONCENTRATION CELL CORROSION
3. CREVICE CORROSION
4. CORROSION FATIGUE
5 INTER GRANULAR CORROSION
6 GRAIN BOUNDARY CORROSION
7 STRESS CORROSION
8. FRETTING CORROSION
9. EROSION CORROSION
10. BIOLOGICAL CORROSION

Q WHAT IS GALVANIC CORROSION

A THIS IS WHERE DISSIMILAR METALS ARE IN CONTACT IN AN ELECTROLYTE

Q WHAT IS CONCENTRATION CELL CORROSION

A WHEN YOU HAVE A DROPLET ON STEEL AN ANODE PIT FORMS IN THE CENTRE

Q WHAT IS CREVICE CORROSION

A THIS OCCURS WHEN THERE IS A DIFFERENCE IN THE ELECTROLYTE WHERE
OVERLAP OCCURS

Q WHAT IS CORROSION FATIGUE

A THIS IS WHERE CYCLIC MOTION CAUSES FAILURE OR CRACKS AND IS
FURTHER WORSENED BY CORROSION

Q WHAT IS INTER-GRANULAR CORROSION

A CORROSION CAUSED BY A SLIGHT IMBALANCE IN THE CONNECTING GRAINS

Q WHAT IS GRAIN BOUNDARY CORROSION

A THIS IS DUE TO ENERGY IMBALANCE IN THE GRAIN BOUNDARY I.E. A WELD

Q WHAT IS STRESS CORROSION

A AN INCREASE IN CORROSION ON THE GRAIN BOUNDARY DUE TO LOADING

Q WHAT IS FRETTING CORROSION

A THIS IS WHERE TWO CORRODING SURFACES ARE RUBBED TOGETHER AIDING
THE CORROSION PROCESS

Q WHAT IS EROSION CORROSION

A THIS IS WHERE MOVEMENT OF ELECTROLYTE AND THE SURFACE AND AIDED
WITH PARTICLES USUALLY ON BENDS

Page 9 of 32
Q GIVE FOUR WAYS BIOLOGICAL CORROSION CAN OCCUR
A 1. PRODUCTION OF CORROSIVE SUBSTANCES
2. PRODUCTION OF A CATALYST
3. ANAEROBIC CORROSION
4. A CONCENTRATION CELL

Q WHAT IS GENERAL AND PITTING CORROSION

A IF CORROSION IS UNIFORM IT'S GENERAL BUT SOME SMALL AREAS MAY STAY
ANODIC AND CAUSE PITTING

Q WHAT FACTORS AFFECT CORROSION RATE

A 1. PH LEVEL (IF HIGH 10/12 IT CORRODES LEAST)
2. TEMPERATURE (INCREASES WITH HIGHER TEMP)
3. FLOW RATE OF WATER (INCREASES WITH HIGHER FLOW)

Q NAME 5 WAYS TO PROTECT AGAINST CORROSION

A 1 C/P SYSTEM
2 COATINGS
3 METAL SHEATHING
4 TREATMENT OF ELECTROLYTE
5 DESIGN

Q WHICH METHODS ARE USED FOR CATHODIC PROTECTION

A SACRIFICIAL ANODES AND IMPRESSED CURRENT ANODES

Q HOW DOSE A SACRIFICIAL ANODE WORK

A IT PRODUCES A CORROSION CELL WITH THE STRUCTURE AND MAKES THE
STRUCTURE THE CATHODE IE PROTECTED

Q WHAT ARE THE WEAK POINTS OF SACRIFICIAL ANODES

A THEIR MASS, REQ REPLACING

Q HOW DOES AN IMPRESSED CURRENT WORK

A A POWER SUPPLY FEEDS A POSITIVE SUPPLY TO REMOTE ANODES AND THE
NEGATIVE SUPPLY TO THE STRUCTURE PROTECTING IT THE ANODES ARE
USUALLY NOBLE METALS

Q WHAT ARE THE PROBLEMS WITH IMPRESSED CURRENT SYSTEMS

A DANGER TO DIVERS, CABLE TO BE INSULATED, REQ A POWER SOURCE, IF
POWER FAILS THERE IS NO PROTECTION, IF TOO MUCH PROTECTION IS USED
CAN CAUSE HYDROGEN EMBRITTLEMENT

Q IF A METAL IS MADE MORE ELECTROPOSITIVE IS IT ANODIC OR CATHODIC

A CATHODIC

Q CAN YOU GET A DIRECT CORROSION RATE FROM THE STEEL SURFACE
A NO, ONLY THE POTENTIAL TO CORRODE

Q HOW IS THIS MEASUREMENT OBTAINED

A BY USING A REFERENCE HALF CELL

(Return to Index)

Page 10 of 32
Q WHAT IS THIS CELL USUALLY MADE FROM
A SILVER/SILVER CHLORIDE

Q IF THE ANODE IS CORRODING WHAT WILL IT PRODUCE IN THE ELECTROLYTE

A +IONS OF ZINC

Q IF THE STRUCTURE IS CORRODING WHAT IS PRODUCED IN THE ELECTROLYTE

A +IONS OF IRON

Q CAN THE STEEL STRUCTURE GIVE A POSITIVE READING ON THE METER

A NO, THE SILVER ROD IS POSITIVE SO THE STRUCTURE IS NEGATIVE

Q IN THE SILVER CHLORIDE WHERE DO THE SILVER IONS MIGRATE TO

A THE SILVER ROD

Q WHERE DO THE CHLORIDE IONS MIGRATE TO

A THE POROUS MEMBRANE NEAT THE SEAWATER (IT HAVING +IONS IN IT)

Q WHAT IS THE READING ON THE METER IN

A MILIVOLTS

Q WHAT ARE THE READINGS FOR PROTECTED STEEL, UNPROTECTED STEEL,

AND ZINC
A 1 -800 TO -900
2 -450 TO -640
3 -1000 TO -1050

Q WHAT READING WOULD A CALOMEL REF CELL GIVE

A 0 TO –10mv

Q WHAT WOULD BE THE READING FOR MONEL

A -50 TO -150

Q WHAT WOULD BE CONSIDERED THE THRESHOLD OF PROTECTION

A -800mv

Q WHAT OTHER TYPE OF SYSTEM IS USED

A A PROXIMITY PROBE, WHICH IS CONNECTED ON THE SURFACE AND THE
DIVER CARIES THE REFERENCE HALF CELL

Q WHAT ARE THE PROBLEMS WITH THIS SYSTEM

A IT CAN MISS UNPROTECTED ITEMS IE ELECTRICALLY ISOLATED PILES

Q HOW LONG MUST YOU SOAK THE METER BEFORE USE

A AN I/2 HOUR TO AN HOUR IN FRESH SEA WATER

Q WHERE MUST YOU NOT GET YOUR SEA WATER FROM

A THE FIRE MAIN

Q WHAT VOLTAGE WILL YOU GET BETWEEN Zn AND Ag/AgCl

A -1.04 VOLTS (1040mv) ABOUT
(Return to Index)

Page 11 of 32
Q WHAT IS ANOTHER NAME GIVEN TO A C/P METER
A A BATHYCROMETER

Q CAN STEEL BE USED AS A CALIBRATION BLOCK

A YES, -400 TO -650

Q IF THE STRUCTURE IS OVER PROTECTED WHAT COULD HAPPEN

A COATING LOSS DUE TO ELECTROLYSIS

Q HOW LONG DO YOU WAIT BEFORE TAKING YOUR READING

A 5 SECONDS

Q WHAT IS THE DESIGN CURRENT DENSITY IN UPPER NORTH SEA

A 150mA/m2

Q WHAT IS THE ACCEPTED READING FROM CALOMEL ELECTRODES

CALIBRATION
A -2mv TO +2mv

Q WHAT IS THE ACCEPTED READING FOR A HAND HELD CONTACT METER

(Ag/AgCl)
A -4mv + OR –5mv

Q NAME FOUR TYPES OF COATINGS THAT CAN PROTECT STEEL IN THE SPLASH
ZONE
A ORGANIC COATINGS, INORGANIC COATINGS, METALLIC COATINGS AND
CONCRETE.

Q GIVE NINE POINTS TO REPORT WHEN INSPECTING COATINGS.

A 1. PERCENTAGE OF TOPCOAT VISIBLE.
2. PERCENTAGE OF PRIMER VISIBLE.
3. PERCENTAGE OF BARE METAL.
4. BLISTERING.
5. CRACKING.
6. POOR SURFACE ADHESION.
7. SAGGING.
8. WRINKLING.
9. FLAKING.

(Return to Index)

Page 12 of 32
GENERAL (Return to Index)

Q WHAT ARE THE FIVE STAGES OF AN OFFSHORE STRUCTURE

A DESIGN, PRODUCTION OF STEEL, MANUFACTURE, INSTALLATION AND
WORKING LIFE

Q GIVE FOUR DEFECTS THAT CAN BE CAUSED IN PRODUCTION OF THE STEEL

A FISH TAILS, LAMINATIONS, INCLUSIONS AND POROSITY

Q GIVE SEVEN IN USE PROBLEMS WHICH EFFECT A STRUCTURE

A 1. CORROSION
2. EROSION
3. MARINE GROWTH
4. DEBRIS
5. FATIGUE
6. OVERLOADING
7. SCOUR

Q WHO IS THE DUTY HOLDER

A THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE FOR SAFE OPERATION OF THE STRUCTURE

Q WHAT DOES IDVB STAND FOR

A INDEPENDENT VERIFICATION BODY

Q WHAT IS AN SCE
A A SAFETY CRITICAL ELEMENT (SOME THING WHICH COULD CAUSE A MAJOR
ACCIDENT)

Q PRIOR TO THE OPERATION OF A STRUCTURE WHAT MUST BE DONE

A THE IDVB AND DUTY HOLDER WILL IDENTIFY ALL OF THE SCE’S

Q THE FIRST SURVEY IS SOMETIMES CALLED WHAT

A A BASELINE SURVEY

Q WHAT DOSE THIS INCLUDE

A A COMPLETE VISUAL INSPECTION OF ALL MEMBERS AND COMPONENTS
A COMPLETE VISUAL INSPECTION OF FOUNDATIONS AND SEABED
C/P READINGS

Q WHEN IS THE NEXT INSPECTION

A WHEN THE DUTY HOLDER OR IDVB SAYS SO

Q GIVE TWO WAYS HYDROGEN EMBRITTLEMENT CAN OCCUR

A IN FABRICATION AND WITH OVERPROTECTION (IMPRESSED CURRENT)

Q WHAT IS A STOPPER HOLE

A A HOLE DRILLED AT THE END’S OF A CRACK

Q HOW OFTEN ARE FIELD JOINTS ON A PIPELINE

A 12 METERS APART

(Return to Index)
Page 13 of 32
Q GIVE SIX THINGS AN UNDERWATER INSPECTOR WILL REPORT
A 1. MARINE GROWTH
2. WELDS
3. DAMAGE
4. COATINGS
5. CORROSION AND ANODES
6. DEBRIS

Q WHAT IS THE MOST PREFERRED METHOD OF INSPECTION

A VISUAL

Q WHAT IS A LAM GAUGE

A LINEAR ANGULAR MEASUREMENT FOR MANY PURPOSES

Q WHAT TYPE OF DEFECT IS RADIOGRAPHY USED FOR

A VOLUMETRIC

Q WHAT IS THE SAFETY EXCLUSION ZONE FOR RADIOGRAPHY

A 8 METERS

Q WHAT SOURCE IS NORMALLY USED

A IRIDIUM 192

Q WHAT IS COMMONLY USED TO ASSES THE DEPTH OF A CRACK

A A.C.P.D.

Q WHAT CAN BE USED TO DETECT AND MEASURE DEFECTS UNDER COATINGS

A EDDY CURRENT AND ACFM (AC FIELD MEASUREMENT)

Q WHAT IS FMD
A FLOODED MEMBER DETECTION

Q WHAT IS REPORTED AT START OF INSPECTION BY THE DIVER

A WHO, WHERE, WHAT AND WHEN

Q WHAT DOES CTS STAND FOR

A COMPONENT TASK SHEET

Q WHAT IS THE ADVANTAGES OF CCTV

A REAL TIME, PERMANENT RECORD, ON SCREEN EDITING, INSTANT PLAYBACK,
SAFETY BACK UP FOR DIVER AND COMMENTARY POSSIBLE

Q WHAT ARE THE DISADVANTAGES OF CCTV

A NO FAST FREEZE, POOR RESOLUTION, TWO D IMAGE AND DIVER FATIGUE

Q WHAT COLOURS ARE ABSORBED AT DEPTHS OF 15 MTS

A RED, ORANGE, YELLOW

Q HOW MANY LINES HAS A CCTV

A 625

(Return to Index)

Page 14 of 32
MARINE LIFE (Return to Index)

Q GIVE NINE EFFECTS OF MARINE LIFE HAS ON A STRUCTURE

A 1. INCREASING IS MASS SO EFFECTING IT’S FREQUENCY
2. INCREASING WATER MASS AND DRAG
3. OBSCURING FEATURES
4. REQUIRES CLEANING PRIOR TO INSPECTION
5. BLOCKING INLETS AND OUTLETS
6. EFFECTING THE CORROSION RATE
7. INCREASING SCOUR AT BASE
8. INCREASES EFFECTS OF WAVE SLAM
9. INCREASE DEAD WEIGHT DUE TO WAVE ACTION

Q GIVE SIX THINGS WHICH EFFECT MARINE GROWTH

A 1. TEMP
2. DEPTH
3. FOOD SUPPLY
4.CURRENT
5. CATHODIC PROTECTION
6. SALINITY

Q WHAT IS THE NORMAL SALINITY OF SEA WATER

A BETWEEN 3% AND 3.5%

Q GIVE FIVE TYPES OF HARD GROWTH AND EXPECTED DEPTH

A 1. MUSSELS (20MTS)
2. HARD CORALS (40MTS)
3. TUBE WORM (100MTS)
4. BARNACLES (120MTS)
5. BRYZOA (1000MTS)

Q GIVE SEVEN TYPES OF SOFT GROWTH AND EXPECTED DEPTH

A 1. ALGAE (20MTS)
2. SEAWEEDS (30MTS)
3. DEAD MEN’S FINGERS (150MTS)
4. SPONGES (1000MTS)
5. HYDROIDS (1000MTS)
6. ANEMONES (1000MTS)
7. SOFT CORALS (6000MTS)

Q WHAT ARE THE SA STANDARDS

A 1 = LIGHT CLEANING
2 = CLEAN TO PAINT COAT REMOVE LOOSE PAINT
2.5 = DULL BARE METAL
3 = BRIGHT SHINY METAL

(Return to Index)
Page 15 of 32
M.P.I. (Return to Index)

Q MPI I USED FOR WHAT

A SURFACE AND NEAR SURFACE CRACKS IN MATERIALS WHICH CAN BE
MAGNETISED

Q WHAT IS BS6072
A MAGNETIC PARTICLE FLAW DETECTION

Q NAME SOME FERROMAGNETIC MATERIALS

A IRON, MOST STEELS, COBALT, NICKEL, AND SOME OF THEIR ALLOYS

Q NAME SOME NON FERROMAGNETIC MATERIALS

A BRASS, ALUMINIUM, COPPER, MAGNESIUM, BRONZE, LEAD AND SOME
STAINLESS STEEL

Q WHERE DO YOU FIND MAGNETIC FIELDS

A IN AND AROUND PERMANENT MAGNETS, AROUND A CONDUCTOR CARRYING
A CURRENT

Q WHICH DIRECTION DO THE LINES OF FORCE FLOW OUTSIDE THE MAGNET

A FROM NORTH TO SOUTH

Q WHERE IS THE MOST DENSE MAGNETIC FIELD

A NEAR THE POLES

Q WHAT IS THE RIGHT HAND RULE OF THUMB

A IF YOUR THUMB POINTS IN THE DIRECTION OF FLOW (CONVENTIONAL) YOUR
FINGERS POINT IN THE DIRECTION OF THE LINES OF FORCE

Q IF YOU COIL THE CONDUCTOR LIKE A SPRING WHAT HAPPENS TO THE LINES
OF FORCE
A THEY FORM LONGITUDINAL LINES OF FORCE

Q WHAT IS A DIAMAGNETIC MATERIAL

A SOMETHING WHICH REPELS MAGNETISM SLIGHTLY

Q GIVE FOUR DIAMAGNETIC MATERIALS

A BISMUTH, ANTIMONY, MOST NON-METALS, AND CONCRETE

Q WHAT IS A PARAMAGNETIC MATERIAL

A THESE MATERIALS ARE SLIGHTLY ATTRACTED BY MAGNETISM

Q GIVE FOUR PARAMAGNETIC MATERIALS

A PLATINUM, PALLADIUM, MOST METALS AND OXYGEN

Q WHAT IS A FERROMAGNETIC MATERIAL

A MATERIALS THAT ARE STRONGLY ATTRACTED BY MAGNETISM

Q GIVE FOUR TYPES OF FERROMAGNETIC MATERIAL

A IRON, NICKEL, COBALT AND STEEL
(Return to Index)
Page 16 of 32
Q WHAT IS THE MINIMUM FLUX DENSITY REQUIRED FOR MPI
A 0.72 TESLA (7200 FLUX LINES PER cm²)

Q WHAT IS THE NAME OF THE FORCE WHICH IS USED TO REMOVE FLUX

DENSITY
A COERCIVE FORCE

Q HOW WILL AN ALTERNATING CURRENT EFFECT THE MAGNETIC FIELD

A IT WILL CREATE A SKIN EFFECT

Q WHAT IS RELUCTANCE
A THE RESISTANCE OF A MATERIAL TO BE MAGNETISED

Q WHAT IS THE SI UNIT OF MAGNETISING FORCE

A AMPS PER METRE

Q GIVE ANOTHER NAME FOR THE MAGNETIC FIELD

A MAGNETIC FLUX

Q WHAT IS THE UNIT OF MAGNETIC FLUX

A A SINGLE LINE OF FORCE CALLED THE MAXWELL

Q WHEN TWO MAGNETIC FIELDS ARE APPLIED TO AN OBJECT WHAT HAPPENS

A IT MERGES TO FORM A RESULTANT MAGNETIC FIELD

Q CAN A MAGNET HAVE MORE THAN TWO POLES

A YES THEY MAY BE ALTERNATE

Q IF A MAGNET HAS A CRACK IN IT WHAT HAPPENS

A YOU GET FLUX LEAKAGE WHICH WOULD ATTRACT IRON FILINGS

Q WHAT HAPPENS IF THE CRACK IS IN THE DIRECTION OF THE LINES OF FORCE

A THERE IS NO FLUX LEAKAGE SO NO IRON FILLINGS WOULD BE ATTRACTED

Q WHAT HAPPENS IF THE CRACK IS JUST BELOW THE SURFACE AND ACROSS
THE FIELD
A THE FLUX IS DISTURBED AND YOU MAY GET FLUX LEAKAGE

Q WHICH GIVE THE MOST DISTURBANCE SHARP OR ROUNDED EDGES

A SHARP

Q HOW DOES A STRONG AND A WEAK MAGNET DIFFER

A THE STRONGER WILL HAVE MORE LINES OF MAGNETIC FORCE

Q WHAT IS FLUX DENSITY

A THE NUMBER OF LINES OF FORCE IN A GIVEN CROSS SECTIONAL AREA

Q HOW IS THIS MEASURED

A ONE LINE IN A SQUARE cm IS ONE GAUSS AND THE SI UNIT IS THE TESLA. ONE
TESLA IS 10,000 GAUSS.

(Return to Index)

Page 17 of 32
Q WHAT IS PERMEABILITY
A THE EASE AT WHICH A MATERIAL CAN BE MAGNETISED

Q WHAT IS RETENTIVITY
A THE ABILITY OF A MATERIAL TO HOLD A MAGNETISING FORCE

Q WHAT IS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RETENTIVITY AND PERMEABILITY

A THEY ARE INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL

Q HIGH PERMEABILITY IS LOW WHAT

A RETENTIVITY AND VISA VERSA

Q IF YOU KEEP INCREASING THE MAGNETISING FORCE WILL THE FLUX DENSITY
KEEP RISING
A NO IT WILL EVENTUALLY REACH SATURATION

Q THE AMOUNT OF REVERSE MAGNETISM REQ TO REMOVE RESIDUAL

MAGNETISM IS CALLED WHAT
A THE COERCIVE FORCE

Q WHAT DO WE CALL A PLOT OF FORCE AND FLUX DENSITY IN AN AC CIRCUIT

A THE HYSTERESIS LOOP

Q WHAT IS A GOOD SUBSTANCE FOR A PERMANENT MAGNET

A HARD STEEL

Q WHAT IS THE BRITISH STANDARD SPECIFICATION FOR PERMANENT MAGNETS

A IT MUST BE ABLE TO LIFT 18kg WITH A POLE SPACING OF BETWEEN 75mm AND
150mm

Q WHAT IS THE LIFTING POWER FOR A.C. MAGNETS OF 300mm OR LESS

A 4.5kg

Q NAME FOUR METHODS USED IN MPI

A PERMANENT MAGNETS, ELECTRO MAGNET, PRODS AND COILS

Q WHEN USING PRODS WHAT IS THE SHAPE OF THE MAGNETIC LINES OF FORCE
A CIRCULAR TO THE PROD

Q WHAT IS THE CURRENT SPECIFIED FOR PRODS

A 4-5 AMPS PER mm OF PROD SEPARATION (100-125 AMPS PER INCH)

Q WHY DO YOU SOMETIMES REQ DEMAGNETISING

A PRIOR TO MPI, FOR SENSITIVE EQUIPMENT OR MAGNETIC COMPASSES, IT MAY
AFFECT WELDING

Q HOW DO YOU DEMAG USING AC

A BY REDUCING THE LOOP OR MOVING AWAY FROM SOURCE SLOWLY

Q HOW OFTEN DO YOU REVERSE DC CURRENT TO DEMAG

A ONCE A SECOND
(Return to Index)

Page 18 of 32
Q AT WHAT ANGLE MUST YOU HAVE TO SEE DEFECTS
A BETWEEN 45 AND 90 DEGREES TO THE FLUX

Q WHAT IS THE MIN FLUX DENSITY FOR STRUCTURAL STEEL

A 0.72 TESLA

Q NAME THREE TYPE OF FLUX INDICATORS

A BURMA CASTROL STRIP, BERTHOLD PENETRAMETER, GAUSS METER

Q WHAT IS THE BS NUMBER FOR INKS AND POWDERS

A BS 4069

Q WHAT IS THE SPECK FOR NON-FLUORESCENT INKS

A FERROMAGNETIC PARTICLE 1.25% TO 3.5% BY VOLUME, OTHER SOLIDS NOT
MORE THAN 10% BY WEIGHT OF FM PARTICLES OTHER SOLUBLE ADDITIVES
NOT MORE THAN 10% BY WEIGHT OF CARRIER FLUID

Q WHAT IS THE SPECK FOR FLORESCENT INKS

A UV LIGHT W/L NOT LESS THAN 3650 ANGSTROMS, FLUORESCENT PARTICLES
AND OTHER SOLIDS OF 0.1% TO 0.35% BY VOLUME SOLUBLE ADDITIVES NOT
MORE THAN 10% BY WEIGHT OF CARRIER FLUID

Q WHAT IS THE MINIMUM FLASHPOINT FOR THE CARRIER FLUID

A 65° CELSIUS

Q WHAT IS THE BS NUMBER FOR BLACK LIGHTS

A BS 4489

Q HOW IS THE INK TESTED

A AGITATE THE INK FOR A MINIMUM OF 5 MINUTES THEN 100ml PLACED INTO A
SUTHERLAND SETTLING FLASK FOR A MIN OF 60min AND READ OFF TO 0.1ml

Q WHAT IS THE SPECK OF THE BLACK LIGHT

A IT SHOULD BE 800uw (micro watts) PER cm² AT 400mm

Q WHAT IS THE MINIMUM WAVE LENGTH OF BLACK LIGHT

A NOT LESS THAN 365nm (WHICH IS 3,650 ANGSTROMS)

Q FOR A U/V INSPECTION WHAT MUST BE THE LEVEL AF AMBIENT LIGHT

A NOT GREATER THAN 10 LUX

Q WHAT ARE THE CLEANING SPECS FOR MPI

A SA21/2 TO 3 AT LEAST 75mm EITHER SIDE OF WELD

Q WHAT IS THE BS NUMBER FOR WELDING TERMS AND SYMBOLS

A BS 499

Q WHAT IS THE BRITISH STANDARD NUMBER FOR CONTRAST AID PAINTS

A BS 5044

Q WHAT POWER SOURCE IS REQ FOR PRODS

A AC, DC, OR FULL WAVE RECTIFICATION

Page 19 of 32
OTHER INSPECTION METHODS (Return to Index)

Q GIVE FOUR ADVANTAGES OF RADIOGRAPHY

A PERMANENT RECORD, CAN BE VIEWED BY MANY, PROVEN, LOW CLEANING

Q WHAT TWO TYPES OF RADIATION ARE USED

A X-RAYS AND GAMMA RAYS

Q WHAT PRODUCES X-RAYS

A ACCELERATED ELECTRONS HITTING A DENSE MATERIAL

Q WHAT PRODUCES GAMMA RAYS

A THE DISINTEGRATION OF A NUCLEI

Q WHAT IS THE SI UNIT OF DISINTEGRATION

A BECQUEREL (Bq)

Q WHAT IS A CURIE (Ci)

A 37 GIGA Bq

Q WHAT THICKNESS OF STEEL DO YOU USE IRIDIUM 192 ON

A UPTO 2 INCHES

Q CAN ANY DIVER USE RADIOGRAPHY

A NO YOU MUST BE ON THE RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION LIST

Q WHAT IS AN I.Q.I.
A AN IMAGE QUALITY INDICATOR

Q NAME THREE WAYS FMD CAN BE ACHIEVED

A ULTRASONIC, RADIOGRAPHY, THERMAL

Q IN ACPD HOW FAR FROM THE CRACKS WOULD YOU PUT THE CONNECTIONS
A ABOUT 300mm

Q WHAT IS IMPORTANT WHEN DOING ACPD

A YOU MUST KEEP THE PROBE AWAY FROM THE FIELD CABLES

Q WHAT IS THE USUAL SPACING OF THE CONTACTS ON THE PROBE

A 10mm BUT YOU MUST CHECK

Q WHAT PROBE RANGE DO YOU HAVE

A HALF THE FIELD INPUT DISTANCE

Q WHAT IS THE SKIN DEPTH IN STEEL AT 5MHz

A ABOUT 0.1mm

Q HOW DOES ACFM DIFFER FROM ACPD

A ACFM INDUCES A CURRENT AS APPOSED TO CONTACTS BUT HARDER IS
HARDER TO INTERPRET

(Return to Index)
Page 20 of 32
PHOTOGRAPHY (Return to Index)

Q GIVE NINE ADVANTAGES OF PHOTOGRAPHY

A 1 EQUIPMENT READILY AVAILABLE
2 PROVEN METHOD
3 PERMANENT RECORD
4 MAGNIFICATION POSSIBLE
5 COLOUR IS AVAILABLE
6 STEREO AVAILABLE
7 LARGE PICTURE REEL
8 RESOLUTION EXCELLENT
9 TIME LAPSE POSSIBLE

Q GIVE THREE DISADVANTAGES OF PHOTOGRAPHY

A 1 NO INFO UNTIL PROCESSED
2 TRAINING REQUIRED
3 ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS EXIST

Q WHAT ARE THE PROBLEMS WITH LIGHT UNDERWATER

A REFLECTION
REFRACTION
SCATTER
ABSORPTION

Q WHY IS REFLECTION A PROBLEM

A SUNLIGHT REFLECTS OFF THE SURFACE, PARTICLES REFLECT LIGHT BACK IN
THE WATER, SHINNY SURFACES REFLECT LIGHT BACK

Q WHY IS REFRACTION A PROBLEM

A AS LIGHT ENTERS THE WATER IT BENDS TOWARDS THE NORMAL, OBJECTS
APPEAR TO BE CLOSER AT 3/4 THE DISTANCE IN A FLAT PORT SO APPEAR 4/3
LARGER

Q NAME PROBLEMS WITH USING A FLAT PORT

A COLOUR SHARPNESS DEGRADES, REDUCED RESOLUTION, DISTORTION
(PINCUSHION OR BARREL)

Q HOW ARE THE ABOVE PROBLEMS OVERCOME

A BY FITTING A CONVEX DOME ON THE PORT

Q WHAT COLOURS HAVE BEEN LOST AT 15 METERS OR MORE

A RED, ORANGE AND YELLOW

Q GIVE OTHER NAMES FOR THE IRIS

A F STOP, APERTURE, DIAPHRAGM

Q WHAT IS PARALLAX
A THE MIS-ALIGNMENT BETWEEN THE VIEWFINDER AND THE LENSES

Q WHAT CAN YOU DO TO STOP PARALLAX

A USE A SINGLE LENS REFLEX CAMERA
(Return to Index)
Page 21 of 32
Q WHAT IS THE FOCAL LENGTH OF A LENS
A IT IS THE DISTANCE FROM THE OPTICAL CENTRE OF THE LENS TO A POINT
WHERE A PARALLEL BEAM OF LIGHT CONVERGES

Q IF YOU REQ MORE OF THE SUBJECT ON THE FILM WHAT HAPPENS TO THE
FOCAL LENGTH
A IT IS TO BE LESS

Q WHAT DO YOU CALL A LENS WITH A SHORT AND A LONG FOCAL LENGTH
A WIDE ANGLE TELEPHOTO

Q HOW DO YOU CALCULATE A NORMAL LENS

A IT’S CLOSE TO THE DIAGONAL OF THE EXPOSED PART OF THE FILM

Q ON A 35mm CAMERA WHAT DOES THE 35 REFER TO

A THE WIDTH OF THE FILM

Q ON THE 35mm FILM WHAT IS THE EXPOSED AREA

A 24mm BY 36mm

Q ON THE 70mm FILM WHAT S THE EXPOSED AREA

A 60mm BY 60mm OR 60mm BY 70mm

Q WHAT IS GENERALLY ACCEPTED AS A STANDARD LENS FOR A 35mm CAMERA?

A 50mm

Q IF A 50mm LENS IS PUT ON A 70mm CAMERA WHAT WOULD IT BE CALLED?

A WIDE ANGLE

Q WHICH LENSES HAVE A SHORTER NEAR POINT

A WIDE ANGLE

Q WHAT IS MEANT BY DEPTH OF FIELD

A THE DISTANCE EITHER SIDE OF THE FOCUS POINT WHICH IS ALSO IN FOCUS

Q WHICH LENSES HAVE A GREATER DEPTH OF FIELD

A WIDE ANGLE

Q WIDE ANGLE ARE USED TO COUNTER WHAT EFFECTS

A REFRACTION AND ABSORPTION

Q WHICH F STOPS HAVE THE GREATER DEPTH OF FIELD

A LARGE F NUMBERS (SMALLER APERTURES)

Q WHAT HAPPENS TO THE D OF F AS YOU MOVE CLOSER TO THE SUBJECT

A IT BECOMES LESS AND LESS

Q WHAT PROBLEMS CAN THIS CAUSE

A YOU CAN LOSE FOCUS EASILY

Q WHAT IS THE ACTUAL F NUMBER RELATED TO

A FOCAL LENGTH DIVIDED BY DIAMETER OF APERTURE

Page 22 of 32
Q HOW CAN YOU INCREASE THE D OF F
A 1 INCREASE F NUMBER
2 INCREASE DISTANCE
3 DECREASE FOCAL LENGTH

Q GIVE ADVANTAGES OF WIDE ANGLE IN UW PHOTOGRAPHY

A YOU GET CLOSER TO THE SUBJECT, LESS WATER TO SHOOT THROUGH, LESS
COLOUR LOSS, GREATER DEPTH OF FIELD, COMPENSATION FOR THE
TELEPHOTO EFFECT OF WATER

Q WHAT IS FIELD OF VIEW CONTROLLED BY

A FOCAL LENGTH

Q WITH A 35mm CAMERA USED IN AIR WHAT IS THE FIELD OF VIEW FOR 28mm A
50mm AND A 135mm LENSES
A 73º, 45º AND 20º

Q WITH THE CAMERA SET ON INFINITY WHAT IS THE FOCAL LENGTH

A THE DISTANCE BETWEEN THE FILM AND THE OPTICAL CENTRE OF THE LENS

Q FOR A GIVEN FILM SPEED IF YOU WENT FROM F16 TO F8 WHAT WOULD YOU
DO TO SHUTTER SPEED
A GO DOWN TWO SETTINGS SAY FROM 1/60 TO 1/250

Q MOST OF THE TIME YOU HAVE TO CONTROL EXPOSURE USING WHAT

A APERTURE (SHUTTER SPEED IS SET FOR THE FLASH)

Q WHAT IS MEANT BY BRACKETING THE PICTURE OR EXPOSURE

A BY OVER AND UNDER EXPOSING BY ONE STOP

Q SO IT YOU WERE SET UP FOR A SHOT ON F8 WHAT WOULD BE YOU OTHER

SHOTS BE ON
A F5.6 (OVER) AND F11 (UNDER)

Q IF THE VISIBILITY WAS 6 METERS WHAT IS THE MAX DISTANCE YOU WOULD
TAKE THE PICTURE
A 2 METERS (1/3 VISIBILITY)

Q NAME TWO TYPES OF CLOSE UP AIDS

A FRAME AND PRODS

Q WHAT IS THE DISADVANTAGE OF THE FRAME

A ON WELDS IT KEEPS THE CAMERA AWAY FROM THE JOB ON NODES ETC!

Q IF YOU DO A 50% MOSAIC WHAT OVERLAP WILL BE SEEN IN THE PICTURE

A 30% TO 40%

Q WHAT MUST YOU HAVE IN AN N.D.T. PICTURE

A SCALE, CLOCK POS, IDENT INFO

Q WHAT ARE THE STANDARD F STOPS STARTING FROM F22

A 16, 11, 8, 5.6, 4, 2.8

Page 23 of 32
Q IF YOU WENT FROM F22 TO F16 HOW WOULD THIS AFFECT THE LIGHT
A IT WOULD LET TWICE AS MUCH IN FOR THE SAME EXPOSURE TIME

Q WHAT ARE THE PRIMARY COLOURS

A RED, GREEN, BLUE

Q WHAT ARE THE COMPLIMENTARY COLOURS

A CYAN, MAGENTA, YELLOW

Q WHAT COLOURS WOULD YOU SEE IN A COLOUR NEG FILM

A CYAN, MAGENTA, YELLOW

Q HOW LIGHT SENSITIVE LAYERS ARE THERE ON A COLOUR FILM

A THREE

Q IF YOU CHANGE FROM ISO100 TO ISO 200 WHAT IS THE F STOP EQUIVALENT
A OPENING THE APERTURE BY ONE STOP

Q WHAT IS IT ON A FILM THAT REACTS TO LIGHT

A SILVER HALIDES

Q ON A FILM WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF THE ANT HALATION LAYER

A TO STOP LIGHT REFLECTION FROM THE FILM BASE

Q HOW ARE COLOUR REVERSAL FILMS PROCESSED

A A POSITIVE IMAGE IS PRODUCED BY DYE FORMING CHEMICALS (E6 PROCESS)

Q WHICH IS THE MOST COMMONLY USED PROCESS FOR U/W

A E6 PROCESS

Q WHAT IS THE MOST COMMON FILM USED OFFSHORE

A COLOUR PRINT FILM

Q HOW DO YOU CALCULATE GUIDE NUMBERS

A GN = APERTURE x DISTANCE

Q IF YOU HAVE A GUIDE NUMBER FOR ONE FILM HOW DO YOU USE IT FOR
ANOTHER
A GN x (NEW FILM SPEED/OLD FILM SPEED)

Q WHAT MUST BE DONE WITH SURFACE GUIDE NUMBER UNDER WATER

A UP TO 6 FEET DIVIDE BY 2
OVER 6 FEET DIVIDE BY 3

Q TO MAKE SURE OF THE PHOTO WHAT SHOULD YOU DO

A BRACKET IT F STOP UP AND DOWN

Q GUIDE NUMBERS ARE GIVEN FOR WHAT CONDITIONS

A IDEAL AVERAGE COLOURS

Q WHAT IS USUALLY THE MAX DISTANCE OF A PHOTO IN WATER

A 1/3 VISIBILITY OR LESS

Page 24 of 32
Q WHEN USING CLOSE UP AND YOU ARE SET ON INFINITY WHAT LOWERS
MAGNIFICATION
A A REDUCTION IN FOCAL LENGTH

Q IN A COLOUR FILM WHY ARE THE COMPLIMENTARY COLOURS USED TO

CAPTURE THE IMAGE
A BECAUSE THEY ALLOW TWO THIRDS OF THE LIGHT TO PASS THROUGH EACH
OF THE LAYERS (UNLIKE PRIMARY WHICH ONLY LET ONE THIRD THROUGH)

Q WHAT DOES A.S.A. STAND FOR

A AMERICAN STANDARDS ASSOCIATION

Q WHAT DOES D.I.N. STAND FOR

A DEUTSCH INDUSTRIES NORM

Q WHAT DOES I.S.O. STAND FOR

A INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS ORGANISATION

Q WHAT IS THE I.S.O.

A THE OTHER NUMBERS COMBINED

Q WHAT SPEED WOULD MEDIUM BE

A I.S.O. 200/24 – 400/27

Q D.I.N. 21 IS WHAT IN A.S.A.

A 100 A.S.A.

Q IF YOU ARE UNSURE OF A SHOT WHAT MUST YOU DO

A TAKE IT AGAIN AND BRACKET IF POSSIBLE (FILM IS CHEAP BEING THERE
ISN’T)

Q AT WHAT DEPTH WILL YOU ONLY GET GREYS

A 35 METERS OR MORE

Q HOW WILL YOU STOP BACK SCATTER

A ANGLE THE STROBE TO THE JOB

Q WHAT MUST YOU RECORD ON A PHOTO LOG

A 1. COMPANY NAME
2. CLIENT NAME
3. STRUCTURE I.D.
4. DATE
5. DIVE NUMBER
6. LOCATION
7. FILM NUMBER
8. SHOT NUMBER WITH DESCRIPTION

(Return to Index)

Page 25 of 32
ULTRASONICS (Return to Index)

Q WHAT IS THE ULTRASONIC SOUND RANGE

A FREQUENCIES ABOVE 20,000 HERTZ

Q WHAT IS THE MAXIMUM SOUND LEVEL ALLOWED FOR CONTINUAL EXPOSURE

A 90 dB

Q WHAT RANGE IS USED FOR TESTING

A BETWEEN 1MHz AND 6MHz

Q A DIGITAL THICKNESS METER WILL GIVE WHAT

A THE DEPTH TO THE MAJOR REFLECTOR ONLY

Q HOW DO YOU CALCULATE FREQUENCY

A NUMBER OF CYCLES DIVIDED BY TIME

Q HOW DO YOU CALCULATE PERIOD

A TIME TAKEN DIVIDED BY FREQUENCY

Q WHAT IS THE SPEED OF COMPRESSION WAVES IN STEEL, PERSPEX, AND

ALUMINIUM
A 5960m/s, 2730m/s, 6350m/s

Q WHAT IS THE SPEED OF SHEAR WAVES IN STEEL, PERSPEX AND ALUMINIUM

A 3245m/s, 1430m/s, 3100m/s

Q HOW DO WE CALCULATE WAVELENGTH

A VELOCITY DIVIDED BY FREQUENCY

Q WHAT IS THE VELOCITY OF SOUND IN AIR AND WATER

A 330m/s, 1480m/s

Q WHAT IS THE SMALLEST OBJECT WHICH CAN BE DETECTED

A ONE HALF OF ONE WAVELENGTH

Q WHAT IS P.R.F.
A PULSE REPETITION FREQUENCY

Q WHAT IS THIS
A A PULSE TRAIN TO STOP OUTGOING AND INCOMING SIGNAL INTERFERENCE

Q WHAT IS RING IN A PROBE

A THE TIME TAKEN FOR A CRYSTAL TO STOP VIBRATING

Q WHAT WILL HAVE A LONG RING

A A LONG PULSE

Q THE LAW OF REFRACTION IS OFTEN KNOWN AS WHAT

A SNELL’S LAW

(Return to Index)
Page 26 of 32
Q EXPRESS SNELL’S LAW
A SIGN ANGLE 1 = VELOCITY 1
SIGN ANGLE 2 VELOCITY 2

Q THE LOSS OF A SIGNAL ENERGY IS CALLED WHAT

A ATTENUATION

Q WHAT IS THE CAUSE OF ATTENUATION

A SCATTER AND ABSORPTION

Q DIFFERENT MATERIALS WILL ATTENUATE THE SIGNAL DIFFERENTLY, WHAT

IS THIS CALLED
A THE ACOUSTIC IMPEDANCE OF THE MATERIAL

Q HOW MUCH ENERGY IS LOST DUE TO ACOUSTIC MISMATCH BETWEEN

PERSPEX AND STEEL
A 87%

Q WHAT WOULD BE THE NET RESULT OF THE RETURNING SIGNAL

A 1-1.5%

Q WHAT IS USED TO FORM ULTRASOUND

A A PIEZO ELECTRIC DEVICE

Q HOW DOES THE PIEZO ELECTRIC DEVICE WORK

A IT TRANSFORMS ELECTRICAL ENERGY INTO MECHANICAL ENERGY
(VIBRATION) AND VISA VERSA

Q NAME THREE MATERIALS WHICH POSSESS THIS PROPERTY

A QUARTZ, LITHIUM SULPHATE, POLARISED CERAMICS

Q WHICH IS THE LEAST EFFICIENT GENERATOR OF ULTRASOUND

A QUARTZ

Q NAME FOUR POLARISED CERAMICS USED TODAY

A BARIUM TITANATE, LEAD METANIOBATE, LEAD ZIRCONATE AND LEAD
ZIRCONATE TITANATE (PZT)

Q AT THE INTERFACE THE INCIDENT WAVE WILL PRODUCE WHAT

A TWO REFLECTED WAVES AND TWO REFRACTED WAVES (C&S)

Q WHICH IS THE MOST EFFICIENT RECEIVER OF ULTRASOUND

A LITHIUM SULPHATE

Q WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES OF POLARISED CERAMICS

A EFFICIENT GENERATORS OF SOUND, LOW VOLTAGE OPERATION, CAN BE USED
AT HIGH TEMP.

Q WHICH PROBE INCORPORATES A PERSPEX SHOE

A TWIN CRYSTAL

(Return to Index)

Page 27 of 32
Q WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES OF A SINGLE CRYSTAL
A GOOD POWER DELIVERY AND BETTER FOR THICK PLATE

Q WHAT ARE THE DISADVANTAGES OF A SINGLE CRYSTAL

A POOR NEAR SURFACE RESOLUTION AND CANNOT MEASURE THIN PLATE
ACCURATELY

Q WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES OF A TWIN CRYSTAL

A GOOD NEAR SURFACE RESOLUTION, NO INITIAL PULSE, FOCUS AT ANY DEPTH,
CAN MEASURE THIN PLATE

Q WHAT ARE THE DISADVANTAGES OF A TWIN CRYSTAL

A REDUCED INTENSITY AND LIMITED RANGE

Q WHAT IS USUALLY THE MAXIMUM PLATE SIZE FOR TWIN CRYSTAL

A 40mm OR LESS

Q WHAT WAVES ARE PRODUCED WHEN A SOUND WAVE ENTERS AT 90°

A LONGITUDINAL OR COMPRESSION WAVES

Q WHAT ANGLE DO YOU GET USEFUL COMPRESSION WAVES

A 0° TO 15°

Q WHAT IS THE FIRST CRITICAL ANGLE

A 27.8°

Q WHAT HAPPENS AT THE FIRST CRITICAL ANGLE

A COMPRESSION WAVES TRAVEL ALONG THE SURFACE

Q WHAT HAPPENS BETWEEN 15° AND 27.8°

A THIS IS WHERE YOU HAVE A COMBINATION OF COMPRESSION AND SHEAR
WAVES THIS IS NO GOOD FOR TESTING

Q WHAT IS THE SECOND CRITICAL ANGLE

A 57.2°

Q WHAT HAPPENS BETWEEN THE FIRST AND SECOND CRITICAL ANGLES

A USEFUL SHEAR WAVES EXIST

Q WHAT HAPPENS AFTER 57.2°

A SURFACE WAVES ONLY EXIST IN THE MATERIAL

Q WHAT OTHER WAVES ARE THERE

A SURFACE OR RAYLEIGH WAVES AND LAMB OR PLATE WAVES

Q HOW DEEP DO THE SURFACE WAVES GO

A NO MORE THAN ONE WAVELENGTH

Q WHICH WAVES TRAVEL THE FASTEST

A COMPRESSION
(Return to Index)

Page 28 of 32
Q IF THE SIGNAL STRENGTH ATTENUATED FROM 100V TO 10V WHAT WOULD
THE DECIBEL DROP
A 20 dB

Q IF THE SIGNAL DROPPED BY HALF WHAT WOULD THE dB DROP BE

A 6 dB

Q WHAT ARE THE THREE ZONES OF THE PROBE

A DEAD, NEAR AND FAR ZONES

Q WHERE IS THE DEAD ZONE ON A TWIN CRYSTAL

A IN THE PERSPEX SHOE

Q HOW DO YOU CALCULATE THE NEAR ZONE IN A 0 DEG COMPRESSION PROBE

A D²/4l(WAVELENGTH)

Q WHAT MUST YOU TAKE INTO CONSIDERATION IF CALCULATING THE NEAR

ZONE
A WAVE TYPE AND MATERIAL E.G. PERSPEX

Q WHAT IS THE NEAR ZONE LIMITATIONS

A THICKNESS MEASUREMENT, SIZING OF LARGE DEFECTS

Q WHAT IS THE FAR ZONE

A THE AREA OF THE BEAM WHERE THE DECAY IS EXPONENTIAL

Q HOW DO YOU CALCULATE BEAM DIVERGENCE

A SINE Ø = Kl / D (l = WAVELENGTH)

Q WHAT ARE THE K FACTORS FOR 6dB 20dB AND THE EXTREME EDGE OF A
CRYSTAL
A 0.56, 1.06, AND 1.22

Q GIVE FOUR ADVANTAGES OF A HIGH FREQUENCY PROBE

A GREATER RESOLUTION, GREATER ACCURACY, FIND SMALLER DEFECTS AND
SMALL BEAM SPREAD

Q GIVE FOUR ADVANTAGES OF A LOW FREQUENCY PROBE

A LESS ABSORPTION, GREATER PENETRATION, LESS SCATTER AND SHORTER
NEAR ZONE

Q GIVE TWO ADVANTAGES OF SMALL DIAMETER CRYSTALS

A SHORTER NEAR ZONES AND GREATER ACCESS

Q GIVE TWO ADVANTAGES OF LARGER DIAMETER CRYSTALS

A GREATER ENERGY OUTPUT, SMALL BEAM SPREAD

Q NAME FOUR THINGS TAKEN INTO CONSIDERATION WHEN CHOOSING A PROBE

A GRAIN STRUCTURE, THICKNESS OF TEST, SIZE OFF DEFECT AND ORIENTATION

Q CAN A PROBE CALIBRATED FOR STEEL BE USED ON ALUMINIUM

A YES BUT IT IS THE READING x SPEED IN ALUMINIUM / SPEED IN STEEL

Page 29 of 32
Q HOW WOULD SENSITIVITY BE SET ON A U/T METER
A SET TO FIND THE SMALLEST SPECIFIED FLAW AT MAXIMUM RANGE

Q WHAT IS S.A. 2.5

A DULL BARE METAL

Q IN AN A-SCAN WHAT DOES THE X-AXIS REPRESENT

A ELAPSED TIME OR DISTANCE

(Return to Index)

Page 30 of 32
WELD INSPECTION (Return to Index)

Q WHAT IS THE CORRECT TERM FOR STICK WELDING

A MANUAL METAL ARC

Q MANUAL METAL, AUTOMATIC METAL AND SUBMERGED ARC ARE ALL FORMS
OF WHAT
A FLUX SHIELD ARC TECHNIQUES

Q GIVE THREE TYPES OF GAS SHIELD ARC TECHNIQUES

A MIG (METAL INERT GAS), MAG (METAL ACTIVE GAS), TIG (TUNGSTEN INERT
GAS)

Q NAME FIVE TYPES OF WELDED JOINTS USED IN OFFSHORE STRUCTURES

A 1. BUTT JOINT (135° TO 180°)
2. “T” JOINT (5° TO 90°)
3. LAP JOINT (0° TO 5°)
4. CORNER JOINT (30° TO 135°)
5. CRUCIFORM JOINT

Q NAME TWO TYPES OF WELDS AND IT’S VARIANTS

A BUTT AND FILLET, V, J AND U

Q DEFINE A BUTT WELD

A THIS IS WHERE THE BULK OF THE WELD IS CONTAINED WITHIN THE PLATES

Q WHAT ARE :- ANS

PARENT PLATE METALS TO BE JOINED
FILLER ROD FILLER METAL IN THE FORM OF A ROD
RUN OR PASS WELD DEPOSITED AS A SINGLE PASS
WELD ZONE THE WELD AND BOTH HAZ’S
HEAT AFFECTED ZONE THE PART AFFECTED BUT NOT MELTED BY THE HEAT
CAP SURFACE OF THE WELD
EXCESS WELD METAL WELD OUTSIDE OF THE PLANE OR TOES OR EXCESS
TOE JUNCTION BETWEEN WELD AND PARENT METAL
ROOT WHERE BACK OF WELD INTERSECTS PARENT METAL
ROOT BEAD, OR RUN WELD PROTRUDING BEYOND BACK WALL OF PARENT
ROOT GAP THE SEPARATION BETWEEN THE PARENT PLATES
ROOT FACE THE UN-BEVELLED PORTION OF THE PLATE
THROAT THICKNESS TOTAL THICKNESS OF THE WELD
EFFECTIVE T/T DESIGN THROAT THICKNESS
WELD WIDTH THE SHORTEST DISTANCE BETWEEN THE TOE’S
LEG LENGTH DISTANCE FROM ROOT TO TOE
RESIDUAL W/STRESS STRESS LEFT IN AFTER WELDING
PREPARED FACE THE BEVELLED PORTION OF THE PLATE
SINGLE “V” A “V” BUTT WELDED FROM ONE SIDE
DOUBLE “V” A DOUBLE “V” BUTT WELDED FROM BOTH SIDE’S
PREPARED ANGLE THE ANGLE OF BEVEL TO THE PERPENDICULAR
WELDMENT THE TOTAL WELD ZONE
FUSION ZONE WHERE PARENT MELTS & MIXES WITH WELD METAL
INC ANGLE OF BUTT THE ANGLE BETWEEN BOTH PREP FACES
INC ANGLE OF FILLET THE ANGLE BETWEEN PARENT PLATES
Page 31 of 32
Q WHICH WOULD GENERALLY BE THE STRONGEST
A THE BUTT WELD

Q DEFINE A FILLET WELD

A THIS IS WHERE THE BULK OF THE WELD IS CONTAINED OUTSIDE THE PLATES

Q A JOINT WHERE ONLY THE BRACE IS PREPARED IS CALLED A WHAT

A NODE

Q A JOINT WHERE THE BRACE AND CHORD ARE PREPARED IS WHAT

A NOZZLE

Q WHAT ARE THE SIX CATEGORIES OF DEFECT IN BS 499

A CRACKS, CAVITIES, SOLID INCLUSIONS, LACK OF FUSION AND PENETRATION,
IMPERFECT SHAPES, MISCELLANEOUS

Q NAME SIX CRACKS

A LONGITUDINAL, TRAVERSE, EDGE, CRATER, CENTRE LINE, FUSION ZONE

Q NAME SEVEN TYPES OF CAVITIES

A BLOWHOLES, POROSITY, ELONGATED, SHRINKAGE, WORMHOLE, CRATER AND
CRATER PIPES

Q NAME FOUR FORMS OF SOLID INCLUSIONS

A INCLUSION, OXIDE, TUNGSTEN, COPPER PUCKERING

Q GIVE FIVE LACK OF FUSION OR PENETRATION DEFECTS

A FUSION, SIDEWALL, ROOT, INTER RUN, AND INCOMPLETE ROOT PENETRATION

Q GIVE NINE EXAMPLES OF IMPERFECT SHAPE

A EXCESS WELD METAL, EXCESS PENETRATION, ROOT CONCAVITY, UNDERCUT,
OVERLAP, BURN THROUGH, UNEQUAL LEG LENGTH, POOR RESTART,
MISALIGNMENT

Q GIVE EIGHT EXAMPLES OF MISCELLANEOUS DEFECTS

A STRAY FLASH (ARC STRIKE), EXCESSIVE DRESSING, GRIND MARKS, TOOL
MARKS, HAMMER MARKS, TORN SURFACE, SURFACE PITTING, SPATTER

Q WHAT ARE THE TWO TYPES OF INTERNAL DEFECT

A PLANAR AND VOLUMETRIC

Q ONCE A DEFECT IS LOCATED WHAT FIVE DETAILS MUST BE REPORTED

A 1. TYPE
2. LOCATION
3. DIMENSIONS
4. ORIENTATION
5. BRANCHING

(Return to Index)

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