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(Djokic - 2012) Hydrologic and Hydraulic Modeling With GIS PDF
(Djokic - 2012) Hydrologic and Hydraulic Modeling With GIS PDF
2
Water Resources Issues
3
Focus on Surface Water Quantity
4
Hydrologic Modeling
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Hydrologic Modeling
6
Hydraulic Modeling
7
GIS Data for Hydrologic and Hydraulic Modeling
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GIS Data for Hydrologic and Hydraulic Modeling
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Drainage System
Watershed
(Basin, Catchment,
Contributing area) Watershed Boundaries
(Drainage Divides)
Pour Points
(Outlets)
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GIS Tools for Describing Surface Water Movement
Apply Threshold
FLOW DIRECTION
STREAM ORDER
STREAM LINE
SINK
STREAM LINK
No Depressionless
Are there any sinks?
DEM
Yes FLOWLENGTH
WATERSHED
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Flow Direction
78 72 69 71 58 49 2 2 2 4 4 8
74 67 56 49 46 50 2 2 2 4 4 8
69 53 44 37 38 48 1 1 2 4 8 4
64 58 55 22 31 24 128 128 1 2 4 8
68 61 47 21 16 19 2 2 1 4 4 4
74 53 34 12 11 12 1 1 1 1 4 16
16 1
8 4 2
Direction Coding
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Flow Accumulation
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 2 2 0
0 3 7 5 4 0
0 0 0 20 0 1
0 0 0 1 24 0
0 2 4 7 35 2
32 64 128
16 1
8 4 2
Direction Coding
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Creating Vector Streams
Value = No Data
1 1
1 2 2 StreamToFeature
2 2 2 2
2 2
NET_GRID
RasterToFeature
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Stream Link
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Watershed, subwatershed, drainage area
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Using the Tools in Model Builder
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Summarizing Watershed Characteristics
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Summarizing Watershed Characteristics
• Using Zonal Statistics
Slope
Mean Slope per Watershed
Watersheds
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Elevation Data
• Types
- DEM: Digital Elevation Model (bare Earth)
- DSM: Digital Surface Model (with buildings
and trees)
• Data Structure
- Raster
- TIN
- Terrain dataset
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Where Do You Get DEM Data?
• Sources
- Existing data: USGS DEM, NED, DTED, ETOPO30, SRTM
- LiDAR, IfSAR
- Generated photogrammetrically
- Interpolated from points and lines
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DEM Construction Considerations
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DEM Errors – Sinks and Spikes
- Global fill
- Selective fill
- Depth
- Area
- Volume
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DEM Editing
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DEM Editing (cont.)
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What If You Do Not Have Dendritic Morphology?
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Workflows, Workflows, Workflows
• “Basic” dendritic preprocessing Start
• Burning streams
DEM
Start 1 grid
Legend
Start
• Bowling lakes
DEM Stream Fill sinks
Grid datasset
grid segmentation
Legend
DEM
grid
HydroDEM (1) DEM
Reconditioning
River
feature class • Fencing
Alternative Processing
grid
Stream link Feature class
Fill sinks Start Grid datasset
grid dataset
Alternative Processing
feature class Fill sinks Reconditioning grid
Feature class
HydroDEM (1) Catchment grid DEM
dataset Fill sinks (2)
Legend
Function grid
grid delineation
HydroDEM (2)
HydroDEM (1)
grid Fill sinks (2) Grid datasset
grid
Function
Inner wall HydroDEM (3)
Fill sinks
Alternative Processing
Catchment feature class grid
Flow direction
grid Legend
Fill sinks (2) HydroDEM (3) Feature class
grid dataset
Optional Function
HydroDEM (1) Outer wall
Build walls Grid datasset
Catchment grid feature class
Flow direction
polygon HydroDEM (3)
grid
Alternative Processing
processing grid
Flow direction Function
DEM River HydroDEM (4) Feature class
Reconditioning feature class grid dataset
Catchment Flow direction
Flow accumulation
feature class Flow direction
Optional Function
grid
HydroDEM (2)
Flow direction Function
grid
Flow direction
Flow accumulation Drainage line grid
grid processing Adjust flow
direction in lakes
Flow direction
Optional Function
grid
Adjoint catchment
1
feature class
Continue dendritic
processing with flow
accumulation function
End
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Where is this functionality?
• Arc Hydro
- Tools in the Arc Hydro Toolbox
- Arc Hydro Toolbar
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Arc Hydro
Arc Hydro
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Data Model Purpose
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What makes Arc Hydro different?
ArcGIS: All features are labeled with a unique ObjectID
within a feature layer.
Arc Hydro: All features are labeled with a unique HydroID
across the geodatabase.
HydroID to ID relationships
link neighboring features and
help to trace water movement.
Flow
HydroID
Time
FeatureID
Time Series
HydroFeatures
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Arc Hydro Data Model
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Arc Hydro Data Model Details
• Detailed representation at the end of corresponding
chapters in the book (e.g., p. 51)
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36
Integration of Surface Water and Groundwater Data
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What are Arc Hydro Tools?
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What do Arc Hydro Tools do?
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“Why Should I Care” about Arc Hydro Tools?
• Economy of development
- Why reinvent the wheel?
- Established configuration methodology
- Established development framework
• Industry “standard”
- Established techniques rolled into a publicly available
utility
• Training and support
• Free maintenance – ESRI’s commitment to the water
resources community
- Bug fixes
- Performance optimization
- Release updates
40
Arc Hydro Tools Documentation
• Online help
• Tutorial
• Instructor-led training
41
Arc Hydro
Demo
Hydrologic and Hydraulic
Modeling Support with GIS
How “Things” Build Up
• Database design
• Data preparation Generic
• Terrain preparation
• “Watershed” delineation
• “Watershed” characterization
• Parameterization Semigeneric
44
Section Overview
• Stream statistics
45
Hydrology: Stream Statistics
Regression Equations
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Example Regression Equation
Q100 = 0.471A0.715E0.827SH0.472
• Where
A is drainage area, in square miles
E is mean basin elevation, in feet
SH is a shape factor, dimensionless
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Basin Characteristics Used for Peak Flows
# of States using
Basin characteristic
this (including PR)
Drainage area or contributing drainage area (square miles) 51
Main-channel slope (feet per mile) 27
Mean annual precipitation (inches) 19
Surface water storage (Lakes, ponds, swamps) 16
Rainfall amount for a given duration (inches) 14
Elevation of watershed 13
Forest cover (percent) 8
Channel length (miles) 6
Minimum mean January temperature (degrees F) 4
2 4
Basin shape ((length) per drainage area)
Soils characteristics 3
Mean basin slope (feet per foot or feet per mile) 2
Mean annual snowfall (inches) 2
Area of stratified drift (percent) 1
Runoff coefficient 1
Drainage frequency (number of first order streams per sq. mi.) 1
Mean annual runoff (inches) 1
Normal daily May-March temp (degrees F) 1
Impervious Cover (percent) 1 . . . and many others
Annual PET (inches) 1
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Role of GIS
50
Arc Hydro Tools Role
51
StreamStats Implementation Activities
July 2012
• USGS lead effort
• State-based
• Hosted in Denver
• Extended functionality
Source: http://water.usgs.gov/osw/streamstats/ssonline.html
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State Site (ID)
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Main Site - Navigation
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Watershed Delineation - Web
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Results - Web
• Watershed delineation
– 20-30 seconds, not much
difference with respect to size of
the watershed
• Parameter computations
– 10s – 1 minute, depends on the
region (what parameters to get)
and somewhat on the size
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H&H Integration Overview
(HMS-RAS Focus)
HEC-GeoHMS
• HEC-HMS: Hydrologic Engineering Center Hydrologic
Modeling System: allows modeling of precipitation – runoff
processes.
• HEC-GeoHMS:
- ArcGIS preprocessor for HMS
- Transforms the drainage paths and watershed boundaries
based on DEM into a hydrologic data structure that can be
used to model the watershed response to precipitation
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HEC-GeoRAS
• HEC-RAS: Hydrologic Engineering Center River Analysis
System: allows performing one-dimensional open channel
steady and unsteady flow calculations.
• HEC-GeoRAS:
- Prepare geometric data for import into HEC-RAS
- Processes simulation results exported from HEC-RAS
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Integration Approach
• Types of integration
- Modeling support (preparing data for model input)
- (e.g., land use/soils/CN or rainfall processing – Arc Hydro or
general GIS data processing
- Linked
- GeoHMS
- GeoRAS
- Integrated
- DSS
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Integration Approach (2)
• Key steps
- Plan (roughly) hydrologic and hydraulic model layouts―flow
exchange locations.
- E.g., location of HMS modeling elements and RAS cross
sections
- Identify sources of precipitation input into the hydrologic
model and techniques for their incorporation into the
dataset.
- E.g., Nexrad rainfall
- Develop the GeoHMS model (and precipitation submodel).
- Finalize and run the HMS model and generate results (DSS).
- Develop the GeoRAS model.
- Finalize and run RAS, taking HMS results as input.
- Feedback between HMS and RAS is manual.
- E.g., modification of time of concentration or routing
parameters
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Integration Planning
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Precipitation Sources
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Develop GeoHMS Model
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Meteorological Component
• Develop a custom
“gauge” for each Arc Hydro
subbasin or for each
rainfall observation
element with
corresponding weights
for subbasins.
Arc Hydro to DSS transfer
DSS
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Finalize and Run HMS
• Complete HMS
model with any
additional
parameters
including
meteorological
model and control
specifications.
• Follow all
principles in HMS
model
development
(calibration, etc.).
66
Finalize and Run HMS (2)
• Do the final run
and generate
results (DSS).
HMS View
DSS View
67
Develop GeoRAS Model (preprocessing)
• Follow all principles in
development of a
hydraulic model for
element placement
(confluences, structures,
…)
• In addition, take into
consideration integration
planning aspects
developed earlier
- Naming conventions (add
name of the HMS element
to the cross-section that
will get the element’s
flows)
• Export to RAS
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Finalize and Run RAS
• Complete RAS
model with any
additional
parameters
including initial
and boundary
conditions.
• Follow all
principles in
RAS model
development
(calibration,
etc.).
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Finalize and Run RAS (2)
• Do the final run and generate
results (export to .sdf file).
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Process RAS Results in GeoRAS
• Construct the floodplain based on the
results in the .sdf.
• Clean results.
• Revisit RAS.
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GIS–HMS–RAS Feedback
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Floodplain Discontinuity
73
Floodplain Discontinuity (cont.)
“Dry”
Terrain
Cross sections
74
Cross-Section Interpolation
TIN-interpolated cross
sections
RAS-interpolated cross
sections
Terrain
RAS-assumed terrain
75
Summary
GIS provides many capabilities for support of H&H
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