Professional Documents
Culture Documents
III. Nomenclature
V. Polyisocyanates
• TDI Based Polyisocyanates
• HDI Based Polyisocyanates
• MDI Based Polyisocyanates
• IPDI Based Polyisocyanates
• Moisture-curing Polyisocyanates
_____* Blocked Polyisocyanates____________________
X. Storage_____________________________15
n
and acrylics for use in the formulation
of polyurethane coatings. Unlike alkyd nOCN-R-NCO + nHO-R'-OH- OCN-(R-N-C-O-R')-OH
or melamine systems, polyurethane coat
I n
ings are based on well-defined stoichiom-
H
etry. This feature allows the design of
urethane systems to meet specific end-use
requirements.
Figure 2: Formation of urethane polymer
This brochure is intended to provide the
coatings formulator with background in
formation on the chemistry of one- and
two-component polyurethane coating o
systems. Further information from Mobay R C R
Corporation in the form of Product Infor
mation Bulletins and applications liter N N
It iMOVJ 1 1
ature is available through your Mobay C p
O
representative. O
// \.
N
/ ^
O
1
R
II. General Information
The isocyanate group can react with any
compound containing a reactive hydrogen. F/gi/re 3: Formation of the isocyanurate ring
The three reactions shown in Figure 1 are
of principle interest. Reaction of an iso
cyanate with an alcohol yields a urethane; In order to prepare polymeric materials, The isocyanate group can also be made to
reaction of an isocyanate with an amine the reaction partners must each have at undergo self-condensation. For example,
yields a urea; and reaction of an isocyanate least two functional groups per molecule three isocyanates can be trimerized to form
with water will result in a carbamic acid (Figure 2). Linear polymers are formed the isocyanurate ring as is shown in Fig
which is unstable and decomposes to yield when the reaction partners are each ure 3.
carbon dioxide and amine. Other poten difunctional. Three dimensional networks
tial isocyanate co-reactants include car- require that at least one of the reaction part
use- boxylic acids, urethanes and ureas. ners has three or more reactive groups.
III. Nomenclature
The trade names for the products dis
cussed in this brochure are as follows:
• Desmodur and Mondur—Aliphatic Desmodur E-21
and aromatic diisocyanate
monomers and polyisocyanate L % Solids———————
# in the series ————
oligomers.
Monomer Designation*-
• Desmophen and Multron— Hydroxy Product Family**———
functional polyester, acrylic and Trademark ——————
polyether reaction partners for
Desmodur and Mondur Desmodur N-3390
polyisocyanates.
• Desmodur BL and Desmotherm— 'Monomer Designation "Product Family
Blocked polyisocyanates for baking 1 = Toluene Diisocyanate—TDI BL = Blocked
enamels. 2 = Diphenylmethane— E = Moisture Cure
4,4'-Diisocyanate—MDI N = Hexamethylene Diisocyanate
• Desmocap—Blocked polyiso 3 = Hexamethylene Diisocyanate—HDI Based
cyanates for room temperature cure. 4 = Isophorone Diisocyanate—IPDI Z = Isophorone Diisocyanate
5 = Bis(4-lsocyanatocyclohexyl) Based
• Crelan—Polyester and blocked Methane—H12MDI
polyisocyanate raw materials for
thermoset powder coatings.
• Desmolac—High molecular weight
polyurethane lacquer resins. Table I: Nomenclature
• Baybond—Aqueous polyurethane
dispersions.
Monomeric diisocyanates are major build
ing blocks for the value added products Example Family Monomer % Solids
most commonly used in the coatings in
dustry. Mobay's polyisocyanate coatings Desmodur E-1361 Moisture Cure TDI 61
products are named with nomenclature Desmodur E-21 Moisture Cure MDI 100
which stipulates product family, mono- Desmodur N-3390 HDI based HDI 90
meric diisocyanate starting material and Desmodur Z-4370 IPDI based IPDI 70
weight solids. Familiarity with Mobay's
nomenclature will allow a quick determi
nation of the chemical basis for most of
Mobay's coatings products. This nomen Table II: Nomenclature examples
clature can best be understood by the
examples in Tables I and II. For
Desmodur E-21, the solids level of 100 %
is implied. This product designation could
also be written as Desmodur E-2100. Polyisocyanates based on HDI:
As with any system, notable exceptions ex Desmodur N-75
ist and these relate to the product families Desmodur N-100
of Desmodur N and Mondur CB polyiso Desmodur N-751
cyanates (Table HI). These long estab
lished products predated the attempts Polyisocyanates based on TDI:
toward a systematic nomenclature. Addi Mondur CB-60
tional details on the nomenclature are con Mondur CB-75
tained in the following pages. Mondur CB-601
Mondur CB-701
r
OCN-(CH2)6 -NCO kets MDI under the trademark Mondur M
and supplies the material as a fused solid,
a flaked solid, or a liquid.
Hexamethylene Diisocyanate
(HDI):
Figure 6: Hexamethylene Diisocyanate (HDI) Another important diisocyanate monomer
used for the preparation of a wide variety
of isocyanate adducts is hexamethylene
diisocyanate (HDI), shown in Figure 6.
This material is marketed by Mobay under
OCN — ChU—< )— NCO the trademark Desmodur H.
Bis(4-lsocyanatocyclohexyl)
Methane:
The monomeric diisocyanate shown in
Figure 7: Bis(4-lsocyanatocyclohexyl) Methane Figure 7, bis(4-Isocyanatocyclohexyl)
methane, is marketed by Mobay under the
trademark Desmodur W.
IV. Monomeric Diisocyanates Desmodur W is also known as hydroge-
natedMDI (HMDIorH12 MDI), reduced
There are important differences between mers oxidize more easily than do those MDI (RMDI), or saturated MDI (SMDI).
aromatic diisocyanate monomers and prepared from aliphatic diisocyanate mon It is a useful material for the production
aliphatic diisocyanate monomers. The omers, especially when exposed to UV of hydrolytically stable polyurethanes
aromatic isocyanate groups are con light. The higher resistance of products as well as prepolymers for one- or two-
siderably more reactive than the aliphatic prepared from aliphatic diisocyanates to component formulations, and for cast
isocyanate groups, resulting in coatings UV light-induced degradation means that elastomers.
that dry faster and develop cure properties coatings based on them have better yellow
faster than comparable systems based on ing and chalk resistance than those based
aliphatic isocyanates. Urethane products on aromatic diisocyanates. The products
made from aromatic diisocyanate mono
r
based on aliphatic diisocyanates are there
fore preferred for exterior topcoat applica
tions which require color and gloss
retention.
V. Polyisocyanates
Industrial hygiene concerns limit the use
of monomeric diisocyanates directly in O H
X NCO
coating applications. Higher molecular II 1
weight species, such as adducts, prepoly-
CH2 -O-C-N — ^Aou w CHa
mers and isocyanurate trimers, are pre
ferred because they contain only very low / OH X NCO
levels of monomeric diisocyanate. A low / II 1
level of monomeric diisocyanate reduces CH3 -CH2 -C-CH2 -O-C-N — 0~CH3
the concerns associated with manufactur
ing and handling urethane coatings. \ OH X NCO
\ II 1
TDI Based Polyisocyanates: CH2 -O-C-N — Q-CH3
As mentioned in Section IV, TDI has
gained particular significance in polyure-
thane coatings technology. Two different
TDI based polyisocyanate products are Figure 8: Adduct of TDI and TMP
marketed by Mobay, a TDI-trimethylol-
propane (TMP) adduct and an isocyanur
ate trimer. The idealized structures are
shown in Figures 8 and 9.
CH3
The various supply forms of the adduct
are marketed by Mobay under the trade
mark Mondur CB. The trimer is mar
keted by Mobay under the trademark OCN N
\ N /^\ NCO
Desmodur IL.
Both Mondur CB and Desmodur IL can
be used in two-component coatings using
polyols as coreactants. Desmodur IL is
particularly suitable in applications where
extremely rapid curing two-component
poly urethane coatings are required.
CH3
NCO 1 H NCO
CH3 3
d) Since a reaction ratio of 1.2 to 1.0 of NCO to OH is desired, then the amount of N-100
required is 058 x 1.2 x 191 = 133 Ibs
10
Properties: higher-boiling aromatic petrochemical primers as well as non-leafing aluminum
The properties of a polyisocyanate/polyol hydrocarbons. Desmodur Z polyiso for barrier type primers.
coating depend on certain factors, such as cyanates are compatible with aliphatic di
luents. Chlorinated hydrocarbons may be The following organic pigments are
the degree of branching of the reaction suitable:
partners, the content of reactive groups used only in systems that do not contain
finely divided metal additives. The choice Blue: Phthalocyanine blue types
and the physical state of the individual raw Green: Phthalocyanine green types
materials. of solvents and diluents should be evalu
ated for each coating system. Red: Perylene types and quinacridone
It is possible to change the film properties types
by using the same poly isocyanate with dif Should it be necessary to dilute polyiso
cyanates, special care should be taken Organic pigments may catalytically ac
ferent polyols while maintaining a con celerate the curing reaction. Their suit
stant stoichiometric ratio. The higher the when selecting the solvents. Any solvent
chosen must not contain hydroxyl groups. ability is best established by testing the
hydroxyl content of the particular reaction potlife. For organic pigments, normally
partner, the harder and die more chemical Therefore, alcohols or any solvent con
taminated with water should not be not more than approximately 6 %, calcu
ly resistant the resultant films will general lated on solid binder, should be used for
ly be. A low hydroxyl content normally used. It is not recommended to dilute
polyisocyanates below 35% solids glossy films. Note that organic pigments
gives softer and more flexible films. will not always give sufficient coverage in
content since precipitation of resins may
A further possibility for modifying the occur. single-coat applications.
film properties is to use the same polyol In addition to transparent pigments, solu
and vary the quantity of the polyisocy- The water content of the solvents or sol
vent mixes for polyisocyanates should ble dyestuffs can also be used to obtain
anate. By "undercrosslinking," i.e., transparent shades. Soluble dyestuffs do
NCO:OH<1, the polyurethane films not exceed 0.05 %. Urethane grade sol
vents are suitable for polyols, as well as not generally have the same light fastness
generally become more flexible though as suitable organic pigments. Metal com
they are less weather-resistant and less polyisocyanates.
plex dyestuffs can also be used.
resistant to solvents and chemicals. On the Solvents which contain reactive groups,
other hand, by exceeding the stoichiomet e.g., amines, should not be used since they Conventional extenders are barytes, heavy
ric quantity of poly isocyanate, or "over- react with isocyanate groups. spar, microtalc, kaolin, micaceous iron
crosslinking," i .e., NCO: OH > 1, the re- oxide, magnesium mica, asbestos flour,
sultant films tend to be harder and have Regulations and safe handling procedures quartz flour, powdered slate, and silicon
greater chemical resistance. governing combustible liquids must be carbide. It is advisable to carry out evalua
observed. tions prior to use.
Modifiers:
In addition to the two main components, Pigments and Extenders: Matting Agents:
DD coating systems frequently contain The following inorganic pigments are The incorporation of conventional matting
other modifying constituents. These are highly suitable: agents based on silica allows any desired
added to improve specific application White: TiO2 types level of gloss to be obtained, either with
properties (levelling agents or thickeners Yellow: Iron oxide yellow types, nickel clear or pigmented DD coating systems.
for example), and are normally incorpo and chrome titanates, light Incorporating polyolefin wax is also
rated in the order of 1-10% of the total yellow types, chrome yellow and advantageous. Micronized polypropylene
binder. For certain applications, it may be cadmium types waxes can be incorporated without diffi
best to formulate coatings containing more Brown: Iron oxide brown types culty and improve the appearance of the
than 35 % modifying binder constituents. Red: Iron oxide red pigments, matted surface. In the case of readily
In addition to cellulose acetate butyrates, cadmium types dispersible products, it is sufficient to mix
low molecular weight acrylic resins and Black: Iron/manganese mixed metal them simply by high-speed stirring.
polyvinyl chloride/polyvinyl acetate oxide black, iron oxide black
(PVC/P\AC) copolymers are suitable To obtain a matt or eggshell gloss effect,
types (not for grey shades) and 4-15 % matting agent, calculated on binder,
modifiers. Coatings prepared from com some carbon blacks
binations of nitrocellulose and aromatic is generally required. This quantity will
Blue: Light blue and vary, depending on the composition of the
isocyanates tend to yellow substantially chrome oxide green types
and are predominantly used for primers polyol solution or mill base.
and as clear varnishes for dark substrates. A marked reduction in the potlife may The flattening effect can often be assisted
However, combinations with the aliphatic be expected by using the following pig by the incorporation of components which
Desmodur N polyisocyanates do not ments: zinc oxide, red lead, lead cyan- increase the viscosity and/or improve
yellow. amid, molybdate red and some carbon physical drying.
blacks. Zinc and lead chromates, as well
Solvents: as zinc phosphate, have gained special
Suitable solvents for two-component sys- importance as passivating pigments for
terns include esters, ketones, and ether corrosion protection in primers. However,
esters. Possible diluents are aromatic these pigments are only suitable if they do
hydrocarbons such as toluene, xylene or not excessively shorten the potlife. Zinc
dust may be used for anti-corrosion
11
Levelling Agents: Hydrogenated castor oil will produce thix- Catalysts:
Apart from the choice of solvents, the otropy, which allows thick films to be ap Catalysts are used in DD coating systems
addition of suitable levelling agents can plied even to vertical surfaces. Additions to shorten the curing time, especially in
improve the flow properties when of 1% based on resin solids are often suf systems containing aliphatic isocyanates.
necessary. ficient. They differ considerably in the extent to
which they accelerate the reaction.
Cellulose acetate butyrate or low Silicas increase the viscosity and also pro Desmorapid PP, a tertiary amine, is often
molecular weight acrylic resins, depend duce thixotropy. An addition of 3 % is often a suitable catalyst. Various metal com
ing on compatibility, are used in quantities adequate and has only a minor influence pounds are also suitable. Dibutyltin
of about 0.2-2%, calculated on solid on the degree of gloss. These products are dilaurate or zinc octoate, for example, are
binder. best suspended with solvents in a dissolver of particular significance in combination
before use. with Desmodur N aliphatic polyiso-
Nitrocellulose also has the effect of im cyanate products or in moisture-curing
proving the flow and promoting pigment Bentonite thickeners are used in additions
ofupto 1.5% on solid binder to prevent the one component coatings. While accel
wetting. However, because of the pro erating the cure, the use of a catalyst will
nounced yellowing in connection with settling of pigments and extenders. These
agents are also best suspended with also shorten the potlife.
aromatic polyisocyanates, nitrocellulose
can only be used with these materials in solvents before use. The required addition level and effective
applications where light stability is not When selecting thickeners, their compat ness of a catalyst will vary. An excessive
important. ibility with polyols must be considered. amount of catalyst may impair the devel
Furthermore, additions that impair the opment of film properties such as hard
Poly vinyl acetate, poly vinyl butyral, co- ness, abrasion resistance, UV resistance
polymers of PVC/PVAC, as well as certain characteristic properties of the coatings
must be avoided. This particularly applies and appearance of the film. It is advisable
urea resins, may improve levelling proper to carry out evaluations prior to making
ties. The added quantities are usually be to coatings based on Desmodur N
polyisocyanates. a choice.
tween 0.5% and 3%, calculated on the
binder. Silicone fluids or fluorochemical Air Release Agents: Curing:
surfactants lower the surface tension to im Air release agents are particularly useful Curing of the DD coating systems can be
prove flow. for the prevention of blistering during ap carried out at room temperature. The dry
Thickening Agents: plication by brush, curtain coating or roller ing times can vary considerably depending
coating. Special copolymers of acrylic on the types of polyisocyanate used. The
Certain application methods, such as cur choice of the polyol to be reacted with a
tain coating, require increased viscosity of esters (Modiflow, Monsanto) have proven
to be suitable. Although these products are polyisocyanate wUl also affect the system's
the DD coating. Suitable thickening agents dry time. In general, systems based on the
are copolymers of vinyl chloride and vinyl often incompatible with DD coating mate
rials, the slight turbidity which can be following polyisocyanates dry at room
acetate, polyvinyl butyral, nitrocellulose, temperature in these approximate relative
silicas, thickeners of bentonite and hydro- observed in the unpigmented coatings is
no longer noticeable in the dry film if the times.
genated castor oil.
correct amount is added. The addition Desmodur IL polyisocyanate 1
If an increase in the viscosity is desired, should be a maximum of 0.05 % based on
copolymers of vinyl chloride and vinyl solid binder. Desmodur HL polyisocyanate 2
acetate and polyvinyl butyral can be added Mondur CB polyisocyanates 6
to the polyol solution in quantities of Desmodur N polyisocyanates,
5-10%, based on binder. with catalyst 6
Nitrocellulose can be added in quantities Desmodur N polyisocyanates 30
of 5-10%, based on polyisocyanate/polyol,
resulting in an appreciable increase in vis
cosity. One disadvantage, however, can be
the pronounced yellowing effect when
combined with aromatic polyisocyanates.
I The reaction between the poly isocyanate Coatings that are based on Desmodur IL
and polyol can occur at temperatures as DD coatings can be applied by a variety of
or Desmodur HL polyisocyanates are nor methods. Application by spray, brush,
low as 32 °F (0 °C) but, in practice, eleva mally used without a reaction accelerator.
ted temperatures are often used for forced conventional roller coating, and curtain
drying in production line coatings. Application: coating is possible. Since curtain coating
The chemical curing mechanism of DD requires relatively high initial viscosity, it
The highly reactive Desmodur IL and is essential that the two-component com
Desmodur HL polyisocyanates have coatings makes it necessary to consider the
following points: bination exhibits a slow increase in vis
particular importance for baked finishes cosity at the proper consistency.
as they allow extremely short drying 1. Both components must be thor
times. Coatings based on Mondur CB or oughly mixed together. In some Brushable coatings can be formulated
Desmodur N polyisocyanates can also be cases it is advantageous to allow the by adjustment of viscosity and dry time.
dried at elevated temperatures in order to mixture to stand for half an hour Brushable coatings can generally also be
reduce the cure time. before application. applied by airless spraying and in many
cases, by the hot-spray method at approx
Aliphatic polyisocyanates, such as the 2. The reaction which begins imme imately 110°F (80 °C). In general, applica
Desmodur N polyisocyanates, have low diately after mixing, results in a tion by the electrostatic spray method is
reactivity by nature, and longer drying gradual increase in viscosity. possible due to the polarity ofthe coatings.
times can be expected. The incorpora Spray coatings applied by the conventional
tion of a catalyst such as 0.005 % dibutyltin 3. The increase in viscosity even compressed air method require relative
dilaurate, 0.2% zinc octoate or 0.5% tually leads to gelation of the paint. ly low viscosity and the use of a suitable
Desmorapid PP, on solid binder, reduces The useable potlife depends on the follow solvent mix that evaporates as rapidly
the drying time to practical levels. ing factors: as possible. Two-component spray guns
While Mondur CB poly isocyanate based which automatically meter and mix the
• The binder concentration. components are useful.
coatings normally do not require a cata
lyst, the addition of an accelerator may • The NCO/OH ratio.
Gelation of the remaining portion of the
be advisable for specific applications. • The selected polyisocyanate. coating, e.g., with dip baths or curtain
Metal-based accelerators have less of an • The selected polyol. coating machines, can be delayed by dilu
effect on Mondur CB polyisocyanates than tion with the amount ofpolyol required for
the preferred amine based catalysts, e.g., • The catalyst type and
concentration. the next period of work. The required
Desmorapid PP. Depending on their ef quantity of polyisocyanate should not be
fectiveness, additions range between ap • The temperature of the coating added until shortly before recommencing
proximately 0.05% and 0.2%, on solid formulation. the work. The effect can be made even
binder. • The choice and quality of the more pronounced by adding 10% solvent
solvents. to the paint mix. Mixing must be done
• The possible effect of any incor carefully and thoroughly.
porated auxiliaries, pigments, or A coating which has already been mixed
extenders. can be kept overnight or during long
If these facts are taken into account and breaks by chilling or refrigeration. This
the coating is properly formulated, the method can be combined with the pro
potlife can normally be set to be one work cedure described above.
ing day. In principle, this means that the
coating can be applied by any conventional
method.
13
VIII. Moisture-Curing
One-Component
Coatings
Soluble adducts of diisocyanates or R-NCO + H2O — R-NH2 + CO2 t
polyisocyanates and polyols with an excess R-NH2 + R-NCO —* R-NH-CO-NH-R
of isocyanate groups ("prepolymers") can
crosslink with atmospheric moisture 2 R-NCO + H2O — R-NH-CO-NH-R + CO2 |
(Figure 19) to give insoluble higher mo
lecular weight polyurethane/polyureas.
This reaction describes the curing princi
ple for moisture-curing polyurethane
coatings. Figure 19: Polyurea Formation
There are two ways of formulating
one-component coatings of this kind: drying times depend not only on the tem given sequence and predispersed with the
a) Preparation of prepolymers perature but also on the amount of atmos dissolver. In so doing, two processes oc
from suitable polyisocyanates and pheric moisture. With very low absolute cur simultaneously:
polyols, or moisture content (e.g., in winter) the dry
ing times may be increased. a) Homogenization of the weighed
b) Use of DesmodurE polyisocyanates. materials.
The weathering properties of one-com
Prepolymers from Polyisocyanates
ponent coatings also largely depend on the b) Dehydration of the pigments,
and Polyols:
type of isocyanate used. Types based on extenders and solvents by pTSI.
Mobay's Desmodur N, Mondur CB and TDI or MDI have a tendency to yellow in
Mondur MRS polyisocyanates are suitable Carbon dioxide, released through the
the light and to show a relatively rapid loss chemical reaction between water and
for the preparation of prepolymers for the of gloss on weathering; types based on pTSI, acts as a buffer gas and prevents
formulation of one-component coatings. HDI are light-stable. Depending on the
The prepolymers are normally prepared contact with air and humidity. While the
composition, HDI based coatings may dissolver charge is warm, it can be dis
from polyols of low functionality and a also be equivalent in gloss retention and persed in the sand mill.
stoichiometric excess of isocyanate. A chalking behavior to two-component
moisture-curing, clear varnish can be coatings that are based on Desmodur N After cooling, the catalyst, and if neces
made as follows: The poly isocyanate and polyisocyanates. One-component ure- sary Additive OF, can be added and the
solvent are mixed for a short time in the thane coatings have very good mechanical formulation adjusted to the desired
dissolver under the exclusion of moisture. properties. The films can range from hard application viscosity with anhydrous
If a moisture scavenger is required, para to very flexible. Their surfaces are par solvents. The material should then be
toluene sulfony 1 isocyanate (pTSI) can be ticularly mar-resistant, and their abrasion packed in dry, airtight containers.
added. After this, the polyol, other addi resistance is exceptionally high. The films
tives, and if necessary, accelerators, are Another method of formulating pig-
also have good resistance to chemicals, in mented coatings is to add the pigment in
added and the mixture is packed in a dry, cluding the stronger organic acids as well
airtight container. The coating reaches its the form of a paste colorant. In this case,
as alkalis, alcohols, solvents and water. the pigment mill base can be prepared in
final viscosity after approximately seven
days. The storage stability of the final prod Pigmented Coatings: a binder which reacts as little as possible
uct is dependent on the polyol and should Due to the sensitivity of one-component with the NCO group. The incorporation
be closely examined. coatings to moisture, a special technique of pTSI ensures that the pigment paste is
has to be followed when formulating pig- free of water. The paste may then be mixed
Desmodur E Polyisocyanates:
mented coatings. This involves the use of with the Desmodur E binder (such as
The name Desmodur E covers a range of pTSI and Additive OF and splitting the Desmodur E-21).
ready-to-use, one-component coatings grind procedure into several steps. This Curing:
which require no other treatment except process may be accomplished in the same
for thinning in some cases. Because they The drying rate of one-component
amount of time as the milling of an alkyd coatings is dependent on the relative
are far simpler to use than the two-com resin and can be done with the same
ponent coatings, the Desmodur E polyiso atmospheric humidity and temperature.
equipment. Low temperature and low atmospheric
cyanates have become very popular.
The formulation is divided into four humidity may slow down the drying
Properties: operations: considerably.
The properties of moisture-curing one- 1. Weighing As with two-component systems, one-
component coatings are principally deter component coatings based on aliphatic
mined by the nature of the particular base 2. Predispersing
3. Dispersing in the sand mill polyisocyanates often require the incor
isocyanate. For example, one-component poration of reaction accelerators. Metal
coatings based on aliphatic isocyanates 4. Filling
compounds are especially suitable for this
generally need longer drying times than As explained in Figures 20 and 21, the in purpose.
those based on aromatic isocyanates. The dividual components are weighed in the
14
This does not, of course, apply to such
systems designed for overcoating at a later
v> date, such as shop-primers or those spe
c-^-.— cifically formulated for use as primers or
Polyisocyanate ~k.
solvent CO2 —— 1_-_ ~^~^ adhesion promoters.
n
pTSI — — - — — _ 4
15