Name Punit Patel

Roll No. 19D068

(Please read this in layout form)

2.Bio Diversity Hotspot

A biodiversity hotspot is a biogeographic region that is both a
significant reservoir of biodiversity and is threatened with
destruction.Biodiversity hotspots host their diverse ecosystems on just
2.3% of the planet's surface,however, the region defined as hotspots
covers a much larger proportion of the land. The original 25 hotspots
covered 11.8% of the land surface area of the Earth. Overall, the current
hotspots cover more than 15.7percentage of the land surface area, but
have lost around 85% of their habitat. This loss of habitat explains why
approximately 60% of the world's terrestrial life lives on only 2.3% of
the land surface area.

• There are total 35 Bio Diversity Hotspot around the world

which are as follows :-
I. Africa

● Cape Floristic Region

● Coastal Forests of Eastern Africa
● Eastern Afromontane
● Guinean Forests of West Africa
● Horn of Africa
● Madagascar and the Indian Ocean Islands
 ● Maputaland-Pondoland-Albany
● Succulent Karoo

II. Asia-Pacific

● East Melanesian Islands

● Himalaya
● Indo-Burma
● Japan
● Mountains of Southwest China
● New Caledonia
● New Zealand
● Philippines
● Polynesia-Micronesia
● Southwest Australia
● Forests of Eastern Australia (new)
● Sundaland
● Wallacea
● Western Ghats and Sri Lanka

III. Europe and Central Asia

● Caucasus
● Irano-Anatolian
● Mediterranean Basin
● Mountains of Central Asia
IV. North and Central America

● California Floristic Province

● Caribbean Islands
● Madrean Pine-Oak Woodlands
● Mesoamerica

V. South America

● Atlantic Forest
● Cerrado
● Chilean Winter Rainfall-Valdivian Forests
● Tumbes-Chocó-Magdalena
● Tropical Andes

The map representation of above 34 Bio Diversity Hotspots are as

follows :-
 ● Red region in the above figure shows Bio Diversity Hotspots.

~ Now let's see about Bio Diversity Hotspots of Asia - Pacific in

detail:-
1.Himalayas:-

● As a globally significant region for ecosystems diversity and

rich biodiversity, and considering the enormity in
geopolitical, demographic and socio-economic terms, the
Eastern Himalayas is the focus of this paper. The Eastern
Himalayan (hereafter EH) region covers an area of 524,190
Km2 stretching from Eastern Nepal to Yunnan in China;
whose country wise area percentages are given.
 ● The eastern Himalayan region has been in the spotlight as a part of
‘crisis Ecoregions’ (Hoekstra et al. 2005); ‘Biodiversity Hotspots’
(Myers et al. 2000; Mittermeier et al. 2004); ‘Endemic Bird Areas’
(Stattersfield et al. 1998); ‘Mega Diversity Countries’ (Mittermeier
et al.1997) and ‘Global 200 Ecoregions’ (Olson and Dinerstein
2002). There are 99 protected areas covering 15% area of the EH .
The EH region has 25 ecoregions from a total of 60 in the HKH
region. The Indo-Burma Hotspot alone is home to 7000 endemic
plants and possesses 1.9% of the global endemic vertebrates
(Myers et al. 2000). More than 7000 species of plants, 175 species
of mammals, and over 500 species of birds have been recorded in
the Eastern Himalayas alone (WWF and ICIMOD 2001).

2.Japan:-
● The Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology
(JAMSTEC) announced on August 3, 2010, a comprehensive
analysis on biodiversity in Japanese waters (exclusive economic
zone), and concluded that Japanese waters are a biodiversity
hotspot with an amazing diversity of marine life.

● The Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology

(JAMSTEC)
● A total of 33,629 species from bacteria to mammals have been
reported to occur in Japanese waters. While constituting mere 0.9
percent of global ocean volume, Japanese waters encompass 14.6
percent of all 230,000 marine species found worldwide, making
Japanese waters a world class biodiversity hotspot. The study
attributes this to diverse marine environments in Japanese waters,
including a variety of topography, water depth zones, water
temperatures, currents and climate zones.
3. Forests of Eastern Australia:-
● Forests of East Australia Hotspot consists of a discontinuous
coastal stretch along the Australian states of Queensland and New
South Wales, extending inland and further west, although it
includes the New England Tablelands and the Great Dividing
Range. This region contains more than 1500 endemic vascular
plants. The photo of forests of Eastern Australia are as follows:-

4. East Melanesian Islands:-

● Once largely intact, the 1,600 East Melanesian Islands are now a
hotspot due, sadly, to accelerating levels of habitat loss. The East
Melanesian Islands Hotspot is one of the most geographically
complex areas on Earth, with diverse islands of varying age and
geology. Isolation and adaptive radiation have led to very high
 levels of endemism, both within the hotspot as a whole and on
single islands.

● This hotspot includes a number of ecoregions that make up the

northeastern portion of the Australasia ecozone.

● Admiralty Islands lowland rain forests — (Papua New Guinea)

● New Britain-New Ireland lowland rain forests — (Papua New
Guinea)
● New Britain-New Ireland montane rain forests — (Papua New
Guinea)
● Solomon Islands rain forests — (Solomon Islands, Papua New
Guinea including Bougainville Island)
● Vanuatu rain forests — (Vanuatu, Solomon Islands)

Any many more …….

Now Lets give brief information of Indian Bio Diversity Hotspots:-

1.Himalaya: Includes the entire Indian Himalayan region (and
that falling in Pakistan, Tibet, Nepal, Bhutan, China and
Myanmar)
2.Indo-Burma: Includes entire North-eastern India, except
Assam and Andaman group of Islands (and Myanmar,
Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia and southern China)
3.Sundalands: Includes Nicobar group of Islands (and
Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, Philippines)
4.Western Ghats and Sri Lanka: Includes entire Western Ghats
(and Sri Lanka

Thanks you