Caraga State University

College of Engineering and Information Technology

Theory of Errors and Adjustments

Lecture 1

Broddett B. Abatayo, GE
Lecturer
 Grading System
• Major Exams--------50%
• Quizzes--------------20%
• Assignments--------10%
• Participation---------10%
• Attendance----------10%
100%

Passing rate------------60%
 Conversion Pace Factor
• 1 tally = 10 pins • Pace – Length of a step
Metric System: in walking; maybe
• 1 pin = 1 tapelength measured from toe to toe,
or heel to heel
English System
• Stride – Equivalent to two
• 1 pin = 100 links
paces or a double step
• 1 link = 1 ft
• 1 perch = 1 rod= 16.5 ft
Pace Factor = _distance_
• 1 vara = 33 inches
ave. # of paces
Prob 1
1. A line was measured to have
5 tallies, 6 pins, and 63.5
links. How long is the line in
feet?
2. A line was measured with a
50 m tape. There were 5
tallies, 8 pins, and the
distance from the last pin to
the end line was 2.25 m. Find
the length of the line in
meters.
3. A distance was measured
and was recorded to have a
value equivalent to 8
perches, 6 rods, and 45
varas. Compute the total
distance in meters.
Ans. 1.) 5,663.5 ft
2.) 2,902.25 m
3.) 108.12 m
Prob 2
• A line 100 m long was paced
by a surveyor for four times
with the following data: 142,
145, 145.5 and 146. Another
line was paced four times
again with the following
results: 893, 893.5, 891, and
895.5.
1. Determine the pace factor
2. Determine the average
number of paces for the new
line
3. Determine the distance of the
new line
Ans. 1.) 0.691 m/pace
2.) 893.25 paces
3.) 617.236 m
 Errors and Mistakes
• Error – the difference between the true
and measured value of a quantity.

• Mistakes – inaccuracies in measurements

which occur because some aspect of
surveying works were done with
carelessness, poor judgment, improper
execution
 Statistical Formula’s
A. Probable Error of Single D. Standard Error, S.E.
Observations, E
ΣV 2
ΣV 2 S .E . = ±
E = ±0.6745 n(n − 1)
n −1
E. Precision
B. Probable Error of the Mean, Em
Em P=± __
x
ΣV 2 Where;
Em = ±0.6745
n(n − 1) V=x–x
x = observed/measured value of a
C, Standard Deviation, S.D. quantity
x = mean value
ΣV 2
S .D. = ± n = number of measurements
n −1
Prob. 3 The following data shows the
difference in elevation between
A and B.

Trial No. Diff. in Elevation

1 520.14
2 520.20
3 520.18
4 520.24

1. Determine the most probable

difference in elevation?
2.The standard deviation?
3. The probable error of the mean?
4. The standard error?
5. And the precision?
Ans. 1.) 520.19
2.) ±0.04
3.) ±0.014
4.) ±0.02
5.) ±1/37,048
 Using fx-991 es plus
1.) Press ON MODE 3 1
3 Stat mode
1 Single variable x
Input 520.14 = 520.20 = 520.18 =
520.24 =
Press AC SHIFT 1 4 2 =
Ans. X = 520.19
2.) Press SHIFT 1 4 4 =
Ans. sx = 0.04163331999
3.) Press 0.6745 SHIFT 1 4 4 ÷ √
SHIFT 1 4 1 ) =
Ans. 0.6745sx√(n) = 0.01404083717
4.) Press SHIFT144 ÷ √ SHIFT 141) =
Ans. sx√(n) = 0.02081665999
5.) Press 0.6745 SHIFT 1 4 4 ÷ √
SHIFT 1 4 1 ) SHIFT 1 4 2 =
Ans. 0.6745sx√(n)x= 2.6991x10^-5
Press Xˉ¹=
Ansˉ¹ = 37048 (denominator)
 Prob 4
Rules for Weighted • The following data shows the
Measurements difference in elevation between
A and B.
 The weight is directly Diff. in No. of
proportional to the number of Trial No.
Elevation Measurements
observations or
measurements. 1 520.14 1
2 520.20 3
 The weight is inversely 3 520.18 6
proportional to the square of
the probable errors. 4 520.24 8

 The weight is inversely

proportional to the distance.
1. Determine the most probable
difference in elevation?
2. The standard deviation?
3. The probable error of the mean?
4. The standard error?
5. And the precision?

Ans. 1.) 520.208

2.) ±0.03
3.) ±0.005
4.) ±0.0076
 Using fx-991 es plus
1.) Press ON
Press MODE 3 1
3 Statistic mode
1 Single variable x
To change set up:
Press SHIFT MODE DOWN 4 1
4 Stat mode set up
1 Frequency(weight) turn on
Input 520.14 = 520.20 = 520.18 =
520.24 = RIGHT DOWN

1= 3= 6= 8=
Press AC
Press SHIFT 1 4 2 =
Ans. X = 520.2077778
 Using fx-991 es plus

2.) Press SHIFT 1 4 4 =

Ans. sx = 0.03227739248
3.) Press 0.6745 SHIFT 1 4 4 ÷ √
SHIFT 1 4 1 ) =
Ans. 0.6745sx√(n) = 0.005131497
4.) Press SHIFT144 ÷ √ SHIFT 141) =
Ans. sx√(n) = 0.007607854
5.) Press 0.6745 SHIFT 1 4 4 ÷ √
SHIFT 1 4 1 ) SHIFT 1 4 2 =
Ans. 0.6745sx√(n)x= 9.8643x10^-6
Press Xˉ¹=
Ansˉ¹ = 101375.427 (denominator)
QUIZ 1 ½ cross wise 2.) From the measured values of
1.) Lines of levels between B and C distance AB, the following trials were
are run over four different routes. recorded.
B is at elevation 825m, and is
higher than C. Trial
Distance (m)
No.
1 120.68
Route Distance Diff. in
No. (km) Elevation(m) 2 120.84
1 2 0.86 3 120.76
2 6 0.69 4 120.64
a.Determine the Most Probable Dist.?
3 4 0.75
b.Probable Error of the Mean ?
4 8 1.02
c.Standard Deviation?
a. Determine the most probable
d.Standard Error?
difference in elevation.
e.Precision?
b. Most probable elevation of C.
Ans. a.) 120.73m
b.) ± 0.0299m
Ans. a.) 0.826m
c.) ±0.0877m
b.) 824.174m
d.) ±0.0443m
e.) ±1/4036
 QUIZ 1 solution(BESAVILLA)

Route Dist. (km) Diff. in Elev (m) Route Dist. Weights Wt. x Diff. in Elev.

1 2 0.86 1 2 4 4(0.86) = 3.44

2 6 0.69 2 6 4/3 4/3(0.69) = 0.92
3 4 0.75 3 4 2 2(0.75) = 1.5
4 8 1.02 4 8 1 1(1.02) = 1.02
8.33 6.88
W = k/d
Wd = k
W1d1=k W2d2 = k W3d3 = k W4d4 = k
most probable difference in elevation:
W1d1 = W2d2 = W3d3 = W4d4
W1d1= W4d4
6.88 / 8.33 = 0.8256m.
W1(2)= W4(8)
Let W4 = 1
most probable elevation of C :
W1(2)= (1)(8)
825 - 0.8256 = 824.174m.
W1 = 4
W2d2 = W4d4
W2(6) = (1)(8)
W2 = 4/3
W3d3 = W4d4
W3(4) = (1)(8)
W3 = 2
 QUIZ 1 solution

ON MODE 3 1 (stat mode)

SHIFT MODE DOWN 4 1 (freq on)

X FREQ
0.86 2ˉ¹
0.69 6ˉ¹
0.75 4ˉ¹
1.02 8ˉ¹

To find the most probable

difference in elevation or x:
AC SHIFT 1 4 2

To find the most probable elevation

of C:
185 - x
Ex. From the measured values of
distance AB, the following trials were
recorded.
Trial Dist. (m) Probable Error

1 120.68 ± 0.002
2 120.84 ± 0.030
3 120.76 ± 0.100
4 120.64 ± 0.050

Determine the :
a. Most Probable Distance?
b. Probable Error of the Mean ?
c. Standard Deviation?
d. Standard Error?
e. Precision?

Ans. a.120.68m
b. ±0.0000146m
c. ±0.0108481m
d. ±0.0000216m
e. ±1/8273064m
 Solution:
ON MODE 3 1 (stat mode)
SHIFT MODE DOWN 4 1 (freq on)

X FREQ
120.68 1/(0.002)²
120.84 1/(0.030)²
120.76 1/(0.100)²
120.64 1/(0.050)²

a. AC SHIFT 1 4 2 =
b.0.6745 SHIFT 1 4 4÷ √ SHIFT 1 4 1 )=
c. SHIFT 1 4 4 =
d. SHIFT 1 4 4 ÷ √ SHIFT 1 4 1) =
e. 0.6745 SHIFT 1 4 4 ÷ √ SHIFT 1 4 1
) SHIFT 1 4 2 =
 Ex. The following interior angles of a To determine the total weight:
triangle traverse were measured with
5ˉ¹ + 6ˉ¹ + 2ˉ¹ = ans. 13/15
the same precision:
SHIFT RCL Y
Value No. of
Angle
(degrees) measurements
The corrected angle A is
A 41 5
A + (5ˉ¹)X/Y =
B 77 6
ans. 40º46‘9.23"
C 63 2
181 The corrected angle B is
Determine the most prob. value of : B + (6ˉ¹)X/Y =
a. angle A. ans. 76º48‘27.69"
b. angle B.
c. angle C. The corrected angle A is
C + (2ˉ¹)X/Y =
Solution:
41 SHIFT RCL A ans. 62º25‘23.08"
77 SHIFT RCL B
63 SHIFT RCL C 40º46‘9.23“+ 76º48‘27.69“+
To determine the error: 62º25‘23.08“=180º
180-(A+B+C)= ans. -1
SHIFT RCL X
Ex. Determine the most probable To determine the error:
value of the angles about a given 360-(A+B+C)= Ans. 18" → X
point.
C To determine the total weight:
•
A B 5ˉ¹ + 6ˉ¹ + 2ˉ¹ = Ans. 13/15 →
Y

Value No. of
Angle The corrected angle A is
(degrees) measurements
A 130º15‘03" 5 A + (5ˉ¹)X/Y =
B 142º37‘21" 6 ans. 130º15‘7.15"
C 87º07‘18" 2
The corrected angle B is
Determine the most prob. value of : B + (6ˉ¹)X/Y =
a. angle A. ans. 142º37’24.46"
b. angle B.
c. angle C.
The corrected angle A is
Solution: C + (2ˉ¹)X/Y =
130º15‘03" → A ans. 87º07’28.38"
142º37‘21“ → B
87º07‘18" → C
 QUIZ 2 ¼ sheet
(50 pts) The following measured interior 3. Probable value of angle C?
angles of a five sided figure, compute the a. 107º50‘00“ c. 107º42‘33.33"
following: b. 107º48‘00“ d. 107º47‘22.11“

Station Angles # of measure 4. Probable value of angle D?

A 110º 2 a. 119º53‘20“ c. 119º48‘00"
b. 119º41‘3.16“ d. 119º43‘33.33“
B 98º 3
C 108º 4 5. Probable value of angle D?
D 120º 6 a. 104º48‘00“ c. 104º47‘22.11"
b. 104º50‘00“ d. 104º44‘46.68“
E 105º 4

Ans. 1. C
1. Probable value of angle A? 2. B
a. 109º48‘00“ c.109º40‘00" 3. A
b. 109º53‘41.05“ d. 109º56’33.33“ 4. A
5. B
2. Probable value of angle B?
a. 97º48‘00“ c. 97º50‘31.58"
b. 97º46‘40“ d. 97º52‘33.33"
 QUIZ 2 solution
110 → A Station Angles # of measure
A 110º 2
98 → B
B 98º 3
108 → C C 108º 4
120 → D D 120º 6
E 105º 4
105 → E

A+B+C+D+E = 541 > 540

540-(A+B+C+D+E)=-1 → X

To determine the total weight:

2ˉ¹+3 ˉ¹+4 ˉ¹+6 ˉ¹+4 ˉ¹=3/2 → Y

A + 2ˉ¹X/Y = 109º40‘00"
B + 3ˉ¹X/Y = 97º46‘40“
C + 4ˉ¹X/Y = 107º50‘00“
D + 6ˉ¹X/Y = 119º53‘20“
E + 4ˉ¹X/Y = 104º50‘00“
Ex. A base line measured with an invar
tape, and with a steel tape as follows:

Set I (Invar tape) Set II (Steel tape)

571.185 571.193
571.186 571.190
571.179 571.185
571.180 571.189
571.183 571.182

1. What is the S.D. for set II.

2. What is the MPV in set II.
3. What is the S.E. in set II.
4. What is the most probable value
of the two sets.
5. And what is the P.E. of the
general mean.
MODE 3 2 (input all data)
X Y
571.185 571.193
571.186 571.190
571.179 571.185
571.180 571.189
571.183 571.182

Press AC
1.SHIFT 1 4 7 =
Ans. sy=0.004324...
2. SHIFT 1 4 5 =
Ans. y = 571.1878…
3. SHIFT 1 4 7 ÷ √ SHIFT 1 4 1) =
Ans. sy÷√(n) = 0.001933…
4. (x + y)÷2 = 571.1852

5. ±