Solution of HW

T

Ts Ts
steam steam

Q Q’
Q − Q’
 0,8
 target
Q

Q −Q' Q'
Heat loss reduction 80% (minimal): = 0.8 → 1 − = 0.8
Q Q
Q'
→ = 1 − 0.8 = 0.2 → Q ' = 0.2Q …. (1)
Q

T
Q' = with insulator..…(2)
 1 ln(Do / Di ) ln(Do' / Do ) 1 
 + + 
 h i Di L 2kL 2k L' ' D' L 
 h o o 

where k’ = insulator conductivity; Do’= outside diameter of insulator;

ho’ =convective heat transfer coefficient of insulator.

T
Q= without insulator ........(3)
 1 ln(Do / Di ) 1 
 + + 
 h i Di L 2kL h o Do L 

Combine (2) and (3) ke (1):

T T
= 0.2
 1 ln(Do / Di ) ln(Do' / Do ) 1   1 ln(Do / Di ) 1 
 + +   + + 
 h i Di L

2kL 2k L' h ' D' L 
o o   h i Di L 2kL h o Do L 

T and L cancel out then rearrange:

 1 ln(Do / Di ) ln(Do' / Do ) 1  1  1 ln(Do / Di ) 1 

 + + + =  + + 
 h i Di 2k 2k ' h 'o D'o  0.2  h i Di 2k h o Do 


1
 ln(D'o / Do )  1 ln(Do / Di ) 1  1 ln(Do / Di ) 1
= 5 + + − − −
2k '  h i Di 2k h o Do  h i Di 2k h o Do'
'

ln(D'o / Do )
k' =
  1 ln(Do / Di ) 1  1 ln(Do / Di ) 1 
2 5  + + − − − 
  h i Di 2k h o Do  h i Di 2k h 'o D'o 

ln(D'o / Do )
k' =
 4 4 ln(Do / Di ) 5  1 
2  + +  − 
 h i Di 2k h o Do  h 'o D'o 


ln(0.11/ 0.07)
k' = = 0.0754
 4 4 ln(0.07 / 0.05) 5  1 
2   + + −
 50000.05 240 200.07  150.11

Based on the above k’ calculation, choose insulator with k that is close to or smaller to k’
i.e. insulator C. (smaller k’ is chosen because k’ is proportional to heat loss while we
want smaller heat loss)
But we must find cheap insulator so try heat loss calculation using cheaper insulator with
k that is not far too large than k’, i.e. insulator B. As the k for B is larger than for C we
must use thicker insulator. Use maximum allowable thickness i.e. 3 cm. Now, the
unknown variable is heat loss reduction = 1 – ‘Q/Q = 1 – x (where x = Q’/Q, ratio of
heat loss after/before insulation)
Ratio of heat loss: Q’/Q = x Q’ = x Q

Q’ = x Q

T T
=x
 1 ln(Do / Di ) ln(Do' / Do ) 1   1 ln(Do / Di ) 1 
 + +   + + 
 h i Di L

2kL 2k 'L h 'o D'o L   h i Di L 2kL h o Do L 

T and L cancel out then rearrange:

 1 ln(Do / Di ) 1 
 + + 
 h i Di 2k h o Do 
=x
 1 ln(Do / Di ) ln(Do' / Do ) 1 
 + + 
 h i Di 2k 2k ' h 'o D'o 


2
  1 ln(0.07 / 0.05) 1 
 + + 
x=  50000.05 240 200.07 
= 0.225 (22.5%)
 1 ln(0.07 / 0.05) ln(0.13 / 0.07) 1 
 + + + 
 50000.05 240 20.115 150.13 

Heat loss reduction = 1 – 0.225 = 0.775 (77.5%)

That means we cannot achieve the target (minimum 80%).

No need to try insulator A as the k is larger than k of insulator B.

Insulator D has better k but it is expensive so we will not use it.
Therefore we pick insulator C.

With insulator C (k’ = 0,070 and minimum thickness 0,02 m →Do’ = 0,11 m) therefore
the realization of Q’/Q is:

1 ln(0.07 / 0.05) 1
+ +
x= 50000.05 240 200.07 = 0.188 (18.8%)
1 ln(0.07 / 0.05) ln(0.11/ 0.07) 1
+ + +
50000.05 240 20.07 150.11

Realized heat loss reduction with insulator C = 1 – 0.188 = 0.812 (81.2%) which is better
than the target (80%).