‫ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻭﻓﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ ‪ -‬ﺒﺸﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﻭﻡ‬

‫ﺩﻭﺍﺌﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‬
‫دا
ة ا ا  وﺕ ﺕ‬

‫ﺃﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺩﻜﺘــﻭﺭ‬
‫ﻤﻭﺴﻰ ﻤﺤـﻤﺩ ﻤﺤــﻤﺩ ﻤﻭﺴﻰ‬

‫‪ ١٩٩٧‬ﻡ‬
 ‫ﺒﺴﻡ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻝﺭﺤﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺭﺤﻴﻡ‬
‫ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻤﺘﻤﺜﻠﺔ" ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺜﻼﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺯﻝﻴﺔ ﻭﻏﺭﻑ ﺍﻝﺤﻔﻅ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺠﻤﻴـﺩ‬
‫ﻭﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻝﺜﻠﺞ ﻭﺘﻜﻴﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻭﺩﻭﺍﺌﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﻁﻴﺏ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻬﻭﻴﺔ ﺃﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﻓﻰ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻘﺭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻌﺸﺭﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻝﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻘﺩﻤﺔ" ﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺎ" ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺘﺭﺠﻊ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻝﻜﺜﺭﺓ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻰ ﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﻤﻨﻬـﺎ ﺘﺨـﺯﻴﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺤﻔﻅ ﻭﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﻏﺫﻴﺔ ﻝﺘﻘﻠﻴل ﺍﻝﺘﺎﻝﻑ ﻭﻝﻀـﻤﺎﻥ ﻤﺨـﺯﻭﻥ ﺍﺴـﺘﺭﺍﺘﻴﺠﻰ ﻝﻤﻭﺍﺠﻬـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺨﺘﻨﺎﻕ ﻓﻰ ﺴﻭﻕ ﺍﻝﺴﻠﻊ ﺍﻝﻐﺫﺍﺌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺤﻔﻅ ﻭﺘﺠﻤﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻠﺤـﻭﻡ ﻭﺍﻝﺩﻭﺍﺠﻥ ﻭﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﻙ‪ ،‬ﺼﻴﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﻭﺍﻝﻘﺸﺭﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﻰ ﺃﻋﺎﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺎﺭ ﻭﺤﻔﻅﻬﺎ ﻭﺘﺠﻤﻴﺩﻫﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺴﻔﻥ ﻤﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﻭﻨﻘﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﻝﻰ‬
‫ﺃﻤﺎﻜﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻬﻼﻙ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻰ ﺤﻔﻅ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻤﺼﺎل ﻭﺒﻨﻭﻙ ﺍﻝـﺩﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓـﻰ‬
‫ﻭﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻝﻨﻘل ﺘﻜﻴﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﻘﻁﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﻝﺭﺍﺤـﺔ ﺍﻝﺭﻜـﺎﺏ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺴـﺎﻓﺭﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻝﻔﻨﺎﺩﻕ ﺍﻝﻜﺒﺭﻯ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﺭﺡ ﻭﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻌـﺭﺽ ﻭﺼـﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻜﺒﺭﻯ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺘﻜﻴﻴﻑ ﻭﺘﻬﻭﻴﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻤﺎﻜﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻝﺭﺍﺤـﺔ ﺭﻭﺍﺩ‬
‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻤﺎﻜﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻨﻅﺭﺍ" ﻷﻥ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺒﺴـﻴﻁﺔ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﻭﻤﻠﺤﻘﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﺘﺒﻌﺎ" ﻝﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﻭﺨﺼﻭﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﻓﺎﻨﻪ ﻴﻠﺯﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻔﻨﻴﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ‬
‫ﻓﻰ ﻤﺠﺎل ﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻔﻬﻡ ﺍﻝﺠﻴﺩ ﻝﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻤـﻥ ﻭﺠﻬـﺔ ﻨﻅـﺭ ﺍﻝـﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻝﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﺘﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺒﺎﻝﺯﻴـﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻨﻘﺼﺎﻥ ﻝﻠﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺠﻴﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺒﻌﻭﻥ ﺍﷲ ﺘﻌﺎﻝﻰ ﻓﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻤﻰ ﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﻘـﻭﻡ ﻓـﻰ ﺍﻝﺒـﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻭل‬
‫ﺒﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺱ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺭﻯ ﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭﺕ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻌﺩﻴﻼﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ‬
‫ﺃﺩﺨﻠﺕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻝﻜﻰ ﺘﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻠﻰ ﻭﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺼﺎﻝﺤﺔ ﻝﻺﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ‪ .‬ﺍﻝﺒـﺎﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﻭﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭﺕ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻻﻨﻀـﻐﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﺴـﻴﻁﺔ ﻭﺩﺭﺍﺴـﺔ ﺍﻝﻔـﺭﻭﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺠﻭﻫﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﺘـﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﻭﺒﻌﺽ ﻁﺭﻕ ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻤـل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﺒﺘﻘﻠﻴـل ﺍﻝﻘـﺩﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺒﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺤـل ﺒـﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨـﺭ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻭﻋﻤل ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺒﻴﻨﻰ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﷲ ﻭﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﻓﻴﻕ ‪،‬‬

‫ﺃﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺩﻜﺘﻭﺭ‬
‫ﻤﻭﺴﻰ ﻤﺤـﻤﺩ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻤﻭﺴﻰ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻡ ﻫﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ ‪ -‬ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻭﻓﻴﺔ – ﺸﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﻭﻡ‬
 ‫ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ‬

‫‪١‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻭل‬

‫‪١‬‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‬
‫‪١‬‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‬
‫‪٦‬‬ ‫ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻁﻥ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‬
‫ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺘﻔﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭﺕ ‪٦‬‬
‫‪١١‬‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭﺕ ﺘﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺭﻁﺏ ﻜﻭﺴﻁ ﻋﺎﻤل‬
‫‪١٢‬‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺜﺭﻤﻭﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﻰ ﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ‪T - S‬‬
‫‪١٨‬‬ ‫ﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﻭﺴﺎﺌﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‬
‫‪٢٥‬‬ ‫ﺃﺴﺌﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻭل‬
‫‪٢٧‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻰ‬
‫‪٢٧‬‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ‬
‫ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺜﺭﻤﻭﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﻰ ﻭﺍﺘﺯﺍﻥ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻯ ﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﻀـﻐﺎﻁﻴﺔ ‪٣٠‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ‬
‫‪٣٣‬‬ ‫ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺨﻴﺭ ﻭﺍﻤﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫‪٣٤‬‬ ‫ﻤﺒﺨﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻏﺫﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺼﻠﺒﺔ‬
‫‪٣٦‬‬ ‫ﻤﺒﺨﺭﺍﺕ ﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺴﻭﺍﺌل ﻭﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻝﺒﺎﻥ‬
‫‪٣٧‬‬ ‫ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺜﻴﻑ ﻭﻁﺭﺩ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫‪٣٩‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺘﺯﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﻯ ﻝﻠﻤﻜﺜﻔﺎﺕ‬
 ‫‪٤١‬‬ ‫ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﺘﻤﺩﺩ‬
‫‪٤٣‬‬ ‫ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ‬
‫‪٤٤‬‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ‬
‫ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻻﻨﻀـﻐﺎﻁﻴﺔ ‪٤٧‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ‬
‫‪٥٢‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺩﺩﻯ‬
‫‪٥٧‬‬ ‫ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ‬
‫‪٦٠‬‬ ‫ﺸﻐل ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻷﺩﻴﺒﺎﺘﻴﻜﻰ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻻﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻰ‬
‫‪٧٩‬‬ ‫ﺃﺴﺌﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻰ‬
‫‪٨٣‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ‬
‫‪٨٣‬‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁﻴﺔ‬
‫‪٨٤‬‬ ‫ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‬
‫‪٨٥‬‬ ‫ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‬
‫‪٨٧‬‬ ‫ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ‬
‫‪٨٨‬‬ ‫ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫‪٧٩‬‬ ‫ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﺩ‬
‫‪٩١‬‬ ‫ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺜﻴﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‬
‫‪١٠٠‬‬ ‫ﻁﺭﻕ ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ‬
‫‪١٠٠‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻊ ﻝﺴﺎﺌل ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‬
‫ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻴﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﺩل ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻝﻜل ﻁﻥ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ‪١٠٣‬‬
‫‪١٠٤‬‬ ‫ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻴﻕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻨﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻝﻜل ﻁﻥ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‬
‫‪١٠٥‬‬ ‫ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻴﻕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻨﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‬
‫‪١٠٦‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻤﻴﺹ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﻴﺩ ﻝﻐﺎﺯ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ‬
‫ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺘﺤﻤﻴﺹ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﺩل ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻝﻜـل ‪١٠٧‬‬
‫ﻁﻥ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‬
‫ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺘﺤﻤﻴﺹ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻝﻜل ﻁـﻥ ‪١٠٨‬‬
‫ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‬
‫ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺘﺤﻤﻴﺹ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻝﻜـل ﻁـﻥ ‪١٠٩‬‬
‫ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‬
‫‪١٠٩‬‬ ‫ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺘﺤﻤﻴﺹ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‬
‫‪١١٠‬‬ ‫ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺘﺤﻤﻴﺹ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ‬
‫‪١١١‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻤﻴﺹ ﺍﻝﻐﻴﺭ ﻤﻔﻴﺩ ﻝﻐﺎﺯ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‬
‫‪١١٢‬‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﻤﻊ ﻤﺒﺎﺩل ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻯ‬
‫‪١١٦‬‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺤل‬
‫‪١١٧‬‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﺫﻭ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺒﻴﻨﻰ‬
‫‪١٢٣‬‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻹﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫‪١٤٦‬‬ ‫ﺃﺴﺌﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ‬
‫‪١٥٠‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺠﻊ‬
 ‫ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻭل‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‬
‫‪Reversed Carnot Refrigeration Cycle‬‬

‫ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴـﺩ ﻫﻭ ﻓﺭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻝﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﺘﺨﺘﺹ ﺒﺈﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺘﻘﻠﻴل ﻭﺨﻔﺽ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻝﺤﻴﺯ ﺃﻭ ﻓﺭﺍﻍ ﻤﺎ ﻭﺍﻝﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺠﻰ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻴﻌﻨﻰ ﺇﺯﺍﻝﺔ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﻴﺯ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﻭﺘﻘﻠﻴل ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ ﻭﻁﺭﺩﻫﺎ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻭﺴﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺠﻰ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻝﻜﻰ ﺘﺘﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻴﻠﺯﻡ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺸﻐل ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻰ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺘﺒﻌﹰﺎ ﻝﻤﻨﻁﻭﻕ ﻜﻼﻭﺯﻴﻭﺱ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻰ ﻝﻠﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﺎ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺫﻯ ﻴﻘﻭل‪:‬‬

‫‪ .١‬ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻻ ﺘﻨﺘﻘل ﺘﻠﻘﺎﺌﻴﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺠﺴﻡ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ ﺃﻗل ﺇﻝﻰ ﺠﺴﻡ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﺒﺫل ﺸﻐل ﺨﺎﺭﺠﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺎﻡ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٢‬ﺍﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﻰ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻰ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .٣‬ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻐل ﺒﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ‪ %١٠٠‬ﻤﻥ ﺃﻯ ﺁﻝﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻝﻜﻰ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻨﻘل ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﻓﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺒﺸﻜل )‪ ، (١-١‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﻓﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻴﺴﻤﻰ‬
‫)‪ (Heat Source at TL‬ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻴﺴﻤﻰ )‪(Heat Sink at TH‬‬
‫ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺒﺫل ﻭﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺸﻐل ﺨﺎﺭﺠﻰ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﻀﺎﻏﻁ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻭﺍﻝﺫﻯ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺘﻭﺍﻓﺭ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺸﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .١‬ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻰ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٢‬ﺍﻝﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤل ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻤﺜﺎﻝﻰ ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻤﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﻭﻁﺭﺩ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
 ‫‪ .٣‬ﺍﻝﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﻠﻰ ﻝﻺﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻰ ﻝﻠﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻝﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻴﻁ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺼﻔﺭ‪.‬‬

‫‪Fig. 1-1 Reversed Carnot Cycle.‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻝﺭﺴﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻴﺴﺎﺭ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺒﺸﻜل )‪ (١-١‬ﻴﺴﻤﻰ ‪ Flow Diagram‬ﻭﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻝﻴﻤـﻴﻥ ﻴﺴـﻤﻰ ‪T-S‬‬
‫‪ Diagram‬ﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺭﺒﻊ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ‪T-S‬‬
‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻰ‪.‬‬
‫) ‪( Isentropic compression process 1→2‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻁﺭﺩ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(Isothermal heat rejection process 2→3‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻰ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(Isentropic expansion process 3→4‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻤﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(Isothermal heat addition process 4→1‬‬
 ‫ﻭﺒﻌﻤل ﺍﺘﺯﺍﻥ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻯ ﻝﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻝﺸﻐل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁﻰ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﻻ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﺃﻯ ﻤﻔﺎﻗﻴﺩ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻫﻴﺩﺭﻭﻝﻜﻴﺔ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﺜﺎﻝﻰ ﻓﺈﻥ‪:‬‬

‫‪∑ Input = ∑ Output‬‬

‫‪W.D + QL = QH‬‬
‫‪W.D = QH - QL‬‬
‫ﻭﻤﻥ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ‪ T-S‬ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺘﻌﺎﺩل ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﻭﺒﻨﺎﺀً ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻝﻙ ﻓﺈﻥ‪:‬‬

‫‪QH = Area ab23a = ∆S. TH‬‬

‫‪QL =Area ab14a = ∆S. TL‬‬
‫) ‪W.D =Area 12341 = ∆S ( TH - TL‬‬
‫ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﺴﺒﻕ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺘﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﺎ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺩﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺁﻯ ﺁﻝـﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺘﻌﺎﺩل ﺤﺎﺼل ﻗﺴﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺝ ) ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩ ( ﻤﻥ ﺍﻵﻝﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﺨل ) ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻓﻭﻉ ( ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻵﻝﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻝﻜﻥ ﻓﻰ‬
‫ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺘﻘﻴﻴﻡ ﺍﻵﻝﺔ ﻴﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺒﻤﻌﺎﻤـل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ‪COP‬‬
‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻰ‪:‬‬

‫)‪Coefficient of Performance or Performance Index (COP‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﻭ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺤﺎﺼل ﻗﺴﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩ ‪ QL‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺸﻐل ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺫﻭل ‪ W.D‬ﻓﻰ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﺜﻼﺠﺔ‬
‫‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺘﻡ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﺒﺎﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﺘﺼﺔ ‪ QL‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻓﻴﺴـﻤﻰ ﻤﻌﺎﻤـل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ‬
‫ﻝﻠﺜﻼﺠﺔ ‪ C.O.PR‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻰ‪.‬‬
 ‫‪QL‬‬ ‫‪QL‬‬
‫= ‪COPR‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪W .D Q H − Q L‬‬
‫‪∆S ⋅ TL‬‬
‫= ‪COPR‬‬
‫) ‪∆S (TH − TL‬‬ ‫)‪(1-1‬‬

‫‪TL‬‬
‫= ‪COPR‬‬
‫‪T H − TL‬‬
‫ﺃﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺘﻡ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﺒﺎﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﺭﻭﺩﺓ ‪ QH‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺘﻔﻌﺔ ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ‬
‫ﻝﻠﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ‪ COPHP‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻰ‪.‬‬
‫‪QH‬‬ ‫‪QH‬‬
‫= ‪COPH‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪W .D Q H − Q L‬‬
‫‪∆S ⋅ TH‬‬
‫= ‪COPH‬‬
‫) ‪∆S (TH − TL‬‬
‫)‪(1-2‬‬

‫‪TH‬‬
‫= ‪COPH‬‬
‫‪TH − TL‬‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ )‪ (٢-١) , (١-١‬ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪QH‬‬ ‫‪Q − QL + QL‬‬
‫= ‪COPH‬‬ ‫‪= H‬‬
‫‪QH − QL‬‬ ‫‪QH − QL‬‬
‫‪QH − QL‬‬ ‫‪QL‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫)‪(1-3‬‬
‫‪QH − QL QH − QL‬‬
‫‪COPH = 1 + COPR‬‬

‫ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ )‪ (٣-١‬ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻝﻠﺜﻼﺠﺔ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺼﻔﺭ ﺃﻤﺎ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻝﻠﻤﻀﺨﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﺍﻝﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺇﻝﻰ‪.‬‬
‫∞ ≤ ‪0 ≤ COPR‬‬
‫)‪(1-4‬‬
‫∞ ≤ ‪1 ≤ COPH‬‬
 ‫ﻤﺜﺎل ‪١-١‬‬
‫ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻴﻌﻤل ﺘﺒﻌﺎً ﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺍﻝﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺘﻔﻌـﺔ ‪43 oC‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ‪ ،-20 oC‬ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻝﻠﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻜﺜﻼﺠﺔ ﻭﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴـﺔ ﻭﻜﻤﻴـﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻤﺘﺼﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻁﺭﻭﺩﺓ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻐل ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺫﻭل ﻴﻌﺎﺩل ‪. 10 kW‬‬

‫‪Data:‬‬ ‫‪TH = 43+273 = 316 K‬‬

‫‪TL = -20+273 = 253 K‬‬
‫‪WD = 10 kW‬‬
‫‪Required: COPR , COPHP , QL , QH‬‬
‫‪Solution:‬‬
‫‪TL‬‬ ‫‪253‬‬
‫= ‪COPR‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 4.02‬‬
‫‪TH − TL 316 − 253‬‬
‫‪TH‬‬ ‫‪316‬‬
‫= ‪COPHP‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 5.02‬‬
‫‪TH − TL 316 − 253‬‬
‫‪QH = COPH × W .D = 5.02 × 10 = 50.2‬‬ ‫‪kW‬‬
‫‪QL = QH − W .D = 50.2 − 10 = 40.2‬‬ ‫‪kW‬‬

‫ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻁﻥ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ )‪(T.R‬‬

‫ﺍﻝﺜﻼﺠﺎﺕ ﻭﻤﺨﺎﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻭﻤﻌﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺒﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ ﺘﻘﺩﺭ ﺴﻌﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻁﻥ ﺘﺒﺭﻴـﺩ ‪Ton of‬‬
‫‪ ، Refrigeration‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻝﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻁﻥ ﺃﻤﺭﻴﻜﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺜﻠﺞ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﻤﻴﺩ ﻭﺘﺤﻭﻴﻠﻪ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺴﺎﺌل ﻋﻨﺩ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﻰ ﺯﻤﻥ ﻗﺩﺭﻩ ‪ ٢٤‬ﺴﺎﻋﺔ‪.‬‬
 ‫‪BTU‬‬
‫‪2000 Ib × 144‬‬
‫= ‪T .R‬‬ ‫‪Ib = 12000 BTU‬‬
‫‪24hr‬‬ ‫‪hr‬‬ ‫)‪(1-5‬‬
‫‪kJ‬‬
‫‪T .R = 210‬‬ ‫‪= 3.5 kW‬‬
‫‪min‬‬

‫ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺘﻔﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻝﻁﺭﺩ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺨﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﺩﻓﻊ ﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺃﻭ ﻀﺦ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻓﺭﻕ ﻓﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺴـﺎﺨﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﻤـﺎﺌﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻓﻭﻉ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﺃﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﺎ ‪‬ﺀ ﺃﻭ ﻫﻭﺍ ‪‬ﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻴﻀﺎً ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺭﺩ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﻴـﺯ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺩ ﺇﺯﺍﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻨﻪ ﻝﻠﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺯﻴـﺎﺩﺓ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺘﻔﻌﺔ ﻭﻨﻘﺼﺎﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴـﻴﺔ ﻭﺩﻭﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺴﻠﺒﻰ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻨﻘﺼﺎﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ)‪ (١-١‬ﺃﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻝﻠﺜﻼﺠﺔ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﺨـﺎﺭﺝ ﻗﺴـﻤﺔ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺍﻝﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺘﻔﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﻨﺩ ﺍﺭﺘﻔـﺎﻉ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺍﻝﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻭﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺘﻔﻌﺔ ﻴﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻝﻠﺜﻼﺠﺔ )ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻁﺭﺩﻴﺔ(‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨـﻰ‬
‫)‪ (١‬ﺸﻜل )‪ ، (٢-١‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺘﻔﻌﺔ ﻭﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀـﺔ‬
‫ﻴﺘﻨﺎﻗﺹ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ )ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻋﻜﺴﻴﺔ(‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ )‪ (٢‬ﺸﻜل )‪ ، (٢-١‬ﻭﻴﺘﻀﺢ ﻤﻤﺎ ﺴﺒﻕ ﺃﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل‬
‫ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﻴﺘﺤﺴﻥ ﺒﺎﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻭﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺘﻔﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺃﻓﻀل ﻤﺎ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻔـﺎﺭﻕ ﺒـﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺘﻔﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﺃﻗل ﻤﺎ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﻨﺎ ‪‬ﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻝﻙ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﺜﻼﺠﺔ ﻓﻰ‬
‫ﻓﺼل ﺍﻝﺸﺘﺎﺀ ﺃﻓﻀل ﻤﻥ ﻓﺼل ﺍﻝﺼﻴﻑ ﻻﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺠﻭ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺠﻰ ﺍﻝﺫﻯ ﻴـﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﺎﻗﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻓﺘﺢ ﻭﻗﻔل ﺍﻝﺜﻼﺠﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻴﻀـﹰﺎ ﺘﺒﺭﻴـﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﺒﻜﻔﺎﺀ ﹰﺓ ﻋﺎﻝﻴ ﹰﺔ‪.‬‬
 ‫‪Fig. 1-2 Effect of TH and TL on COPR‬‬

‫ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻕ )‪ ، ( ٢-١‬ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﺘﻌﺎﺩل ‪ 250 K‬ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺭﺘﻔﻌﺔ‬
‫ﺘﻌﺎﺩل ‪ ،320 K‬ﻭﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻴﻀﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻁﻔﻴﻑ ﻓﻰ ‪ TL‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﺜﺒﺎﺕ ‪ TH‬ﻴﺅﺩﻯ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻤﻠﺤﻭﻅ‬
‫ﻓﻰ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺜﺒﺎﺕ ‪ TL‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺃﻯ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻁﻔﻴﻑ ﻓﻰ ‪ TH‬ﻴﺅﺩﻯ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻕ‬
‫ﻓﻰ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻝﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻰ‪:‬‬

‫‪Data:‬‬ ‫‪TL = - 23 oC + 273 = 250 K‬‬

‫‪TH = 47 oC + 273 = 320 K‬‬

‫‪o‬‬
‫‪Required: COPR at the last temperature and with 5, 10, 15 C‬‬

‫‪change in TL and TH .‬‬

 ‫‪Solution:‬‬
‫‪TL‬‬ ‫‪250‬‬
‫= ‪C .O.PR‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪TH − TL 320 − 250‬‬
‫‪250‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪= 3.571‬‬
‫‪70‬‬
‫‪If TH = C, With 5, 10 and 15 oC increasing in TL:‬‬
‫‪255‬‬
‫‪C .O.PR‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 3.923‬‬
‫‪320 − 255‬‬
‫‪260‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪= 4.333‬‬
‫‪320 − 260‬‬
‫‪265‬‬
‫= ‪C .O .PR‬‬ ‫‪= 4.818‬‬
‫‪320 − 265‬‬
‫‪If TL = C, With 5, 10 and 15 oC decreasing in TH:‬‬
‫‪250‬‬
‫= ‪C .O.PR‬‬ ‫‪= 3.846‬‬
‫‪315 − 250‬‬
‫‪250‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪= 4.167‬‬
‫‪310 − 250‬‬
‫‪250‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪= 4.545‬‬
‫‪305 − 250‬‬
‫‪o‬‬
‫‪ 5‬ﺜﻼﺙ ﻤﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺜﺎل ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻨﻪ ﺒﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﺒﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ‪C‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻰ ‪ 250 K‬ﻭﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺘﻔﻌﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ‪ ، 320 K‬ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻰ ﻤﻌﺎﻤـل‬
‫ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻫﻭ ‪ ، 0.352 ‘ 0.762 ‘ 1.247‬ﻭﻝﻜﻥ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ‪250 K‬‬
‫ﻭﻨﻘﺼﺎﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺘﻔﻌﺔ ‪ 5 oC‬ﺜﻼﺙ ﻤﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻰ ‪ ، 320 K‬ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻰ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻫﻭ ‪ ، 0.275 ‘ 0.596 ‘ 0.975‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﺭﺸﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺘـﻰ ﻴﺠـﺏ‬
‫ﺇﺘﺒﺎﻋﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻭﺨﺎﺼ ﹰﺔ ﺍﻝﺜﻼﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺯﻝﻴﺔ ﻝﻜﻰ ﺘﻌﻤل ﻋﻨﺩ ﺃﻓﻀـل ﻤﻌﺎﻤـل ﺃﺩﺍﺀ‬
‫ﻨﻅﺭﻴﹰﺎ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﻡ ﺘﻭﻀﻴﺤﻪ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺘﻔﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‬
‫ﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻰ‪:‬‬
‫ﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻝﺜﻼﺠﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺠﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺘﻬﻭﻴﺔ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻻ ﺘﺭﺘﻔﻊ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺤـﻴﻁ‬ ‫‪.١‬‬
‫ﺒﺎﻝﺜﻼﺠﺔ ﻓﻴﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻝﻌﺩﻡ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﺒﻜﻔﺎﺀ ﹰﺓ ﻋﺎﻝﻴ ﹰﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻻ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻝﺜﻼﺠﺔ ﺒﺠﻭﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﻭﺍﺌﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﻴﺴﻘﻁ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻹﺸﻌﺎﻉ ﺍﻝﺸﻤﺴﻰ ﺒﺩﻭﻥ‬ ‫‪.٢‬‬
‫ﺘﺭﻙ ﻤﺴﺎﻓ ﹰﺔ ﻜﺎﻓﻴ ﹰﺔ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﺍﺭ ﺘﺴﻤﺢ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﺭ ﻝﻠﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺜﻼﺠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﺩﻡ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﺽ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻝﻠﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺒﻌﺜﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻓﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﻐﺎﺯ ﻭﻤﻭﺍﻗﺩ ﺍﻝﻁﻬﻰ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.٣‬‬
‫ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﻡ ﺘﻭﻀﻴﺢ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻝﻠﺜﻼﺠﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﻁﻭل ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﺍﻝﺜﻼﺠﺔ‬
‫ﻝﻠﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺘﺠﻤﻴﺩ ﻜﻤﻴﻪ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻯ ﺘﻅل ﺍﻝﺜﻼﺠﺔ ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﻁﻭﻴﻠﺔ ﻤﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺨﻔﺽ ﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﻝﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺘﺎﺩ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻤﺩ ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﻋﺩﻡ‬
‫ﺤﺩﻭﺙ ﺘﺠﻤﻴﺩ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻤﺩ ﻷﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻝﻡ ﺘﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﻤﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻤﺜﺎل ‪٢-١‬‬
‫‪o‬‬
‫‪، -40‬‬ ‫ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻴﻌﻤل ﺘﺒﻌﹰﺎ ﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ‪C‬‬
‫ﺃﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻝﻠﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻜﺜﻼﺠﺔ ﻭﻜﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﺘﺼﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻁـﺭﻭﺩﺓ ﺇﺫﺍ‬
‫ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻐل ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺫﻭل ﻴﻌﺎﺩل ‪ 1.2 kW‬ﻝﻜل ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﻁﻥ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪Data:‬‬ ‫‪TL= -40+273=233 K‬‬

‫‪W.D = 1.2 kW/T.R‬‬
‫‪Required: COPR , TH , QH , COPHP‬‬
‫‪Solution:‬‬
‫‪QL‬‬ ‫‪1 × 3.5‬‬
‫= ‪C.O.PR‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 2.916‬‬
‫‪W .D‬‬ ‫‪1.2‬‬
 ‫‪TL‬‬
‫= ‪C.O.PR‬‬
‫‪TH − T L‬‬

‫‪233‬‬
‫= ‪2.916‬‬ ‫‪, TH = 312.9‬‬ ‫‪K‬‬
‫‪TH − 233‬‬
‫‪QH = W .D + QL = 1.2 + 3.5 = 4.7‬‬ ‫‪kW‬‬
‫‪QH‬‬ ‫‪4.7‬‬
‫= ‪C .O .PH‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 3.916‬‬
‫‪W .D 1.2‬‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭﺕ ﺘﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺭﻁﺏ ﻜﻭﺴﻁ ﻋﺎﻤل‬
‫ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺯﺍﻝﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭﺕ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺘﻔﻌﺔ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺜﺒـﻭﺕ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻝﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺜﺎﻝﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻘﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﹰﺎ ﺒﺘﻜﺜﻴﻑ ﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺠﺎﻑ ﻤﺸـﺒﻊ ﺇﻝـﻰ ﺴـﺎﺌل‬
‫ﻤﺸﺒﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﺎﻝﻤﺜل ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﺘﺼﺔ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻭﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺜﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻭﻴﻤﻜـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺒﺈﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺘﺒﺨﻴﺭ ﻝﺴﺎﺌل ﻤﺸﺒﻊ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺠﺎﻑ ﻤﺸﺒﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻭﻗﻴـﻊ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜـﺎﺭﻨﻭﺕ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ‪ T-S‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺸﻜل )‪.(٣-١‬‬

‫ﻤﻥ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ‪ ، T-S‬ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺨﻁ ‪ x = 0‬ﻫﻭ ﺨﻁ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺒﻊ ‪ x =1 ،‬ﻫﻭ ﺨﻁ ﺍﻝﺒﺨﺎﺭ‬

‫ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺒﻊ ﻭﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻴﻀﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﺜﺒـﻭﺕ ﺍﻝﻀـﻐﻁ ﻭﺩﺭﺠـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺘﻨﻁﺒﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻓﻘﻰ ﻓﻰ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﺏ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻤـﺎ ﻴﻌﻨـﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭﺕ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﻓﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻤﺜﻴل ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭﺕ ‪ 1-2-3-4-1‬ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻓﻰ ﺃﻯ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﻤﺤﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﻝﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﺜل ﺍﻝـﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﻴـﺯﺓ ﺒﻌﻼﻤـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺸﺭﻁﺔ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻝﺭﻗﻡ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ ‪1‬ﻭﻫﻰ ﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺭﻁﺏ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻀـﻐﻁ ﻭﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫‪ 2‬ﻭﻫﻰ ﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺠﺎﻑ ﻤﺸﺒﻊ‪ ،‬ﺜﻡ ﻴـﺘﻡ ﻁـﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻰ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻝﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺠﻰ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺘﻜﺜﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤل ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻝﻀـﻐﻁ‬
‫‪ 4‬ﻓﻰ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﺨـﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻝﺔ ‪ 3‬ﻭﻫﻰ ﺴﺎﺌل ﻤﺸﺒﻊ ﺜﻡ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻰ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻝﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺭﻁﺏ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺴﺤﺏ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﻴﺯ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺩ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩﻩ ﻋﻥ‬
‫ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺘﺒﺨﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤل ﻭﺘﺤﻭﻴﻠﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺭﻁﺏ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻝﺔ ‪ 4‬ﺇﻝﻰ ﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺭﻁﺏ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻝﺔ‬
‫‪ 1‬ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪.‬‬

‫‪Fig. 1-3 T-S diagram for reversed carnot cycle‬‬

‫ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺜﺭﻤﻭﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﻰ ﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ‪T-S‬‬

‫ﺍﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﺘﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺭﻁﺏ ﻜﻭﺴﻁ ﻋﺎﻤـل‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ‪ T-S‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺒﺸﻜل )‪ ( ٣-١‬ﻭﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻵﺘﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪Process 1-2,‬‬ ‫‪Isentropic Compression, s = c.‬‬

‫‪q1-2 = 0,‬‬ ‫)‪w1-2 = (i2 - i1‬‬

‫‪Process 2-3,‬‬ ‫‪Isothermal Condensation, P = c, T = c.‬‬

 w2-3 = 0, q2-3 = TH(s2 - s3)

Process 3-4, Isentropic Expansion, s = c.

q3-4 = 0, w3-4 = (i3 - i4 )

Process 4-1, Isothermal Evaporation, P = c, T = c.

w4-1 = 0, q4-1 = TL(s1 - s4)

‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻻ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺸﻐل ﻤﺒﺫﻭل ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻁﺭﺩ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ) ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺜﻴـﻑ( ﻭﺴـﺤﺏ‬
.‫ ﺃﻴﻀﹰﺎ ﺍﻝﺸﻐل ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺫﻭل ﻓﻰ ﺸﻭﻁ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻻ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺸﻐل ﻓﻰ ﺸﻭﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﻤﺩﺩ‬،(‫ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺨﻴﺭ‬

work net = cyclic ∫ δw

wnet = w1−2 − w3−4
= (i2 − i1 ) − (i3 − i4 )
= (i2 − i3 ) − (i1 − i4 )
= TH ( s2 − s3 ) − TL ( s1 − s4 )
q4−1
C.O.PR =
wnet
i1 − i4
=
(i2 − i3 ) − (i1 − i4 )
 ‫) ‪T1 ( s1 − s4‬‬
‫=‬
‫) ‪T2 ( s2 − s3 ) − T1 ( s1 − s4‬‬
‫‪s2 − s3 = s1 − s4 = ∆s‬‬
‫‪T1‬‬ ‫‪TL‬‬
‫= ‪C.O.PR‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪T2 − T1 TH − TL‬‬
‫ﻴﺘﻀﺢ ﻤﻤﺎ ﺴﺒﻕ ﺃﻨﺔ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﺭﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻤﺜـﺎﻝﻰ‬
‫ﻜﻭﺴﻁ ﻋﺎﻤل ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺭﻁﺏ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﻔﺭﻕ ﻫﻭ ﺃﻥ ﺸﻐل ﺸﻭﻁ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﺸﻐل ﺸـﻭﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﻓﻰ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻤﺜﺎﻝﻰ‪ ،‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺒﺨـﺎﺭ ﺭﻁـﺏ‬
‫ﻓﺈﻥ ﺸﻐل ﺸﻭﻁ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺸﻐل ﺸﻭﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﻤﺩﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭﺕ ﻓـﻰ ﻤﻨﻁﻘـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﺏ ‪ ،‬ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻤﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻘﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﹰﺎ ﺩﺍﺨل ﻤﺒﺎﺩل ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻯ ﻴﺴﻤﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻁﺭﺩ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻘﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﹰﺎ ﺩﺍﺨل ﻤﺒﺎﺩل ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻯ ﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ‪ ،‬ﻭﻨﻼﺤﻅ‬
‫ﺃﻴﻀﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺸﻭﻁ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀ ‪ 1 - 2‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﻓﻰ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﺏ ﻭﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﺴـﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤل ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﺴﺎﺌل‪.‬‬

‫‪Fig. 1-4-a Flow diagram for reversed carnot cycle out of wet region.‬‬
 ‫‪Fig. 1-4-b T-S diagram for reversed carnot cycle out of wet region.‬‬

‫ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻭﻑ ﺠﻴﺩﹰﺍ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻀـﻭﺍﻏﻁ ﺒﺄﻨﻭﺍﻋﻬـﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ ﺘﺴـﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻝﻀـﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻐـﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻝﻀﺦ ﺍﻝﺴﻭﺍﺌل‪ .‬ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻝﻜﻰ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺒﺫل ﺸﻐل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻐـﺎﺯ ﻭﺭﻓـﻊ ﻀـﻐﻁﻪ‬
‫ﺒﺈﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻰ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻭﺤﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻁﻭﺭ ) ﻏﺎﺯ ﺠﺎﻑ ﻤﺸﺒﻊ ‪ .( x=1‬ﻭﻝﺘﺤﻘﻴـﻕ ﺫﻝـﻙ‬
‫ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻨﺘﻬﻰ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺴﺤﺏ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ‪ 4 -1‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﺨﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻊ ﻝﻠﻐﺎﺯ ‪ .‬ﻭﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺒﺸﻜل ‪ .٤-١‬ﻭﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻴﻀﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒـﻰ‬
‫ﻭﻴﻘﻊ ﺒﻜﺎﻤﻠﻪ ﻓﻰ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻤﺹ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ ‪ 2‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻘـﻪ‬ ‫ﻴﺒﺩﺃ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ ‪1‬‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﹰﺎ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﻀﻭﺍﻏﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓﺔ ﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻁﺭﺩ ﺍﻝﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﺜﺒـﻭﺕ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺘﻔﻌﺔ ‪ TH‬ﻴﻘﻊ ﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻨﻪ \‪ 2-2‬ﻓﻰ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻤﺹ ﻭﺍﻝﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻵﺨﺭ ‪ 2\-3‬ﻴﻘـﻊ‬
‫ﻓﻰ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﺏ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﻯ ﻝﻠﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻜﺎﻵﺘﻰ‪:‬‬
 ‫‪w1−2 = i2 − i1‬‬
‫‪w3−4 = i3 − i4‬‬
‫) \‪w2−2\ = T2 ( s2 − s 2\ ) − ( i2 − i2‬‬
‫‪wnet = w1−2 + w2−2\ − w3−4‬‬
‫) ‪wnet = Area122\ 341 = ( T2 − T1 )( s2 − s3‬‬
‫‪q4 −1 = i1 − i4 = Area4 ab14‬‬
‫) ‪q4 −1 = T1 ( s1 − s4‬‬
‫‪q 4 −1‬‬ ‫‪T1‬‬
‫= ‪C .O.PR‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪wnet T2 − T1‬‬

‫ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺴـﺘﺒﺩل ﺇﺠـﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﺘﻤـﺩﺩ ‪٤-٣‬‬
‫‪/‬‬
‫ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻰ ﺒﺈﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺨﻨﻕ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﺜﺎﻝﺒﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀ ‪٢-١‬‬
‫ﻻ ﻤﻥ ﻀﺎﻏﻁﻴﻥ ‪ ،‬ﻷﻥ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻗﺎﺒل ﻝﻠﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻠـﻰ ﻓـﻰ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺒﺩ ﹰ‬
‫ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻴﻠﺯﻡ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺒﻜﺎﻤﻠﻪ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻰ ﻭﻫـﺫﺍ ﻴﻠـﺯﻡ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀ ‪ ٢-١‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻰ ﻭﻴﻨﺘﻬﻰ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺨﻁ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻝﻠﺩﻭﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ‬
‫ﻻ ﻤﻥ ﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﺘﻤﺩﺩ ‪ ٤-٣‬ﻓﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻁﺭﺩ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺒﺩ ﹰ‬
‫ﻴﺘﻡ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﺜﺎﻝﺒﻴﺎ )ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺨﻨﻕ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻝﺸﻜل )‪ ( ٥-١‬ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺭﻯ ﻝﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ‪ T- S‬ﻭﻗﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل )‪-١‬‬
‫‪ ( ٥‬ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﻭﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫﻫﺎ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻡ ﺇﺩﺨـﺎل ﺒﻌـﺽ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺩﻴﻼﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﻓﻰ ﺸﻜل )‪ ( ٤-١‬ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﺫﻜﺭﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒـل ﻭﻝﻜـﻰ‬
‫ﺘﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻠﻰ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻰ‪:‬‬
 ‫‪Fig. 1-5 T-S diagram for actual refrigeration cycle.‬‬

‫ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻰ ﻝﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺠﺎﻑ ﻤﺸﺒﻊ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁـﺔ ‪ ١‬ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻀـﻐﻁ ﻭﺩﺭﺠـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ ‪ ٢‬ﻝﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﻤﺤﻤﺹ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺘﻔﻌﺔ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ‬
‫ﻀﺎﻏﻁ‪.‬‬
‫‪Process 1-2, Isentropic Compression, s = c.‬‬

‫‪w1 – 2 = (i2 – i1),‬‬ ‫‪q1 – 2 = 0‬‬

‫ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺜﻴﻑ ﺃﻭ ﻁﺭﺩ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ ‪ ٢‬ﻝﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﻤﺤﻤﺹ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ ‪٣‬‬
‫ﻝﺴﺎﺌل ﻤﺸﺒﻊ‪.‬‬
‫‪Process 2-3, Heat rejected at constant pressure, P = c.‬‬
 ‫‪q2 - 3 = (i2 - i3),‬‬ ‫‪w2 - 3 = 0‬‬
‫ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺨﻔﺽ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ )ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺨﻨﻕ( ﻝﺴﺎﺌل ﻤﺸﺒﻊ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ ‪ ٣‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﺜﺎﻝﺒﻴﺎ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ ‪٤‬‬
‫ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ ‪ ٤‬ﻫﻰ ﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺭﻁﺏ ﺃﻯ‬
‫ﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﻤﻥ ﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺠﺎﻑ ﻤﺸﺒﻊ ﻭﺴﺎﺌل ﻤﺸﺒﻊ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺌل ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺨﻠـﻴﻁ‬
‫ﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻝﺠﻔﺎﻑ ) ‪.( Dryness fraction, x‬‬
‫‪Process 3-4, Throttling process at constant enthalpy, i = c.‬‬

‫‪q3 – 4 = 0,‬‬ ‫‪w3 – 4 = 0‬‬

‫ﻭﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻤﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺃﻴﻀﹰﺎ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﻰ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ ‪ ٤‬ﻝﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺭﻁﺏ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ ‪ ١‬ﻭﻫﻰ ﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺠﺎﻑ ﻤﺸﺒﻊ‪.‬‬

‫‪Process 4-1, Heat added at constant temperature and constant pressure,‬‬

‫‪P = c, T = c.‬‬
‫)‪q4 - 1 = (i1 - i4‬‬

‫ﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﻭﺴﺎﺌﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‬

‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻭﻑ ﺃﻥ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺃﺒﺨﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺴﻭﺍﺌل ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓﺔ ﻤﺜل ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ‪ ,‬ﺍﻝﻔﺭﻴﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﻷﻤﻭﻨﻴﺎ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬
‫ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺘﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪f ( p, t, v, i, u, s ) = 0‬‬ ‫)‪(1-6‬‬

‫ﻭﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻨﻘﻴﺔ ﻴﺤﺩﺩﻫﺎ ﺨﺎﺼﻴﺘﺎﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺘﺎﻥ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻝﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺘﺒﺴﻁ‬
‫ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ ) ‪ t = f ( p, v‬ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﺒﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﻝﻠﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤل‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺒﺎﺴـﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻝﺜﺭﻤﻭﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ ‪ 1-6‬ﻭﺠﻌل ﺃﻯ ﺨﺎﺼﺘﻴﻥ ﻜﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ ﺭﺃﺴـﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻓﻘﻴـﺔ ﻝﺭﺴـﻡ‬
‫ﺨﺭﻴﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﺨﻭﺍﺹ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠـﻰ ‪ ١٥‬ﺨﺭﻴﻁـﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻝﻜﻥ ﺍﻝﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﺍﻷﻜﺜﺭ ﺸﻴﻭﻋﹰﺎ ﻭﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﹰﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻫﻰ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻰ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ‪-‬ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ) ‪ ( T - S‬ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻀﺤﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺸﻜل )‪.(٥-١‬‬

‫‪ - ٢‬ﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ‪ -‬ﺍﻻﻨﺜﺎﻝﺒﻴﺎ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ) ‪ ( P - i‬ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻀﺤﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺸﻜل )‪.(٦-١‬‬

‫‪Fig. 1-6 Pressure - enthalpy ( p - i ) chart for refrigerants.‬‬

‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﻓﻰ ﺸﻜل )‪ ( ٦-١‬ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺨﺭﻴﻁﺔ ﻤﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﻤﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﻋـﻥ‬
‫ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺨﻁ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺒﻊ ﻋﻨﺩ ‪ x = 0‬ﻭﺨﻁ ﺍﻝﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﺸـﺒﻊ ‪ ، x = 1‬ﻭﺘﺴـﻤﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻴﺴﺎﺭ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺒﻊ ﺒﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺭﺩ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺌﻠﺔ ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﻅﺭﺓ ﻝﻀﻐﻁﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﺘﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻴﻤﻴﻥ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺒﻊ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﻭﺴـﻴﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﻤﺤﻤﺹ‪ .‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺒﻊ ﻭﺍﻝﺒﺨـﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺠـﺎﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺒﻊ ﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﺏ ﺘﻤﺜل ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺒـﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺤﺎﻝﺘﻰ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺒﻊ ﻭﺍﻝﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺒﻊ ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﺨـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺒﻊ ﻭﺍﻝﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺒﻊ‪ ،‬ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺒﻊ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ‪ 0 %‬ﻭﺘـﺯﺩﺍﺩ‬
‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﺍﺒﺘﻌﺩﻨﺎ ﺠﻬﺔ ﺍﻝﻴﻤﻴﻥ ﺍﻓﻘﻴﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺨﻁ ﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﺨﺎﺭ ‪100 %‬‬
‫ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻴﻁ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﻨﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺒﻊ ﺍﻤﺘﺹ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤﻨﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺒﺨﻴﺭ ﻭﺘﺤﻭل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﻐﺎﺯﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻊ ﻝﻠﺴﺎﺌل ﻭﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻊ ﻝﻠﺒﺨـﺎﺭ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺤـﻭﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻓﻘﻰ ﺘﻤﺜل ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤﻨﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺒﺨﻴﺭ‪ .‬ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻴﻀﹰﺎ ﺃﻨﺔ ﺒﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻀـﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺸـﺒﻊ ﺘﻘـل ﻗﻴﻤـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤﻨﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺒﺨﻴﺭ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻨﺼل ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺠﺔ ﻭﻋﻨﺩﻫﺎ ﻴﺘﺤﻭل ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺌل ﺇﻝﻰ ﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﻤﺒﺎﺸـﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻭﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤﻨﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺒﺨﺭ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﺼﻔﺭ‪ .‬ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺁﺨﺭ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻝﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤﻨـﺔ‬
‫ﻝﻠﺘﺒﺨﺭ ﺘﻘل ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺍﻝﻌﻜﺱ ﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻭﺍﻀﺢ ﻤﻥ ﺨﺭﻴﻁﺔ )‪.(P - i‬‬

‫ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺨﺭﻴﻁﺔ ‪ P - i‬ﻴﻤﺜل ﺍﻻﻨﺜﺎﻝﺒﻴﺎ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ )‪ (kJ/kg‬ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺤـﻭﺭ‬

‫ﺍﻝﺭﺃﺴﻰ ﻴﻤﺜل ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ) ‪ ( bar or Mpa‬ﻭﺘﻨﻁﻕ ﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻴﺠﺎﺒﺴﻜﺎل‪ .‬ﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ )‪ (K‬ﻭﺘﻨﻁﻕ ﻜﻠﻔﻥ ﻭﻫﻰ ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒﹰﺎ ﺭﺃﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻝﻤﺒـﺭﺩ ﺘﺤـﺕ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻊ ﻭﺃﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﺏ ﻭﻤﺎﺌﻠﺔ ﺒﺸﺩﺓ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﺴﻔل ﻓﻰ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻤﺹ‬
‫ﺠﻬﺔ ﺍﻝﻴﻤﻴﻥ‪ .‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻰ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ))‪ (kJ/(kg. K‬ﻓﻬﻰ ﻤﺎﺌﻠﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﺸﺩﺓ ﻓـﻰ‬
‫ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻤﺹ‪ .‬ﻭﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻰ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓـﺔ ﺒﻭﺤـﺩﺍﺕ )‪ (m3/kg‬ﻝﻠﺤﺠـﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻰ ﺃﻭ )‪ (kg/m3‬ﻝﻠﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺎﺌﻠﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻰ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻤﺹ ﻭﻝﻜﻥ ﻤﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺃﻗل‬
‫ﺒﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻴل ﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻰ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ – ﺍﻻﻨﺜﺎﻝﺒﻴﺎ ﺒﻜﺜـﺭﺓ ﻓـﻰ‬
‫ﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻜﻴﻴﻑ ﻝﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻴﺘﺜﻨﻰ ﻝﻔﻨﻰ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻬﻨﺩﺴﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻜﻴﻴﻑ‬
‫ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻝﻠﻤﺒﺨﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺤﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﻜﺜﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﻗـﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻀـﻭﺍﻏﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒـﺔ‬
‫ﻝﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺤﻤل ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻤﻌﻴﻥ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻰ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﺴـﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺨـﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴـﺩ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻜﻴﻴﻑ‪.‬‬

‫ﻤﺜﺎل ‪٣-١‬‬
‫ﻓﻰ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻴﻌﻤل ﺒﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻤﻭﻨﻴﺎ ‪ ، NH3 ،‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻫﻰ‬
‫ﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺠﺎﻑ ﻤﺸﺒﻊ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻀﻐﻁ ‪ ، 1 bar‬ﻭﺘﻡ ﻀﻐﻁ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻰ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻀـﻐﻁ ‪15‬‬
‫‪ ، bar‬ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻰ ﺒﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﻜﻬﺭﺒﻰ‪ ،‬ﺤﺩﺩ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﻋﻨـﺩ ﺒﺩﺍﻴـﺔ ﻭﻨﻬﺎﻴـﺔ ﺸـﻭﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻤﻊ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺸﻐل ﺍﻝﻼﺯﻡ ﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻭﺍﻝﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ ﻝﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺒـﺎﻝﻜﻴﻠﻭﺍﺕ ﺇﺫﺍ‬
‫‪100‬‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻌﺩل ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻫﻭ ‪ 0.1 kg/s‬ﻤﻊ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﻀـﺎﻏﻁ‬

‫‪.%‬‬

‫‪Data: NH3, P1 = 1 bar, x = 1, compression isentropic, s = c, P2 = 15 bar.‬‬

‫‪Required: W.D and Power of compressor by kW, if m = 0.1 kg/s.‬‬

 ‫‪Solution‬‬
‫ﻨﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺘﻭﻗﻴﻊ ﻭﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺒﻊ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻀﻐﻁ ‪ 1 bar‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺨﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻊ ﻜﻤـﺎ ﻫـﻭ‬
‫ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺨﺭﻴﻁﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﻭﻨﻴﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ ‪ ٢‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺨﻁ ﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻰ‪.‬‬
‫‪From ammonia chart, we can deduce the followings,‬‬
‫‪Parameter‬‬ ‫‪Point 1‬‬ ‫‪Point 2‬‬
‫‪i, kJ/kg‬‬ ‫‪480‬‬ ‫‪900‬‬
‫)‪s, kJ/(kg. k‬‬ ‫‪10.8‬‬ ‫‪10.8‬‬
‫‪ρ, kg/m3‬‬ ‫‪0.90‬‬ ‫‪7.00‬‬
‫‪t, oC‬‬ ‫‪-35‬‬ ‫‪177‬‬

‫‪W .D = i2 − i1 = 900 − 480 = 420‬‬ ‫‪kJ / kg‬‬

‫‪Power = m& × W .D = 0.1 × 420 = 42‬‬ ‫‪kW‬‬
‫ﻤﺜﺎل ‪٤-١‬‬
‫ﺴﺎﺌل ﻤﺸﺒﻊ ﻤﻥ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻓﺭﻴﻭﻥ ‪ ١٢‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﻀﻐﻁ ‪ ، 10 bar‬ﺘﻡ ﺨﻔﺽ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ ﺒﺈﺠﺭﺍﺀ‬
‫‪ ، 1‬ﺤﺩﺩ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻭﻜـﺫﻝﻙ ﻨﺴـﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺨﻨﻕ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﺜﺎﻝﺒﻴﺎ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻀﻐﻁ ‪bar‬‬

‫ﺍﻝﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺌل ﻝﻜل ‪. 1 kg‬‬

‫‪Data: R-12, P1 = 10 bar, throttling process 1→2, i = c, P2 = 1 bar.‬‬
‫‪Required: condition after throttling and dryness fraction, x.‬‬
‫‪Solution‬‬

‫ﻨﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺘﻭﻗﻴﻊ ﻭﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺒﻊ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻀﻐﻁ ‪ 10 bar‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺨﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻊ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﻭﻀـﺢ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺨﺭﻴﻁﺔ ﻓﺭﻴﻭﻥ ‪ ، ١٢‬ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ ‪ ٢‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺨﻁ ﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﺜﺎﻝﺒﻴﺎ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻀﻐﻁ ‪١‬ﺒﺎﺭ‪.‬‬
‫‪From chart of R-12,‬‬

‫‪Point 1, at x = 0, P1 = 10 bar.‬‬

‫‪we can locate, i1 = 460 kJ/kg.‬‬

‫‪Point 2, at i1 = i2 = 460 kJ/kg, P2 = 1 bar.‬‬

‫‪We can locate, wet vapor, x = 42 %, s = 4.37 kJ/(kg. k),‬‬
‫‪ρ = 14.5 kg/m3.‬‬
‫ﻤﺜﺎل ‪٥-١‬‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻝﻬﺎ ﻤﻌﺎﻤـل ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ‪ ، 6‬ﻭﻤﻘـﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﺸـﻐل ﻓـﻰ ﺸـﻭﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ‪ ، 15 kW‬ﺃﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺘﻔﻌﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﺘﺼﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺭﺩ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺃﺤﺴﺏ‬
 .‫ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﺭﻭﺩﺓ‬
Data: Carnot cycle, C.O.PR = 6, W.D = 15 kW.
Required: TH/TL, QL, C.O.PH, QH.
Solution

TL
C .O .PR = =6
T H − TL
6 × ( TH − TL ) = TL
6 × TH = 7 × T L
TH 7
=
TL 6
QL
C .O .PR =
W .D
Q
6= L
15
QL = 90 kW

For Heat Pump,

7
TL
TH 6 1.167
C .O .PH = = = =7
TH − TL 7 0.167
T L − TL
6
Q
C .O .PH = H
W .D
Q
7= H
15
QH = 105 kW
 ‫ﺃﺴﺌﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻭل‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﺍﻝﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪ -٢‬ﺍﻝﺜﻼﺠﺔ‬ ‫‪ -١‬ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‬ ‫‪ -١‬ﻋﺭﻑ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻰ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻁﻥ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺜﻡ ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ )‪.(kW, kJ/min, BTU/hr‬‬

‫‪ -٢‬ﺃﺭﺴﻡ ﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁﻰ ﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭﺕ ﻭﺃﻴﻀﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ‪ T-S‬ﻝﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻵﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺩﻭﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻤﻊ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻝﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺜﻼﺠﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻜﺩﺍﻝﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻝﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺭﺘﻔﻌﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٣‬ﺃﺜﺒﺕ ﺃﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭﺕ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻜﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻴﻌﺎﺩل‪:‬‬

‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﻤﻘﻠﻭﺏ ﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻝﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻜﺜﻼﺠﺔ ﺯﺍﺌﺩ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٤‬ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭﺕ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺘﻌﻤل ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﻴﻥ ﻝﻠﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻫﻤـﺎ ‪ 258 ,303 K‬ﻭﺘﻤـﺘﺹ‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺘﻌﺎﺩل ‪ . 35 kW‬ﺃﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻜﺜﻼﺠﺔ ﻭﻜﻤﻀـﺨﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴـﺔ ﻭﻜـﺫﻝﻙ ﺍﻝﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻁﺭﻭﺩﺓ ﻝﻠﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺨﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ ﻝﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻵﻝﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٥‬ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭﺕ ﻝﻠﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺘﻌﻤل ﻜﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺘﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺸﻐل ﻗﺩﺭﻩ ‪ 9 kW‬ﻝﺩﻓﻊ ‪ 50 kW‬ﻜﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻝﻠﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺨﻥ ﻋﻨﺩ ‪ .22 oC‬ﺃﺤﺴﺏ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﺘﺼﺔ‬
‫ﻤﻨﻪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٦‬ﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭﺕ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‪ .‬ﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺭﺘﻔﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل‬
‫ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻜﺜﻼﺠﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﺃﻓﻀل ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﺜﻼﺠﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻓﺼل ﺍﻝﺼﻴﻑ ﺃﻡ ﺍﻝﺸﺘﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﻤﺘﻰ ﻴﻜـﻭﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻤـل‬
‫ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﺃﻓﻀل ﻤﺎ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ‪.‬‬
 ‫‪ -٧‬ﻋﻠل ﻝﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺃﻋﻁﺎل ﺍﻝﺜﻼﺠﺎﺕ ﻓﻰ ﻓﺼل ﺍﻝﺼﻴﻑ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٨‬ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺜﺭﻤﻭﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﻰ ﻴﻌﻤل ﺘﺒﻌﹰﺎ ﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭﺕ ﻝﻠﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-10,‬‬ ‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺨﻨﺔ ‪ 35 oC‬ﻭ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﺍﻝﻰ ﻫﻰ ‪-20‬‬
‫‪ ، oC 5‬ﺃﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻜﺜﻼﺠﺔ ﻭﻜﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺍﻝﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻭﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺭﺩﺓ ‪ -20 oC‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺨﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﺍﻝﻰ ﻫﻰ ‪15, 25, 45,‬‬
‫‪ ، 35 oC‬ﺃﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻜﺜﻼﺠﺔ ﻭﻜﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺨﻨﺔ ﻭﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ‪.‬‬
‫ﺕ‪ -‬ﻋﻠﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺒﺘﻌﻠﻴﻕ ﻤﺨﺘﺼﺭ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٩‬ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭﺕ ﺘﻌﻤل ﻜﺜﻼﺠﺔ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻴﻁ ﺒﺎﻝﺠﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺭﺩ ﻭﺍﻝﺴﺎﺨﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﺍﻝﻰ‬
‫‪ -12, 32 oC‬ﻭﺘﺴﺘﻬﻠﻙ ﺸﻐل ﻴﻌﺎﺩل ‪. 7.5 Hp‬ﺃﺤﺴﺏ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺒـﺎﺭﺩ ﻭﺍﻝﺴـﺎﺨﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﺘﺼﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻁﺭﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -١٠‬ﺃﺸﺭﺡ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﺭﺴﻡ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ‪ T-S‬ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺒﺨـﺎﺭ ﺭﻁـﺏ‬
‫ﻜﻭﺴﻁ ﻋﺎﻤل‪ .‬ﻭﻝﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﺜﻼﺠﺔ ﺘﻌﻤل ﺘﺒﻌﹰﺎ ﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭﺕ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺭﻁـﺏ‬
‫ﻭﺘﻌﻤل ﻓﻰ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﺏ ﻓﻘﻁ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -١١‬ﻝﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻋﻤل ﺍﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻓﻰ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﺏ‪.‬‬

 ‫ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻰ‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ‬
‫‪Simple Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycles‬‬

‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ‬

‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺒﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁﻰ ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﻫـﻰ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﻭﺍﻝﻰ ‪ ،‬ﻤﺒﺨﺭ ‪ ،‬ﻀﺎﻏﻁ ‪ ،‬ﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻭﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺘﻤﺩﺩ )ﻨﺎﺸﺭ( ﻜﻤﺎ ﺒﺸﻜل )‪ ، (١-٢‬ﻭﺘﻌﻤل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝـﺩﻭﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻊ ﻝﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺤﻭﻨﺔ ﺒﻪ ﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻰ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﻴﻔﺘﺭﺽ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺠﺎﻑ ﻤﺸﺒﻊ ﻭﻴﺩﺨل ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻜﺎﺜﻑ ﻴﺘﺭﻙ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺸـﺒﻊ ﻭﻫـﻭ‬
‫ﺴﺎﺌل ﻤﺸﺒﻊ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ‪ .‬ﺜﻡ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺍﻝﻀـﺎﻏﻁ ﺒﺴـﺤﺏ ﺒﺨـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺠﺎﻑ ﻤﺸﺒﻊ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻭﻀﻐﻁﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜـﻑ‬
‫ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﻓﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺸﻐل ﺨﺎﺭﺠﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻰ‪ .‬ﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﺒﺨﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﻤﺤﻤﺹ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻭﻴﺩﺨل ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻭﻴﻔﻘﺩ‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻤﻴﺹ ﻭﻴﺘﺤﻭل ﺇﻝﻰ ﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﻤﺸﺒﻊ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺜﻡ ﻴﻔﻘﺩ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤﻨﺔ ﻝﻴﺘﺤـﻭل ﺇﻝـﻰ‬
‫ﺴﺎﺌل ﻤﺸﺒﻊ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺃﻴﻀﺎ"‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻷﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﺼﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﺒﺨﻁ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﺩ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﺼﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺒﺨﻁ ﺍﻝﺴﺤﺏ‪ .‬ﺜﻡ ﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜـﻑ‬
‫ﺴﺎﺌل ﻤﺸﺒﻊ ﻭﻴﺩﺨل ﺇﻝﻰ ﻭﺴﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻤﺩﺩ )ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺸﺭ( ﻭﻫﻰ ﺃﻨﺒﻭﺒﺔ ﺸـﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﺘﺴـﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻝﻭﺤـﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴـﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﻭﺼﻤﺎﻡ ﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﻝﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﺘﻌﻤل ﻭﺴﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺨﻔﺽ ﻀـﻐﻁ ﻭﺩﺭﺠـﺔ‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ )ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺨﻨﻕ( ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﺜﺎﻝﺒﻴﺎ ﻭﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻭﺴﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺸﻜل ﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺌل ﻭﺍﻝﺒﺨﺎﺭ )ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺭﺫﺍﺫ( ﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺭﻁﺏ‪ .‬ﻭﻴـﺩﺨل ﻫـﺫﺍ ﺍﻝـﺭﺫﺍﺫ ) ﺍﻝﺒﺨـﺎﺭ‬

‫‪٣١‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﺭﻁﺏ( ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻭﻴﻤﺘﺹ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ )ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤﻨﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺒﺨﻴﺭ( ﻭﻴﺘﺤﻭل ﺇﻝﻰ ﺒﺨـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺠﺎﻑ ﻤﺸﺒﻊ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺨﻁ ﺍﻝﺴﺤﺏ ﻤﺘﺠﻬﺎ" ﺇﻝـﻰ ﺍﻝﻀـﺎﻏﻁ‬
‫ﺨﻼل ﺨﻁ ﺍﻝﺴﺤﺏ‪.‬‬

‫‪Fig. 2-1 Simple vapor compression refrigeration machine.‬‬

‫‪٣٢‬‬
Fig. 2-2-a Flow diagram of simple vapor compression refrigeration
cycle.

Fig. 2-2-b T-s diagram for simple vapor compression refrigeration

cycle.

٣٣
‫ﻭﺍﻝﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻫﻰ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺱ ﻝﻜل ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ" ﺫﺍﺕ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻨﻀـﻐﺎﻁ‬
‫ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻰ ﻝﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﻀﺎﻏﻁ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﻜﻤﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺘﻘﺎﺭﻥ ﺒﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ ﻝﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻤﺩﻯ ﺘﺤﺴﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻝـﺫﻝﻙ ﺴـﻭﻑ‬
‫ﻨﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﺴـﻴﻁﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﺘﻔﺼـﻴل ‪ ،‬ﻭﺸـﻜل )‪ (٢-٢‬ﻴﺒـﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﻁـﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﻭﻀﻴﺤﻰ ﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﻭﺘﻤﺜﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ‪ -‬ﺍﻻﻨﺜﺎﻝﺒﻴﺎ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ )‬
‫‪ ، ( P - i‬ﻭﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻰ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ )‪ ( T - s‬ﻝﻜﻰ ﻴﺴﻬل ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﻋﻤل ﺘﺤﻠﻴل‬
‫ﺜﺭﻤﻭﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﻰ ﻭﺍﺘﺯﺍﻥ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻯ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻰ‪.‬‬

‫ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺜﺭﻤﻭﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﻰ ﻭﺍﺘﺯﺍﻥ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻯ ﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ‬

‫ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل ﺍﻝﺘﻭﻀﻴﺤﻰ ‪ 2 - 2 - a‬ﻭﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻝـﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬

‫ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ )‪ (P-i) ،( T-s‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺒﺸﻜل ‪ 2-2-c ، 2-2-b‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻰ ﻤﻊ ﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻰ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀ ‪ ،1-2‬ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺘﻜﺜﻴﻑ ﻭﻁـﺭﺩ‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺩﺍﺨل ﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀ ‪ ،2-3‬ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﻁﺭﺩ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻭﺴـﻁ‬
‫ﺨﺎﺭﺠﻰ ﻫﻭ ﻤﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ‪ ،‬ﺜﻡ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﺜﺎﻝﺒﻴـﺎ‬
‫ﻓﻰ ﺍﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀ ‪ 3-4‬ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﻨﺎﺸﺭ )ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺨﻨﻕ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺃﻨﺒﻭﺒﺔ ﺸﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺼﻤﺎﻡ ﺘﻤﺩﺩ( ‪ ،‬ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺘﺒﺨﻴﺭ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻤﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀ ‪ 4 --1‬ﺩﺍﺨل ﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻭﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺒﺨﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺭﻁﺏ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺠﺎﻑ ﻤﺸﺒﻊ ﻭﺍﻤﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻓﺭﺍﻍ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ‪،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻓﻰ ﺸـﻜل )‪.(٢– ٢‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻝﺜﺭﻤﻭﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﻰ ﻭﺍﻻﺘﺯﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﻯ ﻝﻺﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻴﺨﻀﻊ ﻝﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤـﺔ ﻝﻠﻁﺎﻗـﺔ‬
‫ﻝﻠﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻘﺭ ﻷﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪ - ١‬ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﺘﻤﺭ ﻓﻰ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺯﻤﻥ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﻭﻤﺴﺘﻘﺭﺓ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﺯﻤﻥ ﻓﻰ ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪٣٤‬‬
 ‫‪ - ٣‬ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻝﺸﻐل ﻤﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﺯﻤﻥ ﻓﻰ ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ‪.‬‬

‫‪Fig. 2-2-c P-i diagram for simple vapor compression refrigeration cycle.‬‬

‫ﻭﻝﺘﻭﻀﻴﺢ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻝﻠﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻘﺭ ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻓﻰ ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘـﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻬﻨﺩﺴـﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤل ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻴﺩﺨل ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻭﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﻤﻨﻪ ﺒﻤﻌﺩل ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﺯﻤﻥ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺴﺒﻴل ﺍﻝﻤﺜﺎل ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﻴﺩﺨل ﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻭﻗﻭﺩ ﻭﻴﺤﺘﺭﻕ ﺜﻡ ﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﺜﻡ ﺘﺨﺭﺝ ﻏﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﺩﻡ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﻅل ﺍﻝﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﺘﻌﻤل ﻓﻰ ﺍﺴﺘﻘﺭﺍﺭ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺘﺄﻤﻠﻨﺎ ﻓـﻰ‬
‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﺼﻭﺭﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﻫﻭ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﻔﺘﻭﺡ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﺸﻜل ﺍﻝﺘﻭﻀﻴﺤﻰ )‪-٢‬‬
‫‪ ،(٣‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤل ﻴﺩﺨل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﺨل ‪ ١‬ﺒﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺤﺠﻡ ﻨﻭﻋﻰ ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺜﻡ ﻴﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻝﻴـﻪ‬
‫ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻝﺤﺩﻭﺙ ﺍﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺃﻭ ﺘﻔﺎﻋل ﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻰ ﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺸﻐل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻜل ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﺜـﻡ ﻴﺨـﺭﺝ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤل ﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻝﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺭﺝ ‪ ٢‬ﺒﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺤﺠﻡ ﻨﻭﻋﻰ ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻋﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺩﺨل‪ .‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺘﻡ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺒﻘﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻻ ﺘﻔﻨﻰ ﻭﻻ ﺘﺴﺘﺤﺩﺙ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻯ ﺃﻥ ﻤﺠﻤـﻭﻉ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﺨﻠﺔ ﻷﻯ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺍﻝﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﻓﻌﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﺨل ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺤﺎﺼل ﻀﺭﺏ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻰ ‪ ، p1v1 ،‬ﻝﻠﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻝﻌﻤل ﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺸﻐل ﺍﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻴﻀﺎ"‬
‫ﺍﻝﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﺘﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺩﺨﻭل ﻝﻠﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤل ‪ ، u1 ،‬ﻭﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﻀﻊ ﻨﺘﻴﺠـﺔ‬
‫ﻗﻭﺓ ﺠﺫﺏ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻭﻨﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ‪ ، gz1 ،‬ﻭﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﺩﺨﻭل ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﻨﻌﺒـﺭ‬

‫‪٣٥‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺒﻨﺼﻑ ﻤﺭﺒﻊ ﺍﻝﺴﺭﻋﺔ ‪ .V2/2 ،‬ﻭﺍﻝﻁﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺭﺝ ‪ ٢‬ﻫﻰ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻝﻁﺎﻗﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﺨل ﻭﻝﻜﻥ ﺘﺄﺨﺫ ﺍﻝﺭﻤﺯ ‪ ،٢‬ﺒﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺍﻝﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ‪ ،q ،‬ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﺘﺩﺨل ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻝﺸـﻐل‬
‫ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻤﻨﻪ‪. w ،‬‬

‫‪Fig. 2-3 Engineering system for steady flow energy.‬‬

‫‪The Steady Flow Energy Equation is Given for Unit Mass as Follow,‬‬

‫‪V12‬‬ ‫‪V22‬‬
‫‪u1 + p1v1 +‬‬ ‫‪+ gz1 + q1−2 = u 2 + p2 v2 +‬‬ ‫‪+ gz 2 + w1−2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪where , i = u + pv , we get‬‬
‫‪V12‬‬ ‫‪V22‬‬
‫‪i1 +‬‬ ‫‪+ gz1 + q1−2 = i2 +‬‬ ‫‪+ gz 2 + w1−2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪ V22 − V12 ‬‬
‫‪q1−2 − w1−2 = ( i2 − i1 ) + ‬‬ ‫) ‪ + g ( z 2 − z1‬‬ ‫)‪(2 - 1‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻝﻁﺭﻑ ﺍﻷﻴﺴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭﺓ ‪ 2-1‬ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺤﺩﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﻭل ﻫﻭ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬

‫‪ q‬ﻭﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻰ ﻫﻭ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺸﻐل ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀ ‪ ،w1-2‬ﻭﺍﻝﻁﺭﻑ ﺍﻷﻴﻤﻥ‬ ‫‪1-2‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀ‬
‫ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺤﺩﻭﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻝﺤﺩ ﺍﻷﻭل ﻫﻭ ﺍﻝﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺸﻐل ﺍﻻﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﻝﻺﺠﺭﺍﺀ ‪) 1-2‬‬

‫‪٣٦‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﻨﺜﺎﻝﺒﻴﺎ ( ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﺤﺩ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻰ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻝﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻰ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺭﺝ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺩﺨل‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﺤﺩ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻝﺘﻐﻴﺭ‬
‫ﻓﻰ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﻀﻊ‪.‬‬

‫ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺨﻴﺭ ﻭﺍﻤﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬

‫ﺍﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀ ‪ 4-1‬ﻫﻭ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻝﺘﺒﺨﻴﺭ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺃﻯ ﻫﻭ‬
‫ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ‪ . Isothermal process or Isobaric process‬ﻭﻓﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻴﺩﺨل ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‬
‫ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﺒﺎﻝﺤﺎﻝﺔ ‪ 4‬ﻭﻫﻰ ﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺌل ﻭﺍﻝﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺒﻊ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻝﺫﻯ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺎﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻔﻌﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻫﻭ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻤﺘﺹ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤﻨﺔ ﻭﺘﺘﺒﺨﺭ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺠﺎﻑ ﻤﺸﺒﻊ ﻋﻨـﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻝﺔ ‪ .1‬ﻭﺠﺩﻴﺭ ﺒﺎﻝﺫﻜﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻝﺘﺒﺨﻴﺭ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺘﻤﺘﺹ ﻤـﻥ ﺤﻴـﺯ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻓﺭﺍﻍ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ" ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻤﺄﻜﻭﻻﺕ ‪ ،‬ﻤﺸﺭﻭﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪Fig. 2-4 Heat balance of various type of evaporators‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺒﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ ﻫﻰ ﻤﺒﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺤﻴﺯ ﺃﻭ ﺼﻨﺩﻭﻕ ﻤﻌﺯﻭل ﺒﻌﺎﺯل ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻯ )‪ ( Thermal insulation‬ﻝﺘﻘﻠﻴل ﺍﻝﻔﻘـﺩ ﺍﻝﺤـﺭﺍﺭﻯ ﺃﻭ‬

‫‪٣٧‬‬
‫ﺘﺴﺭﺏ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺠﻰ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﺍﻷﻗل ﻓﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻨﻘﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭﺍﺕ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻨﻭﻋﻴﻥ ﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﻴﻥ ﺤﺴﺏ ﻏﺭﺽ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺇﻤﺎ ﻤﺒﺨـﺭﺍﺕ ﺘﺴـﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬
‫ﻝﺤﻔﻅ ﺃﻏﺫﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺒﺨﺭﺍﺕ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺴﻭﺍﺌل ﻤﺜل ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻝﺒـﺎﻥ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻌﺼﺎﺌﺭ ﻫﻭ ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﻓﻰ ﺸﻜل )‪.(٤-٢‬‬

‫ﻤﺒﺨﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻏﺫﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺼﻠﺒﺔ‬

‫ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﻋﻤل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻏﺫﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨـﺭ ﺇﻝـﻰ‬
‫ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺩﺍﺨل ﻤﻠﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺤﻴﺯ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺇﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻝﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﺤﺭ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻓﺭﻭﻕ ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻝﻠﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺤﻴﺯ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺒﺎﻝﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﺠﺒـﺭﻯ‬
‫ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﻤﺭﻭﺤﺔ ﻜﻬﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻝﺘﻘﻠﻴﺏ ﺍﻝﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺤﻴﺯ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﻴﻜﺘﺴﺒﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻤﺭﻭﺭﻩ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻭﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻻﻨﺜﺎﻝﺒﻴﺎ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻝﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﺏ ﻋﻨـﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻝﺔ ‪ 4‬ﺇﻝﻰ ﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺠﺎﻑ ﻤﺸﺒﻊ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻝﺔ ‪ 1‬ﺒﻤﻌﺩل ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﻝﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ &‪ m‬ﻭﺘﺴﻤﻰ ‪Qe‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻰ ﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻭﺘﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻝﻠﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻝﻠﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻘﺭ ) ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ ‪،( 2-1‬‬
‫ﻭﺘﻬﻤل ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﻀﻊ ﻭﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ ‪ 2-1‬ﻨﻅﺭﺍ" ﻷﻨﻪ ﻻ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺒـﻴﻥ‬
‫ﻤﺩﺨل ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻭﻤﺨﺭﺠﻪ ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﺨﻭل ﻭﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻝﺨﺭﻭﺝ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻴـﺘﻡ‬
‫ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﻻ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺸﻐل ﻤﺒﺫﻭل ﻓﻰ ﺍﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻰ‪,‬‬

‫) ‪Qe = m& (i1 − i4‬‬ ‫‪2-2‬‬

‫ﺃﻤﺎ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﺘﻔﻘﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻷﻏﺫﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻔﻭﻅﺔ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺤﻴﺯ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻓﻰ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺯﻤﻥ ﻫﻰ‪,‬‬

‫= ‪Qp‬‬
‫‪mp‬‬
‫‪time‬‬
‫‪[C (t‬‬
‫‪pa‬‬ ‫‪i‬‬ ‫]‬
‫) ‪− t f ) + L.T + C pb (t f − t o‬‬ ‫‪2-3‬‬

‫ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬

‫‪٣٨‬‬
 ‫‪ : Qe‬ﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺓ ‪. kW‬‬
‫&‪ : m‬ﻤﻌﺩل ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺓ ‪. kg/s‬‬
‫‪ : Qp‬ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﺘﻔﻘﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺤﻴﺯ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺓ ‪. kW‬‬
‫‪ : mp‬ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺓ ‪. kg‬‬
‫‪ : time‬ﺯﻤﻥ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺓ ‪. s‬‬
‫‪ : Cpa‬ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﻤﺩ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺓ )‪. kJ/(kg. K‬‬
‫‪ : Cpb‬ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﻤﺩ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺓ )‪. kJ/(kg. K‬‬
‫‪ : L.T‬ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤﻨﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺠﻤﻴﺩ ﻝﻠﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺓ ‪.kJ/kg‬‬
‫‪ :‬ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺒﺩﺀ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺓ ‪.oC‬‬ ‫‪ti‬‬
‫‪ :‬ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺓ ‪. oC‬‬ ‫‪to‬‬
‫‪ :‬ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﻤﻴﺩ ﻝﻠﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺓ ‪. oC‬‬ ‫‪tf‬‬

‫ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ ‪ 2-3‬ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻝﻘﻭﺱ‪ ,‬ﺍﻝﺤﺩ ﺍﻷﻴﺴﺭ ﻴﻤﺜل ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺴﻭﺴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻔﻘﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﻗﺒل ﺃﻥ ﺘﺘﺠﻤﺩ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﺤﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﺴﻁ ﻴﻤﺜـل ﺍﻝﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤﻨـﺔ ﻝﺘﺠﻤﻴـﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﺍﻝﺤﺩ ﺍﻷﻴﻤﻥ ﻴﻤﺜل ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺴﻭﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﺘﻔﻘﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺘﺼـل ﺇﻝـﻰ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﻔﻅ‪ .‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ ﺘﻁﺒﻕ ﺤﺴﺏ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻝﻤـﺭﺍﺩ ﺤﻔﻅـﻪ‪ .‬ﻓﻤـﺜﻼ"‬
‫ﺍﻝﺨﻀﺭﺍﻭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻝﻔﻭﺍﻜﻪ ﻭﺍﻝﺒﻴﺽ ﺘﺤﻔﻅ ﻁﺎﺯﺠﺔ ﻻ ﺘﻤﺭ ﺒﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﻤﻴﺩ ﻭﻝﺫﻝﻙ ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻝﺤﺩ ﺍﻷﻴﺴﺭ ﻓﻘﻁ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ ‪ ) 2-3‬ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺴﻭﺴﺔ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﻤﻴﺩ(‪ ،‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻝﻠﺤﻭﻡ ﻭﺍﻝﺩﻭﺍﺠﻥ ﺘﺤﻔﻅ ﻤﺠﻤﺩﺓ ﻭﻝﺫﻝﻙ‬
‫ﺘﻁﺒﻕ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ ‪ 2-3‬ﺒﺤﺩﻭﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻝﺜﻼﺜﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺒﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ ‪ 2-3‬ﻴﺭﺍﻋﻰ ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﻜل‬
‫ﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﻭﺃﺴﻠﻭﺏ ﻭﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﻔﻅ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﻪ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻓﺭﻀﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻜل ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﻴﻔﻘﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻔﻭﻅ‬
‫ﺘﻨﺘﻘل ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ" ﺇﻝﻰ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻰ‪.‬‬

‫‪٣٩‬‬
 ‫‪Qe = Q p‬‬
‫‪Qp‬‬ ‫‪2-4‬‬
‫= &‪m‬‬
‫‪i1 − i4‬‬

‫ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﻜﻥ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ) ‪ ( Refrigeration Capacity‬ﻝﻠﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻁـﻥ‬

‫ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ) ‪ ( T.R‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻡ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﻘﻭﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺩ ﺤﻔﻅﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪m& (i1 − i4 ) + Qloss‬‬

‫= ‪R.C‬‬
‫‪3.5‬‬
‫‪Q p + Qloss‬‬ ‫‪2-5‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪3.5‬‬

‫ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ‪ 2-5‬ﻴﺠﺏ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﺎﻗﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ‪ Qloss‬ﺇﻥ ﻭﺠـﺩﺕ ﺇﻝـﻰ ﻜﻤﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﺒﺩﻗﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻤﺒﺨﺭﺍﺕ ﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺴﻭﺍﺌل ﻭﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻝﺒﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﻋﻤل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺴﻭﺍﺌل ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺩ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩﻫﺎ ﺇﻝـﻰ‬
‫ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺩﺍﺨل ﻤﻠﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺘﻼﻤﺱ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺌل ﻝﺴﻁﺢ ﺃﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﻤﻠﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺘﻨﺘﻘل ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﺒﺭ ﻤﻌﺩﻥ ﺃﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﻤﻠﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺒﺎﻝﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﺇﻝﻰ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﻝﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎل‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺩ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩﻩ ﻭﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻤﻭﺠﻬﺎﺕ ﺩﺍﺨـل ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨـﺭ‬
‫ﻝﺘﻭﺠﻴﻪ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺌل ﺤﺘﻰ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﺩﻭﺍﻤﻰ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻴﻀﺎ" ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﺯﻋﺎﻨﻑ ﻤﺜﺒﺘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﻤﻠﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻝﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﻝﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠـﻭﺏ‬

‫‪٤٠‬‬
‫ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩﻩ ﻭﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻓﻴﺯﻴﺩ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﻘـﻭﺩﺓ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩﻩ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻤﺭﻭﺭﻩ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻰ‪.‬‬

‫) ‪QL = m& LC pl (ti − to‬‬ ‫‪2-6‬‬

‫ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻥ ‪،‬‬
‫‪ : QL‬ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﻘﻭﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺌل ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺓ ‪. kW‬‬
‫‪ : m& L‬ﻤﻌﺩل ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩﻩ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺓ ‪.kg/s‬‬
‫‪ : Cpl‬ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩﻩ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺓ )‪.kJ/(kg. K‬‬
‫‪ :‬ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺌل ﻋﻨﺩ ﺩﺨﻭل ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺓ ‪. oC‬‬ ‫‪ti‬‬

‫‪ :‬ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺌل ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﺨﺭﻭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺓ ‪. oC‬‬ ‫‪to‬‬

‫ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺜﻴﻑ ﻭﻁﺭﺩ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬

‫ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻫﻰ ﻤﺒﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻝﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻤـﺎﺀ‬

‫ﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﻴﺩﺨل ﺍﻝﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻤﺹ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﺩﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﺭﺘﻔﻌﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻓﻴﻔﻘـﺩ‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻤﻴﺹ ﻭﺘﻘل ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﻅﺭﺓ ﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺜﻴـﻑ ﻭﻴﺒـﺩﺃ‬
‫ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺎﺜﻑ ﻭﻴﻔﻘﺩ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤﻨﺔ ﻭﻴﺘﺤﻭل ﺇﻝﻰ ﺴﺎﺌل ﻤﺸﺒﻊ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﺨـﺭﺝ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜـﻑ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺴﻭﺍﺀ" ﺃﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺎﺀ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﻘﻭﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺘﺴﺒﺔ ﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ‪ .‬ﻤﻜﺜﻔﺎﺕ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻨﻭﻋﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻷﻭل ﻓﻬﻭ ﻤﻜﺜـﻑ‬
‫ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﺒﺎﻝﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﺠﺒﺭﻯ ﻭﻓﻴﻪ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻤﺭﻭﺤﺔ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺸـﻐﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺒﻤﺤـﺭﻙ‬
‫ﻜﻬﺭﺒﻰ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻝﺫﻯ ﻴﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﺭﻭﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻉ ‪ ، A‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻰ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻭ ﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﺒﺎﻝﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﺤﺭ ﻭﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻴﺩﺨل ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻭﻴﻔﻘـﺩ ﻭﺴـﻴﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ ﻭﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﺴﺎﺌل ﻤﺸﺒﻊ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺴﻔل ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﺭﻭﺩﺓ ﺘﻨﺘﻘـل ﺇﻝـﻰ ﺍﻝﻬـﻭﺍﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻴﻁ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺃﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻭﺍﻝﺯﻋﺎﻨﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﺜﺒﺘﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻝﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻨﺘﻘـﺎل ﺍﻝﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬

‫‪٤١‬‬
‫ﻓﻴﺴﺨﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻭﺘﻘل ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻭﻴﺼﻌﺩ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﻴﺤل ﻤﺤﻠﻪ ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻬﺎ ﺃﻗل‬
‫ﻭﻝﺫﻝﻙ ﺃﻁﻠﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻷﺴﻠﻭﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﺎﻝﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﺤﺭ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻉ ‪ ، B‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﻤﻜﺜﻔﺎﺕ ﺘﺒﺭﻴـﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﻓﻴﺘﻡ ﺩﺨﻭل ﺍﻝﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻤﺹ ﻝﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻴﺘﻜﺎﺜﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﺍﻝﺘـﻰ ﺒـﺩﺍﺨﻠﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﻭﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺴﻔل ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻉ ‪ ، C‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﺒﺸﻜل )‪.(٥-٢‬‬

‫‪٤٢‬‬
 ‫‪Fig. 2-5, A, B, C Various type of condensers for refrigeration cycles.‬‬

‫ﺍﻻﺘﺯﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﻯ ﻝﻠﻤﻜﺜﻔﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻓﻰ ﻜل ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻔﺎﺕ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻤﺎﺀ ﻴﺩﺨل ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﺒﺨـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻤﺤﻤﺹ ﺫﻭ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﺭﺘﻔﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﻨﺜﺎﻝﺒﻴﺎ ﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻝﺔ ‪ 2‬ﻭﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﺴﺎﺌل ﻤﺸـﺒﻊ‬
‫‪ 3‬ﻭﻤﻌﺩل ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﻝﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻫﻭ &‪ ، m‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﺭﻭﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻨﺜﺎﻝﺒﻴﺎ ﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻝﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻰ ﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺓ ‪ kW‬ﻭﺘﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝـﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ‪Qc‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻝﻠﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻝﻠﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻘﺭ ) ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ ‪ .( 2-1‬ﻓﺘﻬﻤل ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﻀﻊ ﻭﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ‬
‫‪ 2-1‬ﻨﻅﺭﺍ" ﻷﻨﻪ ﻻ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺩﺨل ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻭﻤﺨﺭﺠﻪ ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﺴـﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻝـﺩﺨﻭل‬
‫ﻭﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻝﺨﺭﻭﺝ‪ .‬ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﻻ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺸـﻐل ﻤﺒـﺫﻭل ﻓـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻰ‪:‬‬

‫) ‪Qc = m& (i2 − i3‬‬ ‫‪2-7‬‬

‫‪٤٣‬‬
‫ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺭﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﺭﻭﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺘﻨﺘﻘل ﺒﻜﺎﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺎﺀ )‪ . (Coolant‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﺒﺎﻝﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﺤـﺭ ﻜﻤـﺎ ﻫـﻭ ﻓـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺜﻼﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺯﻝﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﺎﻝﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﺤﺭ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺭﻗـﻡ ﺠﺭﺍﺸـﻭﻑ‬
‫)ﻴﺠﺏ ﺍﻝﺭﺠﻭﻉ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﻁﺭﻕ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﺎﻝﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﺤﺭ(‪ .‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻤﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﺒﺎﻝﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﺠﺒﺭﻯ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺘﺒﺭﻴـﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜـﻑ‬
‫ﺘﺤﺴﺏ ﻜﺎﻵﺘﻰ‪:‬‬

‫) ‪Q f = m& f C p f (t i − t o‬‬ ‫‪2-8‬‬

‫ﺤﻴﺙ ‪،‬‬
‫‪ : Qf‬ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺓ ‪. kW‬‬
‫‪ : m& f‬ﻤﻌﺩل ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺎﺀ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺓ ‪. kg/s‬‬
‫‪ : Cpf‬ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻝﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺓ )‪. kJ/(kg. K‬‬
‫‪ : ti, to‬ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺩﺨﻭل ﻭﺨﺭﻭﺝ ﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻝﻠﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺓ ‪. oC‬‬

‫ﻭﻴﺠﺏ ﻝﻔﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺒﺎﻩ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺩﺨﻭل ﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴـﺩ ) ﻫـﻭﺍﺀ ﺃﻭ ﻤـﺎﺀ (‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻊ ﻝﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻀـﻐﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺜﻴﻑ ﺒﻔﺎﺭﻕ ﻤﻥ ‪ 5 ~10 oC‬ﺤﺘﻰ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻜﺜﻴﻑ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺒﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ" ﻋﺎﻝﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﻤﺔ = ‪∆t‬‬
‫‪ 5 ~ 10 oC‬ﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﻓﺭﻭﻕ ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﺘﻤﺩﺩ‬

‫ﻫﻭ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﺜﺎﻝﺒﻴﺎ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻭﻴﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻝﻀـﻐﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺘﻔﻊ )ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ( ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨﻔﺽ )ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ (‪ .‬ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺨﻼل ﺃﻨﺒﻭﺒـﺔ‬

‫‪٤٤‬‬
‫ﺸﻌﺭﻴﺔ )‪ ( Capillary tube‬ﺃﻭ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻓﻭﻫﺔ ﻀﻴﻘﺔ )‪ (Expansion valve‬ﻭﺘﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻭﻤﻴﺽ‬
‫) ‪ ( Flashing‬ﻭﻫﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺨﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺴﺭﻴﻊ ﻝﺠﺯﺀ ﺼﻐﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺌل ﺇﻝﻰ ﺒﺨﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﺍﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀ ‪ 3-4‬ﻫﻭ ﺘﻤـﺩﺩ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻝﺨﻨﻕ )‪ ( Throttling‬ﻭﺍﻝﺫﻯ ﻻ ﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻻﻨﺜﺎﻝﺒﻴﺎ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻝﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻋﻨـﺩ ﺒﺩﺍﻴـﺔ ﻭﻨﻬﺎﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻭﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻷﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﻭﺍﻝﺼﻤﺎﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺸﻐل‪ .‬ﻭﺒﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻝﻠﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻝﻠﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻘﺭ ) ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ ‪ ( 2-1‬ﻤﻊ ﺇﻫﻤﺎل ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﻀﻊ ﻭﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﻜـﺔ ﻓـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ ‪ 2-1‬ﻨﻅﺭﺍ" ﻷﻨﻪ ﻻ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺩﺨل ﺼﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﻭﻤﺨﺭﺠـﻪ ﻭﻜـﺫﻝﻙ‬
‫ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﺨﻭل ﻭﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻝﺨﺭﻭﺝ‪ .‬ﻭﻻ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﻻ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺸﻐل ﻤﺒﺫﻭل ﻓﻰ ﺍﻹﺠـﺭﺍﺀ‬
‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻰ‪:‬‬

‫‪i3 = i4‬‬
‫‪∆s ≠ 0 = s4 − s3‬‬ ‫‪2-9‬‬

‫ﻭﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻷﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺜﻼﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺯﻝﻴﺔ ﻭﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﺃﻤﺎ ﺼـﻤﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﻓﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻰ ﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺒﺸﻜل )‪ .( ٦-٢‬ﻭﺍﻷﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﻫـﻰ ﺃﻨﺎﺒﻴـﺏ‬
‫ﻨﺤﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺒﻘﻁﺭ ﻤﻥ ‪ d = 2 ~ 5 mm‬ﻭﻁﻭل ‪ L = 3 ~ 5 m‬ﻭﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻴﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﻨﺘﻴﺠـﺔ‬
‫ﻤﺭﻭﺭﻩ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﺎﻗﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﻝﻴﻜﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻷﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻭﻑ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﺃﻯ ﺴﺎﺌل ﻓـﻰ ﺃﻨﺒـﻭﺏ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻁﺢ ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻰ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﺍﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺌل ﻭﺍﻝﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺩﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﺨﺸﻥ ﻓﻴﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻤﺎ ﺼﻤﺎﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﻓﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ‪ .‬ﺼﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﻝﻴﺩﻭﻯ ) ‪(Hand expansion valve‬‬
‫‪ ،‬ﺼﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﻵﻝﻰ) ‪ (Automatic expansion valve‬ﻭﺍﻝﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻭﺍﻝﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻭﻫـﻭ‬
‫ﺼﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﻯ) ‪. (Thermostatic expansion valve‬ﻭﺘﺒﻨﻰ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﻋﻤل ﺼﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﻤﺩﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻴﺩﻭﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﺴﺎﺌل ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺨﻼل ﻀﻴﻕ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺠﻰ ﻓﻰ ﻓﻭﻫﺔ ﻀﻴﻘﺔ )‪ ( Nozzle‬ﻓﻴﺤﺩﺙ‬
‫ﺨﻨﻕ ﺃﻯ ﻫﺒﻭﻁ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﺜﺎﻝﺒﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺒﺸﻜل )‪ .(٦-٢‬ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻝـﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓـﻰ ﻤﺴـﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ‬

‫‪٤٥‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺘﻔﻊ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﻤﻌﺩل ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺇﺒﺭﺓ ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﻴﻤﻜـﻥ ﺒﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻨﻘﺼﺎﻥ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﻭﻫﺔ ﺍﻝﻀﻴﻘﺔ ﻴﺩﻭﻴﺎ"‪.‬‬

‫‪Fig. 2-6 Hand expansion valve and capillary tube.‬‬

‫ﻭﻓﻰ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﺜﺎﻝﺒﻴﺎ ﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺒﻌﺩﻩ ﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻝﻤﺸـﺒﻊ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺒﻊ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻰ ﺨﻼل ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﻴﻨﺘﺞ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻝﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﺩﺍﺨل ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﺨﻠﻰ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻭﺍﻷﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻝﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻝﺫﻯ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﻜﻠﻴﺔ" ﺒﺩﺍﺨل ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻻ ﻴـﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻨﺜﺎﻝﺒﻴﺎ ﺒل ﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻰ ﻓﻘﻁ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ‬

‫ﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﺒﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺠﺎﻑ ﻤﺸﺒﻊ ﻭﻴﺩﺨل ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺒﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻝﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻯ ﻻ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺨﻼل ﺃﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﺍﻝﺴﺤﺏ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﺼﻠﺔ ﺒـﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨـﺭ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ‪ 1-2‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒـﻰ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻴـﺔ )‪.(Isentropic process‬‬

‫‪٤٦‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﺸﻐل ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺫﻭل ﻴﻌﺎﺩل ﺍﻝﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻻﻨﺜﺎﻝﺒﻴﺎ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻝﻠﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻘﺭ‪ .‬ﻓﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ ‪ 2-1‬ﺘﻬﻤل ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﻀﻊ ﻭﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻨﻅﺭﺍ" ﻷﻨﻪ ﻻ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺩﺨل‬
‫ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻭﻤﺨﺭﺠﻪ ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﺨﻭل ﻭﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻝﺨﺭﻭﺝ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﻫﻤﺎﻝﻬﺎ ﻨﻅﺭﺍ" ﻝﺼـﻐﺭ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻻﻨﺜﺎﻝﺒﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﻰ ﺇﺠـﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻨﻀـﻐﺎﻁ ﻷﻨـﻪ ﻴـﺘﻡ ﺒﺜﺒـﻭﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻰ ﻭﺍﻝﺸﻐل ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺫﻭل ﻓﻰ ﺍﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻴﺤﺴﺏ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻰ‪:‬‬

‫) ‪W .D = m& (i2 − i1‬‬ ‫‪2-10‬‬

‫ﻭﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﻤﺤﻤﺹ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﻅﺭﺓ ﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻌﺎﻁ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺒﺒﺫل ﺸﻐل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻭﺭﻓﻊ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ ﻤﻥ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺃﺩﻴﺒﺎﺘﻴﻜﻰ ﻻ ﺍﺤﺘﻜﺎﻜﻰ )‬
‫‪ ( Adiabatic and frictionless‬ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﻌﻨﻰ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻻ ﺘﻨﺘﻘل ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻝﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻝﺸـﻐل‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺫﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻴﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻻﻨﺜﺎﻝﺒﻴﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺒﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﻴﺴـﺎﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﻁﺎﻗـﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺎﻓﺌﺔ ﻝﻠﺸﻐل ﺍﻝﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺫﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻝﻀﻭﺍﻏﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻷﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻫـﻰ‪ ،‬ﻀـﻭﺍﻏﻁ‬

‫ﺘﺭﺩﺩﻴﻪ ) ‪ ،( Reciprocating compressor‬ﻀـﻭﺍﻏﻁ ﻁـﺎﺭﺩﻩ ﻤﺭﻜﺯﻴـﻪ ) ‪Centrifugal‬‬
‫‪ ( compressor‬ﻭﻀﻭﺍﻏﻁ ﺩﻭﺍﺭﺓ ) ‪ .( Rotary compressor‬ﻭﻴﻘﺘﺼﺭ ﺍﺴـﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻝﻀـﻭﺍﻏﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﺘﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﻗﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﺜل ﺜﻼﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺠﻤﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﺯل ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻰ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻝﻀﻭﺍﻏﻁ ﺍﻝﻁﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻜﺯﻴﺔ ﻓﺘﺴـﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬
‫ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺎل ﻭﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻝﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻰ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺘﻨﺎ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﻘﻭﻡ ﻓﻘـﻁ‬
‫ﺒﺸﺭﺡ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺩﺩﻯ ﻭﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻻﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤـﺩﻯ ﻭﺍﺴـﻊ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻘﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻜﻬﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪٤٧‬‬
 ‫ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ‬

‫ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ) ‪( Coefficient of performance‬ﻫﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻝﺫﻯ ﺒﻪ ﻨﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺘﻘﻴـﻴﻡ‬

‫ﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻭﺃﻨﻅﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺴـﺘﻔﺎﺩ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺫﻭل ﻤﻥ ﺸﻐل ﺨﺎﺭﺠﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻝﻜﻬﺭﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪Unit refrigeration capacity‬‬
‫= ‪C.O.PR‬‬
‫‪Net power input‬‬
‫‪2-11‬‬
‫‪Q‬‬
‫‪C.O.PR = e‬‬
‫‪W .D‬‬

‫ﻭﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﻻ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﺃﻯ ﻤﻔﺎﻗﻴﺩ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻤـل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻴﻌﺒـﺭ ﻋﻨـﻪ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻵﺘﻰ‪:‬‬

‫‪m& (i1 − i4 ) i1 − i4‬‬

‫= ‪C. O. PR‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪m& (i2 − i1 ) i2 − i1‬‬
‫‪2-12‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ ‪ 2-12‬ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻓﻘﻁ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻌﺩل ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻫﻭ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﺍﻝـﺫﻯ‬
‫ﻴﻤﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ‪ .‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻌﺩل ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻓﻴﺠﺏ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻋﻥ‬
‫ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻝﻠﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﺍﻝﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻰ‪:‬‬

‫‪R. C‬‬
‫= ‪C. O. PR‬‬ ‫‪2-13‬‬
‫‪power‬‬

‫‪٤٨‬‬
‫ﻭﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ) ‪( R.C‬ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ ‪ 2-13‬ﻫﻰ ﻜل ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﺎﻗﻴﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻌﺎﻤﻼﺕ ﺍﻷﻤﺎﻥ ﺇﻥ ﻭﺠﺩﺕ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻝﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﺔ) ‪ ( Power‬ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺸﻐل‬
‫) ‪ ( W.D‬ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺴﻭﺏ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻭﻓﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻝﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ‬
‫) ‪.( Indicate power‬‬

‫ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻭﻑ ﺃﻥ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻝﻀﻭﺍﻏﻁ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﺌﻌﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻓﻰ ﺃﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ‬
‫ﺘﺩﺍﺭ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﻜﻬﺭﺒﻰ‪ .‬ﻭﻝﺫﻝﻙ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻤﻌﺎﻤـل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ‬
‫ﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ ‪ 2-13‬ﻫﻰ ﺍﻝﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﺨﻠﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻝﻜﻬﺭﺒﻰ‪ .‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﻠﻡ ﺒـﻪ ﺃﻨـﻪ‬
‫ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻜﻬﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻝﻜﻬﺭﺒﻰ ﻭﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻝﺤﺴـﺎﺏ‬
‫ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﻰ ﺍﻝﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ) ‪ ( Brake power‬ﻭﺘﺤﺴﺏ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻰ‪:‬‬

‫‪W. D‬‬
‫= ‪Power‬‬
‫‪η total‬‬ ‫‪2-14‬‬

‫‪where,‬‬

‫‪η‬‬ ‫‪to ta l‬‬ ‫‪= η‬‬ ‫‪m o to r‬‬ ‫‪.η T .η‬‬ ‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪2-15‬‬

‫‪ :‬ﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻝﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ηtotal‬‬

‫‪ :‬ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻝﻜﻬﺭﺒﻰ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ηmotor‬‬
‫‪ :‬ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻝﻜﻬﺭﺒﻰ ﻭﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺴﻴﻭﺭ ﺃﻭ ﻭﺼﻠﺔ‬ ‫‪ηT‬‬
‫ﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺠﻨﺎﺯﻴﺭ‪.‬‬
‫‪ :‬ﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ηm‬‬

‫‪٤٩‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ) ‪ ( Relative efficiency, ηR‬ﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻫﻰ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻤـل‬
‫ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﺘﻌﻤل ﻋﻨﺩ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻝﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻭﻁ‬
‫ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﺸﺭﻁ ﺃﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭﺕ‬
‫ﻫﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻊ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻭﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ‪.‬‬

‫‪C. O. PR‬‬
‫= ‪ηR‬‬ ‫‪2-16‬‬
‫‪C. O. Pcar‬‬

‫ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭﺕ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ‬

‫‪Fig. 2-7 Comparison between carnot cycle and simple compression‬‬

‫‪refrigeration cycle.‬‬

‫‪٥٠‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭﺕ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ‪ T-S‬ﻝﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﻭﻕ ﺍﻝﺠﻭﻫﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻜل )‪ ،(٧-٢‬ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ ‪1‬ﻭﻫـﻰ ﺒﺩﺍﻴـﺔ‬
‫‪ 3‬ﻭﻫـﻰ‬ ‫ﺸﻭﻁ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻭﺘﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺨﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻊ ﻝﻠﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤل ) ﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺠﺎﻑ ﻤﺸﺒﻊ ( ﻭﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ‬
‫ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺘﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺨﻁ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺒﻊ ﻭﻫﺎﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺘﻴﻥ ﺘﺸﺘﺭﻙ ﻓﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜـﺎﺭﻨﻭﺕ ﻭﺍﻝـﺩﻭﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﻝﻜﻥ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﺒﻭﻀﻭﺡ ﻓﻰ ﺜﻼﺙ ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫـﻭ ﻤﻭﻀـﺢ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻝﺸﻜل )‪ (٧-٢‬ﻜﺎﻵﺘﻰ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ‪ A1‬ﻭﻫﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺩﺩﺓ ﺒﺎﻝﺭﻤﻭﺯ \‪ c-2-2‬ﻭﻫﻰ ﺘﻤﺜل ﺍﻝﺸـﻐل ﺍﻻﻀـﺎﻓﻰ‬ ‫‪.١‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﻝﻠﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭﺕ ﻓﻰ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻓـﻰ ﻤﻨﻁﻘـﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﺨـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻤﺹ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ‪ A2‬ﻭﻫﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺩﺩﺓ ﺒﺎﻝﺭﻤﻭﺯ ‪ a-b-3‬ﻭﻫﻰ ﺘﻤﺜل ﺍﻝﺸـﻐل ﺍﻻﻀـﺎﻓﻰ‬ ‫‪.٢‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﻝﻠﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﻷﻨﻪ ﻻ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺸﻐل ﻤﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﻷﻨﻪ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺨﻨـﻕ‬
‫ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﺜﺎﻝﺒﻴﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ‪ A3‬ﻭﻫﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺩﺩﺓ ﺒﺎﻝﺭﻤﻭﺯ ‪ b-4-g-f‬ﻭﻫﻰ ﺘﻤﺜل ﻤﻔﺎﻗﻴـﺩ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴـﺔ‬ ‫‪.٣‬‬
‫ﺘﺘﺴﺒﺏ ﻓﻰ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻰ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﺨﻨﻕ ﻭﺘﻘﻠل ﻤﻥ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻔﻌﺎل ﻝﻠﻤﺒﺨـﺭ )‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﺘﺼﺔ( ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻭﻻ"‪ :‬ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭﺕ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻝﺸﻐل ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺼﻭﺭ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ‪ A4‬ﻭﻫﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺩﺩﺓ ﺒـﺎﻝﺭﻤﻭﺯ ‪ b-1-c-3‬ﺘﻤﺜـل‬

‫ﺍﻝﺸﻐل ﺍﻝﺼﺎﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭﺕ ‪ .Wc‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺤـﺩﺩﺓ ﺒـﺎﻝﺭﻤﻭﺯ ‪ b-1-h-f‬ﺘﻤﺜـل‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻔﻌﺎل )ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﺘﺼﺔ( ‪. Qc‬‬

‫‪Wc = ( T3 - T1 ).( S1 - S3 )= (TH – TL ). ∆S‬‬

‫‪٥١‬‬
 ‫‪Qc = T1 ( S1 - S3 )=TL. ∆S‬‬
‫‪Qc‬‬
‫= ‪C. O. Pcar‬‬
‫‪Wc‬‬
‫ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺎ"‪ :‬ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‬

‫ﺍﻝﺸﻐل ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺼﻭﺭ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺩﺩﺓ ﺒﺎﻝﺭﻤﻭﺯ ‪ 4-1-2-2\-3-4‬ﺘﻤﺜل ﺍﻝﺸﻐل ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ‬

‫ﻝﺸﻭﻁ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ‪ ،W‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺩﺩﺓ ﺒﺎﻝﺭﻤﻭﺯ ‪ 4-1-h-g-4‬ﺘﻤﺜل ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻔﻌﺎل ) ﺍﻝﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻤﺘﺼﺔ ( ‪.Qe‬‬

‫‪Work don in compression process.‬‬

‫) ‪W = i2 - i1 = ( i2 - ia ) - ( i1 - ia‬‬
‫‪W = Wc + A1 + A2‬‬

‫‪Cooling effect.‬‬

‫‪Qe = i1 - i4‬‬
‫‪Qe = Qc - A3‬‬

‫‪Excess work of compression.‬‬

‫) \‪A1 = ( i2 - i2\ ) - T3 ( s1 - s2‬‬

‫‪٥٢‬‬
Excess work of compression caused by throttling.

A2 = i3 - ib = ( i3 - ia ) - ( ib - ia )

Loss in refrigerating effect.

A3 = i4 - ib = i3 - ib = A2,

where: i3 = i4

Qe
C .O.P =
W
C .O .P Q W Qc − A3 W
ηR = = e× c = × c
C .O.Pcar W Qc Wc + A1 + A2 Qc
A3
1−
Qc
ηR =
A + A2
1+ 1
Wc

‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﻨﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻨﻠﺨﺹ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﻭﻕ ﺍﻝﺠﻭﻫﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴـﻴﺔ‬
:‫ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﻜﺎﻵﺘﻰ‬

٥٣
 ‫ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﻓﻰ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭﺕ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻰ ﺃﻤﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝـﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﺴـﻴﻁﺔ ﻴـﺘﻡ‬ ‫‪.١‬‬
‫ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﺜﺎﻝﺒﻴﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻤﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﻭﻁﺭﺩ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﻰ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭﺕ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺃﻤـﺎ‬ ‫‪.٢‬‬
‫ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﻰ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﺏ‪ ،‬ﺃﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻓﻴﺘﻡ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﻓﻘﻁ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﺸﻐل ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭﺕ ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻐل ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﻝﻠﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.٣‬‬
‫ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﺘﺼﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭﺕ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﺘﺼـﺔ ﻓـﻰ‬ ‫‪.٤‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭﺕ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻝﻠﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﺴـﻴﻁﺔ ﻨﻅـﺭﺍ" ﻝﻜﺒـﺭ‬ ‫‪.٥‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﺘﺼﺔ ﻭﺼﻐﺭ ﺍﻝﺸﻐل ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺠﺏ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺒﺎﻩ ﺃﻴﻀﺎ"‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭﺕ ﻝﻠﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻫﻭ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻵﻯ ﺜﻼﺠﺔ ﺘﻌﻤل ﻋﻨـﺩ‬
‫ﻨﻔﺱ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻷﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺜﻴﻑ ﻭﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺨﻴﺭ‪.‬‬

‫ﻤﺜﺎل ‪١-٢‬‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺜﻴﻑ ﻫﻭ ‪ 15 bar‬ﻭﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺨﻴـﺭ ﻫـﻭ ‪1.5‬‬
‫‪bar‬ﺘﻌﻤل ﻋﻨﺩ ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻊ ﻝﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺃﻤﻭﻨﻴﺎ ‪ .NH3 ،‬ﻭﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭﺕ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺭﻴـﺔ ﺘﻌﻤـل‬
‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻝﻅﺭﻭﻑ‪ .‬ﺃﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻵﺘﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﺘﺼﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -١‬ﺸﻐل ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﺍﻝﺸﻐل ﺍﻝﺯﺍﺌﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﻝﺸﻭﻁ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻭﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﺨﻨﻕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٥‬ﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٤‬ﺍﻝﻤﻔﺎﻗﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﺨﻨﻕ‪.‬‬

‫‪٥٤‬‬
Data: Pc = 15 bar Pe = 1.5 bar
Tc = 315 K Te = 249 K
Required: 1- Carnot cycle work compression, Wc

2- Carnot cycle refrigeration effect, Qc

3- Excess work of compression and expansion, A1 , A2
4- Loss in refrigerating effect, A3
5- Refrigerating efficiency, ηR

Solution:

From P-i chart of R-12, as shown in Fig. 2-7

i1 = 493 kJ/kg s1 = s2 = 10.67 kJ/(kg. K)

i2 = 825 “ s2\ = 9.86 “
i3 = i4 = -590 “ sb = s3 = 6.25 “
ia = -875 “ sa = 5.2 “

Calculation of Wc and Qc :

Wc = A4 = (T3 - T1).(s1 - s3)

= (315 - 249).(10.67 - 6.25) = 291.72 kJ/kg

٥٥
 Qc = T1(s1 - s3)
= 249 (10.67 -6.25) = 1100.58 kJ/kg

Calculation of dryness fraction of point b:

sb = sa + x(s1 - sa)
x = (sb - sa) / (s1 - sa)= (6.25 - 5.2)/(10.67 - 5.2) = 19.196 %
ib = ia + x(i1 -ia)= -875+0.19196(493-(-875))
ib = -612.4 kJ/kg

Calculation of excess work and loss in cooling effect:

A1 = (i2 - i2\) - T3(s2 - s2\) = (825 - 575) - 315(10.67 - 9.86)

A1 = 5.15 kJ/kg
A2 = i3 - ib = -590 - (-612.4) = 22.4 kJ/kg
A3 = A2 = 22.4 kJ/kg

Relative efficiency or Refrigerating efficiency :

٥٦
 ‫‪A3‬‬ ‫‪22.4‬‬
‫‪1−‬‬ ‫‪1−‬‬
‫‪Qc‬‬ ‫‪1100.58 = 89.51‬‬
‫= ‪ηR‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪%‬‬
‫‪A1 + A2‬‬ ‫‪. + 22.4‬‬
‫‪515‬‬
‫‪1+‬‬ ‫‪1+‬‬
‫‪Wc‬‬ ‫‪29172‬‬
‫‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺩﺩﻯ‬

‫ﻴﺘﺭﻜﺏ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺩﺩﻯ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺴـﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ) ‪ ( Cylinder‬ﻴﺘﺤـﺭﻙ ﺒـﺩﺍﺨﻠﻬﺎ ﻤﻜـﺒﺱ )‬

‫‪ (Piston‬ﻴﺘﺼل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﺒﺫﺭﺍﻉ ﺘﻭﺼﻴل ) ‪ ( Connecting rod‬ﻭﻋﻤﻭﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻓـﻕ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻤـﻭﺩ‬
‫ـﻤﺎﻡ‬
‫ـﺤﺏ )‪ ( Suction valve‬ﻭﺼـ‬
‫ـﻤﺎﻡ ﺴـ‬
‫ـﺎ ﺼـ‬
‫ـﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﺒﻬـ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ) ‪ ،(Crank shaft‬ﻭﺍﻷﺴـ‬
‫ﻁﺭﺩ)‪ ( Delivery valve‬ﻭﻴﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻷﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺘﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻴﺎ ) ‪Top dead‬‬
‫‪ ( center‬ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺘﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﻔﻠﻰ ) ‪ (Bottom dead center‬ﺒﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﻁـﻭل ﺍﻝﻤﺸـﻭﺍﺭ‬
‫)‪ ،( Stroke‬ﻭﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺤﺠﻡ ﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻭﺹ ) ‪ (Clearance volume‬ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻋﻨـﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺘﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻻ ﻴﺼﻁﺩﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﺒﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻷﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻭﺼﻤﺎﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺴﺤﺏ ﻭﺍﻝﻁﺭﺩ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ‬
‫ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﻓﻰ ﺸﻜل )‪.(٨-٢‬‬

‫‪٥٧‬‬
 ‫‪Fig. 2-8 Diagram of reciprocating compressor and indicator‬‬
‫‪card for P-V.‬‬

‫‪،1‬‬ ‫ﻴﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺘﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﻔﻠﻰ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺤﺠﻡ ﻭﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﺴـﺤﺏ ﻝﻠﻨﻘﻁـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺼﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﺴﺤﺏ ﻭﺍﻝﻁﺭﺩ ﻤﻐﻠﻘﻴﻥ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺸﻭﻁ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ‪ ،‬ﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﻓﻰ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺘﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻴﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﻭﻴﻘل ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻡ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻨﻀـﻐﺎﻁ ﺒﺜﺒـﻭﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒـﻰ ‪ ، 1 -2‬ﻷﻨـﻪ‬
‫ﻴﻔﺘﺭﺽ ﻓﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻷﺴـﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ) ‪Adiabatic‬‬
‫‪ (process‬ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﻋﺩﻡ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ) ‪ ،( Frictionless‬ﻓﻌﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺼل ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁـﺔ ‪2‬‬
‫ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺸﻭﻁ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﻫﻭ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﺩ ﻓﻴﻔﺘﺢ ﺼﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﺩ ﻝﺨﺭﻭﺝ ﺍﻝﺸـﺤﻨﺔ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ ‪ 3‬ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﻋﻨﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺘﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻴﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀ ‪ 2-3‬ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺜﺒـﻭﺕ ﻀـﻐﻁ‬
‫‪ 3‬ﻴﻘﻔل ﺼﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﺩ ﻭﻤـﺎﺯﺍل ﺼـﻤﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻭ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺨﺭﻭﺝ ﺍﻝﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺴﺤﺏ ﻤﻐﻠﻕ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﻴﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻫﻪ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﺴﻔل ﻓﻰ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺘﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﻔﻠﻰ ﻭﺍﻝﺤﺠﻡ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁـﺔ‬
‫‪ 3‬ﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻭﺹ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻻ ﻴﺼﻁﺩﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﺒﺎﻝﺼﻤﺎﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﻏﻁﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﺜﻡ ﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻝﺸـﺤﻨﺔ‬
‫‪ 4‬ﺒﺈﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒـﻰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻨـﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻘـل‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻭﺹ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻷﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﻓﻰ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺘﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﻔﻠﻰ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﺴـﺤﺏ ‪،‬‬

‫‪٥٨‬‬
‫ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ ‪ 4‬ﻓﻴﻔﺘﺢ ﺼﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﺴﺤﺏ ﻭﺘﺩﺨل ﺍﻝﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻭﻴﻅـل ﺼـﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﺴـﺤﺏ‬
‫ﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤﺎ" ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ ‪ .1‬ﻭﺍﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀ ‪ 4-1‬ﻫﻭ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﻀﻐﻁ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻴـﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺘـﻰ‬
‫ﺩﺨﻠﺕ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ ‪ 1‬ﻭﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﻋﻨـﺩ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁـﺔ ‪،4‬‬
‫ﻭﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﻤﻤﺎ ﺴﺒﻕ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺴﺤﺏ ﺍﻝﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﻭﻁﺭﺩﻫﺎ ) ﺍﻝﺸﻭﻁ ﺍﻝﻔﻌﺎل ( ﻓﻰ ﻜل ﻝﻔﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻝﻔﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻭﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻓﻕ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﻰ ﺍﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀ ‪ 4-1‬ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﻔﻌﻠﻰ ﻝﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﺤﺏ ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ﺤﺠـﻡ ﺸـﻭﻁ ﺍﻝﺴـﺤﺏ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻫﻰ ﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ‪.‬‬

‫‪Volumetric efficiency, ηv:‬‬

‫‪V1 − V4‬‬
‫= ‪ηv‬‬
‫‪V1 − V3‬‬
‫‪Where,‬‬
‫‪Piston swept volume‬‬ ‫‪= V1 - V3,‬‬
‫‪Clearance volume‬‬ ‫‪= V3‬‬
‫‪Volume of fresh charge = V1 - V4‬‬
‫‪Clearance factor‬‬ ‫‪=C‬‬
‫‪Where,‬‬
‫‪V3‬‬
‫=‪C‬‬
‫‪V1 − V3‬‬

‫‪٥٩‬‬
 ‫) ‪V1 − V4 + V3 − V3 (V1 − V3 ) + (V3 − V4‬‬ ‫‪V − V4‬‬
‫= ‪ηv‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 1+ 3‬‬
‫‪V1 − V3‬‬ ‫‪V1 − V3‬‬ ‫‪V1 − V3‬‬
‫‪V3  V4 ‬‬ ‫‪ V4 ‬‬
‫‪= 1+‬‬ ‫‪ 1 −  = 1 + C 1 − ‬‬
‫‪V1 − V3  V3 ‬‬ ‫‪ V3 ‬‬

‫‪The process 3-4 is isentropic expansion, s=c and PVk =c. The‬‬
‫‪relation of P-V as follow,‬‬

‫‪P3V3k = P4V4k‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪V4  P3 ‬‬ ‫‪k‬‬
‫‪= ‬‬
‫‪V3  P4 ‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ ‪ 3‬ﻋﻨﺩﻫﺎ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻁﺭﺩ ﻭﺨﺭﻭﺝ ﺍﻝﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻭﻝﺫﻝﻙ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻹﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﺤﺠﻡ ﻋﻨﺩﻫﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﺭﻤﺯ ‪ . d, delivery‬ﻭﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ ‪ 4‬ﻫﻰ ﺩﺨﻭل ﺍﻝﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﻝﻴﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﺭﻤﺯ ‪ .s, suction‬ﻭﺒﻨﺎﺀ" ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻝﻙ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻀـﺎﻏﻁ‬
‫ﺒﺩﻻﻝﺔ ﺤﺠﻡ ﻭﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﺤﺏ ﻭﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫‪ Vs‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪k‬‬
‫‪ηv = 1 + C − C ‬‬ ‫‪ = 1 + C − C  d‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪2-17‬‬
‫‪ Vd‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ Ps‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﻓﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺩﺩﻯ ﺘﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﺒﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﺨﻠـﻭﺹ‬
‫ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ‪ ، r‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻥ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻫﻰ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻀـﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻁـﺭﺩ ﻭﻀـﻐﻁ‬

‫‪٦٠‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﺴﺤﺏ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻋﻜﺴﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻑ ﺍﻷﻴﺴﺭ ﻭﻨﺴـﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﻀـﻐﺎﻁ ﻭﻨﺴـﺒﺔ‬
‫‪ C‬ﺃﻭ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﻀـﻐﺎﻁ ‪ r‬ﺘـﻨﺨﻔﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻭﺹ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻑ ﺍﻷﻴﻤﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﺘﺯﻴﺩ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻭﺹ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻭﺍﻝﻌﻜﺱ ﺼﺤﻴﺢ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻨﻀـﻐﺎﻁ ‪ 1 - 2‬ﻻ ﻴـﺘﻡ ﺒﺜﺒـﻭﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻰ ﻓﺩﻝﻴل ﺍﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀ ‪ k‬ﻴﺴﺘﺒﺩل ﺒﺎﻝﺩﻝﻴل ‪ n‬ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪.2-17‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﻤﻌﺩل ﻤـﺭﻭﺭ‬
‫ﺤﺠﻡ ﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ‪ ،‬ﻓﺤﺠﻡ ﺸﻭﻁ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺯﺍﺡ ﺃﻤـﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻜـﺒﺱ‬
‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺤﺴﺎﺒﻪ ﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺃﺤﺎﺩﻯ ﺍﻝﻭﺠﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻰ ﺍﻝﻭﺠﻪ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻰ‪:‬‬

‫‪Piston displacement volume, P.D for single acting compressor as follow,‬‬

‫‪π‬‬
‫= ‪P.D‬‬ ‫‪D 2 L.Z .N‬‬ ‫‪2-18‬‬
‫‪4‬‬

‫‪Piston displacement volume, P.D for double acting compressor as follow,‬‬

‫‪π‬‬ ‫‪π‬‬
‫(‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫)‬
‫‪P.D =  D 2 − d 2 + D 2  L.Z .N‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪π‬‬
‫= ‪P.D‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫‪(2 D‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫)‬
‫‪− d 2 L.Z .N‬‬ ‫‪2-19‬‬

‫‪The volume of vapor refrigerant enter and deliver from the compressor can‬‬
‫‪be estimate as follow,‬‬

‫‪V& = m& .vs‬‬

‫‪٦١‬‬
‫‪The volumetric efficiency of compressor can be estimate as follow,‬‬

‫‪m& . v s‬‬
‫= ‪ηv‬‬ ‫‪2-20‬‬
‫‪P. D‬‬
‫ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ : d‬ﻗﻁﺭ ﺫﺭﺍﻉ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﺼﻴل‪.‬‬ ‫‪ : D‬ﻗﻁﺭ ﺃﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ‪.‬‬
‫‪ : Z‬ﻋﺩﺩ ﺃﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ : L‬ﻁﻭل ﻤﺸﻭﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﺴﺤﺏ‪.‬‬
‫‪ : N‬ﻋﺩﺩ ﻝﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻹﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ‬

‫‪Isentropic , Adiabatic or Compression Efficiency‬‬

‫ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺸﻭﻁ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ‪ 1-2‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒـﻰ ‪Isentropic ) PVk = c ، s = c‬‬

‫‪ ،(process‬ﻭﻨﻅﺭﺍ" ﻝﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻭﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﻰ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﻝﻔﻌﻠﻰ ﻓـﺈﻥ ﺸـﺤﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺘﺨﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻨﺜﺎﻝﺒﻴﺎ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻰ‪ .‬ﻜﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻫﻭ ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﺒﺸﻜل )‪.(٩-٢‬‬
‫‪Isentropic process 1-2, s = c‬‬
‫\‪Irreversibl adiabatic process 1-2‬‬
‫‪Polytropic process 1-2\ n > k‬‬
‫‪Polytropic process 1-2\\ n < k‬‬

‫ﻭﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻌﺎﻁ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺒﺸﻜل )‪( ٩-٢‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻰ‪:‬‬

‫‪٦٢‬‬
 ‫‪ – ١‬ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻰ‪Isentropic process 1-2, s = c ,‬‬

‫ﻓﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻻ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻭﻻ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻭﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻰ‪.‬‬

‫‪Process 1-2, Isentropic or reversible adiabatic process s = c,‬‬

‫‪no heat transfer, no friction, Pvk = c‬‬

‫‪ - ٢‬ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺃﺩﻴﺒﺎﺘﻴﻜﻰ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻰ‬

‫\‪Irreversible adiabatic process 1-2‬‬

‫ﻓﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻻ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻭﻝﻜﻥ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻭﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫‪ n‬ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ‪. k‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻭﻝﺩﺓ ﺘﺘﺴﺒﺏ ﻓﻰ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻰ ﻝﻺﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﺍﻹﻨﺜﺎﻝﺒﻴﺎ ﻭﺩﻝﻴل ﺍﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀ‬

‫‪Process 1-2\ , Irreversible adiabatic process ( Polytropic n>k ),‬‬

‫‪no heat transfer, but increasing of entropy.‬‬

‫‪ - ٣‬ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺃﺩﻴﺒﺎﺘﻴﻜﻰ ﻭﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻰ‬

‫\\‪Polytropic process, 1-2‬‬

‫‪٦٣‬‬
‫ﻓﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻐل ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺫﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻴﺘﺤﻭل ﺇﻝﻰ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺃﺴـﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ‬
‫‪ n‬ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ‪. k‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺠﻰ ﻭﺩﻝﻴل ﺍﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀ‬

‫‪Process 1-2\\, Polytropic process n<k. Part of work done is‬‬

‫‪transferred from compressor cylinder to surrounding.‬‬

‫‪Pvn = c‬‬
‫ﻭﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻫﻰ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺸﻐل ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻰ ﻭﺸﻐل ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻓﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻷﺩﻴﺒﺎﺘﻴﻜﻰ ﺍﻝﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻰ ‪.n > k‬‬

‫‪Fig. 2-9 various types of compression process.‬‬

‫‪Isentropic or Adiabatic Compression Efficiency, ηc.‬‬

‫‪٦٤‬‬
 ‫‪W .D1−2‬‬
‫= ‪ηc‬‬
‫\‪W .D1−2‬‬

‫‪i2 − i1‬‬
‫= ‪ηc‬‬
‫‪i2\ − i1‬‬ ‫‪2-21‬‬

‫ﺸﻐل ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻷﺩﻴﺒﺎﺘﻴﻜﻰ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻻﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻰ‪,‬‬

‫\‪Irreversible adiabatic process 1-2‬‬

‫ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺩﺩﻯ ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺁﻝﺔ ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺘﻌﻤل ﻋﻨﺩ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻘﺭﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻜﻤـﺎ ﻫـﻭ ﻤﻭﻀـﺢ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻝﺸﻜل )‪ (١٠-٢‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺍﻝﺤﺠﻡ ﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻝﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺩﺩﻯ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻝﺸـﻐل‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺫﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﻴﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
‫‪W .D1−2 = − ∫ PdV‬‬ ‫‪2-22‬‬
‫‪1‬‬

‫‪Table 2-1 Isentropic exponent for common refrigerants at 1 bar‬‬

‫‪NH3‬‬ ‫‪R-114‬‬ ‫‪R-113‬‬ ‫‪R-22 R-12 R-11‬‬ ‫ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‬

‫‪o‬‬
‫‪21.11‬‬ ‫‪43.33‬‬ ‫‪71.11‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻊ ‪C‬‬
‫‪1.31‬‬ ‫‪1.09‬‬ ‫‪1.08‬‬ ‫‪1.16‬‬ ‫‪1.13‬‬ ‫‪1.11‬‬ ‫‪K‬‬

‫‪٦٥‬‬
‫ﻴﺒﺩﺃ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺩﺩﻯ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ ‪ ) 1‬ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁـﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺘـﺔ ﺍﻝﺴـﻔﻠﻰ (‬
‫‪ 2‬ﺜـﻡ ﻴﻔـﺘﺢ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﻓﻰ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺘﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ‬
‫ﺼﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﺩ ﻝﺘﺨﺭﺝ ﺍﻝﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ‪ p2‬ﻭﻤﺎﺯﺍل ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﻴﺒﺫل ﺸﻐل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺘﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ ‪ .3‬ﻭﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻐل ﺍﻝﺼﺎﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺫﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﺴـﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻅﻠﻠـﺔ ﻭﻫـﻰ‬

‫ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻯ‪:‬‬

‫‪Fig. 2-10 Shaft work done of compression process.‬‬

‫‪W .D = −W1−2 + p 2V2 − p1V1‬‬

‫ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻑ ﺍﻷﻴﻤﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺤﺩﻭﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻝﺤﺩ ‪ W1-2‬ﻫﻭ ﺸﻐل ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻓـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀ ‪1-2‬ﺴﻭﺍﺀ" ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻰ ‪ n = k‬ﺃﻭ ﺃﺩﻴﺒﺎﺘﻴﻜﻰ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴـﻰ ‪.n > k‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﺩ ‪ p2V2‬ﻫﻭ ﺸﻐل ﻤﺒﺫﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﻝﺩﻓﻌﻬﺎ ﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﺃﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ‪ .‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻝﺤـﺩ ‪ p1V1‬ﻫـﻭ‬
‫ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﺘﺩﺨل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺸﻭﻁ ﺍﻝﺴﺤﺏ‪.‬‬

‫‪٦٦‬‬
 ‫‪P1V1 − P2V2‬‬
‫‪W .D = −‬‬ ‫‪+ p2V2 − p1V1‬‬
‫‪n −1‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪n‬‬
‫) ‪( p2V2 − p1V1‬‬
‫‪n −1‬‬
‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪pV‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪p1V1  2 2 − 1‬‬
‫‪n −1‬‬ ‫‪ p1V1‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪For‬‬ ‫‪pV n = c ,‬‬ ‫‪p2V2n = p1V1n‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫‪n‬‬
‫‪p2  V1 ‬‬ ‫‪V1  p2  n‬‬
‫‪=   ,‬‬ ‫‪= ‬‬
‫‪p1  V2 ‬‬ ‫‪V2  p1 ‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪ p2  p2 ‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫= ‪W. D‬‬ ‫‪p1V1    − 1‬‬
‫‪n−1‬‬ ‫‪ p1  p1‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪n −1‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪p2 n‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪p1V1   − 1‬‬
‫‪n−1‬‬ ‫‪ p1 ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺩﻻﻝﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ s‬ﺒﺩﻻ" ﻤﻥ ‪1‬ﻭﻫﻰ ﺘﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺸﻭﻁ ﺍﻝﺴﺤﺏ ‪ d ،‬ﺒﺩﻻ" ﻤﻥ ‪ 2‬ﻋﻨﺩ‬
‫ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﺩ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﺒﺎﻝﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻰ ﻝﻠﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﺴﺤﺏ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻴﻜـﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺸـﻐل‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺫﻭل ﻜﺎﻵﺘﻰ‪:‬‬

‫‪٦٧‬‬
 ‫‪n −1‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪p‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫= ‪W. D‬‬ ‫‪m& ps v s  d  − 1‬‬
‫‪n−1‬‬ ‫‪p ‬‬ ‫‪2-23‬‬
‫‪ s‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ ‪ 2-23‬ﻫﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﻨﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻨﺤﺴﺏ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺸﻐل ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻨﻀـﻐﺎﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﻝﺭﻓﻊ ﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﺴﺤﺏ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒـﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺠـﻡ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺸﻭﻁ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺘﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻰ ‪s = ) ،‬‬
‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪k‬‬
‫‪( c, Pv = c‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻰ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ) ‪ ،( Pv = c‬ﻭﺘﺴﻤﻰ ‪ k‬ﺃﻭ ‪ n‬ﺩﻝﻴل ﺍﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻭﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬

‫‪ k‬ﺘﺤﺩﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل )‪.(١-٢‬‬

‫ﻤﺜﺎل ‪٢-٢‬‬
‫ﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﻤﺸﺤﻭﻨﺔ ﺒﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻓﺭﻴـﻭﻥ ‪ .١٢‬ﻀـﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨـﺭ‬
‫‪ 1.2bar‬ﻭﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ‪ . 10 bar‬ﺃﺤﺴﺏ ﻝﻜل ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ‪ T.R‬ﺍﻵﺘﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -١‬ﻤﻌﺩل ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻷﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻭﺹ ‪.5 %‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪Data:‬‬ ‫‪R-12, Pe = 1.2 bar = 1.2×105 = 0.12 Mpa‬‬

‫‪Pc = 10 bar = 10×105 = 1 Mpa‬‬
‫‪C=5%‬‬
‫‪R.C = 1 T.R = 1 × 3.5 = 3.5 kW‬‬

‫‪٦٨‬‬
Required: 1- m& , kg/min 2- Power, kW
3- P. D, m3/min 4- C.O.P and ηR

Solution:

From P - i chart of R - 12

i1 = 560 kJ/kg ρ1 = 7 kg/m3, v1=vs = 0.143 m3/kg

i2 = 600 kJ/kg Te = 245 K
i3 = i4 = 460 kJ/kg Tc = 320 K

Mass flow rate and power calculation:

٦٩
 R.C = m& × (i1 − i4 )
3.5 = m& × (560 − 460 )
3 .5
m& = = 0.035 kg / s
100
m& = 0.035 × 60 = 2.1 kg / min
W .D = m& × (i2 − i1 ) = 0.035 × (600 − 560) = 1.4 kW
Power / T .R = 1.4 kW / T .R

Compressor piston displacement calculation:

1 1
P  k
 10  1.13
ηV = 1 + C − C ×  d  = 1 + 0.05 − 0.05 ×  
 Ps   1.2 
ηV = 0.7235 = 72.35%
m& × v s 2.1× 0.143
P.D = = = 0.41465 m 3 / min
ηv 0.7235

Coefficient of performance:

R.C m& × ( i1 − i4 ) 560 − 460

C .O.P = = = = 2 .5
Power m& × ( i2 − i1 ) 600 − 560
TL 245
C .O.Pcar = = = 3.27
TH − TL 320 − 245

٧٠
 ‫‪C .O.P‬‬ ‫‪2.5‬‬
‫= ‪ηR‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 76.45%‬‬
‫‪C .O .Pcar 3.27‬‬

‫ﻤﺜﺎل ‪٣-٢‬‬
‫ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺘﻜﻴﻴﻑ ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﺭﻴﻭﻥ )‪ (R-22‬ﻝﺘﻜﻴﻴﻑ ﻏﺭﻓﺔ ﻤﻜﺘﺏ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻬﺎ ‪25 oC‬‬
‫ﻓﻰ ﻓﺼل ﺍﻝﺼﻴﻑ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺃﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻫﻰ ‪ 17 oC‬ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ‪ . 47 oC‬ﺍﻝﻀـﺎﻏﻁ‬
‫ﺘﺭﺩﺩﻯ ﺃﺤﺎﺩﻯ ﺍﻝﻭﺠﻪ‪ ،‬ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻷﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺎﺕ ‪ 2‬ﻭﻜﻔﺎﺀﺘﻪ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤﻴـﺔ ‪ 0.9‬ﻭﻋـﺩﺩ ﻝﻔﺎﺘـﻪ ‪، 900 rpm‬‬
‫‪ .L/D=1.25‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻴﺴﺘﻬﻠﻙ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ‪ 3 kW‬ﻭﻜﻔﺎﺀﺘﻪ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ 0.9‬ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻵﺘﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻝﻠﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺒﺎﻝﻁﻥ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -١‬ﻤﻌﺩل ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﻯ ﻝﻠﻤﻜﺜﻑ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٣‬ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺃﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٥‬ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪Data: R-22, Te = 17+273 = 290 K‬‬ ‫‪Tc = 47+273 = 320 K‬‬

‫‪Power = 3 kW, Z = 2, N = 900 rpm, ηv = 0.9, L/D = 1.25‬‬

‫‪Required:‬‬ ‫‪1- Refrigerant mass flow rate by kg/min.‬‬

‫‪2- Refrigeration capacity, T.R.‬‬
‫‪3- Cylinder dimensions, L, D.‬‬
‫‪4- Thermal load of condenser, Qc.‬‬
‫‪5- Coefficient of performance, C.O.P.‬‬

‫‪Solution:‬‬

‫‪٧١‬‬
From P - i chart of R – 22

i1 = 628 kJ/kg ρ1 = 33 kg/m3, v1=vs = 0.0303 m3/kg

i2 = 650 kJ/kg
i3 = i4 = 436 kJ/kg

Calculation of refrigeration capacity:

٧٢
 W .D
Power =
ηm
W .D = 3 × 0.9 = 2.7 kW
W .D = m& × (i2 − i1 ), 2.7 = m& × (650 − 628 )
m& = 0.122727 kg / s = 0.122727 × 60 = 7.36364 kg / min
Qe = m& × (i1 − i4 ) = 0.122727 × (628 − 436 ) = 23.5636 kW
23.5636
R.C = = 6.7325 T .R
3 .5

Calculation of compressor cylinder dimensions:

m& × vS m& 7.36364

P.D = = = = 0.24793 m 3 / min
ηV ρ S ×ηV 33 × 0.9
π π
P.D = D 2 L.Z .N , 0.24793 = D 2 × 1.25 × D × 2 × 900
4 4
D = 51.96 mm , L = 64.95 mm
Calculation of condenser heat load and coefficient of
performance:

٧٣
‫‪Qc = m& × (i2 − i3 ) = 0.122727 × (650 − 436) = 26.2636‬‬ ‫‪kW‬‬
‫‪R.C‬‬ ‫‪23.5636‬‬
‫= ‪C.O.P‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 7.8545‬‬
‫‪Power‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪TL‬‬ ‫‪290‬‬
‫‪C.O.Pcar‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 9.6667‬‬
‫‪TH − TL 320 − 290‬‬
‫‪C.O.P‬‬ ‫‪7.5845‬‬
‫= ‪ηR‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 81.25 %‬‬
‫‪C.O.Pcar 9.6667‬‬

‫ﻤﺜﺎل ‪٤-٢‬‬
‫ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﻤﺸﺤﻭﻨﺔ ﺒﻭﺴﻁ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ‪ .NH3‬ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻭﺤـﺩﺓ ﻓـﻰ‬
‫ﻤﺼﻨﻊ ﺜﻠﺞ ﻴﻨﺘﺞ ‪ 150 ton‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺜﻠﺞ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻴﻭﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺎﺀ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ ‪ 25 oC‬ﻭﺍﻝﺜﻠﺞ ﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﻋﻨﺩ ‪-‬‬
‫‪ 15 oC‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻗﺩﺭﻩ ‪ ، 18 hr‬ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﺎﺀ )‪ 4.18 kJ/(kg. K‬ﻭﻝﻠـﺜﻠﺞ ‪2.1‬‬
‫)‪ kJ/(kg. K‬ﻭﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤﻨﺔ ﻝﺘﺠﻤﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ‪ ،335 kJ/kg‬ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﻤﻠﺤﻰ ‪ Brine‬ﻜﻭﺴﻴﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺤﻭﺽ ﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻝﺜﻠﺞ ﻭﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﺍﻝﻤﻠﺤﻰ ﺃﻗل ‪8‬‬
‫‪ oC‬ﻤﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺜﻠﺞ ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﺃﻗل ‪ 5 oC‬ﻤﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﺍﻝﻤﻠﺤﻰ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺜﻴﻑ ‪ 47 oC‬ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻤﺎﺀ ﻭﺘﺩﺨل ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ‪25‬‬
‫‪o‬‬
‫‪ ،33‬ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺘﺭﺩﺩﻯ ﺃﺤﺎﺩﻯ ﺍﻝﻭﺠﻪ ﻭﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻰ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋـﺩﺩ‬ ‫‪ oC‬ﻭﺘﺨﺭﺝ ‪C‬‬
‫ﺃﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ‪ 6‬ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺨﻠﻭﺹ ‪ 5 %‬ﻭﻋﺩﺩ ﻝﻔﺎﺕ ‪ 600 rpm‬ﻭﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴـﺔ ‪، 85 %‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻁﻭل ﺍﻝﺸﻭﻁ ﻭﻗﻁﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺒﺱ ‪ ،1.25‬ﺍﻝﻤﻔﺎﻗﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻓـﻰ ﺤـﻭﺽ ﺼـﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻝـﺜﻠﺞ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺼﻠﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﺘﻘﺩﺭ ﺒﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺃﻤﺎﻥ ﻴﻌﺎﺩل ‪10 %‬ﻤﻥ ﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻓﻰ ﺤﻭﺽ ﺍﻝﺜﻠﺞ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻵﺘﻰ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -٢‬ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ‪، kW ،‬‬ ‫‪ -١‬ﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻝﻠﻤﺒﺨﺭ‪.T.R ،‬‬

‫‪٧٤‬‬
.kW ،‫ ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﻯ ﻝﻠﻤﻜﺜﻑ‬-٣ .mm ،‫ﻭﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ‬
.‫ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻭﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ‬-٥ .m3/min ،‫ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻝﻠﻤﻜﺜﻑ‬-٤

Data: NH3, mice = 150 ton, tice = -15 oC, Cpw = 4.18 kJ/kg
Cpice = 2.1 kJ/kg, L.H = 335 kJ/kg, tbrine = -23 oC
te = -28 oC, tc = 47 oC, ∆tw = 8 oC
Z = 6, C = 5 %, L/D = 1.25
N = 600 rpm, ηm = 85%, time = 18 hr
Safty factor = 10 %

Required: 1- Refrigeration capacity, T.R.

2- Compressor power, kW.

3- Cylinder dimension, L, D, mm.
4- Condenser capacity, kW, and water flow, m3/min.
5- C.O.P and ηR..

Solution:

From P - i chart of ammonia NH3,

i1 = 500 kJ/kg ρ1 = ρS =1.25 kg/m3

i2 = 885 kJ/kg p2 = pd = 19 bar

٧٥
i3 = i4 = -536 kJ/kg p1=ps = 1.44 bar

Flow diagram

P – i diagram

٧٦
Cooling load calculation:

Cooling Load =
mice
[
C p (t w.i − t f ) + L.H + C pice (t f − tice )
time w
]
150 ×103
= [4.18(25 − 0) + 335 + 2.1(0 − (−15))]
18 × 60 × 60
= 1090.277778 kW
Actual Cooling Load = 1.1 × Cooling Load
= 1.1× 1090.277778 = 1199.31 kW
Actual Cooling Load 1199.305556
R.C = = = 342.66 T .R
3 .5 3 .5

Compressor Power Calculation:

٧٧
 Actual Cooling Load 1199.305556
m& = =
i1 − i4 500 − ( −536)
m& = 1.15763 kg / s = 69.45785 kg / min
W .D = m& × (i2 − i1 ) = 1.15763 × (885 − 500 ) = 445.687 kW
W .D 445.687
Power = = = 524.338 kW
ηm 0.85

Compressor Cylinder Dimensions:

1 1
P  k
 19  1.31
ηv = 1 + C − C  d  = 1 + 0.05 − 0.05 ×   = 69.17%
P
 s  1. 44 
m& 69.45785
P.D = = = 80.331346 m 3 / min
ρ S × ηV 1.25 × 0.6917

π
P .D = D 2 L.Z .N
4
π
80.331346 = × 1.25 × D 3 × 6 × 600
4
D = 283.2658 mm L = 354.082 mm

Condenser Cooling Water Calculations:

٧٨
‫‪Qc = m& × (i2 − i3 ) = 1.15763 × (885 − (−536) ) = 1644.99223‬‬ ‫‪kW‬‬
‫) ‪Qc = m& w × C pw (t w.o − t w.i‬‬
‫‪1644.99223‬‬
‫= ‪m& w‬‬ ‫‪= 49.19235‬‬ ‫‪(kg / s ) = 2951.541‬‬ ‫‪kg / min‬‬
‫‪4.18 × 8‬‬
‫‪m& w ≈ 2.952 m 3 / min‬‬

‫‪Coefficient of Performance:‬‬

‫‪R. C‬‬ ‫‪1199.305556‬‬

‫= ‪C. O. P‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 2.287‬‬
‫‪Power‬‬ ‫‪524.338‬‬
‫‪TL‬‬ ‫‪245‬‬
‫= ‪C. O. Pcar‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 3.267‬‬
‫‪TH − TL 320 − 245‬‬
‫‪C. O. P‬‬ ‫‪2.287‬‬
‫= ‪ηR‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 70.01%‬‬
‫‪C. O. Pcar 3.267‬‬

‫ﻤﺜﺎل ‪٥-٢‬‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻤﺼﻨﻊ ﺜﻠﺞ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻷﻤﻭﻨﻴﺎ ‪ NH3‬ﻜﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺒﺴﻌﺔ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‬
‫‪ ، 300 T.R‬ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺠﺎﻑ ﻤﺸـﺒﻊ ﺒﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ ‪، -15 oC‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻤﻨﻪ ﺴﺎﺌل ﻤﺸﺒﻊ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ ‪ ، 40 oC‬ﺍﻝﻀـﺎﻏﻁ‬
‫ﺃﺤﺎﺩﻯ ﺍﻝﻭﺠﻪ ﻭﻜﻔﺎﺀﺘﻪ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ‪ 90 %‬ﻭﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻷﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺎﺕ ‪ Z = 4‬ﻭﻴﺩﻭﺭ ﺒﻌﺩﺩ ﻝﻔﺎﺕ ‪N = 600‬‬
‫‪ rpm‬ﻭﺍﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻁﻭل ﺍﻝﻤﺸﻭﺍﺭ ﻭﻗﻁﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺒﺱ ‪ . L/D = 1.25‬ﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ ‪85‬‬
‫‪ %‬ﻭﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻰ‪ .‬ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﺘﺩﺨل ﺒﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ ‪25 oC‬‬
‫ﻭﺘﺨﺭﺝ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ‪ 33 oC‬ﻭﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ )‪ ،4.18 kJ/(kg. K‬ﺃﺭﺴﻡ ﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁﻰ‬
‫ﻝﻠﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻭﻭﻀﺤﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ‪ P-i‬ﺜﻡ ﺃﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻵﺘﻰ‪:‬‬

‫‪٧٩‬‬
 ‫‪ -٢‬ﺍﻝﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻜﻬﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ ﻝﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -١‬ﻤﻌﺩل ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﻤﻌﺩل ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٣‬ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺃﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٥‬ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺜﻡ ﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﻝﻭ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -١‬ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻝﻪ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ‪.90 %‬‬

‫‪ -٢‬ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺃﺩﻴﺒﺎﺘﻴﻜﻰ ﻭﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻰ‪. n = 1.37 ،‬‬

‫‪Data: NH3, R.C = 300 T.R‬‬

‫‪Te = -15+273=258 K‬‬

‫‪Tc = 40+273 = 313 K‬‬
‫‪single acting compressor, ηv = 90 %‬‬
‫‪Z = 4,‬‬ ‫‪N = 600 rpm‬‬
‫‪L/D=1.25,‬‬ ‫‪ηm = 85 %‬‬
‫‪tw.i = 25 oC,‬‬ ‫‪tw.o = 33 oC,‬‬ ‫)‪Cpw = 4.18 kJ/(kg. K‬‬

‫‪Required: 1- m& , kg/min‬‬ ‫‪2- Power, kW‬‬

‫‪3- L, D , mm‬‬ ‫‪4- m& w , m3/min‬‬
‫‪5- C.O.P and ηR.‬‬
‫‪Solution:‬‬

‫‪٨٠‬‬
 Flow diagram P-i diagram
From P - i chart of ammonia NH3,

i1 = 500 kJ/kg ρ1 = 1.75 kg/m3, v1=vs = 0.571 m3/kg

i2 = 775 kJ/kg p1=ps = 2.25 bar
i3 = i4 = -572 kJ/kg p2 = pd = 17 bar

1- The compression process is isentropic, s = c

Refrigeration capacity, R.C

٨١
 R.C = m& × (i1 − i4 )
R.C
m& =
i1 − i4
300 × 3.5 1050
= = = 0.9795 kg / s
500 − (−572) 1072
m& = 58.769 kg / min

Compressor power and cylinder dimensions:

W .D = m& × (i2 − i1 ) = 0.9795 × (775 − 500 ) = 269.363 kW

W .D 269.363
Power = = = 316.897 kW
ηm 0.85
m& × v s m& × v s 58.769 × 0.57143
ηv = , P.D = =
P.D ηv 0.9
P.D = 37.3137 m 3 / min
π
P.D = D 2 L.Z .N
4
π π
P.D = 1.25D 3 Z .N = × 1.25 × D 3 × 4 × 600
4 4
37.3137 = 2356.194 × D 3
D = 251.123 mm, L = 313.903 mm

Heat balance of condenser:

٨٢
 Qc = m& × (i2 − i3 ) = 0.9795 × (775 − (−572))
Qc = 1319.387 kW
Qc = m& w × C pw (t w.o − t w.i )

1319.3865 = m& w × 4.18 × (33 − 25)

m& w = 39.455 kg / s
m& w = 2367.32 kg / min
Q& w = 2.367 m 3 / min

Coefficient of performance, C.O.P:

R.C 300 × 3 .5
C.O. P = = = 3 .313
Power 316 .897
TL 258
C . O . Pcar = = = 4 .691
TH − T L 313 − 258
C . O. P 3 .313
ηR = = = 70 .63 %
C . O . Pcar 4 .691

٨٣
‫‪2- The‬‬ ‫‪compression‬‬ ‫‪process‬‬ ‫‪is‬‬ ‫‪adiabatic‬‬ ‫‪with‬‬
‫‪compression efficiency:‬‬

‫ﻓﻰ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻝﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻹﻨﺜﺎﻝﺒﻴﺎ ﻓﻰ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺸﻭﻁ ﺍﻻﻨﻀـﻐﺎﻁ ﺘﻜـﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻰ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺴﻭﻑ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻰ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻀـﺎﻏﻁ ﻭﻜـﺫﻝﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﻯ ﻝﻠﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻭﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩﻩ‪.‬‬
‫‪Compressor power calculation:‬‬

‫‪i2 − i1‬‬ ‫‪775 − 500‬‬

‫= ‪ηc‬‬ ‫‪,‬‬ ‫= ‪0.9‬‬ ‫‪,‬‬
‫‪i2\ − i1‬‬ ‫‪i2\ − 500‬‬
‫‪i2\ = 805.56‬‬ ‫‪kJ / kg‬‬
‫)‪W .D = m& × (i2 \ − i1 ) = 0.9795 × (805.56 − 500‬‬
‫‪= 299.292‬‬ ‫‪kW‬‬
‫‪W .D‬‬ ‫‪299.292‬‬
‫= ‪Power‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 352.108‬‬ ‫‪kW‬‬
‫‪ηm‬‬ ‫‪0.85‬‬

‫‪Condenser cooling water calculation:‬‬

‫‪٨٤‬‬
 Qc = m& × (i2\ − i3 ) = 0.9795 × (805.56 − (−572))
= 1349.32 kW
Qc = m& w × C pw (t w.o − t w.i )
1349.32
m& w = = 40.35 kg / s
4.18 × 8
m& w = 2421.028 kg / min
Q& = 2.421 m 3 / min
w

Coefficient of performance calculation:

R. C 300 × 35
.
C. O. P = = = 2.982
Power 352.108
C. O. P 2.982
ηR = = = 6357%
.
C. O. Pcar 4.691

3- The compression process is polytropic with index n = 1.37

k‫ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ‬n ‫ﻓﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻡ ﻭﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﻤﺭﻓﻭﻋﺔ ﻝﻸﺱ‬
:‫ﻭﻝﺫﻝﻙ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺸﻐل ﺍﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻵﺘﻰ‬
n −1
 
P 
m& Ps v s  d − 1
n n
W .D = 
n −1  Ps  
 
1.37 −1
 
1.37  17 
− 1
1.37
W .D = × 0.9795 × 2.25 × 10 × 0.57143 × 
2

1.37 − 1  2.25  
 

٨٥
 ‫‪W .D = 338.824‬‬ ‫‪kW‬‬
‫‪W .D 338.824‬‬
‫= ‪Power‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 398.617‬‬ ‫‪kW‬‬
‫‪ηm‬‬ ‫‪0.85‬‬

‫ﻴﺠﺏ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ \‪ 2‬ﻭﻫﻰ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻜﺎﻵﺘﻰ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -١‬ﻨﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻰ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺜﻡ ﻨﺤﺩﺩ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﻫﻰ ﻤﻘﻠﻭﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻰ‪.‬‬
‫\‬
‫‪ 2‬ﺜـﻡ‬ ‫‪ -٢‬ﺒﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﻓﻰ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺸﻭﻁ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻨﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺘﻭﻗﻴﻊ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ‬
‫ﻨﺤﺩﺩ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﺜﺎﻝﺒﻴﺎ \‪ i2‬ﻤﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺨﺭﻴﻁﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﻭﻨﻴﺎ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻰ‪:‬‬

‫‪Determination of point 2\:‬‬

‫‪٨٦‬‬
 1
P  n
P1v1n = P2\ v2n\ , v2\ = v1  1 
 P\ 
 2 
1
 2.25  1.37
v2\ = 0.57143 ×  
 17 
v2\ = 0.13058 m 3 / kg
1
ρ2 =
\ = 7.658 kg / m 3
v2\
at P2\ ، ρ 2\ we can locate 2\
i2\ = 885 kJ / kg

Condenser cooling water calculation:

Qc = m& × (i2\ − i3 ) = 0.9795 × (885 − ( −572))

=1427.132 kW
Qc = m& w × C pw (t w.o − t w.i )

1427.132
m& w = = 42.6774 kg / s
4.18 × 8
m& w = 2560.643 kg / min
Q& = 2.561
w m 3 / min

Coefficient of performance calculation:

٨٧
 ‫‪R. C‬‬ ‫‪300 × 35‬‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫= ‪C. O. P‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 2.634‬‬
‫‪Power 398.617‬‬
‫‪C. O. P‬‬ ‫‪2.634‬‬
‫= ‪ηR‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 5615%‬‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫‪C. O. Pcar 4.691‬‬

‫ﺃﺴﺌﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻰ‬

‫‪ -١‬ﺜﻼﺠﺔ ﻤﻨﺯﻝﻴﺔ ﻤﺸﺤﻭﻨﺔ ﺒﻤﺭﻜﺏ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻓﺭﻴﻭﻥ ‪ ١٢‬ﺘﻌﻤل ﺘﺒﻌﺎ" ﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺒﺴـﻴﻁﺔ‪ .‬ﻀـﻐﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﺍﻝﻰ ﻫﻭ ‪ 1.6, 11 bar‬ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﻝﻜل ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻁﻥ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﻤﻌﺩل ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ ‪.100 %‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻝﻠﺜﻼﺠﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٣‬ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺓ ‪. kW‬‬

‫‪ -٢‬ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺘﻌﻤل ﺒﺎﻷﻤﻭﻨﻴﺎ ﺒﺴﻌﺔ ‪ ،12 T.R‬ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ‪ -12 oC‬ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ‪، 35 oC‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺃﺤﺎﺩﻯ ﺍﻝﻭﺠﻪ ﻭﻴﺘﺭﻜﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺘﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻁﻭل ﺍﻝﻤﺸﻭﺍﺭ ﻭﻗﻁﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻜـﺒﺱ ﻫـﻰ‬
‫‪ L/D = 1.5‬ﻭﻋﺩﺩ ﻝﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻫﻭ ‪ ، 900 r.p.m‬ﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻫـﻰ‬
‫‪ 75%‬ﻭﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﺔ ‪ ، 90%‬ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻵﺘﻰ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤﺕ ﺃﻥ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ‪: 85 %‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -١‬ﺍﻝﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ ﻝﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٣‬ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺃﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٣‬ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺘﻌﻤل ﺒﺎﻷﻤﻭﻨﻴﺎ ﻭﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ‪ .13 bar‬ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺫﻭ ﺃﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﺤـﺩﺓ ﻁـﻭل‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺸﻭﺍﺭ ‪ mm 115‬ﻭﻗﻁﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺒﺱ ‪ 100 mm‬ﻭﻴﺩﻭﺭ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ ‪ 600 rpm‬ﻭﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻭﺹ ‪، 4%‬‬

‫‪٨٨‬‬
‫ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺠﺎﻑ ﻤﺸﺒﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﺴﺎﺌل ﻤﺸﺒﻊ‪ ،‬ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ‬
‫ﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ‪ ،1.3, 3, 4.5, 6 bar‬ﺃﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻵﺘﻰ ﻤﻊ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٢‬ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ‬ ‫‪ -١‬ﻤﻌﺩل ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‬

‫‪ -٤‬ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻴﻌﻤل ﻓﻰ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺘﻜﻴﻴﻑ ﻫﻭﺍﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻫﻭ ﻓﺭﻴﻭﻥ ‪ ١٢‬ﻭﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨـﺭ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻊ‪ .‬ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ‪ -4 oC‬ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜـﻑ ‪، 40 oC‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺒﻤﻌﺩل ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﻝﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ‪ ،1.35 m3/hr‬ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺩﺨﻭل ﻭﺨﺭﻭﺝ ﺍﻝﻤﻴـﺎﻩ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻫﻰ ‪ ، 25, 36 oC‬ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻫﻰ ‪ 5 kW‬ﻭﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ ‪، 80 %‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺃﺤﺎﺩﻯ ﺍﻝﻭﺠﻪ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻁﻭل ﺍﻝﻤﺸﻭﺍﺭ ﻭﻗﻁﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﻫﻰ ‪ 1.2‬ﻭﻋﺩﺩ ﻝﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻀـﺎﻏﻁ‬
‫‪ ، 650 rpm‬ﺃﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻵﺘﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﺸﻐل ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺓ ‪. kW‬‬ ‫‪ -١‬ﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺓ ‪.T.R‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٣‬ﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٥‬ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪ -٥‬ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻰ ﺘﺜﻠﻴﺞ ﺤﻠﻴﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ‪ 25 oC‬ﺇﻝﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫‪ oC‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻠﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ‪ -5 oC‬ﻭﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ‪ ، 13 bar‬ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴـﺩ ﻫـﻭ ‪R-12‬‬
‫ﻭﻤﻌﺩل ﺘﺜﻠﻴﺞ ﺍﻝﺤﻠﻴﺏ ‪ ، 25 lit/min‬ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺤﻠﻴﺏ )‪ 2.81 kJ/(kg. K‬ﻭﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓـﺔ ‪860‬‬
‫‪ ،kg/m3‬ﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻰ ﺍﻝﻭﺠﻪ ﺒﻌﺩﺩ ﻝﻔﺎﺕ ‪ 900 rpm‬ﻭﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺨﻠﻭﺹ ‪ 3%‬ﻭﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪75 %‬‬
‫ﻭﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻨﻘل ‪ ، 95 %‬ﺃﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻵﺘﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺓ ‪ T.R‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺒﻪ ‪ 5 %‬ﻤﻔﺎﻗﻴﺩ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﻤﻌﺩل ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻭﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻁﻭل ﺍﻝﻤﺸﻭﺍﺭ ﻭﻗﻁﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺒﺱ ‪. d = D/8‘ L/D=1.15‬‬

‫‪٨٩‬‬
 ‫‪ -٤‬ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﻯ ﻝﻠﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻭﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩﻩ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺘﺭﺘﻔﻊ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ‪. 8 oC‬‬

‫‪ -٦‬ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺫﻭ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﻤﺸﺤﻭﻨﺔ ﺒﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ‪ . NH3‬ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ‬
‫ﺘﺭﺩﺩﻴﺔ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺴﺕ ﺃﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﻗﻁﺭ ﺍﻷﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ‪ 95 mm‬ﻭﻁﻭل ﺍﻝﺸـﻭﻁ ‪ 76 mm‬ﺒﺴـﺭﻋﺔ ‪950‬‬
‫‪ .‬ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺜﻴـﻑ ‪35‬‬ ‫‪ .rpm‬ﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ ‪ 75 %‬ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪85 %‬‬
‫‪ oC‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺨﻴﺭ ‪ ، -20 oC‬ﺃﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻵﺘﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺓ ‪. T.R‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ‪. 90 %‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻝﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻭﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٧‬ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺘﻜﻴﻴﻑ ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﺫﻭ ﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺘﺭﺩﺩﻯ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ ‪ 750 rpm‬ﻭﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴـﺔ ‪ 80 %‬ﻭﻨﺴـﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺨﻠﻭﺹ ‪ ،5 %‬ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻓﺭﻴﻭﻥ ‪ ، 22‬ﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻝﻠﻭﺤﺩﺓ ‪ 13 T.R‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺘﺒﺨﻴﺭ‬
‫‪ 2 oC‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺘﻜﺜﻴﻑ ‪ ،30oC‬ﺃﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ‪. L/D = 1‬‬ ‫‪ -١‬ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ‪.‬‬
‫‪o‬‬
‫‪ 5‬ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻜﺜﻴﻑ ﺇﻝﻰ‬ ‫ﺜﻡ ﺃﺤﺴﺏ ﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻭﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺘﻐﻴﺭﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺨﻴﺭ ﺇﻝﻰ ‪C‬‬
‫‪.35 oC‬‬

‫‪ -٨‬ﻏﺭﻓﺔ ﺘﺠﻤﻴﺩ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ‪ ، R-12‬ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺨﻴﺭ ‪ -20 oC‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺘﻜﺜﻴﻑ ‪ ، 38 oC‬ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻴﺒﺭﺩ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﺒﻤﻌﺩل‪ 170 lit/min‬ﻭﻴﺩﺨل ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ‪22 oC‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ‪ ، 30 oC‬ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺘﺭﺩﺩﻯ ﺒﻪ ‪ 4‬ﺃﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺎﺕ ﺃﺤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﺠﻪ ﻭﻋﺩﺩ ﻝﻔﺎﺘﻪ ‪900‬‬
‫‪ ، rpm‬ﺃﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻵﺘﻰ‪:‬‬

‫‪٩٠‬‬
 ‫‪ -١‬ﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ‪T.R‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﺍﻝﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ ﻝﺩﻓﻊ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺒﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪. 80 %‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻭﺹ ‪.L/D = 1.2 ،4 %‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٩‬ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﻤﺸﺤﻭﻨﺔ ﺒﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ‪ R-12‬ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻝﺘﺠﻤﻴﺩ ‪ 10 ton‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﻋﻨﺩ ‪24‬‬
‫‪ oC‬ﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺜﻠﺞ ﻋﻨﺩ ‪ -11 oC‬ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻴﻭﻡ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺨﻴﺭ ‪ -18 oC‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺜﻴﻑ ‪ ، 25 oC‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﺎﺀ )‪ 4.18 kJ/(kg. K‬ﻭﻝﻠﺜﻠﺞ ﻨﺼﻑ ﻗﻴﻤـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤﻨﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺠﻤﺩ ‪ ، 350 kJ/kg‬ﺃﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻵﺘﻰ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺓ ‪ T.R‬ﻤﻊ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ‪ 10 %‬ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺃﻤﺎﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﺍﻝﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ ﻝﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ 85 %‬ﻭﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﻜﻬﺭﺒﻴﺔ ‪90‬‬
‫‪.%‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﻯ ﻝﻠﻤﻜﺜﻑ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -١٠‬ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﻤﺒﺭﺩ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻤﺜﻠﺠﺔ ﺒﻤﻌﺩل ‪ 250 lit/hr‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ‪ 10 oC‬ﻤﻥ ﻤﻴـﺎﻩ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ‪ ،30 oC‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﺎﻗﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺘﻌﺎﺩل ‪ 15 %‬ﻤﻥ ﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‪ .‬ﺇﺫﺍ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻤﺕ ﺃﻥ ﻓﺭﻭﻕ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻫﻰ ‪ ، ∆ t = 5 ~ 8 oC‬ﺃﻗﺘﺭﺡ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺘﺒﺭﻴـﺩ‬
‫ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ‪ R-12‬ﺜﻡ ﺃﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻵﺘﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺓ ‪.T.R‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻝﻠﻭﺤﺩﺓ‪.‬‬

‫‪٩١‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ‬
‫ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁﻴﺔ‬
‫‪Modification of Compression Refrigeration Cycle‬‬
‫‪Performance‬‬

‫ﻝﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﺘﻌﻤل ﻋﻨﺩ ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻊ ﻝﻭﺴـﻴﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﺘﺼﺔ ﻝﻜل ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻜﺘل ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺯ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻋﻨـﺩ ﺜﺒـﺎﺕ ﻗـﺩﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺘﻘﻠﻴل ﺸﻐل ﺸﻭﻁ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻝﻜل ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻜﺘل ﻋﻨﺩ ﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻤﺘﺼﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻰ ﻜﻠﺘﺎ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻝﺘﻴﻥ ﻴﺘﺤﺴﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‪ ،‬ﻓﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﺘﺼـﺔ‬
‫ﻝﻜل ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻜﺘل ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺯ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﺒﻌﺩﺓ ﻁﺭﻕ ﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺫﻜﺭ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﺭﺒﻊ ﻁﺭﻕ‪ .‬ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻝﻰ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻰ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺴﺎﺌل ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺨﺭﻭﺠﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺸـﺒﻊ ﺇﻝـﻰ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺜﻴﻑ ) ﺘﺒﺭﻴـﺩ ﻋﻤﻴـﻕ ﺃﻭ ﺩﻭﻨـﻰ ﺒﻌـﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ‪ .(Sub-cooling ,‬ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﻤﻴﺹ ﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ‬
‫ﺒﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﻤﻌﻴﻥ ﻭﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻤﺤﻤﺼﺎ" ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺸـﺒﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺨﻴﺭ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻻﻨﺜﺎﻝﺒﻴﺎ ﻝﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻊ ﻝﻠﺒﺨﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺘﺘﻡ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ) ﺘﺤﻤﻴﺹ ﻤﻔﻴﺩ ﻝﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‪ .( Superheating ,‬ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﻘـﺔ‬ ‫‪x =1‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺜﺔ ﻭﻫﻰ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻤﺒﺎﺩل ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻯ ) ‪( Liquid suction heat exchanger‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜـﻑ ﻴﻘـﻭﻡ‬
‫ﺒﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺴﺎﺌل ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ‬
‫ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺭﺩ ﻓﻰ ﺨﻁ ﺍﻝﺴﺤﺏ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ‪ .‬ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺭﺍﺒﻌـﺔ ﻭﻫـﻰ‬
‫ﻋﻤل ﺍﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺤل ﻭﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻤﺹ ﻓﻰ ﻤﺒﺎﺩل ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻯ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻤﺎﺀ ﺇﻝـﻰ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻊ ﺜﻡ ﻋﻤل ﺍﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺃﺨﺭ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻝﻬﺩﻑ ﻤﻥ ﺫﻝﻙ ﻫﻭ ﺘﻘﻠﻴل ﺸﻐل ﺸـﻭﻁ ﺍﻻﻨﻀـﻐﺎﻁ‬

‫‪٩٢‬‬
‫ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﺍﻝﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﺠﺩﺍ" ﻝﻠﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﺘﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻤﻊ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻝﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻤﺜل ﺇﺴﺎﻝﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻝﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁﻴﺔ ) ﻤﺒﺨﺭ ‪ ،‬ﻤﻜﺜﻑ ‪ ،‬ﻀﺎﻏﻁ‬
‫‪ ،‬ﺼﻤﺎﻡ ﺘﻤﺩﺩ ( ﺘﺘﺼل ﻤﻊ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺒﻌﺽ ﻓﻰ ﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻭﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﺘﻭﺍﺯﻥ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﻯ ﺃﺜﻨـﺎﺀ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺒﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﻝﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‪ ،‬ﺃﻯ ﺃﻥ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺘﺒﺨﻴﺭ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻝـﺫﻯ‬
‫ﻴﻤﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺃﻴﻀﺎ" ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﺘﻜﺜﻴﻔﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ‪ ،‬ﻭﻝﺫﻝﻙ ﺃﻯ ﺨﻠل ﻓﻰ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺃﺤﺩ ﻤﻜﻭﻨـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻴﺅﺩﻯ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺨﻠل ﻓﻰ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺒﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺒل ﺃﻥ ﻨﺒﺩﺃ ﻓﻰ ﺸـﺭﺡ ﺍﻝﻁـﺭﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭﺓ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺎ" ﻝﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺫﻜﺭ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺨﻴﺭ ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺜﻴﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‬

‫‪Fig. 3-1 Effect of evaporating temperature.‬‬

‫‪٩٣‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻫﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻭﻫﻰ ﺘﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﺒﺸﻜل‬
‫ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ ﺒﺎﻝﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻘل ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺴﺎﺌل ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﺘﻐﺫﻯ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻭﻤﻊ‬
‫ﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﻯ ﺃﻭ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺘﻪ ﻓﺴﻭﻑ ﻴﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺨﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺴﺭﻴﻊ ﻝﺴﺎﺌل ﻭﺴﻴﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﺘﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻊ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻝﻡ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺩﺍﺭﻙ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺒﺎﻝﻁﺒﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻓﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻓﺴﻭﻑ ﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺴﻴﺊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺒﺼـﻔﺔ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻤﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﻀﻴﺤﻰ ﻓﻰ ﺸﻜل )‪ (١-٣‬ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻨﻪ ﺒﺎﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺨﻴـﺭ ﻝـﺩﻭﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻴﻘل ﻓﺎﺭﻕ ﺍﻻﻨﺜﺎﻝﺒﻴﺎ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺸﻐل ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻜﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﻴﻠﻰ‪:‬‬

‫ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‬

‫)‪(Refrigeration Capacity‬‬

‫ﺒﺨﻔﺽ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨـﺭ ﻤـﻥ ‪ T1‬ﺇﻝـﻰ \‪ T1‬ﺜـﻡ ﺇﻝـﻰ \\‪ T1‬ﻨﺠـﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺘـﺄﺜﻴﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘــــﺒﺭﻴﺩﻯ ) ﻓﺎﺭﻕ ﺍﻻﻨﺜﺎﻝﺒﻴﺎ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ (ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻴﻘل ‪.‬‬

‫\ \ ‪R.E1 = i1 − i4 , R.E1\ = i1\ − i4\ , R.E1\ \ = i1\ \ − i4‬‬

‫‪R.E1‬‬ ‫>‬ ‫\‪R.E1‬‬ ‫>‬ ‫\ \‪R.E1‬‬

‫ﻭﺒﺎﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺍﻝﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩﻯ ﻝﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻜﺘل ﻝﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺒﺨـﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺭﻁـﺏ‬
‫)ﺒﺨﺎﺭ ‪+‬ﺴﺎﺌل( ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﺨﻨﻕ ) ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﺘﻤﺩﺩ ( ﺘﺯﻴﺩ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺌل‬
‫ﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﺍﻨﺨﻔﻀﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﻨﻰ ﻨﻘﺼﺎﻥ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﺒﺎﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺨﻴﺭ‪.‬‬

‫‪٩٤‬‬
 ‫\\‪x 4 < x 4\ < x 4‬‬

‫ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻨﻌﻠﻡ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺫﻯ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻔﻌﻠﻰ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻫﻰ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺌل ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻴﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺫﻯ ﻴﺩﺨل ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﺤﻴﺙ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩﻯ ﻝﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻜﺘل ﻴﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﺒﺎﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻤﻌﺩل ﻭﺯﻥ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻼﺯﻡ ﻤﺭﻭﺭﻩ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻝﻜل ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﻁﻥ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ‪ .‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﻤﻌﺩل ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ ﻴﻘل ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻨﻘﺼـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻭﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻰ ﻝﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﺴﺤﺏ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺘﺒـﻊ‬
‫ﺫﻝﻙ ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻝﻠﻭﺤﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻨﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻤﻤﺎ ﺴﺒﻕ ﺇﻨﻪ ﺒﺨﻔﺽ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ‪ ،‬ﻴـﻨﺨﻔﺽ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩﻯ ﻝﻠﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻭﻴﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﻤﻌﺩل ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﻤﻌﺩل ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﻭﺴـﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴـﺩ‬
‫ﻝﻜل ﻁﻥ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻓﻴﺯﻴﺩ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻝﻠﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻰ‪:‬‬

‫↓ ‪Te‬‬ ‫↑ ‪R. E ↓ m& ↓ m& / T . R‬‬ ‫↓ ‪R. C ↓ C. O. P‬‬

‫‪٩٥‬‬
 ‫ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ‬
‫)‪(Compressor Power‬‬

‫ﺒﺨﻔﺽ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﻓﻰ ﺸﻜل )‪ ، (١-٣‬ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺸﻐل ﺇﺠـﺭﺍﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻴﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩ ﻭﻤﻌﺩل ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻴﺘﻨﺎﻗﺹ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺴﺒﻕ ﺸﺭﺤﻪ ﻨﺘﻴﺠـﺔ ﺘﻨـﺎﻗﺹ ﺍﻝﻜﻔـﺎﺀﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻭﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻰ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﺴﺤﺏ‪ .‬ﻭﻝﻜﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﺜﺒﺘـﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻨـﺎﻗﺹ‬
‫ﻤﻌﺩل ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﺒﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺸﻐل ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨـﻪ ﺘﻨـﺎﻗﺹ ﻗـﺩﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻭﻝﻜﻥ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺤﻤل ﺒﺤﻤـل ﺃﻀﺎﻓﻰ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺯﻴـــــــــﺎﺩﺓ ﻨﺴـﺒﺔ ﺭﻓـﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ) ﺍﻝﻔﺭﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﺩ ﻭﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﺴﺤﺏ ( ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻜـﺒﺱ ﻭﺫﺭﺍﻉ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﺼـﻴل‬
‫ﻭﻋﻤﻭﺩ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺼﻤﺎﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺴﺤﺏ ﻭﺍﻝﻁﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻝﻜل ﻭﺤـﺩﺓ ﻁـﻥ ﺘﺒﺭﻴـﺩ ﺘﺘﺯﺍﻴـﺩ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ‪.‬‬

‫↓ ‪Te‬‬ ‫↓ ‪R. C‬‬ ‫↓ ‪Power‬‬ ‫↑ ‪Power / T . R‬‬

‫ﻤﻤﺎ ﺴﺒﻕ ﻨﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻨﻘﻭل ﺃﻨﻪ ﺒﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ‪ ،‬ﻁﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﺤﺩ‬
‫ﻴﺴﺘﻬﻠﻙ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﻜﻬﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺤﻔﻅ ﻭﺘﺨﺯﻴﻥ ﻁﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬

‫‪٩٦‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺨﺯﻴﻥ ) ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ (‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻤﻬﻡ ﻝﻜﻰ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻔﺔ ) ﺜﻤـﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺘﻜﻠﻔـﺔ (‬
‫ﺘﺨﺯﻴﻥ ﻭ ﺘﺠﻤﻴﺩ ﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﺼﺤﻴﺢ‪.‬‬

‫ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ‬

‫)‪(Piston Displacement‬‬

‫ﺒﺨﻔﺽ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﺘﺯﻴﺩ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻥ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺨﻠـﻭﺹ ﻝﻠﻀـﺎﻏﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺩﺩﻯ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ‪ .‬ﻭﺒﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﻨـﻭﻋﻰ ﻝﻭﺴـﻴﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﺴﺤﺏ‪ ،‬ﻨﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻝﻐﺎﺯ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺘﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩ ﺒﺎﻨﺨﻔـﺎﺽ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻤﺼﻤﻡ ﺒﺄﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﻝﻘﻁﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﻭﻁﻭل ﺍﻝﻤﺸﻭﺍﺭ ﻭﻋﺩﺩ‬
‫ﻝﻔﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻤﻌﺩل ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻜﺘل ﻝﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻴﺄﺨﺫ ﻭﻗﺕ ﺃﻁﻭل ﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﺘـﻨﺨﻔﺽ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﻨﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻼﺯﻡ ﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﻤﻌﻴﻥ ﻴﺯﻴـﺩ ﺒﺎﻨﺨﻔـﺎﺽ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﻔﻅ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻭﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﺠـﺏ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺒـﺎﻩ ﺃﻻ‬
‫ﻴﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺘﺠﻤﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻥ ﺤﺩ ﻤﻌﻴﻥ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻻ ﻴﺼﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﺒﺎﻝﺘﻠﻑ‪ ،‬ﺃﻴﻀﺎ" ﻴﺠـﺏ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺤﺩ ﻤﻌﻴﻥ ﻻﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺠﻌل ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺤل‪.‬‬

‫‪٩٧‬‬
 ‫↓ ‪Te ↓ η V‬‬ ‫↑ ‪P. D‬‬

‫ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﺩ‬

‫)‪(Temperature Discharge‬‬

‫ﺒﺨﻔﺽ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﻭﻀـﺢ ﺒﺸـﻜل )‪ ، (١-٣‬ﻴﺯﻴـﺩ ﺸـﻐل ﺸـﻭﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ‪ .‬ﻭﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻴﻀـﺎ" ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﻤـل‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻴﺯﻴﺩ ﻭﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﻝﻪ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻯ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻭﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻝﻠﺘﺒﺭﻴـﺩ ﺃﻜﺜـﺭ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻨﺤﻥ ﻨﻌﻠﻡ ﺃﻥ ﻭﺴﺎﺌﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﻤﺘﺯﻨﺔ‬
‫) ﺃﻯ ﻻ ﺘﺘﺤﻠل ﺇﻝﻰ ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻴﺔ ( ﻋﻨﺩ ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺤـﺩﻭﺩ ﻤﻌﻴﻨـﺔ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﻰ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻫﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﻰ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺸـﻭﻁ ﺍﻻﻨﻀـﻐﺎﻁ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻝﺫﻝﻙ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺃﻗل ﺒﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺠﺔ ﻝﻭﺴـﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴـﺩ ﺤﺘـﻰ‬

‫‪٩٨‬‬
‫ﻴﺤﺘﻔﻅ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺒﺨﺼﺎﺌﺼﻪ ﺍﻝﺜﺭﻤﻭﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﻓـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل ‪.١-٣‬‬

‫↑ ‪Te ↓ Td ↑ Qc‬‬

‫‪Table 3-1 Critical conditions of common refrigerants‬‬

‫ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻀﻐﻁ‬ ‫ﻭﺴﻴﻁ‬

‫ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺝ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺘﺠﻤﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬
‫‪0.068 bar‬‬ ‫‪1.01bar‬‬ ‫‪38 o C‬‬
‫‪o‬‬ ‫‪o‬‬ ‫‪o‬‬ ‫‪o‬‬
‫‪bar‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪bar‬‬
‫‪114.24‬‬ ‫‪133‬‬ ‫‪-77.72‬‬ ‫‪-76.11‬‬ ‫‪-33.33‬‬ ‫‪14.609‬‬ ‫‪NH3‬‬
‫‪40.125‬‬ ‫‪111.5‬‬ ‫‪-157.78‬‬ ‫‪-77.78‬‬ ‫‪-29.78‬‬ ‫‪9.094‬‬ ‫‪R - 12‬‬
‫‪38.698‬‬ ‫‪28.83‬‬ ‫‪-182.22‬‬ ‫‪-120‬‬ ‫‪-81.39‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪R - 13‬‬
‫‪37.395‬‬ ‫‪-45.5‬‬ ‫‪-191.11‬‬ ‫‪-156.67‬‬ ‫‪-172.89‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪R - 14‬‬
‫‪49.364‬‬ ‫‪96‬‬ ‫‪-160‬‬ ‫‪-85.56‬‬ ‫‪-40.78‬‬ ‫‪14.657‬‬ ‫‪R - 22‬‬

‫‪o‬‬
‫‪ 133‬ﻓﻬﻰ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﻭﻨﻴﺎ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺠﺔ ﻫﻰ ‪C‬‬
‫ﻤﺘﺯﻨﺔ ﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺎ" ﺃﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺼﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺜﺭﻤﻭﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺃﻗـل ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺠﺏ ﺍﻷﺨﺫ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺠﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﺃﻯ ﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‪ .‬ﻓـﺈﺫﺍ‬
‫ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺸﻭﻁ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺠﺔ ﻝﻭﺴـﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴـﺩ‬
‫ﻴﺠﺏ ﻋﻤل ﺸﻭﻁ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﻭﻋﻤل ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺴـﻴﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺠﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻝﻜﻥ ﻝﻜل ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ‬

‫‪٩٩‬‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻓﻰ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺸﻭﻁ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﻭﻀـﺢ ﻓﻰ ﺸﻜل‬
‫)‪ ، (٢-٣‬ﻭﻴﺘﻀﺢ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﻭﻨﻴــــﺎ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨـﺔ" ﺒﻭﺴـﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ‪R – 22, R – 12‬‬
‫ﺘﺘﺤﻤل ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺸﻭﻁ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ‪.‬‬

‫‪Fig.3-2 Variation of compressor discharge temperature with‬‬

‫‪evaporating temperature for various refrigerants.‬‬

‫ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺜﻴﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‬

‫ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺜﻴﻑ ﻤﻊ ﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺨﻴﺭ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺘﻐﻴـﺭﺍﺕ ﺘـﺅﺜﺭ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻭﻝﻜﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻝﻪ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺍ" ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ" ﺒﺎﻝﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ‬
‫‪ ،‬ﻷﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺜﻴﻑ ﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﻜﻠﻴﺔ" ﺒﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻝﺠﻭ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺠﻰ ﺴـﻭﺍﺀ" ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ‬

‫‪١٠٠‬‬
‫ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻤﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻫﻭﺍﺀ‪ .‬ﺸﻜل )‪ ، (٣-٣‬ﻭﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺜﻴﻑ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺸـﻐل‬
‫ﺸﻭﻁ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻭﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﻯ ﻝﻠﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻭﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺒﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ‪ .‬ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻝﺸـﻜل‬
‫)‪، (٣ -٣‬ﻭ ﺒﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺜﻴﻑ ﻴﻘل ﺍﻝﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩﻯ ﻝﻭﺴـﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴـﺩ ﻭﻴﺯﻴـﺩ ﺍﻝﺸـﻐل‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺸﻭﻁ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ‪ ،‬ﻭﻨﻅﺭﺍ" ﻝﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺜﻴﻑ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻀـﺎﻏﻁ‬
‫ﺘﻘل ﻭﻴﺘﺒﻌﻬﺎ ﻨﻘﺼﺎﻥ ﻤﻌﺩل ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‪ .‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﻤﻌﺩل ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻼﺯﻡ ﻤﺭﻭﺭﻩ ﻓـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻝﻜل ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﻁﻥ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻴﺯﻴﺩ ﺒﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺜﻴﻑ‪ .‬ﻭﺸﻐل ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻨﻀـﻐﺎﻁ ﻴﺯﻴـﺩ‬
‫ﺒﺭﻓﻊ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺜﻴﻑ ﻭﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻌﺩل ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻝﻜل ﻁﻥ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻓـﺈﻥ ﻗـﺩﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺘﺯﻴﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻴﻘل ﺒﺭﻓﻊ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺜﻴﻑ‪.‬‬

‫‪Fig. 3-3 Effect of condensing temperature.‬‬

‫↓ ‪Tc ↑ R.E ↓ Power ↑ T .R / Power ↓ C.O.P‬‬

‫ﻤﻤﺎ ﺴﺒﻕ ﻨﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺜﻴـﻑ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻜﻔـﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝـﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻫـﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻴـــﺽ ﺍﻝﺘﺎﻡ ﻝﺭﻓﻊ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ‪ ،‬ﻓﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺨﻴـﺭ ﻴﺯﻴـﺩ ﺍﻝﺘـﺄﺜﻴﺭ‬

‫‪١٠١‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩﻯ ﻝﻠﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻭﻴﻘﻠل ﺸﻐل ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻥ ﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻝﻜل ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻴﺽ ﻤﻥ ﺫﻝﻙ‪ ،‬ﺭﻓﻊ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺜﻴﻑ ﻴﻘﻠل ﺍﻝﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩﻯ ﻝﻠﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻭﻴﺯﻴﺩ ﺸـﻐل ﺇﺠـﺭﺍﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺇﻥ ﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻝﻜل ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺘﻘل‪ .‬ﻭﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﺭﻭﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻝﻜل‬
‫ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ ﺘﺯﻴﺩ ﺒﺭﻓﻊ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺜﻴﻑ‪ .‬ﻷﻥ ﺃﻯ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻰ‬
‫ﺸﻐل ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻼﺯﻤﺎ" ﻝﻪ ﻨﻘﺼﺎﻥ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩﻯ ﻝﻠﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻭﻴﺘﺒﻊ ﺫﻝﻙ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻓـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﺭﻭﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ‪ .‬ﻭﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻴﻀﺎ" ﺃﻨﻪ ﺒﺭﻓﻊ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺜﻴـﻑ ﺘﻘـل ﺍﻝﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤﻨﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﻜﺜﻴﻑ ﻭﺠﺯﺀ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻹﺯﺍﻝﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻤﻴﺹ ﻤﻥ ﻏـﺎﺯ ﻭﺴـﻴﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺜﻴﻑ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺯﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ‪.‬‬

‫ﻤﺜﺎل ‪١-٣‬‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﻤﺸﺤﻭﻨﺔ ﺒﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ‪ R-12‬ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺜﻴﻑ ‪37 o‬‬
‫‪ C‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺨﻴﺭ ‪ ،-8 o C‬ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻰ‪ .‬ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻴﺨـﺭﺝ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺠﺎﻑ ﻤﺸﺒﻊ ﻭﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﺴﺎﺌل ﻤﺸﺒﻊ‪ .‬ﺃﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻵﺘﻰ ﻝﻜل ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻁﻥ ﺘﺒﺭﻴـﺩ‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪، 90 %‬‬
‫‪ - ١‬ﺍﻝﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩﻯ‪. R.E ،‬‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﻤﻌﺩل ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻝﻜل ﻁﻥ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ‪. C = 4 %‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪ - ٥‬ﺸﻐل ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ‬ ‫‪ - ٤‬ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻝﻜل ﻁﻥ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٧‬ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ - ٦‬ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻝﻜل ﻁﻥ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻨﺨﻔﻀﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﺇﻝﻰ ‪ -18, -28 o C‬ﺴﺠل ﺍﻝﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻓﻰ ﺠﺩﻭل ﺘﺒﻌـﺎ" ﻝﻠﻤﻁﺎﻝـﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪١٠٢‬‬
 o
‫ ﺜﻡ‬.‫ ﺴﺠل ﺍﻝﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻓﻰ ﺠﺩﻭل ﺘﺒﻌﺎ" ﻝﻠﻤﻁﺎﻝﺏ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ‬47 C ‫ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﻌﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﺇﻝﻰ‬
.‫ﻋﻠﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﺤﺼﻠﺕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬

Data: R - 12, Te = 265 K, Tc = 310 K,

ηm = 90 %, C = 4 %

Required: 1- Refrigerating effect, R.E.

2- Refrigerant mass flow rate, kg/min.

3- Piston displacement, P.D.
4- Work done. 5- Power. 6- C.O.P.

Solution:

From P - i chart of R - 12,

١٠٣
 Te = 265 K Tc = 310 K pc = 9 bar
i1 = 568 kJ/kg ρ1 = 14 kg/m3 p1 = 2.4 bar
i2 = 592 “
i3 = i4 = 455 “

Te = 255 K
i1\ = 564 kJ/kg ρ1\ = 9.9 kg/m3 p1\ = 1.6 bar
i2\ = 596 “

Te = 245 K
i1\\ = 558 kJ/kg ρ1\\ = 6.6 kg/m3 p1\\ = 1.1 bar
i2\\ = 600 “

First evaporating temperature, Te = 265 K

R.E = i1 - i4 = 568-455 = 113 kJ/kg

١٠٤
R.C = m& × (i1 − i4 )
1 × 3. 5
m& = = 0.03097 kg / s = 1.8584 kg / min
113
1 1
p  k
 9  1.13
ηV = 1 + C − C  d  = 1 + 0.04 − 0.04 ×   = 91.12 %
p
 s  2 .4 
m& 1.8584
P.D = = = 0.14568 m 3 / min
ηV × ρ s 0.9112 × 14
W .D = i2 − i1 = 592 − 568 = 24 kJ / kg
m& × W .D 0.03097 × 24
Power = = = 0.826 kW
ηm 0. 9
R.C 1× 3.5
C.O.P = = = 4.238
power 0.826

‫ ﺜﻡ ﻨﺴـﺠل ﺍﻝﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻓﻰ ﺠﺩﻭل‬255, 245 K ‫ﺜﻡ ﻨﻜﺭﺭ ﺍﻝﺨﻁﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺘﺒﺨﻴﺭ‬
:‫ﻜﺎﻵﺘﻰ‬

Tc = 310 K, s = c, R.C = 1 T.R

Te , K 265 255 245
R.E, kJ/kg 113 109 103
m& , kg/min 1.8584 1.9266 2.0388

١٠٥
 ‫‪ηV ,‬‬ ‫‪%‬‬ ‫‪91.12‬‬ ‫‪85.55‬‬ ‫‪78.30‬‬
‫‪P.D , m3/min‬‬ ‫‪0.1457‬‬ ‫‪0.2275‬‬ ‫‪0.3945‬‬
‫‪W.D , kJ/kg‬‬ ‫‪24‬‬ ‫‪32‬‬ ‫‪42‬‬
‫‪Power, kW‬‬ ‫‪0.826‬‬ ‫‪1.142‬‬ ‫‪1.586‬‬
‫‪C.O.P‬‬ ‫‪4.238‬‬ ‫‪3.066‬‬ ‫‪2.207‬‬

‫ﺃﻤﺎ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﻭﻫﻰ ‪ 265 K‬ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜـﻑ‬
‫‪ 310 K‬ﺜﻡ ﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺇﻝﻰ ‪ ،320 K‬ﻓﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ‪ p - i‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻰ‪:‬‬

‫‪From P - i chart of R - 12,‬‬

‫‪Te = 265 K‬‬ ‫‪Tc = 310 K‬‬ ‫‪pc = 9 bar‬‬
‫‪i1 = 568 kJ/kg‬‬ ‫‪ρ1 = 14 kg/m3‬‬ ‫‪p1 = 2.4 bar‬‬
‫‪i2 = 592‬‬ ‫“‬
‫‪i3 = i4 = 455‬‬ ‫“‬

‫‪١٠٦‬‬
 ‫‪Te = 265 K‬‬ ‫‪Tc = 320 K‬‬ ‫‪pc = 12 bar‬‬
‫‪i2\ = 596‬‬ ‫‪kJ/kg‬‬
‫‪i3\ = i4\ = 467‬‬ ‫“‬

‫ﻨﻜﺭﺭ ﺍﻝﺨﻁﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻝﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﻁﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭﺓ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺜﺎل ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﻭﻨﺴﺠل ﺍﻝﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻓﻰ ﺠـﺩﻭل‬
‫ﻜﺎﻵﺘﻰ‪:‬‬

‫‪Te = 265 K, s = c, R.C = 1 T.R‬‬

‫‪Tc ,‬‬ ‫‪K‬‬ ‫‪310‬‬ ‫‪320‬‬
‫‪R.E,‬‬ ‫‪kJ/kg‬‬ ‫‪113‬‬ ‫‪101‬‬
‫‪m& ,‬‬ ‫‪kg/min‬‬ ‫‪1.8584‬‬ ‫‪2.0792‬‬
‫‪ηV ,‬‬ ‫‪%‬‬ ‫‪91.12‬‬ ‫‪87.38‬‬
‫‪P.D , m3/min‬‬ ‫‪0.1457‬‬ ‫‪0.1699‬‬
‫‪W.D , kJ/kg‬‬ ‫‪24‬‬ ‫‪28‬‬
‫‪Power , kW‬‬ ‫‪0.826‬‬ ‫‪1.078‬‬
‫‪C.O.P‬‬ ‫‪4.238‬‬ ‫‪3.247‬‬

‫ﻨﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻨﻌﻠﻕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻰ‪:‬‬

‫‪١٠٧‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻨﻌﺒﺭ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻤﺠﺎﺯﺍ" ﻋﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺘﺒﺨﻴﺭ ﺃﻭ ﻏﻠﻴﺎﻥ ﺴﺎﺌل ﻭﺴـﻴﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴـﺩ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﻅﺭﺓ ﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻏﻠﻴﺎﻥ ﺴﺎﺌل ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻊ ﻭﻫﻰ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﺏ ﻭﻤﺭﻁﺒﺔ ﺒﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨـﺭ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﻨﺨﻔـﺎﺽ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺨﻴﺭ ﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨـﺭ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻨﺨﻔـﺎﺽ ﻀـﻐﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨــﺭ ﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻥ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺴﺩﺩ ﻜﻠﻰ ﺃﻭ ﺠﺯﺌﻰ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻌﺎﻤـل‬
‫ﺍﻝﺠﻔﺎﻑ ‪ X‬ﻓﻰ ﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﺘﻤﺩﺩ )ﺍﻝﺨﻨﻕ(‬
‫‪ ،‬ﻭﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻝﺠﻔﺎﻑ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﻴﻌﻨﻰ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻭﻨﻘﺼﺎﻥ ﻜﻤﻴــﺔ ﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‬
‫ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻴﻁ‪ .‬ﻭﺒﻔﺭﺽ ﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺘﺒﺨـﻴـﺭ ﺴﺎﺌل ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‬
‫ﻴﺅﺩﻯ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺘﻨﺎﻗﺹ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺴﺎﺌل ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﻘﻠل ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻝﻀـﻐﻁ ﺩﺍﺨـل ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨـﺭ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺨﻴﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﺴﺒﺎﺏ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻝﻨﻘﺼﺎﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺨﻴـﺭ ﺴـﻭﻑ‬
‫ﻨﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻝﻬﺎ ﻓﻰ ﻤﻭﺍﻀﻊ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺒﻨﺎﺀ" ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻝﻤﺜﺎل ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﻨﺠــــﺩ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨـﺭ‬
‫ﻴﺘﻨﺎﻗﺹ ﺍﻝﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩﻯ ﻝﻠﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻨﻘﺼﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﻨﺜﺎﻝﺒﻴﺎ ﻝﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺯﻴـﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻤﻌﺩل ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻝﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻭﻨﻘﺼﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﻔـﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻝﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻨﻘﺼﺎﻥ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺨﻴﺭ ﻤﻊ ﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻭﺹ ﻷﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻴﻀـﺎ"‬
‫ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺇﺯﺍﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻭﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺸﻐل ﻭﺍﻝﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ ﻝﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻭﻨﻘﺼﺎﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﻭﺤـﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﻝﻜﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺴﺅﺍل ﻴﺠﺏ ﻁﺭﺤﻪ ﻋﻥ ﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻌﺩل ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻓـﻰ ﺍﻝـﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻭﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻭﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻭﻤﺎ ﺍﻝﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﺌﺔ ﻝﺫﻝﻙ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻨﻌﻠﻡ‬
‫ﺃﻨﻪ ﻓﻰ ﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺴﺎﺌل ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺤﻭﻨﺔ ﺒﻪ ﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻜﻤﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﻻ ﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻜﻴﻑ ﺘﺯﻴﺩ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ‪ ،‬ﻨﻘﻭل ﺃﻨﻪ ﻁﺎﻝﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻝﻴﺱ ﺒﻬـﺎ ﻤﺠﻤـﻊ‬
‫ﺴﺎﺌل ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻹﻤﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﺒﺎﻝﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ ﻝﺴـﺎﺌل ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺘﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﺤﻤـل ﺍﻝﺤـﺭﺍﺭﻯ‬
‫ﺴﻭﻑ ﺘﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻝﻠﻭﺤــﺩﺓ ﻭﺘﻅــل ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺘﻌﻤل ﻝﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﻁﻭﻴﻠﺔ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺘـﻨﺨﻔﺽ‬

‫‪١٠٨‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﺭﺍﻍ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﻔﻅ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺯﻨﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻌﺩل‬
‫ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻥ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻰ ﻝﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻓﻰ ﺨﻁ ﺍﻝﺴﺤﺏ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻨﻌﻠﻡ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺘﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﺴﺤﺏ ﻭﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﺩ ﻭﻜـﺫﻝﻙ ﻨﺴـﺒﺔ ﺤﺠـﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻭﺹ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻓﻰ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺯﻤﻥ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﻷﻨﻪ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻐﻴﺭﻫـﺎ‬
‫ﺒﻌﺩ ﺇﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺇﻻ ﺒﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻝﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻰ ﺴﺭﻋﺘﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻨﺴﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺫﻝﻙ ﺃﻥ ﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻝﻴﺴﺕ ﻤﺯﻭﺩﺓ ﺒﻭﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻰ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻝﻜﻰ ﺘﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻤﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﻯ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻝﻙ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻴﺄﺨﺫ ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﺃﻁﻭل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺯﻤﻥ ﻹﺯﺍﺤﺔ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻜﺘل ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ‪ ،‬ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺘﺠـﺎﺕ ﺇﻝـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ ﺨﻼل ﺯﻤﻥ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻤﻌﻴﻥ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﺴﺒﺏ ﻓﻰ ﺘﻠﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺘﺠـﺎﺕ ﺩﺍﺨـل ﻏـﺭﻑ ﺍﻝﺤﻔـﻅ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺠﻤﻴﺩ‪ .‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺒﺎﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻓﻬﺫﺍ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺸﻐل ﺇﺠـﺭﺍﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺠﻌل ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻤﺤﻤﻼ" ﺒﺄﺤﻤﺎل ﺇﻀﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺘﺘﺴﺒﺏ ﻓﻰ ﺘﻠﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻜﻬﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻝﻤﺤـﺭﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺃﻭ ﺘﻠﻑ ﺼﻤﺎﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﺩ ﻭﺍﻝﺴﺤﺏ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻤﺎ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻓﻬﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﻨﻰ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﻅﺭﺓ ﻝﻀـﻐﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻨﻌﻠﻡ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺫﻯ ﻴﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻰ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺜﻴﻑ ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺜﻴـﻑ ﻝﻠﻐـﺎﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻤﺹ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﺇﺯﺍﻝﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻤﻴﺹ ﻤﻨﻪ ﺜﻡ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤﻨﺔ ﻝﺘﺤﻭﻴﻠﻪ‬
‫ﺇﻝﻰ ﺴﺎﺌل ﻤﺸﺒﻊ ﻫﻭ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻭﺇﺯﺍﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻨﻪ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﻤﻌﺩل ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﻨﺩ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺠﻭ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺠﻰ ﻭﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻓﺼل ﺍﻝﺼﻴﻑ ﻓﻬﺫﺍ ﻴﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻭﻴﻘﻠل ﻤـﻥ ﻜﻤﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﺴﺒﺏ ﻓﻰ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺜﻴﻑ ﻭﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻀـﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜـﻑ‬
‫ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺅﺩﻯ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺸﻐل ﻭﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻝﻤﺤﺭﻙ‪ .‬ﻭﺒﺎﻝﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ‬
‫ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺜﻴﻑ ﺘﺅﺩﻯ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﻭﺉ ﻭﺍﻝﻌﻴﻭﺏ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻨﺨﻔـﺎﺽ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺨـﻴﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪١٠٩‬‬
 ‫ﻁﺭﻕ ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ‬

‫ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﺅﺸﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺤﺴﻥ ﻋﻤـل ﺩﺍﺌـﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴـﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻘﺼﻭﺩ ﺒﺘﺤﺴﻥ ﻋﻤل ﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻫﻭ ﺘﻘﻠﻴل ﺍﺴﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻝﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻝﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻝﻜل ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﻁـﻥ ﺘﺒﺭﻴـﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﺇﻤﺎ ﺒﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺅﺜﺭ ﻝﻠﻤﺒﺨﺭ ) ﻓﺎﺭﻕ ﺍﻷﻨﺜﺎﻝﺒﻴﺎ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ( ﺃﻭ ﺘﻘﻠﻴل ﺸﻐل ﺍﻝﻀـﺎﻏﻁ‬
‫ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺸﻭﻁ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻭﻓﻰ ﻜﻠﺘﺎ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻝﺘﻴﻥ ﻴﺘﺤﺴﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻝﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻊ ﻝﺴﺎﺌل ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ) ‪( Sub-cooling‬‬

‫ﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﺴﺎﺌل ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻊ ﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺜﻴﻑ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺘﻡ‬
‫ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺴﺎﺌل ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻊ ﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻴﻕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻨﻰ ) ‪ .( Sub-cooling‬ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻴﻕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻨﻰ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜـﻑ ﺇﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻝﺘﻭﺍﺯﻯ ﺃﻭ ﺒﺎﻝﺘﻭﺍﻝﻰ ﻝﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ‪ .‬ﻭﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺴﺎﺌل ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻗل ﻤﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻊ ﻴﺅﺩﻯ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩﻯ ﻝﻠﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻨﻘﺼﺎﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﺜﺎﻝﺒﻴﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﺩﺨﻭل ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻓﻴﺯﻴﺩ ﻓﺎﺭﻕ ﺍﻻﻨﺜﺎﻝﺒﻴﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺨﻴﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻴﻀﺎ" ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻴﻕ ﻴﺅﺩﻯ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺴﺎﺌل ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﻭﻨﻘﺼﺎﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻝﺠﻔـﺎﻑ ﺒﺤﺭﻜـﺔ‬
‫ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺩﺨﻭل ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻨﺎﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻴﺴﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺌل ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﺨل ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻴﺠﻌل ﺃﺴﻁﺢ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻤﺒﻠﻠﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﺴﺎﺌل ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺤﺴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻭﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﺍﻝﻰ‬

‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻷﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻴـﻕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝـﺩﻭﻨﻰ ) ‪ ( Sub-cooler‬ﺘﺘﺼـل‬
‫ﺒﺎﻝﺘﻭﺍﻝﻰ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺘﺩﺨل ﺃﻭﻻ" ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﻤﻰ ) ‪( Sub-cooler‬‬
‫ﺜﻡ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻝﻙ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ) ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﺍﻝﻰ ( ﺘﺠﻌل ﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻝﻠﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﺘﺭﺘﻔﻊ‬

‫‪١١٠‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻬﺎ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺭﻓﻊ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺜﻴﻑ ﻝﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻭﻴﻘﻠل ﻤﻌﺎﻤـل ﺍﻨﺘﻘـﺎل‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ‪ .‬ﻭﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺫﻝﻙ ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻭﻗﻌﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴـﺩﻯ ﻝﻠﻤﺒﺨـﺭ ﺘﻘـل‬
‫ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺜﻴﻑ ﻭﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺸﻐل ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻓﻴﺯﻴـﺩ ﻤﻌﺎﻤـل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ‬
‫ﻝﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺒﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﻁﻔﻴﻑ‪.‬‬

‫ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﺍﺯﻯ‬

‫ﻓﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺘﺩﺨل ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻷﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻴﻕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻨﻰ ﺒﺎﻝﺘﻭﺍﺯﻯ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺜﻴﻑ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ‪ .‬ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﺴـﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻴﻕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻨﻰ ) ‪ ( Sub-cooler‬ﻭﺍﻷﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺜﻴﻑ ﻴﻜﻭﻨـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻝﺘﻭﺍﺯﻯ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺤﻴﺯ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻭﻴﺘﺒﻊ ﺫﻝﻙ ﺃﻥ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺘﺩﺨل ﻜل ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺩﻩ ﻭﺘﺨﺭﺝ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺅﺩﻯ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺘﺠﻨﺏ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺜﻴﻑ‪ .‬ﻭﻨﻼﺤـﻅ ﺃﻴﻀـﺎ" ﺃﻥ ﻤﺴـﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻨﺘﻘـﺎل‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻷﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻜﻜل ﻻ ﺘﺯﻴﺩ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺍ" ﻓﻰ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻴﻕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻨﻰ ) ‪Sub-cooling‬‬
‫(‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺭﺴﻡ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺠـﺎﻑ ﻤﺸـﺒﻊ‬
‫ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﺴﺎﺌل ﻤﺸﺒﻊ) ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ ‪ (1-2-3-4-1‬ﻭﺒﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻴﻕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻨﻰ ﺒﻌﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ) ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ ‪ ( 1-2-3\-4\-1‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﺒﺎﻝﺸﻜل )‪.(٤-٣‬‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل )‪ (٤-٣‬ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺒﻭﻀﻭﺡ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩﻯ ﻝﻠﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﻫـﻭ‬
‫‪ R.E = i1 - i4‬ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩﻯ ﻝﻠﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻴﻕ \‪ ، R.E = i1 - i4‬ﻭﻷﻥ‬
‫ﺸﻐل ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻴﺘﺤﺴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻭﻀﻴﺢ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻴﻕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻨﻰ ) ‪ ( Sub-cooling‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺜﺎل ﺍﻝﻌﺩﺩﻯ ﺍﻵﺘﻰ‪.‬‬

‫‪١١١‬‬
‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﺒﺎﻝﺸﻜل )‪ ، (٤-٣‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺨﻴﺭ ﻫﻰ ‪ 265 K‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠـﺔ‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺜﻴﻑ ﻫﻰ ‪ 310 K‬ﻭﺘﻡ ﻋﻤل ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻋﻤﻴﻕ ) ‪ ( Sub-cooling‬ﺒﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ‪ ،10 K‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻫﻭ ‪ ،R – 12‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﺴﻥ ﻓﻰ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻜﺎﻵﺘﻰ ‪:‬‬

‫‪Fig. 3-4 Effect of sub-cooling on the performance of refrigeration cycle.‬‬

‫‪From P - i chart of R - 12,‬‬

‫‪Te = 265 K‬‬ ‫‪Tc = 310 K‬‬ ‫‪pc = 9 bar‬‬
‫‪i1 = 568 kJ/kg‬‬ ‫‪ρ1 = 14 kg/m3‬‬ ‫‪p1 = 2.4 bar‬‬
‫‪i2 = 592‬‬ ‫“‬
‫‪i3 = i4 = 455‬‬ ‫“‬
‫‪i3\ = i4\ = 446‬‬ ‫“‬

‫‪ -١‬ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻴﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﺩل ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻝﻜل ﻁﻥ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‬

‫‪١١٢‬‬
 ‫ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻨﻪ ﺒﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩﻯ ﻝﻠﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻤﻌﺩل ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻴﻘل‬
‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻰ‪:‬‬

‫‪Simple cycle:‬‬

‫‪R.E = i1 − i4 = 568 − 455 = 113‬‬ ‫‪kJ / kg‬‬

‫‪R.C 1× 3.5‬‬
‫= &‪m‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.03097‬‬ ‫‪kg / s = 1.858‬‬ ‫‪kg / min‬‬
‫‪R.E‬‬ ‫‪113‬‬

‫‪Sub-cooling cycle:‬‬

‫‪R.E = i1 − i4 \ = 568 − 446 = 122‬‬ ‫‪kJ / kg‬‬

‫‪R.C 1× 3.5‬‬
‫= &‪m‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.02869‬‬ ‫‪kg / s = 1.721 kg / min‬‬
‫‪R.E‬‬ ‫‪122‬‬

‫‪ -٢‬ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻴﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻝﻜل ﻁﻥ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‬

‫ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل )‪ (٤-٣‬ﺃﻥ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﺤﺏ ﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻻ ﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺤﺎﻝـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻤل ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻋﻤﻴﻕ ﺃﻭ ﺩﻭﻨﻰ ﻝﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺤﺎﻝـﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺸـﺒﻊ‪ .‬ﺃﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺠـﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻰ ﻝﻐﺎﺯ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻻ ﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﺘﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻤﻊ ﻤﻌﺩل ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﻭﺴـﻴﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻝﻜل ﻁﻥ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻓﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﻻ ﺘﺘﻐﻴـﺭ ﻭﻫـﻰ‬
‫‪ 91.12 %‬ﻓﺈﻥ ‪:‬‬

‫‪١١٣‬‬
‫‪Simple cycle:‬‬

‫‪m& × v s‬‬ ‫&‪m‬‬ ‫‪1.858‬‬

‫= ‪P.D‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.14565‬‬ ‫‪m 3 / min‬‬
‫‪ηV‬‬ ‫‪ηV × ρ s 0.9112 × 14‬‬

‫‪Sub-cooling cycle:‬‬

‫‪m& × v s‬‬ ‫&‪m‬‬ ‫‪1.721‬‬

‫= ‪P.D‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.13491‬‬ ‫‪m 3 / min‬‬
‫‪ηV‬‬ ‫‪ηV × ρ s 0.9112 × 14‬‬

‫‪ -٣‬ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻴﻕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻨﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻝﻜل ﻁﻥ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‬

‫ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل )‪ ، (٤-٣‬ﺃﻥ ﺸﻐل ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻻ ﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻝﻙ ﻓـﺈﻥ ﻗـﺩﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻝﻜل ﻁﻥ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺘﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻤﻊ ﻤﻌﺩل ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻓﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻫﻰ ‪ 85 %‬ﻓﺈﻥ‪،‬‬

‫‪Simple cycle:‬‬

‫) ‪m& × (i2 − i1‬‬ ‫)‪0.03097 × (592 − 568‬‬

‫= ‪Power‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.875‬‬ ‫‪kW‬‬
‫‪ηm‬‬ ‫‪0.85‬‬
‫‪Sub-cooling cycle:‬‬

‫‪١١٤‬‬
 ‫) ‪m& × (i2 − i1‬‬ ‫)‪0.02868(592 − 568‬‬
‫= ‪Power‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.809‬‬ ‫‪kW‬‬
‫‪ηm‬‬ ‫‪0.85‬‬

‫‪ -٤‬ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻴﻕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻨﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‬

‫ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل )‪ ، (٤-٣‬ﺃﻥ ﺸﻐل ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺩﻭﻨﻰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻝﻜﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩﻯ ﻝﻠﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻝﻠﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‬
‫ﺩﻭﻨﻰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺃﻓﻀل ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺩﻭﻨﻰ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻰ‪:‬‬

‫‪Simple cycle:‬‬

‫‪i1 − i4 568 − 455‬‬

‫= ‪C. O. P‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 4.708‬‬
‫‪i2 − i1 592 − 568‬‬
‫‪Sub-cooling cycle:‬‬

‫‪i1 − i 4 \ 568 − 446‬‬

‫= ‪C. O. P‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 5.083‬‬
‫‪i 2 − i1 592 − 568‬‬

‫‪The percentage increase in C.O.P is:‬‬

‫‪١١٥‬‬
 ‫‪C.O.Pwith‬‬ ‫‪− C.O.Pwithout‬‬
‫= ‪Percent of increase‬‬
‫‪subcooling‬‬ ‫‪subcooling‬‬

‫‪C.O.Pwithout‬‬ ‫‪subcooling‬‬

‫‪5.083 − 4.708‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪× 100 = 7.97%‬‬
‫‪4.708‬‬

‫ﻴﺘﻀﺢ ﻤﻤﺎ ﺴﺒﻕ ﺃﻨﻪ ﺒﺨﻔﺽ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ‪ 10 o C‬ﺘﺤﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻊ ) ‪ ( Sub-cooling‬ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺜﻴﻑ ﻴﺯﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻭﻴﻘل ﻤﻌﺩل‬
‫ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ ﻝﻜل ﻁﻥ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﺘﻘل ﺃﻴﻀﺎ" ﺍﻝﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻝﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻝﻜـل ﻁـﻥ‬
‫ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻭﻴﺘﺤﺴﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻤﻴﺹ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﻴﺩ ﻝﻐﺎﺯ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ‬

‫‪Useful super-heating‬‬

‫‪Fig. 3-5 Effect of useful super-heating.‬‬

‫‪١١٦‬‬
‫ﻓﻰ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺠـﺎﻑ ﻤﺸـﺒﻊ ﻭﻴـﺩﺨل‬
‫ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﺴﺤﺏ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻅﺭﻭﻑ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻠـﻰ ﻓـﻰ ﺍﻝﺜﻼﺠـﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺯﻝﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺩﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻴﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻤﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤـﻥ ﺤﻴـﺯ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨـﺭ‬
‫ﻭﺘﺭﺘﻔﻊ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻤﺤﻤﺹ ﻭﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﺍﻤﺘﺼﻬﺎ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺯ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨـﺭ‬
‫ﺘﺴﺒﺒﺕ ﻓﻰ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩﻯ ﻝﻠﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻭﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﺘﺤﻤﻴﺹ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴـﺩ ﺘﺤﻤﻴـــﺹ ﻤﻔﻴـﺩ )‬
‫‪ ،(Useful super-heating‬ﻭﺍﻝﺸﻜل )‪ (٥-٣‬ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺘﺤﻤﻴﺹ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻭﻀﻴﺢ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺘﺤﻤﻴﺹ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨـﺭ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺜﺎل ﺍﻝﻌﺩﺩﻯ ﺍﻵﺘﻰ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﺒﺎﻝﺸﻜل )‪ ، (٥-٣‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨـﺕ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺨﻴﺭ ﻫﻰ ‪ 265 K‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺜﻴﻑ ﻫﻰ ‪ 310 K‬ﻭﺘﻡ ﻋﻤل ﺘﺤﻤﻴﺹ ﻝﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺒﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ‬
‫‪15 K‬ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻫﻭ ‪ ،R – 12‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻤﻴﺹ ﻫﻭ‪:‬‬

‫‪From P - i chart of R - 12,‬‬

‫‪Te = 265 K‬‬ ‫‪Tc = 310 K‬‬ ‫‪pc = 9 bar‬‬
‫‪i1 = 568 kJ/kg‬‬ ‫‪ρ1 = 14 kg/m3‬‬ ‫‪p1 = Pe = 2.4 bar‬‬
‫‪i2 = 592‬‬ ‫“‬ ‫‪T2 = 316 K‬‬
‫‪i3 = i4 = 455‬‬ ‫“‬
‫‪i1\ = 578‬‬ ‫“‬ ‫‪ρ1\ = 13 kg/m3‬‬
‫‪i2\ = 606‬‬ ‫“‬ ‫‪T2\ = 336 K‬‬

‫‪ -١‬ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺘﺤﻤﻴﺹ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﺩل ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻝﻜـل ﻁـﻥ‬
‫ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‬

‫‪١١٧‬‬
‫ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻨﻪ ﺒﺘﺤﻤﻴﺹ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩﻯ ﻴﺯﻴـﺩ ﻭﻜـﺫﻝﻙ‬
‫ﻤﻌﺩل ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻝﻜل ﻁﻥ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻴﻘل ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻰ‪:‬‬

‫‪Simple cycle:‬‬

‫‪R.E = i1 − i4 = 568 − 455 = 113‬‬ ‫‪kJ / kg‬‬

‫‪R.C 1× 3.5‬‬
‫= &‪m‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.03097‬‬ ‫‪kg / s = 1.858‬‬ ‫‪kg / min‬‬
‫‪R.E‬‬ ‫‪113‬‬

‫‪Super -heating cycle:‬‬

‫‪R.E = i1\ − i4 = 578 − 455 = 123‬‬ ‫‪kJ / kg‬‬

‫‪R.C 1× 3.5‬‬
‫= &‪m‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.02846‬‬ ‫‪kg / s = 1.707 kg / min‬‬
‫‪R.E‬‬ ‫‪123‬‬

‫‪ -٢‬ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺘﺤﻤﻴﺹ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻝﻜل ﻁﻥ‬
‫ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‬

‫ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل )‪ ، (٥-٣‬ﺃﻥ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﺤﺏ ﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓـﻰ ﺤﺎﻝـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺠﺎﻑ ﻤﺸﺒﻊ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻤﺤﻤﺹ ﻝﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‪ .‬ﺃﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻰ ﻝﻐﺎﺯ‬
‫ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻴﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺒﺘﺤﻤﻴﺹ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﺘﺘﻨﺎﺴــﺏ ﻤـﻊ‬

‫‪١١٨‬‬
‫ﻤﻌﺩل ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻝﻜل ﻁﻥ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﻝﺫﻝﻙ ﺘﻘل ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻝﻜل ﻁﻥ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻓﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻫﻰ ‪ 91.12 %‬ﻓﺈﻥ ‪:‬‬

‫‪Simple cycle:‬‬

‫‪m& × v s‬‬ ‫&‪m‬‬ ‫‪1.858‬‬

‫= ‪P.D‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.14565‬‬ ‫‪m 3 / min‬‬
‫‪ηV‬‬ ‫‪ηV × ρ s 0.9112 × 14‬‬

‫‪Super-heating cycle:‬‬

‫‪m& × v s‬‬ ‫&‪m‬‬ ‫‪1.707‬‬

‫= ‪P.D‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.1441‬‬ ‫‪m 3 / min‬‬
‫‪ηV‬‬ ‫‪ηV × ρ s 0.9112 × 13‬‬

‫‪ -٣‬ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺘﺤﻤﻴﺹ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻝﻜل ﻁﻥ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‬

‫ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل ‪ ٥-٣‬ﺃﻥ ﺸﻐل ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻴﺯﺩﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻝﻜل‬
‫ﻁﻥ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺘﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻤﻊ ﻨﻘﺼﺎﻥ ﻤﻌﺩل ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻓـﻰ ﺍﻝـﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ ﻭﺯﻴـﺎﺩﺓ ﺸـﻐل ﺇﺠـﺭﺍﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ‪ .‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻝﻜل ﻁـﻥ ﺘﺒﺭﻴـﺩ ﺘـﺯﺩﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻓـﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﻔـﺎﺀﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻫﻰ ‪ 85 %‬ﻓﺈﻥ‪:‬‬

‫‪Simple cycle:‬‬

‫‪١١٩‬‬
‫‪W .D = i2 − i1 = 592 − 568 = 24 kJ / kg‬‬
‫)‪m& × (i2 − i1 ) 0.03097 × (592 − 568‬‬
‫= ‪Power‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.875‬‬ ‫‪kW‬‬
‫‪ηm‬‬ ‫‪0.85‬‬
‫‪Super-heating cycle:‬‬

‫‪W .D = i2\ − i1\ = 606 − 578 = 28 kJ / kg‬‬

‫)‪m& × (i2 \ − i1\ ) 0.02846 × (606 − 578‬‬
‫= ‪Power‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.937‬‬ ‫‪kW‬‬
‫‪ηm‬‬ ‫‪0.85‬‬

‫‪ -٤‬ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺘﺤﻤﻴﺹ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‬

‫ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل )‪ ، (٥-٣‬ﺃﻥ ﺸﻐل ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﺃﻗل ﻤﻨﻪ ﻓـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺘﺤﻤﻴﺹ ﻝﻐﺎﺯ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﻝﻜﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩﻯ ﻝﻠﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻝﻠﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﺃﻗـل‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺘﺤﻤﻴﺹ ﻝﻐﺎﺯ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓـﺈﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻤـل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻴﻘـل‬
‫ﻝﻠﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺘﺤﻤﻴﺹ ﻝﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻨﻅﺭﺍ" ﻝﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺸﻐل ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻴﻀﺎ" ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺯﻴـﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩﻯ ﻝﻠﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻰ ﺸﻐل ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻨﻀـﻐﺎﻁ ﻓﻴﺘﻨـﺎﻗﺹ ﻤﻌﺎﻤـل‬
‫ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺘﺤﻤﻴﺹ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻰ‪:‬‬

‫‪Simple cycle:‬‬

‫‪i1 − i 4 568 − 455‬‬

‫= ‪C. O. P‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 4.708‬‬
‫‪i 2 − i1 592 − 568‬‬
‫‪Super-heating cycle:‬‬

‫‪١٢٠‬‬
 ‫‪i1\ − i 4 578 − 455‬‬
‫= ‪C. O. P‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 4.393‬‬
‫‪i2 \ − i1\ 606 − 578‬‬

‫‪The percentage decrease in C.O.P is:‬‬

‫‪4.708 − 4.393‬‬
‫= ‪Percent of decrease‬‬ ‫‪×100 = 6.69 %‬‬
‫‪4.708‬‬

‫‪o‬‬
‫‪ 15‬ﻓﻭﻕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺸـﺒﻊ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﺘﻀﺢ ﻤﻤﺎ ﺴﺒﻕ ﺃﻨﻪ ﺒﺘﺤﻤﻴﺹ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ‪C‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺨﻴﺭ‪ ،‬ﻴﺯﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻭﻴﻘل ﻤﻌﺩل ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻓـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ ﻝﻜل ﻁﻥ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺯﻴﺩ ﺸﻐل ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﺯﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻝﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻝﻜـل ﻁـﻥ‬
‫ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻭﻴﻘل ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٥‬ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺘﺤﻤﻴﺹ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ‬

‫ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل )‪ ، (٥-٣‬ﺃﻥ ﻓﺎﺭﻕ ﺍﻻﻨﺜﺎﻝﺒﻴﺎ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺜﻴﻑ ﻓـﻰ ﺍﻝـﺩﻭﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﺃﻗل ﻤﻨﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺘﺤﻤﻴﺹ ﻝﻐﺎﺯ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻝﻜﻥ ﻤﻌـﺩل ﻤـﺭﻭﺭ ﻭﺴـﻴﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻝﻜل ﻁﻥ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺘﺤﻤﻴﺹ ﻝﻐﺎﺯ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﻯ ﻝﻠﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻴﺯﻴﺩ ﻝﻠﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺘﺤﻤﻴﺹ ﻝﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴـﺩ ﻨﻅـﺭﺍ" ﻝﺯﻴـﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻨﺜﺎﻝﺒﻴﺎ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺜﻴﻑ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻴﻀﺎ" ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﺼﺎﻥ ﻓﻰ ﻤﻌﺩل ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻝﻜل ﻁﻥ‬
‫ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻓﺎﺭﻕ ﺍﻻﻨﺜﺎﻝﺒﻴﺎ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺜﻴـﻑ‪ ،‬ﻭﻝـﺫﻝﻙ ﻴﺯﻴـﺩ ﺍﻝﺤﻤـل‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﻯ ﻝﻠﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﺒﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺘﺤﻤﻴﺹ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻰ‪:‬‬

‫‪١٢١‬‬
‫‪Simple cycle:‬‬

‫‪qc = i2 − i4 = 592 − 455 = 137 kJ / kg‬‬

‫‪Qc = m& × qc = 0.03097 ×137 = 4.243 kW‬‬
‫‪Super -heating cycle:‬‬

‫‪qc = i2\ − i4 = 606 − 455 = 151 kJ / kg‬‬

‫‪Qc = m& × qc = 0.02846 × 151 = 4.297 kW‬‬

‫ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻴﺯﻴﺩ ﺒﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺘﺤﻤﻴﺹ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‬
‫ﻭﻴﺘﺒﻊ ﺫﻝﻙ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻰ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻴﻀـﺎ" ﻤﺴـﺎﺤﺔ ﺴـﻁﺢ ﺍﻨﺘﻘـﺎل‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻭﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺘﺯﻴﺩ ﻭﻴﺘﺒﻊ ﺫﻝﻙ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻤﻴﺹ ﺍﻝﻐﻴﺭ ﻤﻔﻴﺩ ﻝﻐﺎﺯ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‬

‫‪Super-heating without useful cooling‬‬

‫ﻨﻔﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺠـﺎﻑ ﻤﺸـﺒﻊ ﻭﻴـﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﻤﻴﺼـﻪ‬
‫)ﺘﺴﺨﻴﻨﻪ( ﺇﻝﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻊ ﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻋﺩﻡ‬
‫ﻋﺯل ﺃﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﺍﻝﺴﺤﺏ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﺼﻠﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺒﻌﺎﺯل ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻯ ﺠﻴﺩ‪ ،‬ﻓﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩﻯ‬
‫ﻝﻠﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻴﻅل ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﻤﻌﺩل ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻝﻜل ﻁﻥ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻴﻅــل ﺃﻴﻀـــﺎ" ﺜﺎﺒـﺕ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻰ ﻝﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻓﻰ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺸﻭﻁ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻤﻴﺹ ﻝﻐﺎﺯ ﻭﺴـﻴﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻭﻴﺘﺒﻌﻪ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ‪ ،‬ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻀـﺎﻏﻁ ﻭﺯﻴـﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﻤـل‬

‫‪١٢٢‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻭﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻝﻔﺎﺌﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻭﺤﻴﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻤل ﺘﺤﻤﻴﺹ‬
‫ﻝﻐﺎﺯ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻫﻭ ﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺘﺒﺨﻴﺭ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺒﺎﻝﻜﺎﻤل ﻗﺒـل ﺃﻥ ﻴﺼـل ﺇﻝـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻭﻋﺩﻡ ﻭﺼﻭل ﺃﻯ ﻤﻥ ﻗﻁﺭﺍﺕ ﺴﺎﺌل ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺒـﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﻴﻌﻁـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل ﻤﻥ ﺍﺤﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﺘﻠﻑ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻭﺼﻤﺎﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺴﺤﺏ ﻭﺍﻝﻁﺭﺩ ﻨﺘﻴﺠـﺔ ﻭﺼـﻭل ﺒﻌـﺽ‬
‫ﻗﻁﺭﺍﺕ ﺴﺎﺌل ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺴﺤﺏ‪ .‬ﻭﻝﺫﻝﻙ ﻴﺠﺏ ﻋﺯل ﺃﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﺨﻁ ﺍﻝﺴﺤﺏ ﺠﻴـﺩﺍ" ﺒﻌـﺎﺯل‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻯ ﻤﻊ ﺘﺭﻙ ﺤﻭﺍﻝﻰ ‪ ٣٠‬ﺴﻡ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻝﺩﺨﻭل ﻝﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﻋﺎﺯل ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻯ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﻤﻴﺹ ﻏﺎﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺒﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﻗﻠﻴل ﻗﺒل ﺍﻝﺩﺨﻭل ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻻ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﻨﻘﺼﺎﻥ ﻤﺤﺴﻭﺱ ﻝﻤﻌﺎﻤـل ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻹﺤﺴﺎﺱ ﺒﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻤﻴﺹ ﻝﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ ﺨﻁ ﺍﻝﺴﺤﺏ ﻭﻫل ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬
‫ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺜﻠﺞ ﺨﻔﻴﻔﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺎﺀ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﻤﻊ ﻤﺒﺎﺩل ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻯ‬

‫‪Liquid suction heat exchanger‬‬

‫ﺃﺤﺩ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺴﺎﺌل ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜـﻑ ﻫـﻭ ﺍﺴـﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻤﺒـﺎﺩل‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻯ ﻴﻤﺘﺹ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻁ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﻴﻁﺭﺩﻫـﺎ ﺇﻝـﻰ ﺨـﻁ ﻏـﺎﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺴﺤـﺏ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﺍﻷﻗل ﻓﻰ ﺩﺭﺠــﺔ ﺍﻝﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺴـﻤﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻤﺒــــﺎﺩل ﺍﻝﺤـﺭﺍﺭﻯ )‬
‫‪ ( Subcooler - superheater exchanger‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﻓﻰ ﺸﻜل )‪.(٦-٣‬‬

‫ﻓﻰ ﺸﻜل )‪ ، (٣-٦‬ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺭﺩ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻴﺩﺨل ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺎﺩل ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﻯ ﻓـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﻤﻌﺎﻜﺱ ﻝﺩﺨﻭل ﺴﺎﺌل ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺴﺨﻥ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺒـﺎﺭﺩ‬
‫ﻓﻰ ﺨﻁ ﺍﻝﺴﺤﺏ ﻭﻴﺒﺭﺩ ﺴﺎﺌل ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺜﻴﻑ‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﻔﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻁ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺌل ﺇﻝﻰ ﺨﻁ ﺍﻝﻐﺎﺯ‬
‫ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﺃﻯ ﻻ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﺃﻴﺔ ﻤﻔﺎﻗﻴﺩ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻯ ﺃﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺘﻤﺕ ﻓﻘﻁ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻏـﺎﺯ ﺨـﻁ‬

‫‪١٢٣‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﺴﺤﺏ ﻭﺍﻝﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻌﺩل ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﻓﻰ ﺨﻁ ﺍﻝﺴـﺤﺏ‬
‫ﻭﺨﻁ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺌل‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻻﺘﺯﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﻯ ﻝﻠﻤﺒﺎﺩل ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﺘﺼﺔ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﻐﺎﺯ‬
‫ﻓﻰ ﺨﻁ ﺍﻝﺴﺤﺏ ﻭﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﺭﻭﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺴـﺎﺌل ﻓﻰ ﺨﻁ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺌل ﻜﺎﻵﺘﻰ‪:‬‬

‫‪Flow diagram‬‬ ‫‪P-i diagram‬‬

‫‪Fig. 3-6 Effect of liquid heat exchanger.‬‬

‫) ‪m& (i2 − i1 ) = m& (i4 − i5‬‬

‫‪i2 = (i4 − i5 ) + i1‬‬

‫‪where,‬‬

‫‪١٢٤‬‬
‫ﻷﻨﻪ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ" ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻴﻕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻨﻰ )‪Sub-‬‬
‫‪ ( cooling temperature‬ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﻫﻭ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺨﺭﻭﺠﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺎﺩل‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﻯ‪.‬‬

‫ﻤﺜﺎل ‪٢-٣‬‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﺒﺴﻌﺔ ‪70 T.R‬ﻤﺸﺤﻭﻨﺔ ﺒﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺘﺒﺭﻴـﺩ ‪ R-12‬ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫‪o‬‬
‫‪ ،-18‬ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺒﺜﺒـﻭﺕ ﺍﻻﻨــﺘﺭﻭﺒﻰ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺜﻴﻑ ‪ 37 o C‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺨﻴﺭ ‪C‬‬
‫ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺠﺎﻑ ﻤﺸﺒﻊ ﻭﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﺴﺎﺌل ﻤﺸﺒﻊ‪ .‬ﺃﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻵﺘـﻰ‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺘﻡ ﻋﻤل ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺒﻤﻘـﺩﺍﺭ ‪ 10 o C‬ﻝﺴـﺎﺌل ﻭﺴـﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴـﺩ ﺒﻌـﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜـﻑ ) ‪Sub-cooling‬‬
‫‪ ( temperature = 10 o C‬ﻓﻰ ﻤﺒﺎﺩل ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻯ ﻤﻊ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺨﻁ ﺍﻝﺴﺤﺏ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٢‬ﻤﻌﺩل ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -١‬ﺍﻝﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩﻯ‪.R.E ،‬‬

‫‪ -٤‬ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٣‬ﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ‪.C = 3 %‬‬
‫‪ - ٦‬ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪.78 %‬‬ ‫‪ -٥‬ﺸﻐل ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻹﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٧‬ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ‪.‬‬

‫‪Data:‬‬ ‫‪R - 12, R.C = 70 T.R, Te = 255 K, Tc = 310 K‬‬

‫‪∆tsub = 10 o C , C = 3 %, ηm = 78 %‬‬

‫‪Required: 1- Refrigerating effect, R.E.‬‬

‫‪2- Refrigerant mass flow rate, kg/min.‬‬

‫‪3- Piston displacement, P.D.‬‬

‫‪١٢٥‬‬
 4- Work done.
5- Power. 6- C.O.P .

Solution:

Flow diagram and p - i diagram as Fig. 3-6

From P - i chart of R - 12,

Te = 255 K Tc = 310 K pc = 9 bar

i1 = 564 kJ/kg p1 = p2 = 1.6 bar
i4 = 455 “
i5 = 445 “

Heat balance of liquid suction heat exchanger:

i2 - i1 = i4 - i5
i2 = ( i4 - i5 ) + i1 = (455-445)+564 = 574 kJ/kg
i3 = 609 kJ/kg
ρ2 = 9.1 kg/m3

Refrigerant mass flow rate:

١٢٦
 R.E = i1 − i6 = 564 − 445 = 119 kJ / kg
R.C = m& × ( i1 − i6 )
70 × 3.5
m& = = 2.0588 kg / s
119
= 2.0588 × 60 = 123.5294 kg / min
1
 p k
ηV = 1 + C − C  d 
 ps 
1
 9  1.13
= 1 + 0.03 − 0.03 ×   = 89.17 %
 1 .6 

Piston displacement and compressor power:

m& 123.5294
P .D = = = 15.224 m 3 / min
ηV × ρ s 0.89166 × 9.1
W .D = i3 − i2 = 609 − 574 = 35 kJ / kg
m& × W .D 2.0588 × 35
Power = = = 92.383 kW
ηm 0.78
R.C 70 × 3.5
C .O.P = = = 2.652
power 92.383

(Multi-stage compression) ‫ﺍﻷﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺤل‬

١٢٧
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻭﻑ ﺠﻴﺩﺍ" ﺃﻥ ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﺃﻯ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺘﺘﻤﺜـل ﻓـﻰ ﺘﻜﻠﻔـﺔ ﺍﻝﺸـﻐل‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺫﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻓﻰ ﺸﻭﻁ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻝﺭﻓﻊ ﻀﻐﻁ ﻏـﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴـﺩ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻭﻋﻤل ﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﻝﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺘـﻡ ﺘﺨﻔـﻴﺽ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﺔ ﻝﻜل ﻁﻥ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﻤﻥ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺘﻜﻠﻔـﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺸـﻐﻴل‬
‫ﻭﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﻓﻰ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﺤﺩ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻕ ﻝﺘﻘﻠﻴل ﺍﻝﺸﻐل ﺍﻝﻤﻴﻜـﺎﻨﻴﻜﻰ ﻫـﻭ ﺍﻹﻨﻀـﻐﺎﻁ ﻤﺘﻌـﺩﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺤل ﻭﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻰ ﺩﻭﺍﺌﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﻝﺘﻘﻠﻴل‬
‫ﺸﻐل ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻹﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻭﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻴﻀﺎ" ﻝﺯﻴـﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻭﺘﻘﻠﻴـل‬
‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻓﻰ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺸــﻭﻁ ﺍﻹﻨﻀــــﻐﺎﻁ‪ .‬ﻭﻝﺘﻁﺒﻴـﻕ ﺍﻹﻨﻀـﻐﺎﻁ ﻤﺘﻌـﺩﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺤل ﻴﻠﺯﻡ ﻋﻤل ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻝﻐﺎﺯ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻜل ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﻭﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﻨﻀـﻐﺎﻁ ﻤﺘﻌـﺩﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺤل ﺫﻭ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﻨﻰ ) ‪ ( Inter-cooling‬ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻔﻴﺩ ﺠﺩﺍ" ﻭﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺎ" ﻓـﻰ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴـﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﻝﻬﺎ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻤﺭﺘﻔﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﺘﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﺇﻤﺎ ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺨﻴﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ‬
‫ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺜﻴﻑ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻷﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﺫﻭ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺒﻴﻨﻰ‬

‫‪Two stages of compression with water inter-cooler‬‬

‫ﻝﻌﻤل ﺍﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻀﺎﻏﻁﻴﻥ ﻴﻠﺯﻡ ﻋﻤل ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﻭﻀﺢ‬
‫ﻓﻰ ﺸﻜل )‪ ، (٧-٣‬ﻓﺎﻝﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺍﻷﻭل ﺒﺎﻝﺤﺎﻝﺔ ‪ ٢‬ﻴﺩﺨل ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺭﺩ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﻨﻰ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻋﺎﺩﺘـﺎ"‬
‫ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻤﺎﺀ ﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻤﺹ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺃﻗل ﺜﻡ ﻴﺩﺨل ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻀـﺎﻏﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻰ ﺒﺎﻝﺤﺎﻝﺔ ‪ ٣‬ﻭﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻤﺤﻤﺹ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻝﺔ ‪ ٤‬ﺜﻡ ﻴﺩﺨل ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺸـﻜل )‪(٧-٣‬‬
‫ﻝﻭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺘﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀ ‪ ، \ ٢-١‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻐل ﺍﻹﻨﻀـﻐﺎﻁ‬
‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ‪:‬‬

‫‪W .D1− 2 \ = i2 \ − i1‬‬

‫‪١٢٨‬‬
 ‫ﺃﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺘﻡ ﺍﻹﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺸﻐل ﺍﻹﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‪:‬‬

‫ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﻌﺩﺩﻴﺔ ﻝﻺﻨﺜﺎﻝﺒﻴﺎ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺸﻐل ﺍﻹﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ﺸﻐل ﺍﻹﻨﻀـﻐﺎﻁ‬

‫) ‪W .D1− 2 + W .D3− 4 = (i2 − i1 ) + (i4 − i3‬‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻴﻀﺎ" ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻴﻘل ﺒﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﺎﺭﻕ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻹﻨﺜﺎﻝﺒﻴﺎ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ \ ‪ 2‬ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ ‪. 4‬‬

‫‪Flow diagram of two stage compressions with water inter-‬‬

‫‪cooler.‬‬

‫‪P-i diagram.‬‬

‫‪١٢٩‬‬
 ‫‪Fig. 3-7 two stages of compression with water inter-cooling.‬‬
‫ﻤﺜﺎل ‪٣-٣‬‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺇﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﺘﻌﻤل ﺒﺎﻷﻤﻭﻨﻴﺎ ‪ ، NH3‬ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻭﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻭﺼﻤﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﻭﻀﺎﻏﻁﻴﻥ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻤﺒﺭﺩ ﻤﺎﺀ ﻝﻐﺎﺯ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻤﺹ ‪ ،‬ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ‪ ، 1 bar‬ﻭﻀﻐﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ‪ ، 15 bar‬ﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺠﺎﻑ ﻤﺸﺒﻊ ﺜﻡ ﻴﻀﻐﻁ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻰ‬
‫ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺍﻷﻭل ﺤﺘﻰ ﻀﻐﻁ ‪ 4 bar‬ﺒﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ ،75 %‬ﺜﻡ ﻴﺩﺨل ﻤﺒﺭﺩ ﺍﻝﻤـﺎﺀ ﻭﺘـﻨﺨﻔﺽ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ‪ ، 27 oC‬ﺜﻡ ﻴﺩﺨل ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻰ ﺒﻜﻔـﺎﺀﺓ‬
‫ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ ، ،85 %‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻫﻰ ‪ ، 125 T.R‬ﺃﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻵﺘﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪ – ٢‬ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ – ١‬ﺍﻝﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺓ ‪.kW‬‬
‫‪ – ٣‬ﻤﻌﺩل ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻭﻤﺒﺭﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﻨﻰ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻓﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺩﺨﻭل ﻭﺨﺭﻭﺝ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﻴﻌﺎﺩل ‪. 10 oC‬‬
‫‪ – ٤‬ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪١٣٠‬‬
 .80 % ‫ﺜﻡ ﻗﺎﺭﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺘﻡ ﻋﻤل ﺇﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﺒﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬

Data: NH3, Pe = 1 bar, Pc = 15 bar, PI = 4 bar, R.C = 125 T.R

S = c in two stages compression, T3 = 27+273 = 300 k .

ηm1 = 75 %, ηm2 = 85 %.

Required: 1 – Power, kW.

2 – Qc.
3 – water flow rate in water inter-cooler and
condenser.
4 – C.O.P.

Solution.

،P-i diagram ، (٧-٣) ‫ﻓﻰ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﻓـﻰ ﺸـﻜل‬
:‫ﻭﻤﻥ ﺨﺭﻴﻁﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﻭﻨﻴﺎ ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ‬

Two stages of compression:

i1 = 475 kJ/kg T1 = Te = -34 oC.

i2 = 680 “ T2 = 60 oC.
i3 = 610 “ T3 = 27 oC.

١٣١
 i4 = 762 “ T4 = 127 oC.
i5 = i6 = -570 “ Tc = 37 oC.

Refrigerant mass flow rate:

R.C 125 × 3.5

m& = = = 0.4187 kg / s
i1 − i6 475 − (−570)

Compressor power:

‫ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ ﻝﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻫﻰ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺫﻭ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨﻔﺽ‬
.‫ﻭﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺫﻭ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺘﻔﻊ‬

Power = Power1−2 + Power3−4

& × (i2 − i1 ) m& × (i4 − i3 )
Qc = m& ×=(im
4 − i5 ) = 0.+ 4187 × (762 − ( −570 ))
η 1 ηm 2
= 557.708 mkW
 680 − 475 762 − 610 
= 0.4187
Qc ×  557.708+ 
m& w.c =  =0.75 0=.85 
13.342 kg / s
C pw (t w.i − t w .o ) 4.18 × 10
= 189.318 kW
m& (i2 − i3 )
m& w.int =
C pw (t w.i − t w.o )
0.4187 × (680 − 610 )
= = 0.701 kg / s
4.18 × 10
Condenser thermal load:

١٣٢
Coefficient of performance and relative efficiency:

R.C 125 × 3.5

C.O.P = = = 2.311
Power 189.318
TL 239
C.O.Pcar = = = 3.366
TH − TL 310 − 239
C.O.P 2.311
ηR = = = 68.65 %
C.O.Pcar 3.366

‫ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻨﻘﻁـﺔ‬80 % ‫ﺃﻤﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﺒﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ‬
: \٢ ‫ﺨﺭﻭﺝ ﺍﻝﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻤﺹ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻫﻰ‬

One stage of compression:

i2\ = 900 kJ/kg

Compressor power:
Power = Power1−2\
m& × (i2\ − i1 )
=
ηm
 900 − 475 
= 0.4187 ×   = 222.434 kW
 0 . 8 

١٣٣
Condenser thermal load:

Qc = m& × (i2\ − i5 ) = 0.4187 × (900 − ( −570 ))

= 615.489 kW
Qc
m& w.c =
C pw (t w .i − t w.o )
615.489
= = 14.721 kg / s
4.18 × 10

Coefficient of performance and relative efficiency:

R.C 125 × 3.5

C.O.P = = = 1.967
Power 222.434
C.O.P 1.967
ηR = = = 58.43 %
C.O.Pcar 3.366
:‫ﻭﺒﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻝﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺠﺩﻭل ﻜﺎﻵﺘﻰ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻋﻤل ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﺴﻬﻭﻝﺔ‬
with inter-cooler Without inter-cooler
Power, kW 189.318 222.434
Td, oC 127 177
Qc, kW 557.708 615.489
C.O.P 2.311 1.967
ηR 68.65 58.43

١٣٤
‫ﻓﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻹﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻗﺩ ﻨﻘﺼﺕ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻀﺎﻏﻁﻴﻥ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻤﺒﺭﺩ ﺒﻴﻨﻰ ﻴﻌﻤل ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻴﻀﺎ" ﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻗﺩ ﻨﻘﺹ ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﺩ ﻗﺩ ﻨﻘﺼـﺕ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻨﻘﺼﺎﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﺩ ﻤﻬﻡ ﺠﺩﺍ" ﻻﺘﺯﺍﻥ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‬
‫ﺒﻌﻴﺩﺍ" ﻋﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﻋﻨﺩﻫﺎ ﻴﺘﺤﻠل ﻤﺭﻜـﺏ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻋﻨﺎﺼـﺭﻩ ﺍﻷﺼـﻠﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻨﻘﺼﺎﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﺩ ﻝﻠﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻤﺹ ﻴﻘﻠل ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻭﺍﻝـﺫﻯ ﺒـﺩﻭﺭﻩ‬
‫ﻴﻘﻠل ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﻁﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻓﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﺍﻝﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻝﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻝﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻤﺹ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺠﺎﻑ ﻤﺸـﺒﻊ‬
‫ﻓﻬﺫﺍ ﻴﺅﺩﻯ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺘﻘﻠﻴل ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﺍﻝﻼﺯﻡ ﻹﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺘﻜﺜﻴﻑ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻭﺘﺤﻭﻴﻠﻪ ﺇﻝـﻰ ﺴـﺎﺌل‬
‫ﻤﺸﺒﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻴﻀﺎ" ﻤﻥ ﻤﻤﻴﺯﺍﺕ ﺇﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻹﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻤـل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﺒﺴـﺒﺏ‬
‫ﻨﻘﺼﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ ﻝﻜل ﻁﻥ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻭﺃﻴﻀﺎ" ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﻝﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ‬

‫‪Actual compression refrigeration cycle‬‬

‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻫﺒﻭﻁ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺨﻼل ﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﻤﺭﻜﺏ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‬
‫ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻭﺍﻷﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﻭﺍﻝﺼﻤﺎﻤﺎﺕ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﺨﻠﻰ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﻤﺭﻜﺏ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴـﺩ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﻤﺭﻜﺏ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻭﺍﻷﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﻷﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﺍﻝﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻝﺸﻜل )‪ (٨-٣‬ﻴﺒﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﻬﺒﻭﻁ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ‪.‬‬

‫‪٣٥‬‬
 ‫‪Flow diagram.‬‬
‫‪P-i diagram.‬‬

‫‪Fig. 3-8 Flow diagram and P-i diagram for simple and actual cycle.‬‬

‫ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ‪-‬ﺍﻹﻨﺜﺎﻝﺒﻴﺎ ﻝﻠﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨـﺭ‬

‫ﻏﺎﺯ ﺠﺎﻑ ﻤﺸﺒﻊ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ \ ‪ 1‬ﺜﻡ ﻴﻤﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺃﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﺨﻁ ﺍﻝﺴﺤﺏ ﻓﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﻝﻪ ﻫﺒـﻭﻁ ﻓـﻰ ﺍﻝﻀـﻐﻁ‬
‫ﻭﺃﻴﻀﺎ" ﺘﺤﻤﻴﺹ ﻗﻠﻴل ﻝﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺠﻰ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺃﻨﺎﺒﻴـﺏ ﺨـﻁ‬
‫\\‬
‫‪ ، 1‬ﺜﻡ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻓﻰ ﺼـﻤﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺴﺤﺏ ﻭﻴﺩﺨل ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻤﺤﻤﺹ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ‬

‫‪١٣٦‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﺴﺤﺏ ﻭﺭﺃﺱ ﺃﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﻝﻪ ﻫﺒﻭﻁ ﺃﺨﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺘﺴﺨﻴﻥ ﻗﻠﻴل‬
‫\\\‬
‫‪ ، 1‬ﺜﻡ ﻴﺒﺫل ﺍﻝﻀـﺎﻏﻁ ﺸـﻐل‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺃﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻭﻴﺒﺩﺃ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻹﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ‬
‫\‬
‫‪ ، 2‬ﺜﻡ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﻫﺒﻭﻁ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻀـﻐﻁ ﻨﺘﻴﺠـﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻭﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻤﺤﻤﺹ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ‬
‫ﺨﺭﻭﺝ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺼﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﺩ ﻭﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻤﺤﻤﺹ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺨﻁ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﺩ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁـﺔ‬
‫\\‬
‫‪ ، 2‬ﺜﻡ ﻴﺩﺨل ﻏﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻤﺹ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻓﻴﻔﻘﺩ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻤـﻴﺹ ﻭﺍﻝﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤﻨـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﻝﻪ ﻫﺒﻭﻁ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﺴﺎﺌل ﻤﺸﺒﻊ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ ‪ ، 3‬ﺜﻡ ﻴﺩﺨل ﺴﺎﺌل ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴـﺩ‬
‫ﺇﻝﻰ ﻤﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺌل ﻓﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﻝﻪ ﻫﺒﻭﻁ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺩﻭﻨﻰ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺇﻝـﻰ ﺍﻝﻭﺴـﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺠﻰ ﺃﻭ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺘﺒﺨﻴﺭ ﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﻬﺒﻭﻁ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﺴـﺎﺌل ﺘﺤـﺕ‬
‫\‬
‫‪ ، 3‬ﺜﻡ ﻴﺩﺨل ﻭﺴﻴـﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺸـﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺼﻤﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻊ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ‬
‫\‬
‫‪ ، 4‬ﺜﻡ ﻴﺩﺨل ﺍﻝﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﺏ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨـﺭ ﻓﻴﻤـﺘﺹ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﻭﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺭﻁـﺏ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺯ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻔﻭﻅﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻭﻴﻐﻠﻰ ﺴﺎﺌل ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‬
‫\‬
‫‪ 1‬ﺜﻡ ﻴﻤﺭ ﻓـﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﺘﺤﻭل ﺇﻝﻰ ﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺠﺎﻑ ﻤﺸﺒﻊ ﻭﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﻝﻪ ﻫﺒﻭﻁ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ‬
‫ﺨﻁ ﺍﻝﺴﺤﺏ ﺜﻡ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻴﺠﺏ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺒﺎﻩ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻬﺒﻭﻁ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓـﻰ ﺠﻤﻴـﻊ ﺃﺠـﺯﺍﺀ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴـﺩ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻤﻴﺹ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻨﻰ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ" ﻜـﺎﻥ ﺍﻹﻨﻀـﻐﺎﻁ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺤل ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒـﻰ ) ‪Isentropic‬‬
‫‪ (compression‬ﺃﻭ ﺒﻌﺩﻡ ﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻰ )‪.(Polytropic compression‬‬

‫ﻤﺜﺎل ‪٤-٣‬‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﺒﺴﻌﺔ ‪ 5 T.R‬ﺘﻌﻤل ﺒﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻓﺭﻴﻭﻥ ‪ ، ١١‬ﻀـﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨـﺭ‬
‫‪ ، 1.3 bar‬ﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺠﺎﻑ ﻤﺸﺒﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻤـﺎﺀ ﻋﻨـﺩ ﻀـﻐﻁ‬

‫‪١٣٧‬‬
‫‪90‬‬ ‫ﺘﻜﺜﻴﻑ ‪ ، 7 bar‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻹﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻰ ﺒﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ‬
‫‪ %‬ﻤﻊ ﺤﺩﻭﺙ ﻫﺒﻭﻁ ﻓﻰ ﺼﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﺴﺤﺏ ﺒﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ‪ 0.3 bar‬ﻭﺼﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﻁـﺭﺩ ﺒﻤﻘـﺩﺍﺭ ‪، 0.5 bar‬‬
‫ﻭﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺨﻠﻭﺹ ‪ ، 4 %‬ﻭﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ‪ Z = 2‬ﻭﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﻭﺍﺭ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻘﻁـﺭ = ‪L/D‬‬
‫‪ 1.15‬ﻭﻋﺩﺩ ﻝﻔﺎﺕ ‪ 1500 r.p.m‬ﺃﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻵﺘﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪ – ٢‬ﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ – ١‬ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺓ ‪. kW‬‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ – ٣‬ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪Data: R-11, R.C = 5 T.R, Pe = 1.3 bar,‬‬ ‫‪∆Ps = 0.3 bar‬‬

‫‪Pc = 7 bar, ∆Pd = 0.5 bar, ηm = 0.9, C = 4 %‬‬
‫‪Z = 2, L/D = 1.15, N = 1500 r.p.m.‬‬

‫‪Required: 1 - Power,‬‬ ‫‪2 - Qc,‬‬

‫‪3 - L, D‬‬ ‫‪4 - C.O.P and ηR.‬‬

‫‪Solution‬‬

‫‪From P - i chart of R-11,‬‬

‫‪i1 = i1\ = 303‬‬ ‫‪kJ/kg‬‬ ‫‪vs = 180 m3/kg‬‬

‫‪i2 = i2\ = 342‬‬ ‫“‬ ‫‪TH = 365 k‬‬
‫‪i3 = i4 = 180‬‬ ‫“‬ ‫‪TL = 296 k‬‬

‫‪١٣٨‬‬
Refrigerant mass flow rate:

R.C 5 × 3.5
m& = = = 0.1423 kg / s
i1 − i4 303 − 180

Compressor power:

m& × (i2 − i1 ) 0.1423 × (342 − 303)

Power = =
ηm 0 .9
= 6.165 kW

Condenser thermal load:

١٣٩
Qc = m& × (i2 − i3 ) = 0.1423 × (342 − 180) = 23.05 kW

Cylinder dimensions:
1 1
 Pd 
 = 1 + 0.04 − 0.04 × 
k 7.5  1.11
ηV = 1 + C − C  
 Ps   1 
ηV = 79.43 %
m& × vs 0.1423 × 60 × 180
P.D = = = 1934.836 m 3 / min
ηv 0.7943
π
P.D = D 2 LZN
4
π
1934.836 = × 1.15 × D 3 × 2 ×1500
4
D = 89.38 cm, L = 102.79 cm

Coefficient of performance and relative efficiency:

R.C 5 × 3.5
C.O.P = = = 2.839
Power 6.165

TL 296
C.O.Pcar = = = 4.289
TH − TL 365 − 296
C.O.P 2.839
ηR = = = 66.18 %
C.O.Pcar 4.289

١٤٠
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻀﻭﺀ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻝﻤﺜﺎل ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ‪ R-11‬ﺤﺠﻤﻪ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻰ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﺠﺩﺍ"‬
‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﺠﻭ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﺩﻯ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻝﺫﻝﻙ ﻴﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺇﺯﺍﺤﺔ ﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻓﻰ ﻭﺤـﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺯﻤﻥ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻝﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺴﺒﺏ ﻓﻬﻭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻨﺘﺸﺭ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺒﻜﺜﺭﺓ ﻤﺜل ﻭﺴﺎﺌﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴـﺩ ﺍﻷﺨـﺭﻯ ﻭﺃﻴﻀـﺎ"‬
‫ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻝﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻝﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ‪ R-11‬ﻫـﻭ ﺍﻝﻀـﺎﻏﻁ ﺍﻝـﺩﻭﺍﺭ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺍﻝﻁﺎﺭﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻜﺯﻯ ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺤل ﻭﻋﺩﺩ ﻝﻔﺎﺘﻪ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﺠﺩﺍ" ﻭﺃﻴﻀـﺎ" ﻨﺴـﺒﺔ ﺭﻓـﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻤﺜﺎل ‪٥-٣‬‬
‫ﻤﺨﺯﻥ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺒﺴﻌﺔ ‪ 80 T.R‬ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺨﻴﺭ ‪ -10 oC‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺜﻴـﻑ‬
‫‪ ، 40 oC‬ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ‪ NH3‬ﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺘﺤﻤﻴﺹ ‪ 8 oC‬ﻓﻭﻕ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻊ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺴﺎﺌل ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻴﺩﺨل ﺼﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ‪ ، 32 oC‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ‬
‫ﺘﺭﺩﺩﻯ ﺒﺄﺭﺒﻊ ﺃﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺎﺕ ﺃﺤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﺠﻪ ﻭﺍﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻁﻭل ﺍﻝﻤﺸﻭﺍﺭ ﻭﻗﻁﺭ ﺍﻷﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ‪ 1.27‬ﻭﻋﺩﺩ‬
‫ﻝﻔﺎﺕ ‪ ، 600 r.p.m‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻹﻨﻀﻐـﺎﻁ ﺃﺩﻴﺒﺎﺘﻴــﻜﻰ ﺒـﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻤﻴـﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴــﺔ ‪80 %‬‬
‫ﻭﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺨﻠﻭﺹ ‪ 5 %‬ﻭﻫﺒﻭﻁ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﻓﻰ ﺼﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﺴﺤﺏ ﻭﺍﻝﻁﺭﺩ ‪ 0.5 bar‬ﻝﻜﻼ" ﻤﻨﻬﻤﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻤﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻤﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﺘﺭﺘﻔﻊ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ ‪ 8 oC‬ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻤـﺭﻭﺭﻩ ﻓـﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜـﻑ ‪،‬‬
‫ﺃﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻵﺘﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪ – ٢‬ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ – ١‬ﻤﻌﺩل ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪ – ٤‬ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ – ٣‬ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ‪.‬‬
‫‪ – ٥‬ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪o‬‬ ‫‪o‬‬
‫‪Data: NH3, R.C = 80 T.R, Te = -10 C, Tc = 40 C,‬‬

‫‪١٤١‬‬
 ∆tsup = 8 oC, ∆tsub = 8 oC, Z = 4, L/D = 1.27,
N = 600 r.p.m, ∆Ps = ∆Pd = 0.5 bar
ηm = 0.8, C = 5 %, ∆tw = 8 oC

Required: 1 – Mass flow rate. 2 – Power.

3 – L, D. 4 – Water flow rate.
5 – C.O.P, ηR .

Solution.

From P - i chart of NH3,

i1 = i1\ = 560 kJ/kg ρs = 1.9 kg/m3.

١٤٢
 i2 = i2\ = 802 “ vs = 1/1.9 = 0.526 m3/kg.
i3 = i4 = -610 “
Pe = 3 bar Pc = 16 bar.

Refrigerant mass flow rate:

R.C 80 × 3.5
m& = = = 0.2393 kg / s
i1 − i4 560 − (−610)

Compressor power:

m& × (i2 − i1 ) 0.2393 × (802 − 560 )

Power = =
ηm 0 .8
= 72.393 kW

Condenser thermal load:

Qc = m& × (i2 − i3 ) = 0.2393 × (802 − (−610) ) = 337.915 kW

Qc 337.915
m& w.c = = = 10.105 kg / s
C pw (t w.i − t w.o ) 4.18 × 8
m& 10.105 × 60
Q& w = w = = 0.6063 m 3 / min
ρw 1000

١٤٣
Cylinder dimensions:

1 1
 Pd 
 = 1 + 0.05 − 0.05 × 
k 16.5  1.31
ηV = 1 + C − C  
 Ps   2. 5 
ηV = 83.89 %
m& × vs 0.2393 × 60 × 0.526
P.D = = = 9.003 m 3 / min
ηv 0.8389
π
P.D = D 2 LZN
4
π
9.003 = × 1.27 × D 3 × 4 × 600
4
D = 15.55 cm, L = 19.75 cm

Coefficient of performance and relative efficiency:

R.C 80 × 3.5
C.O.P = = = 3.868
Power 72.393
TL 263
C.O.Pcar = = = 5.26
TH − TL 313 − 263
C.O.P 3.868
ηR = = = 73.54 %
C.O.Pcar 5.26

٦-٣ ‫ﻤﺜﺎل‬

١٤٤
‫ﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺘﺭﺩﺩﻯ ﻝﻪ ﺃﺭﺒﻊ ﺃﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺎﺕ ﺃﺤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﺠﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻁﻭل ﺍﻝﻤﺸـﻭﺍﺭ ‪ 125 mm‬ﻭﻗﻁـﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ‪ ، 100 mm‬ﻭﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻭﺹ ‪ ، 5 %‬ﻭﻋﺩﺩ ﻝﻔﺎﺕ ‪ ، 1450 r.p.m‬ﻭﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ ، 85 %‬ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ‪ 8.5 bar‬ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ‪ ،1.8 bar‬ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ‪ R - 12‬ﻴﻐـﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨـﺭ‬
‫ﺒﺘﺤﻤﻴﺹ ‪ ، 5 oC‬ﻭﺘﺴﺨﻴﻥ ‪ 5 oC‬ﻓﻰ ﺨﻁ ﺍﻝﺴﺤﺏ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﺴﺨﻴﻥ ﺃﺨﺭ ‪ 5 oC‬ﻓﻰ ﺼـﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﺴـﺤﺏ‬
‫ﻭﺭﺃﺱ ﺃﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻝﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻴﺩﺨل ﺼﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺒﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺩﻭﻨﻰ ‪8 oC‬‬
‫‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺒﻭﻁ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻭﺨﻁ ﺍﻝﺴﺤﺏ ‪ 0.5 bar‬ﻭﺼﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﺴﺤﺏ ‪ 0.3 bar‬ﻭﺼﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﻁـﺭﺩ‬
‫‪ ، 0.7 bar‬ﻭﺨﻁ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﺩ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ‪ ، 0.5 bar‬ﻭﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻹﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻰ‪ ،‬ﺃﺤﺴﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻵﺘﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪ – ٢‬ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ – ١‬ﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻝﻠﻭﺤﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪ – ٤‬ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ – ٣‬ﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ‪.‬‬

‫‪Data: R – 12, Z = 4, single acting, L = 125 mm, D = 100 mm,‬‬

‫‪C = 5 %, N = 1450 r.p.m, ηm = 0.8, Pc = 8.5 bar,‬‬

‫‪Pe = 1.8 bar, ∆tsup = 5 oC, ∆ts.l = 5 oC, ∆ts.v = 5 oC,‬‬
‫‪∆tsub = 8 oC, ∆Pe = 0.5 bar, ∆Ps.v = 0.3 bar, ∆Pc = 0.5 bar‬‬
‫‪∆Pd.v = 0.7 bar, s = c.‬‬

‫‪Required: 1 – R.C,‬‬ ‫‪2 – Power,‬‬

‫‪3 – Qc,‬‬ ‫‪4 - C.O.P.‬‬

‫‪Solution:‬‬

‫‪١٤٥‬‬
From P-i chart of R -12,

i1 = 567 kJ/kg ρs = 5.6 kg/m3.

i1\ = 570 “ vs = 1/1.9 = 0.526 m3/kg.
i1\\ = 572 “ Te = 255 k, T1 = 260 k.
i2 = 619 “ T1\ = 265 k, T1\\ = 270 k
i3 = i4 = 446 “ Tc = 310 k, T3 = 302 k
Pe = 1.8 bar, Pc = 8.5 bar.
Ps = 1 bar, Pd = 9.7 bar,
Td = 355 k.

١٤٦
Piston displacement and refrigerant mass flow rate:
1 1
P 
 = 1 + 0.05 − 0.05 × 
k 9.7  1.13
ηV = 1 + C − C  d 
 Ps   1 
ηV = 67.66 %
π
P .D = D 2 LZN
4
π
P .D = × 0.125 2 × 0.100 × 4 × 1450 = 7.118 m 3 / min
4
m& × vs m& × 0.1786
P .D = , 7.118 =
ηv 0.6766
m& = 26.969 kg / min, m& = 0.4495 kg / s

Refrigeration capacity:

R.C = m& × (i1 − i4 ) = 0.4495 × (567 − 446)

R.C = 54.389 kW , = 15.539 T .R

Compressor power:

m& × (i2\ − i1\ \ ) 0.4495 × (619 − 572 )

Power = =
ηm 0.85
= 24.855 kW

Condenser thermal load:

Qc = m& × (i2 − i3 ) = 0.4495 × (619 − 446 ) = 77.763 kW

١٤٧
‫‪Coefficient of performance and relative efficiency:‬‬

‫‪R.C‬‬ ‫‪54.389‬‬
‫= ‪C.O.P‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 2.188‬‬
‫‪Power 24.855‬‬
‫‪TL‬‬ ‫‪255‬‬
‫‪C.O.Pcar‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 4.636‬‬
‫‪TH − TL 310 − 255‬‬
‫‪C.O.P‬‬ ‫‪2.188‬‬
‫= ‪ηR‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 47.19 %‬‬
‫‪C.O.Pcar 4.636‬‬

‫ﻤﺜﺎل ‪٧-٣‬‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺘﻌﻤل ﺒﺎﻷﻤﻭﻨﻴﺎ ﺒﺴﻌﺔ ‪ ، 100 T.R‬ﺍﻹﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻤﺒﺭﺩ‬
‫ﻤﺎﺀ ‪ ،‬ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ‪ 1.6 bar‬ﻭﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ‪ 14 bar‬ﻭﻀﻐﻁ ﻤﺒﺭﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ‪ ، 5 bar‬ﺍﻝﻜﻔـﺎﺀﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺍﻷﻭل )ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨﻔﺽ( ﻫﻰ ‪ 85 %‬ﻭﺍﻝﻬﺒﻭﻁ ﻓﻰ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﺴﺤﺏ ‪0.2 bar‬‬
‫ﻭﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﺩ ‪ ، 0.4 bar‬ﻭﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺍﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻰ )ﺍﻝﻀـﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺘﻔـﻊ( ﻫـﻰ ‪78 %‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﻬﺒﻭﻁ ﻓﻰ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﺴﺤﺏ ‪ 0.3 bar‬ﻭﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﺩ ‪ ، 0.7 bar‬ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ‬
‫ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺘﺤﻤﻴﺹ ‪ ، 18 oC‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﻤﺒﺭﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ‪ ، 32 oC‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﺴـﺎﺌل ﻋﻨـﺩ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ‪ ، 27 oC‬ﺍﻹﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻰ ﻭﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻫﻰ ‪ 85 %‬ﻝﻜـﻼ"‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﺃﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻵﺘﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪ – ٢‬ﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻭﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ – ١‬ﺍﻝﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻝﻜل ﻀﺎﻏﻁ‪.‬‬
‫‪ – ٤‬ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ - ٣‬ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻝﻜل ﻀﺎﻏﻁ‪.‬‬

‫‪Data:‬‬ ‫‪NH3, R.C = 100 T.R‬‬

‫‪١٤٨‬‬
 Pc = 14 bar, Pe = 1.6 bar, PI, = 5 bar
ηV1 = 85 %, ηV2 = 78 %, ∆Pl.p.s = 0.2 bar
∆Pl.p.d = 0.4 bar, ∆Ph.p.s = 0.3 bar, ∆Ph.p.d = 0.7 bar
to.c = 27 oC, to.I = 32 oC, ∆tsup = 18 oC
s = c, ηm = 85 %.

Required: 1 – Power, 2 – Qc,

3 – P.D, 4 – C.O.P.

Solution.

From P – i chart of NH3,

P – i chart.

١٤٩
 i1 = i1\ = 530 kJ/kg ρs1\ = 1.1 kg/m3.
i2 = i2\ = 760 “ ρs3\ = 3.2 kg/m3.
i3 = i3\ = 630 “ Te = 249 k.
i4 = i4\ = 775 “ Tc = 307 k.
i5 = i6 = -635 “ T1 = 267 k.
T3 = 305 k T3 = 300 k.

Refrigerant mass flow rate:

R.C 100 × 3.5

m& = = = 0.300 kg / s
i1 − i6 530 − ( −635)

Compressor power:

‫ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ ﻝﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻫﻰ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺫﻭ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨﻔﺽ‬
.‫ﻭﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺫﻭ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺘﻔﻊ‬

Power = Power1−2 + Power3− 4

m& × (i2 − i1 ) m& × (i4 − i3 )
= +
η m1 ηm2
 760 − 530 775 − 630 
= 0.300 ×  + 
 0 . 85 0.85 
= 132.542 kW
١٥٠
Condenser thermal load:
، 10 oC ‫ﺒﻔﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﺘﺭﺘﻔﻊ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺭﺩ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﻨﻰ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﺒﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ‬

Qc = m& × (i4 − i5 ) = 0.300 × (775 − (−635) ) = 423.605 kW

Qc 423.506
m& w.c = = = 10.134 kg / s
C pw (t w.i − t w.o ) 4.18 × 10
m& × (i2 − i3 )
m& w.int =
C pw (t w.i − t w.o )
0.300 × (760 − 630 )
= = 0.934 kg / s
4.18 × 10

Piston displacement:

m& × vs m&
P.D = =
ηv ρ s ×ηV
0.300 × 60
P.DL. P.C = = 19.251 m 3 / min
1.1× 0.85
0.300 × 60
P.DH . P.C = = 7.212 m 3 / min
3.2 × 0.78

Coefficient of performance and relative efficiency:

R.C 100 × 3.5

C.O.P = = = 2.641
Power 132.542
TL 249
C.O.Pcar = = = 4.293
TH − TL 307 − 249
C.O.P 2.641 ١٥١
ηR = = = 61.51 %
C.O.Pcar 4.293
 ‫ﻤﺜﺎل ‪٨-٣‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻓﺤﺹ ﻝﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻤﺸﺤﻭﻨﺔ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﻭﻨﻴﺎ ‪ NH3‬ﺘﻌﻤل ﻓﻰ ﻤﺼﻨﻊ ﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻝﺜﻠﺞ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺘﺭﺩﺩﻯ ﺃﺤﺎﺩﻯ ﺍﻝﻭﺠﻪ ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺘﻴﻥ ﺒﻁﻭل ﻤﺸﻭﺍﺭ ‪ ، 20 cm‬ﻭﻗﻁﺭ ‪15‬‬
‫‪ ، cm‬ﻭﻋﺩﺩ ﻝﻔﺎﺕ ‪ ، 600 r.p.m‬ﻭﺍﻷﻤﻭﻨﻴﺎ ﺘﺩﺨل ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﺒﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ ‪، -25 oC‬‬
‫ﻭﺘﻐﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ‪ ، -18 oC‬ﺜﻡ ﺘﺩﺨل ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ‪ ، -7 oC‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬
‫‪130‬‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ‪ ، 140 oC‬ﺜﻡ ﻴﺩﺨل ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫‪ ، oC‬ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ‪ ، 22 oC‬ﺜﻡ ﻴﺩﺨل ﺇﻝـﻰ ﺼـﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﻤـﺩﺩ‬
‫ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ‪ ، 20 oC‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ‪ ، 10.5 bar‬ﻭﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﺴﺤﺏ ‪ ، 1.3 bar‬ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺘﺒﺭﻴـﺩ‬
‫ﻤﺎﺀ ﺒﻤﻌﺩل ‪ ، 5 kg/min‬ﻭﺘﺭﺘﻔﻊ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ‪ 8 oC‬ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻤﺭﻭﺭﻫـﺎ ﺤـﻭل ﺃﺴـﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ‪ 18 kW‬ﺒﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ‪ ، 92 %‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﻝﺢ ﺍﻝـﺫﻯ ﻴﺴـﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬
‫ﻜﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﻨﺎﻗل ﻝﻠﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻭﺤﻭﺽ ﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻝﺜﻠﺞ ﻴﻤﺭ ﺒﻤﻌﺩل ‪ ، 102 kg/min‬ﻭﺘـﻨﺨﻔﺽ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ ‪ 7 oC‬ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻤﺭﻭﺭﻩ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ) ‪ ، 3.14 kJ/(kg.k‬ﺃﻫﻤل‬
‫‪ 2‬ﻤﻔﺎﻗﻴﺩ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻯ ﻫﺒﻭﻁ ﻝﻠﻀﻐﻁ ﻓﻰ ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ‪%‬‬
‫ﺜﻡ ﺃﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻵﺘﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪ – ٢‬ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ – ١‬ﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ‪. R.C ،‬‬
‫‪ – ٤‬ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ – ٣‬ﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ‪.‬‬
‫‪ – ٥‬ﻋﻤل ﺍﺘﺯﺍﻥ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻯ ﻝﻠﻭﺤﺩﺓ‪.‬‬

‫‪Data:‬‬ ‫‪NH3, Z = 2, L = 20 cm, D = 15 cm, N = 600 r.p.m‬‬

‫‪Te.i = -25 oC, Te.o = -18 oC, Ts.c = -7 oC, Td = 140 oC,‬‬
‫‪Tc.i = 130 oC, Tc.o = 22 oC, Tex.i = 20 oC, Pc = 10.5 bar‬‬

‫‪١٥٢‬‬
 Ps = 1.3 bar, mw.c = 5 kg/min, ∆tw = 8 oC,
mB = 102 kg/min, ∆tB = 7 oC, Cp.B = 3.14 kJ/(kg.k),
Motor Input power = 18 kW, ηmotor = 92 %, losses = 2 %.

Required: 1 - R.C, 2 - I.Power, ηm , 3 - ηV

4 - C.O.P, ηR, 5 - Heat balance of the system.

Solution.

Heat balance. P-i diagram.

١٥٣
From P – i chart of NH3,

i1 = 519 kJ/kg i2 = 573 kJ/kg

i3 = 825.6 “ i4 = 800 “
i5 = -659 “ i6 = i7 = 677.6 “

Evaporator load and refrigerant mass flow rate:

Load = m& B C pB ∆t B = 102 × 3.14 × 7 = 2241.96 kJ / min

Losses = 0.02 × Load = 0.02 × 2241.96 = 44.839 kJ / min
Load act = Load + Losses = 2241.96 + 44.839
Load act = 2286.799 kJ / min, Load act = 38.113 kJ / s
Load act 38.113
R.C = = = 10.889 T .R
3.5 3.5
Load act 38.113
m& = = ١٥٤ = 0.03185 kg / s
i1 − i7 519 − (−677.6)
‫‪Compressor power:‬‬

‫ﺍﻝﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ ‪ Brake Power‬ﺘﺄﺘﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻝﻜﻬﺭﺒﻰ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓـﻰ ﺍﻝﺸـﻜل‬
‫ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺤﺫﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﺎﻗﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻜﻬﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻯ ﻤﻔﺎﻗﻴـﺩ ﻓـﻰ ﺍﻝﻨﻘـل ﺍﻝﻜﻬﺭﺒـﻰ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﺼـﻴل‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻰ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻝﻜﻬﺭﺒﻰ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺤـﺫﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﺎﻗﻴـﺩ‬
‫‪Indicate‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﻰ ﺍﻝﺸﻐل ﺍﻝﺫﻯ ﺒﺫل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ Power‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻰ‪:‬‬

‫‪B.Power = Motor input ×η motor = 18 × 0.92 = 16.56 kW‬‬

‫ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻁﺎﺓ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻰ‪:‬‬

‫‪First method to estimate Indicate Power of compressor:‬‬

‫‪١٥٥‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﺍﻨﺘﻘﻠﺕ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻤﺎﺀ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻝﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻓﻰ ﺸﻐل ﺸﻭﻁ ﺍﻹﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻤﻥ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﺇﻝﻰ‬
.‫ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ‬

Heat loss to water jacket,

Qw. j = m& w C pw ∆t w = 5 × 4.18 × 8 = 167.2 kJ / min

167.2
Qw. j = = 2.787 kJ / s
60
W .D = m& × (i3 − i2 ) = 0.03185 × (825.6 − 573) = 8.045 kJ / s
I .Power = Qw. j + W .D = 2.787 + 8.045 = 10.832 kW

Mechanical efficiency:

I .Power 10.832
ηm = = = 65.41 %
B.Power 16.56

Second method to estimate Indicate Power of compressor:

١٥٦
‫ﺍﻝﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﻰ ﺸﻐل ﺸﻭﻁ ﺍﻹﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻤﻥ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻀـﻐﻁ‬
:‫ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻷﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻐﻴﺭ ﺃﺩﻴﺒﺎﺘﻴﻜﻰ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻰ‬

PSVSn = PdVdn
n
 VS  P P  V 
  = d , n = ln d  / ln S 
 Vd  PS  PS   Vd 
 10.5   1 
n = ln  / ln 
 1. 3   0.192 
n = 1.267
vs = v2 = 1 m3/kg, vd = v3 = 1/5.2 = 0.192 m3/kg,

1.267 −1
 
1.267   10.5  1.267 
I .Power = 0.03185 ×  1.3n −×1 1 × 100
 ×   − 1
n 1.267 −P1d  n    1.3 



I .Power = m& PS VS    − 1 
I .Power = 10.866 n − 1 kW   PS  
 

Mechanical efficiency:

I .Power 10.866
ηm = = = 65.62 %
B.Power 16.56
١٥٧
‫ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻝﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻝﻠﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺘﻡ ﺍﻝﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻴﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﻘﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻘﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﻊ ﻓﺎﺭﻕ ﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﻴﻌﺎﺩل ‪ ، 0.3 %‬ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﻫﻤﺎل ﻫـﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻔـﺎﺭﻕ ﻻﺨـﺘﻼﻑ‬
‫ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺴﺎﺏ‪.‬‬

‫‪π‬‬ ‫‪π‬‬
‫= ‪P.D‬‬ ‫= ‪D 2 LZN‬‬ ‫‪(0.15)2 × 0.2 × 2 × 600‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫‪P.D = 4.241‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪m / min‬‬
‫‪m& × VS‬‬
‫= ‪P.D‬‬
‫‪ηV‬‬
‫‪m& × VS 0.03185 × 60 × 1‬‬
‫= ‪ηV‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 45.06 %‬‬
‫‪P.D‬‬ ‫‪4.241‬‬
‫‪Piston displacement and volumetric efficiency:‬‬

‫‪Coefficient of performance and relative efficiency:‬‬

‫‪R.C‬‬ ‫‪10.889 × 3.5‬‬

‫= ‪C .O.P‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 3.518‬‬
‫‪Power‬‬ ‫‪10.832‬‬

‫‪١٥٨‬‬
 ‫‪TL‬‬ ‫‪248‬‬
‫= ‪C .O.Pcar‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 5.167‬‬
‫‪TH − TL 296 − 248‬‬
‫‪C .O.P‬‬ ‫‪3.518‬‬
‫= ‪ηR‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 68.09 %‬‬
‫‪C .O .Pcar 5.167‬‬
‫‪Heat balance of the system:‬‬

‫‪Q7 −1 = Load act = 38.113‬‬ ‫‪kW‬‬

‫‪W .D = I .Powere = 10.832‬‬ ‫‪kW‬‬
‫‪Q1−2 = m& × (i2 − i1 ) = 0.03185 × (573 − 519 ) = 1.7199‬‬ ‫‪kW‬‬
‫‪Qw. j = 2.787‬‬ ‫‪kW‬‬
‫‪Q3−4 = m& × (i3 − i4 ) = 0.03185 × (825.6 − 800 ) = 0.8154‬‬ ‫‪kW‬‬
‫‪Q4 −5 = m& × (i4 − i5 ) = 0.03185 × (800 − (− 659 )) = 46.4692 kW‬‬
‫‪Q5−6 = m& × (i5 − i6 ) = 0.03185 × (− 659 − (− 677.6 )) = 0.5924‬‬ ‫‪kW‬‬
‫‪∑ Input = Q‬‬ ‫‪7 −1‬‬ ‫‪+ Q1−2 + W .D‬‬
‫‪= 38.113 + 1.7199 + 10.832 = 50.665‬‬ ‫‪kW‬‬
‫‪∑ Output = Q‬‬ ‫‪w. j‬‬ ‫‪+ Q3−4 + Q4 −5 + Q5−6‬‬
‫‪= 2.787 + 0.8154 + 46.4692 + 0.5924 = 50.664‬‬ ‫‪kW‬‬

‫ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺘﺯﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﻯ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﻝﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﺨﻠـﺔ‬
‫ﻝﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺘﻌﺎﺩل ﻓﻰ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﻬﺎ ﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺩل ﺃﻥ ﻭﺤـﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺘﻌﻤل ﺒﺎﻨﺘﻅﺎﻡ ﻭﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﺭ‪.‬‬

‫‪١٥٩‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺴﺌﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ‬

‫‪ -١‬ﺜﻼﺠﺔ ﻤﻨﺯﻝﻴﺔ ﻤﺸﺤﻭﻨﺔ ﺒﻤﺭﻜﺏ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻓﺭﻴﻭﻥ ‪ ( R-12 ) ١٢‬ﺘﻌﻤـل ﺘﺒﻌـﺎ" ﻝـﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴـﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ‪ ،‬ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﺍﻝﻰ ﻫﻭ ‪ 1.6, 15 bar‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﺇﻝﻰ‬
‫‪ ،1.2, 0.9 bar‬ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻵﺘﻰ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻝﻠﻭﺤﺩﺓ ‪، 25 T.R‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﻤﻌﺩل ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻫﻰ ‪.85 %‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺓ )‪ ( kW‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜـﺎﻥ ﺇﺠـﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻨﻀـﻐﺎﻁ ﺒﺜﺒـﻭﺕ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒـﻰ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻝﻠﺜﻼﺠﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٢‬ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺘﻌﻤل ﺒﺎﻷﻤﻭﻨﻴﺎ ﺒﺴﻌﺔ ‪ 122 T.R‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ‪ -17 oC‬ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ‪37 oC‬‬
‫‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺃﺤﺎﺩﻯ ﺍﻝﻭﺠﻪ ﻭﻴﺘﺭﻜﺏ ﻤﻥ ‪ 4‬ﺃﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻁﻭل ﺍﻝﻤﺸﻭﺍﺭ ﻭﻗﻁﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﻫﻰ‬
‫‪ ، L/D = 1.1‬ﻭﻋﺩﺩ ﻝﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻫﻭ ‪ 960 r.p.m‬ﻭﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻫﻰ‬
‫‪o‬‬
‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪ 78%‬ﻭﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ 85%‬ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻵﺘﻰ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺘﻡ ﻋﻤل ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻋﻤﻴﻕ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﺒﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ‬
‫‪:C‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -١‬ﺍﻝﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ ﻝﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٣‬ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺃﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٣‬ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻰ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺘﻜﻴﻴﻑ ﻫﻭﺍﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻫﻭ ﻓﺭﻴﻭﻥ ‪ ١٢‬ﻭﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻊ‪ .‬ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ‪ ، -4 oC‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜـﻑ ‪، 40 oC‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺒﻤﻌﺩل ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﻝﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ‪ 55 m3/hr‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺩﺨﻭل ﻭﺨـﺭﻭﺝ ﺍﻝﻤﻴـﺎﻩ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻫﻰ ‪ ، 25, 36 oC‬ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻫﻰ ‪ 24 kW‬ﻭﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ ‪88 %‬‬
‫‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺃﺤﺎﺩﻯ ﺍﻝﻭﺠﻪ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻁﻭل ﺍﻝﻤﺸﻭﺍﺭ ﻭﻗﻁﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻜـﺒﺱ ﻫـﻰ ‪ 1.12‬ﻭﻋـﺩﺩ ﻝﻔـﺎﺕ‬

‫‪١٦٠‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ‪ ،850 rpm‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺃﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻤﺒﺎﺩل ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻯ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺨﻁ ﺍﻝﺴﺤﺏ ﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺴﺎﺌل ﻭﺴـﻴﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﺒﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ‪ 15 o C‬ﺘﺤﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻊ ﻝﻠﻤﻜﺜﻑ ‪ ،‬ﺃﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻵﺘﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﺸﻐل ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺓ ‪. kW‬‬ ‫‪ -١‬ﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺓ ‪.T.R‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺃﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٣‬ﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٥‬ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٤‬ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺫﻭ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﻤﺸﺤﻭﻨﺔ ﺒﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ‪ NH3‬ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﻨﻀـﻐﺎﻁ‬
‫ﺘﺭﺩﺩﻴﺔ ﺒﻬﺎ ‪ 6‬ﺃﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﻗﻁﺭ ﺍﻷﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ‪ 76 mm‬ﻭﻁﻭل ﺍﻝﺸﻭﻁ ‪ 96 mm‬ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ ‪،950 rpm‬‬
‫‪ ،‬ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺜﻴﻑ ‪ 15 br‬ﻭﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺨﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ ‪ 75 %‬ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪85 %‬‬
‫‪o‬‬
‫‪ 10‬ﻭﺍﻻﻨﻀـﻐﺎﻁ ﻴـﺘﻡ‬ ‫‪ ، 1.5 bar‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺘﻡ ﻋﻤل ﺘﺤﻤﻴﺹ ﻝﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﺒﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ‪C‬‬
‫ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻰ‪ ،‬ﺃﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻵﺘﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ‬ ‫‪ -١‬ﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺓ ‪. T.R‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﺍﻝﺤﻤــل ﺍﻝﺤــﺭﺍﺭﻯ ﻋﻠــﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ‪. 90 %‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻝﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻭﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٥‬ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺄﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺘﺒﻊ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗـﺔ ‪ ،C = 5 % ، PV1.25 = c‬ﻭﺤـﺩﺙ‬
‫ﻫﺒﻭﻁ ﻓﻰ ﺼﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﺴﺤﺏ ﺒﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ‪ 0.4 bar‬ﻭﺼﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﺩ ﺒﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ‪ 0.8 bar‬ﻜﺭﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺜﻡ ﻋﻠﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ‪.‬‬

‫‪ – ٦‬ﻓﻰ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻴﻌﻤل ﺒﺎﻷﻤﻭﻨﻴﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻀﺎﻏﻁ ‪ 1.8 m3/min‬ﻭﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺜﻴـﻑ‬
‫‪ 11 bar‬ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺨﻴﺭ ‪ ، 2 bar‬ﺴﺎﺌل ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻴﺒﺭﺩ ﻓﻰ ﻤﺒـﺎﺩل‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻯ ﻤﻊ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺨﻁ ﺍﻝﺴﺤﺏ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ‪ 24 oC‬ﻭﻏﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴـﺩ ﻴﺨـﺭﺝ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨـﺭ‬

‫‪١٦١‬‬
‫ﺒﺘﺤﻤﻴﺹ ‪ ، 5 oC‬ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ‪ 80 oC‬ﻭﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻹﻨﻀـﻐﺎﻁ‬
‫ﻴﺘﻡ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻰ‪ ،‬ﺃﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻵﺘﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪ – ٢‬ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ – ١‬ﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻝﻠﻭﺤﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪ – ٤‬ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ – ٣‬ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﺭﻭﺩﺓ ﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ‪.‬‬

‫‪ – ٧‬ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺘﻌﻤل ﺒﺎﻷﻤﻭﻨﻴﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﻭﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻀﻐﻁ ﻤﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﺜﻡ ﻤﺒﺭﺩ ﺒﻴﻨﻰ ﻴﻌﻤـل‬
‫ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﺜﻡ ﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻀﻐﻁ ﻤﺭﺘﻔﻊ ﻭﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻭﺼﻤﺎﻡ ﺘﻤﺩﺩ ‪ ،‬ﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻝﻠﻭﺤـﺩﺓ ‪ ، 180 T.R‬ﻀـﻐﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ‪ 14 bar‬ﻭﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ‪ ، 1.8 bar‬ﻭﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﻝﻤﺒﺭﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ‪ ، 5 bar‬ﺃﻓﺭﺽ‬
‫‪0.4‬‬ ‫ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻬﺒﻭﻁ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺨﻼل ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨﻔﺽ ‪ 0.2 bar‬ﻓﻰ ﺼﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﺴﺤﺏ ‪،‬‬
‫‪ bar‬ﺨﻼل ﺼﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﺩ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻝﻬﺒﻭﻁ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺨﻼل ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﻀـﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺘﻔـﻊ ‪0..4 bar‬‬
‫ﺨﻼل ﺼﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﺴﺤﺏ ‪ 0.8 bar ،‬ﺨﻼل ﺼﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﺩ‪.‬ﺍﻹﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻰ ﺨﻼل ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺘﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ‪ ،‬ﻭﻏﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ ﺒﺤﻭﺍﻝﻰ ‪ 5 oC‬ﺘﺤﻤﻴﺹ ﺜﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺒـﺭﺩ ﺍﻝﻤـﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﻨـﻰ‬
‫ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ‪ ، 30 oC‬ﺃﺭﺴﻡ ﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁﻰ ﻝﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻤﻊ ﺘﻭﻗﻴـﻊ ﺍﻝـﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻤﻨﺤﻨـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ‪-‬ﺍﻷﻨﺜﺎﻝﺒﻴﺎ ﺜﻡ ﺃﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻵﺘﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪ – ٢‬ﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻭﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﻝﻠﻤﻜﺜﻑ‬ ‫‪ – ١‬ﺍﻝﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻝﻜل ﻀﺎﻏﻁ‪.‬‬
‫‪ – ١‬ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺒﺭﺩ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﻨﻰ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٨‬ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺘﻜﻴﻴﻑ ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﺫﻭ ﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺘﺭﺩﺩﻯ ﻴﻌﻤل ﺒﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﻜﻬﺭﺒﻰ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻨﻪ ‪ 850 rpm‬ﻭﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ 85 %‬ﻭﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻭﺹ ‪ ،3%‬ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻓﺭﻴـﻭﻥ ‪ ، 22‬ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺨﻴﺭ ‪ 12 oC‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺜﻴﻑ ‪ ،47 oC‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺘﻡ ﻋﻤل ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻋﻤﻴﻕ ) ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺩﻭﻨﻰ ( ﻝﺴﺎﺌل‬
‫ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﺒﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ‪ 10 o C‬ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻤﺒﺎﺩل ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻯ ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻝﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺭﺩ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺝ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺨﺭ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﻴﻴﻑ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺘﺒﺭﺩ ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﻻﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺼﺎﻝﺔ ﻏﺯل ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺨﻠﻁ ﺠـﺯﺀ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺼﺎﻝﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺠﺯﺀ ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﻁﺎﺯﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ mf : mR = 2 : 1‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ‬

‫‪١٦٢‬‬
‫ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺴﻌﺔ ﻤﺭﻭﺤﺔ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺍﻝﻬﻭﺍﺀ ‪ 5 m3 / min‬ﻭ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻁﺎﺯﺝ ‪ 35 o C‬ﻭﺍﻝﻬـﻭﺍﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺼﺎﻝﺔ ‪ 19 o C‬ﻭﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻬﻭﺍﺀ )‪ 1.005 kJ/(kg. K‬ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﺨل ﺇﻝﻰ ﺼﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﻐﺯل ﺒﻌﺩ ﻤﻌﺎﻝﺠﺘﻪ ﻓﻰ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﻴﻴﻑ ‪ ،18 o C‬ﺃﺤﺴـﺏ ﺍﻵﺘـﻰ ﻝـﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -١‬ﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻝﻠﻭﺤﺩﺓ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ‪ -٣ L/D = 1.22‬ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﺤﺴﺏ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻭﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺘﻐﻴﺭﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺨﻴﺭ ﺇﻝﻰ ‪.0 oC‬‬

‫‪١٦٣‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺠﻊ‬
‫ﻤﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﺒﺎﻝﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﻋﻔﻴﻔﻰ‬/‫ ﻭﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ ﺩﻜﺘﻭﺭ‬، ‫ﺩﺴﺘﺎﺕ‬.‫ ﺭﻭىﺞ‬/‫ ﺘﺄﻝﻴﻑ ﺩﻜﺘﻭﺭ‬،‫ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‬ .١
.‫ﻡ‬١٩٦١ ،‫ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺤﺴﺎﻥ‬/‫ ﻭﺘﻘﺩﻴﻡ ﺩﻜﺘﻭﺭ‬،‫ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻌﻡ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺭﺯﻕ‬/‫ ﻭﻤﺭﺍﺠﻌﺔ ﺩﻜﺘﻭﺭ‬،
‫ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺸﺭ ﻤﻨﺸﺄﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺭﻑ‬،‫ ﺭﻤﻀﺎﻥ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻤﺤﻤﻭﺩ‬/‫ ﺘﺄﻝﻴﻑ ﺩﻜﺘﻭﺭ‬،‫ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﻭﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ‬ .٢
.‫ﻡ‬١٩٨٣ ،‫ﺒﺎﻹﺴﻜﻨﺩﺭﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻤﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﺒﺎﻝﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴﺔ‬
1. ASHRAE, Guide and Data Book, Fundamentals and
Equipment for 1965 and 1966, Air-Conditioning Engineers,
INC., NEW YORK, 10017.

2. Modern Refrigeration and Air Conditioning, Andrew D.

Althouse, The GoodHeart-Willcox Company, INC, 1992.

3. Thermal Environmental Engineering, J. L. Threlkeld,

Prentice-Hall, INC Englewood Cliffs, N. J., 1962.

4. Refigeration and Air Conditioning, P. L. Ballaney, Khanna

Publishers, Delhi-6, 1983.

١٦٤
5. Experimental Methods for Engineering, J. P. Holman, Fifth
Edition, McGRAW-HILL International Editions, 1989.

١٦٥