Professional Documents
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AHMED-ALARASHI
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OUTLINE
Distribution system design
Introduction
Distribution network arrangements
Factors affecting distribution system design
- Fault level
- Characteristics of the load
- Voltage drop
- Reliability
- Maintenance
- Simplicity of protection
- Cost
Design procedure
Load allocation
Selection of network configuration
Deciding equipments rating
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INTRODUCTION
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1 Simple radial system (cont.)
This system may be applied to large loads by using a primary distribution
system to supply a number of unit substations located near to the
loads and supplying the loads through radial secondary system as
shown in the next Fig. If the load is of high power then it is possible that
the primary distribution system will be at a higher voltage than the
secondary distribution system.
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2 Primary selective system
Each substation is connected to two separate primary feeders. This
arrangement can be used as protection against loss of a primary
feeder. The arrangement is shown in the Fig. below.
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2 Primary selective system (cont.)
This arrangement has the following advantages and
disadvantages:-
In case of a fault on a primary feeder the transformer feeding
normal service loads can be supplied from the alternative
feeder.
Each feeder must be capable of supplying both the transformers
and hence cost is higher than the radial system due to
duplication of the cables and switchgear.
Feeder maintenance can be performed with out interruption of
the power supply.
If the reliability of the transformer is in doubt this arrangement is
not suitable.
The advantage of duplicate feeder will be lost if they follow a route
where both would be lost from service by a single incident.
Hence they should not be a double circuit on one set of towers
nor should under ground cables be placed in the same trench 10
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2 Primary selective system (cont.)
Example
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3 Primary loop system
This system has a combination of the advantages and
disadvantages of the primary selective system. A fault in one
of the normal source of primary supply fault can be isolated
and service restored by sectionalizing. The system is shown
in the Fig. below.
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3 Primary loop system (cont)
Example
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4 Secondary selective system
When pair of substations (busbars) are connected through a normally
open (N.O) secondary tie circuit breaker the resulting network is
called a secondary selective system. If one of the transformers fails
the main secondary circuit breaker in the effected transformer
opens and the tie circuit breaker closes. this arrangement is shown
the Fig. below.
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4 Secondary selective system (cont.)
Example (1)
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4 Secondary selective system (cont.)
On the secondary selective system the total load supply is
limited by the transformer size, cable size and secondary
circuit breaker. This can be overcome by using spare
transformer arrangement as shown in the Fig. below.
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4 Secondary selective system (cont.)
Example (2) spare transformer
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5 Secondary spot system
In this system two or more distribution transformers are each supplied
from separate feeders. The secondary of the transformers are
connected in parallel through circuit breakers. If a primary feeder
or transformer fail the appropriate circuit breaker opens and the
load is fed through the other transformers. This system is shown in
the Fig. below.
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5 Secondary spot system (cont.)
Example
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