Table of Contents

Introduction---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1
Theory----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2
Objective-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2
Materials and Tools----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3
Procedures---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3
Results----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5
Individual Discussion Question----------------------------------------------------------------
MOK ZHAO WEN--------------------------------------------------------------------------
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NIXON NGOH ZHEN HOU--------------------------------------------------------------
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WINNIE TAN WEI LING-----------------------------------------------------------------
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LIM KAH YAN------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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Conclusion-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6
Reference------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 7
Introduction

Heat transfer is the process of thermal exchange between different systems. The
S.I unit for heat is Joule(J). Generally, the net heat transfers between two systems will
be from the hotter system to the cooler system. Heat transfer is particularly important
in building for determining the design of the building fabric and for designing the
passive and active system necessary to deliver the required thermal conditions for the
minimum consumption of resources. When an object absorbs heat, its internal energy
increase. Heat can also transfer from one place to another by conduction, convection
and radiation. Beside, materials with clear colors and smooth surface would release
heat faster than materials with dark colors. This is the reason why we should not wear
clothes which are in dark color during hot sunny day.

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Theory
1. Heat is a form of energy which is transferred from one body to another body at a
lower temperature by virtue of temperature difference between the bodies.
2. The S.I. unit for heat is Joule, J.
3. Heat is energy in transit from one body to another as the result of a temperature
difference between the two bodies. Heat transfer is always from a region of high
temperature to a region of lower temperature and never in the opposite direction.
For example is body A has a temperature of 20℃ while body B has a temperature
of 25℃, heat will travel from body B to body A until the temperature of bodies A
and B are equal.
4. When the temperature of bodies A and B are equal, both of them are said to be in
thermal equilibrium.
5. When an object absorbs heat, its internal energy increases.
6. Heat can transfer from one place to another by conduction, convection and
radiation.
7. For reflection and absorption of heat, normally materials with clear colours and
smooth surface would tend to reflect more and absorb less. But materials with
dark colours tend to reflect less and absorb more.
8. This is the reason why during hot sunny days, we should not wear clothes which
are dark in colour.
9. Besides, materials with clear colours and smooth surfaces would release heat
faster than materials with dark colours.

Objective
I. To determine the effects of temperature on different materials / boards when they
are subjected to the heat source.
II. To study the relationship between density and thermal conductivity of different
materials.

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Materials and Tools

1. Building Demonstrator 2. Thermo Hunter

3. Plywood

4. Cement Board 5. Gypsum Board

Procedures
1. Set up the demonstrator into a 240 V AC single-phase 50 Hz supply by plugging.
2. At the end of the demonstrator unscrew all the four nuts, put the heat panel and
tighten it.
3. Which is located at the side of the control panel plug in the heater to a power
point.
4. Before the experiment is started, measure the surface temperature of the plywood
by using the thermo hunter.

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 Figure of Step 4.

5. Put the plywood into a black rack and which is located 60 cm away from the heat
source place it into the demonstrator.
6. Turn on the heater, close the 2 doors and about 5 minutes for wait.
7. By using the thermo hunter, open the door, point the red laser to the surface of the
board, read and record the temperature shown on the screen.

Figure 1 of Step 7. Figure 2 of step 7.

8. Continue the experiment and different distances (120 cm,180cm) away from the
heat sources for takes results.

Figure of step 8.

9. By using different types of board repeat this experiment.

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 10. Do not touch and take out the heat panel immediately when the experiment has
been completed, because the panel is very hot (about 150 C). Wait and use the
thermo hunter to check the temperature before touching or taking out the heat
panel.
11. Of each of the building material by weighting and dividing it by its volume
calculate.

Results

Temperature (°C)
Density Initial Distance 60cm Distance 120cm Distance 180cm
Materials (kg/m³) Temperature (C) Before After Before After Before After
Plywood 0.0664 29 29 46.2 33 42.3 33 39.6
Gypsum 0.157 30 30 53.1 31 44.8 31 37.6
Cement 0.0621 30 30 43 31 37 31 35.9
Broad
Table of Result

Graph of Temperature VS Distance from Heat Source for 3 different Building

Materials

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Individual Discussion Question

Name: MOK ZHAO WEN

Student ID: 20WV05977

2. What is thermal resistance (R-value)? Elaborate on the 3 general types of

thermal resistance.
 Thermal Resistance, R is measures the resistance of a material to heat flow
and is sometimes called the R-value. The higher the value, the more efficient
the materials. The R-value varies with thickness. It is calculated by dividing
the thickness of board by its thermal conductivity.
 There are 3 general type of thermal resistance:
I. Material Resistance (R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄)
－ The Thermal Resistance of each layer of material in the structure
depends on the thermal conductivity of the material and the thickness of
material.

II. Surface Resistance (Rₛᵢ, Rₛₒ)

－ The Thermal Resistance of an open (exposed) surface depends on the
conduction, convection and radiation on the surface.

III. Airspace Resistance (Rₐ)

－ The Thermal Resistance of an airspace or cavity depends on the
properties of any conduction, convection and radiation in the cavity.

3. What is the relationship between density and thermal conductivity? From

the 3 building materials (plywood, gypsum, cement board), which offers the
best heat insulation? Why?
 The higher the density, the higher the thermal conductivity.
 To achieve best heat insulation, the material must have lower thermal
conductivity. From 3 building materials, gypsum offers the best heat
insulation because it is lowest density between plywood and cement board
and it is also lowest thermal conductivity between plywood and cement
board.
4. Discuss the common building materials used for heat insulation and their
applications.
Insulating Materials
 Fiberglass- rigid fibrous insulation
 Cellulose- loose fill and blown in
 Polystyrene- made of small plastic beads fused together and loose fill
 Polyurethane- sprayed foam and foamed in place
 Cementitious Foam- sprayed and foamed in place
Name: NIXON NGOH ZHEN HOU

Student ID: 20WV01017

2. Thermal resistance is defined as the ratio of the temperature difference between

the two faces of a material to the rate of heat flow per unit area. The higher the
thermal resistance, the lower is the heat loss. The thermal resistance of plywood
id R=8.67. The thermal resistance of gypsum is R=0.45. The thermal resistance
of cement board is R=0.95.

3. The relationship between density and thermal conductivity is the higher

temperature lead to higher thermal conductivities and the lower is the material
density, the higher is the thermal conductivity. Gypsum board is the best heat
insulation because it is appropriate for every light and dry construction method
for walls, ceiling and partitions.

4.
I. Fibreglass: It does not absorb water.
II. Mineral Wood: It does not support combustion or melt.
III. Cellulose: It contain the highest amount of recycled content.
IV. Polyurethane Foam: It makes a great sound insulator.
V. Polystyrene: It difficult to use around imperfection.
Name: WINNIE TAN WEI LING

Student ID: 20WV05848

2. What is thermal resistance (R-Value)? Elaborate on the 3 general types of

thermal resistance.
Definition: Thermal resistance is defined as the ratio of the temperature difference
between the two faces of a material to the rate of heat flow per unit area. Thermal
resistance determines the heat insulation property of a textile material.

Elaborate:
I. Material resistance
－Thermal resistance of each layer of material in a structure depends on the rate at
which the material conduct heat and the thickness of the material.

II. Surface resistance

－ The thermal resistance of an open (exposed) surface depends upon the
conduction, convection and radiation at that surface.

III. Airspace (or air cavity) resistance

－The thermal resistance of an airspace or empty cavity depends on the nature of
any conduction, convection and radiation within the cavity.

3. What is the relationship between density and thermal conductivity? From

the 3 building materials (plywood, cement board and gypsum board), which
offers the best heat insulation? Why?
The main objective of this study is to investigate the relationship between the
temperature and the thermal conductivity of polystyrene, which is widely employed as
a building insulation material in Oman, at various densities, using the developed
experimental setup based on the guarded hot plate method.

Secondly, from the 3-building material the best heat insulation is Cement board. In
this experiment table result temperature of cement board are lower than others. It
shows that that higher temperatures lead to higher thermal conductivities and the
lower is the material density, the higher is the thermal conductivity.

4. Discuss the common building materials used for heat insulation and their
applications.

Building material Advantages Application

POLYURETHANEFORM • It is most excellent form of • It is directly fixed on
insulation. surfaces like brick blocks,
concrete, etc.
• Nowadays, it is used
• It is also use in unfinished
non-chlorofluorocarbon gas for
masonry.
use as a blowing agent.
• Cut the polyurethane foam
• This helps to decrease the in the require size.
amount of damage to the ozone • Then cover the back of
layer. foam with “foam

• The material contains low construction adhesive”.

conductivity gas in its sells. • Press the adhesive side of
the sheet against masonry
• Polyurethane insulation is
surface, seal the joints
available as a liquid sprayed
between the sheets with
form and rigid foam board.
expanding foam.
CELLULOSE • It is use to reduce building heat • It is install on walls,
loss and gain , noise trance ceiling and flooring.
mission. • For installation blowing
• Cellulose insulation is one of equipment is required.
the most eco-friendly form of • For this 3 inch diameter
insulation. hose pipe is use.
• Cellulose is made from • Cellulose spread in cavity
recycled cardboard, paper, and made by studs in walls.
other similar material comes in
loose foam.
• Cellulose is also most fire
resistance forms of insulation.
FIBERGLASS • It is a most common insulation
used in modern time.
• It is able to minimize heat
transfer.
• It is made out of finely woven
silicon, glass powder and tiny
shards of glass.
Name: LIM KAH YAN

Student ID: 20WV10755

2. Thermal resistances measures the material’s resistance to heat flow and is

sometimes referred to as R-value. This higher the value of this, the more efficient
the materials. For example, if an insulation material has an R-value of 2 per inch
thickness and the required R-value to be reached for the insulation of the required
space is 6, then 3 then 3 inches of the product would need to installed. If you
choose an insulation product with a higher R-value, then the required thickness of
the product used is reduced. The R-value varies with thickness. It is calculated by
dividing the thickness of the board. By its thermal conductivity.

3. Best insulation is cement board. Fireproof insulation: non-combustible class A,

the board will not burn when a fire occurs and will not produce toxic smoke; low
conductivity, is an ideal insulation material.

4. Common building materials used for heat insulation keeping your home warm. It
reduces the heat transfer between two objects of different temperatures such as
your home and the environment.
Conclusion

From this experiment that found that, the intensity of the heat would be most
effect on the Gypsum it is because based on the experiment table that recorded after
and before of the gap value of Gypsum is bigger. Furthermore, have found that in
the experiment when the distance is increasing, the heat intensity value also
increasing. In this experiment result, it shows that that higher temperatures lead to
higher thermal conductivities and the lower is the material density, the higher is the
thermal conductivity.

Lastly, on this experiment that we learned are a good thermal insulation will give
savings in the energy needed to run the cooling plant. Besides that, the risk of surface
condensation is reduced because the internal surfaces of a room are kept at a
temperature which is above the dew point of the air , Surface condensation is
unsightly, unhealthy and damages decorations. At the end, a well- placed thermal
insulation also reduces the times taken for a room to cool down (or heat up) to a
comfortable temperature.

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