TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN UNIVERSITY COLLEGE

FACULTY OF BUILT ENVIRONMENT

ATGB 1363 – Building Science and Services I

GROUP ASSIGNMENT

PROGRAMME: DES TUTORIAL GROUP: 2

(Delete where not applicable)
(Delete where not applicable)

Name of Building: Tutor: MR. NG SOO DIN

Date Submitted: 10 NOVEMBER 2020 Group Leader: MOK ZHAO WEN

No. Name of Student Registration No. Total Marks

MOK ZHAO WEN 2005977
1. /100
2.
NIXON NGOH ZHEN HOU 2001017
/100
3.
WINNIE TAN WEI LING 2005848
/100
4.
LIM KAH YAN 2010755
/100
5. /100

ATGB 1363 Building Science and Services I Academic Year 2020/2021, Coursework
 ATGB2363 BUILDING SCIENCE & SERVICES II
LABORATORY WORKSHEET

Tunku Abdul Rahman University College

Name of Experiment
Program
Date of Experiment
Date of Submission
Staff In- Charge
ATGB 1363 – Building Science & Services I
Year 1, Semester 2 – Academic Year 2020/2021
: Measurement of illuminance
: DBD1 / DES1 / DQS1 * (Circle) Group No: 2
: 3 NOVEMBER 2020
: 10 NOVEMBER 2020
: SR. AZIAH BINTI MOHD KHALID
Marking Criteria

Assessment Criteria Marks Allocated Marks

A. Group Work 0 1 2 3
i. Conclusion and Wrong Basic analysis of Good analysis of the Comprehensive
Experiment analysis of the data provided data provided with analysis and /3
result analysis the data with general relevant conclusion information provided
provided and conclusion with conclusion
irrelevant relating practical and
conclusion theory.
ii. Reporting Poor report Basic report Good report layout Seamless report with /3
format, format with layout following following report relevant info on the
introduction to irrelevant report format format with relevant experiment with the
experiment and information with information information the procedure
procedure. paraphrase
B. Individual 0-1 2 3 4
i. Individual Poor Average Good Excellent /4
assignment
Total / 10
(For assessor’s use only)
Laboratory Experiment and Report
No. Student’s name Student’s Reg No. Assessment Total Marks
Group Individual
MOK ZHAO WEN 2005977
1 /6 /4 /10
NIXON NGOH ZHEN HOU 2001017
2 /6 /4 /10
WINNIE TAN WEI LING 2005848
3 /6 /4 /10
LIM KAH YAN 2010755
4 /6 /4 /10

5 /6 /4 /10
Note :
1. Experiment and report to be done in groups. Individual assessment will be carried out at discretion of lecturer.
2. Relevant information is to be filled up by students in this mark sheet and submitted to lab lecturer for assessment. It shall be
compiled and submitted to ATGB1363 Building Science & Services I Course Leader by end of Week 12.
(* Delete which is unnecessary)

UNIVERSITI KOLEJ TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN

(Updated: Feb2014– LHC)
 Table of Contents
Introduction---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1
Objectives----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2
Materials and Tools----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2
References Standard---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3
Procedures---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3
Precautions----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4
Data and Result---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5
Individual Discussions Questions--------------------------------------------------------------
MOK ZHAO WEN--------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
WINNIE TAN WEI LING-----------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LIM KAH YAN------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NIXON NGOH ZHEN HOU--------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Conclusion-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6
Reference------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 6
Introduction
In photometry, illuminance is the sum luminous flux incident on an area, per
unit area. It is quota of how much the incident light illuminance the surface,
wavelength-weighted by the luminosity function to correspond with human brightness
recognition. Similarly, luminous emittance is the luminous flux per unit area emitted
from a surface. In SI derived units these are measured in lux or equivalently in lumens
per square metre. In the CGS system, the unit of illuminance is the phot, which is
equivalent to 10000 lux. Illuminance was earlier usually called brightness but this
leads to distraction with other use of word, such as to mean luminance.

1
Objectives
Learning Outcome: The experiment measurement of illuminance is to determine the
luminous intensity of (2 ×36 W) batten type light fittings.

Materials and Tools

1. Luminous Meter

2. (2 × 36 W) batten type lighting fittings

3. Measuring Tape

2
References Standard
IES Lightning Handbook (1968)

Where,
E=illuminance (or density of luminous flux) reaching a surface (Im/m²or lux)
I= Luminous intensity or strength of a light source (candle power or candela, cd)
D= Distance between light source and surface

Find the luminous intensity of the lights

Conversion:
1 candela= 12.57 lumen
1cd/m²=12.57 lm/m² (lux)

Procedures
1. Luminous meter was placed in the middle path between 2 light fittings as shown
in figure 1 (b must be equal distance).

3
2. Where the lights measurement is taken measure distance a vertically downwards
to working plane.

3. Using Pythagoras theorem calculate d.

4. From the luminous meter record the illuminance (lux). Substitute into the
equation given and solve to determine the luminous intensity.

5. The experiment are repeated at various spots in different rooms in the building
laboratory with the lights on & off.

Precautions
1. Care must be taken to ensure that light incident on the sensor is not obstructed by
the operator or any objects that are not part of the measurement such as shields or
reflections.
2. Check the zero setting on the scale when the sensor is fully covered.
3. Check the condition of the battery in the instrument.

4
4. The artificial light source (fluorescent lamps) should be switched on for about 15
minutes before the measurements are taken in order to allow for the lamps to be
completely warmed up. If the luminairy (light fitting) is of the fully enclosed type,
a longer stabilization time is needed.

Note : E (artificial light) = E (lights ON) － E (lights OFF)

Data and Result

E(luminous meter)
No Location a(m) b(m) d(m) Theta Light on Light off
1 Horizontal on floor 3.3 2.2 3.97 33.77 428 270
2 Horizontal on chair 2.4 2.1 3.19 41.21 370 260
3 Horizontal on floor 3.6 1.4 3.86 21.15 401 300
4 Horizontal on chair 2.3 1.8 2.92 38.03 415 310

experiment conducted at : class

5
Individual Discussions Questions
Name: MOK ZHAO WEN

Student ID: 20WV05977

1. Explain the following term:

i. Light- Light is a energy in form of electromagnetic radiation, that can be
detected by human sight.
ii. Luminous Intensity- Luminous Intensity is the power of a light source to
emit light in particular direction. It is used to compare with different light
sources and measure their strength.
iii. Luminous Flux- Luminous Flux is the measure of the total flow of light
energy.
iv. Illuminance- Illuminance is the total luminous flux incident on the surface.

2. Calculate the luminous intensity,I (cd) of the light source in different locations in
the building laboratory from the experiment.

I
E= cosθ
d²
NO. 1 Horizontal on Floor I
158= ×cos33.77°
E=428 - 270 15.73
=158 lx 2485.34
I= ×cos33.77°
I 1
E= cosθ
d² I=2066 cd

I
E= cosθ
d²
NO. 2 Horizontal on Chair
I
E= 370 - 260 110= ×cos41.21°
10.17
= 110 lx 1118.7
I= ×cos41.21°
1
I=841.6 cd
 I
E= cosθ
d²
NO. 3 Horizontal on Floor
I
E= 401 - 300 101= ×cos21.15°
14.92
= 101 lx
1506.92
I= ×cos21.15°
1
I=1405.41 cd

I
E= cosθ
d²
NO. 4 Horizontal on Chair
I
E= 415 - 310 105= ×cos38.03°
8.53
= 105 lx 895.65
I= ×cos38.03°
1
I=705.49 cd

3. Compare the results of illuminance, E (lux) obtained from your experiments in

the various rooms with values obtained from standard lighting requirements.
What are some typical values of service illuminance for (a) street lighting (b)
hallway (c) home (d) classroom (e) office (f) shop display? Comment on your
findings.
a. Street Lighting- 100-200 lx
b. Hallway- 100-200 lx
c. Home- 150-300 lx
d. Classroom- 300 lx
e. Office- 300-750 lx
f. Shop Displays- 500-750 lx

Usually, the factors that affect the lighting efficiency are the quantity and quality of
light, amount of flicker and glare, contrast and shadow. Each factor must be adjusted
differently to optimize lighting in safety, emergency, operations and security
situations. Lighting standard can also solve many problems related to design,
installation, placement and minimum energy consumption requirements and the
effective distribution of lighting with different purposes in different place.
4. Discuss some considerations affecting lighting design in building.
I. Light Quantity- Light Quantity are depends on the nature of the task and the
light output of lamp and luminaire.
II. Glare- Direct glare is refers to the view of the light source, usually in sharp
contrast with the surrounding.
III. Glare- Reflective glare is more difficult, cause it comes from items we work
with, like desks and computer screens.
IV. Energy Use- Energy use are depends on electrical efficiency of the lamps
and the use of switches.
V. Installation- The installation process may vary greatly, if you choose to
organize the light system yourself, you will need an electrician and a
contractor too.
Name: WINNIE TAN WEI LING

Student ID: 20WV5848

1. Explain the following terms

I. Light- light or visible light is a electromagnetic radiation. It can be
detected by human sight in particular electromagnetic.
II. Luminous intensity- It is the power of light emitted by a light source or
illuminated surface in a particular direction.
III. Luminous flux- Any electromagnetic energy rate of flow, can be expressed
in terms of power, by the way light is also measured by luminous flux.
IV. Illuminance- When luminous flux falls on a surface ,it illuminates that
surface . The lightning effect is termed illuminance.

2. Calculate the luminous intensity, I (cd) of the light source in different

locations in the building laboratory from the experiment.
Locations Lights ON (cd) Lights OFF (cd)
Horizontal of Floor 8127.30 5127.04
Horizontal of Chair 5792.55 3112.69
Horizontal of Floor 6424.45 4806.32
Horizontal of Chair 4479.06 3345.80

3. Compare the results of illuminance, E (lux) obtained from your experiments

in the various rooms with values obtained from standard lighting
requirements. What are some typical values of service illuminance for (a)
street lighting (b) hallway (c) home (d) classroom (e) office (f) shop display?
Comment on your findings.
I. Street Lightning- The illuminance value of street light is about 10 lx.
II. Hallway- The illuminance value of Hallway is about 5000-10000 . It is
need to performance of vert prolonged and exacting visual tasks to driver ,
for all that to make driver to see more clearly to the road . It is more high
illuminous value .
III. Home- The illuminance value of Home is 150 lx . The electrical supplier is
cant effort high voltage electrical .
IV. Classroom- The illuminance value of Classroom is 300 lx .
 V. Office work- The illuminance value of office work is 500 lx . It is more
higher than classroom is because the worker working time is more than
student .
VI. Shop display- The illuminance value of shop display is 750 lx. It is to
attractive the customer .

4. Discuss some consideration affecting lightning design in buildings .

I. Light quantity- Depends on the nature of the task & the light output of lamp
&luminaire.
II. Natural light- May be used as a complete source of light or to supplement
artificial light Sources.
III. Colour quality- Depends on the requirements of the task & the colour
rendering properties of the source.
IV. Glare- Depends upon the brightness contrast of light sources & surfaces. &
the viewing angles.
V. Directional quality- Depends on the three dimensional effect required & the
nature of the lamp & luminaire.
VI. Energy use- Depends on the electrical efficiency of the lamps & the use of
switches.
VII. Costs- Depend on the initial cost of the fitting: the cost of replacing the lamp
Including labour, & the electricity consumption of the lamps.
VIII. Physical properties- Include size appearance & durability of fittings.
Name: LIM KAH YAN

Student ID: 20WV10755

1.
I. Light- Light is the form of energy that can be seen and causes vision and
necessary for lighting of houses and streets. Light is the most important
energy on earth. Sources of light can be classified into natural sources and
artificial sources. Examples of natural sources is the sun and star. Artificial
sources is man-made example are electric lamps candles and kerosene lamps.
II. Luminous Intensity- Luminous intensity is also called as illuminating power.
Luminous intensity is the intensity of a light source that can be estimated by
human eye. Luminous intensity is denoted by the letter I. Of given source is
always constant. Luminous intensity of a point sources of light is defined as
the luminous flux emitted from the source per unit solid angle.
III. Luminous Lux- The amount of light energy or radiant energy emitted by
different sources is different based on its individual characteristics. The
amount of light energy or radiant energy emitted by the source in a given
time is called as luminous flux or light flux. Luminous flux is the amount of
radiant energy flowing form a source of light per unit time and is expressed
in ergs/sec.
IV. Illuminance- Illuminance objects either give off their own light or they need
light to shine on them for us to see them. If an object gives off its own light,
it is called a luminous object. The brightness of a luminous object called
intensity (symbol I) is measured in candelas. This measurement is taken from
back in the middle ages when they used candles for their sources of light.
2.

3.
a. Street lighting- The illuminance value of street light is about10 lx
b. Hallway-The illuminance value hallway is about 5000-10000.
c. Home-The illuminance value of classroom is 150lx
d. Classroom-the illuminance value of classroom is 300 lx
e. Office-The illuminance of value of office work is 500 lx it more hight than
classroom is because worker time is longer
f. Shop display-the illuminance value of shop display 600 because open hours
is longer.

4. We know energy, and we can maximize energy savings, lowering operational and
maintenance costs. We can also find other benefits that apply to a facility. To get
the most out of your light system, you’ll need to maintain it properly. Because
some light options, maintenance is no more complicated than taking out a bulb
and replacing it once it has become dim or gone out.
Name: NIXON NGOH ZHEN HOU

Student ID: 20WV01017

1.
I. Light- The term lightning refers to equipment, the primary purpose of which
is to produce light. This is typically some form of lamp but lightning can also
refer to the use of natural light to provide illumination.
II. Luminous Intensity- Luminous intensity is the ability to emit light into a
given direction or it is the luminous flux that is radiated by the light source in
a given direction within the unit of the spatial angel.
III. Luminous Lux- The term luminous flux describes the amount of light
produced by a lamp. It usually measured in lumens.
IV. Illuminance- Illuminance is the level of light on a surface. Previously called
the illumination value. It can be used as a reference measurement of the
performance of a lighting system as related to the activity.

2. E= x cos∅
Horizontal on Floor: light on – light off
E= 428 - 270 158= t x cos 33.77°
E=158 lx I = 66 cd

Horizontal on Chair: light on – light off

E= 370 - 260 110= x cos 41.21°
E= 110 lx I= 842 cd

Horizontal on Floor: light on - light off

E= 401 - 300 101= x cos 21.15°
E= 101 lx I= 1405 cd

Horizontal on Chair: light on - light off

E= 415 - 310 105= t x cos 38.03°
E= 105 lx I= 705.49 cd

3.
a. Street Lighting- 100-200 lx
b. Hallway- 150 lx
c. Home- 150-300 lx
 d. Classroom- 300 lx
e. Office- 300-750 lx
f. Shop Displays- 500-750 lx
The value of luminance that obtained at shop display is the most. The illuminance that
obtained at street lightning is the least.

4.
I. Light distribution and brightness
II. Conservation of energy
III. The appearance of colour
IV. The appearance of the space and Luminaires
V. Lightning control and Flexibility
Conclusion
The number of lamps in classroom, office, or public place is very important for
every person who to sight & stay and doing the work at the place. If too much of
lamps, the luminous intensity will become higher and the place will will become
brighter, this will cause the person feeling uncomfortable and inappropriate. If too low
of lamps, the luminous intensity will become lower and the place will become darker,
and it cause the person hard to sight and working. So the lighting design of the place
is important to every person.

In conclusion, the purpose of lighting design is human response in order to see

clearly and comfortable. Thus, the good lighting plays an important role in
safeguarding health by enabling people to perform their work efficiently.

Reference
Site Logiq 2019, Lighting Design Consideration, view 7 November 2020
<https://www.sitelogiq.com/blog/lighting-design-considerations/>
Wikipedia 2007, Architectural Lighting Design, view 7 November 2020
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_lighting_design>
Your Electrical Guide 2015, Lux Meter, view 7 November 2020
<https://www.yourelectricalguide.com/2019/05/lux-meter-working-principle.html>

Autodocbox 2018, (2 x 36W) batten type light fittings, view 7 November 2020
<https://autodocbox.com/Trucks_and_Accessories/126559283-Ip65-fluo-2x18w-2x36
w.html>.

The Black And Blue 2011, Measuring Tape, view 7 November 2020
<https://www.theblackandblue.com/2011/01/12/quick-tip-make-a-tape-measure-easier
-to-read-and-safer-on-set/>
Pico 1991, Intensity Lamp Brightness, view 7 November 2020
<https://www.picotech.com/library/experiment/light-intensity-lamp-brightness>

Designing Building Wiki 2017, Lighting, view 7 November 2020

<https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Lighting#:~:text=The%20term%20'lighti
ng'%20refers%20to,portion%20of%20the%20electromagnetic%20spectrum>