Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology

Civil Engineering Technology Laboratory

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT RECEIPT

Faculty's Copy
This section must be filled by student

Subject & Code : DAA 1951 ENGINEERING LAB 1 ( WATER & ENVIRONMENT )
Section : A21
Group No. : 14
Group Member & ID : 1) KHALIL HAZZIMIE BIN MOHD KHALID ( AB20174 )
2) AISAR MUKHLISS BIN MOHD ROZAIMIE (AB20175)
3) RUTHIRAN A/L ARUMUGAM (AB20219 )

Title of the Test : LOSSES IN PIPING SYSTEM

Testing Date : 17 MAY 2022
Person In-Charged : PN. KAMARIAH BINTI MAT PEAH
Submitted By (Group
Name & ID) : KHALIL HAZZIMIE BIN MOHD KHALID ( AB20174 )

This section must be filled by PJP in-charged or technical staff representative.

Name :
Date Received :
Stamp & Sign :

Note:
Please make sure that PJP in-charged or technical staff representative stamps & signs complete with date
receive at the front cover of the lab report.
Created By: NMN
(Detached At This Line)

Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology

Civil Engineering Technology Laboratory
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT RECEIPT

Student's Copy
This section must be filled by student.

Subject & Code : DAA 1951 ENGINEERING LAB 1 ( WATER & ENVIRONMENT )
Section : A21
Group No. : 14
Group Member & ID : 1) KHALIL HAZZIMIE BIN MOHD KHALID ( AB20174 )
2) AISAR MUKHLISS BIN MOHD ROZAIMIE ( AB20175 )
3) RUTHIRAN A/L ARUMUGAM (AB20219 )

Title of the Test : LOSSES IN PIPING SYSTEM

Testing Date : 17 MAY 2022
Person In-Charged : PN. KAMARIAH BINTI MAT PEAH
Submitted By (Group
Name & ID) : KHALIL HAZZIMIE BIN MOHD KHALID ( AB20174 )

This section must be filled by PJP in-charged or technical staff representative.

Name :
Date Received :
Stamp & Sign :

Note:
Please make sure that PJP in-charged or technical staff representative stamps & signs complete with date receive
at the front cover of the lab report.
Created By: NMN
 FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
SEMESTER II SESSION 2021/2022
HYDRAULICS & HYDROLOGY LABORATORY

SUBJECT CODE DAA 1951

SUBJECT ENGINEERING LABORATORY I (WATER &

ENVIRONMENT)

EXPERIMENT TITLE LOSSES IN PIPING SYSTEM

DATE OF 17 MAY 2022

EXPERIMENT
GROUP NUMBER 14

SECTION A21

GROUP MEMBER AB20174-KHALIL HAZZIMIE BIN MOHD KHALID

ID NUMBER &
NAME AB20175-AISAR MUKHLISS BIN MOHD ROZAIMIE

AB20219-RUTHIRAN A/L ARUMUGAM

LECTURER - DR. HASMANIE BINTI ABDUL HALIM

PERSON INCHARGE - PN. KAMARIAH BINTI MAT PEAH

MARKS

ENDORSEMENT
DETAIL EVALUATION FORM FOR ENGINEERING LAB REPORT

SUBJECT/CODE: DAA1951 ENGINEERING LAB 1 ( WATER & ENVIRONMENT )

GROUP NO./SECTION: 14 (A21)

TITLE OF EXPERIMENT: LOSSES IN PIPING SYSTEM

No DESCRIPTION MAX AVE NCR STU REMARKS/COMMENTS/SUGGESTION

1 Cover Page (1.5M)

i. Follow the Standard Cover page 1
ii. Not follow the standard Cover page 0.5 0.2
iii. Correct spell of Lecturer name,subject Code etc 0.5
v. Such as wrong in Lecturer name, Subject Code etc 0.25 0.2
Table of content (1.5M)
i. Follow Standard Table of Content 1.5
i. Not follow the standard Table of Content 0.5 0.2
ii. Doesn't have either no., content or page no. 0.25 0.2
2 Introduction/Principles (3M) 3 2 1
Objectives (2M)
i. Follow as lab manual, lab sheet and extra 2
ii. Too simple and not enough 1
iii. same as lab manual only 1.5
Apparatus/Equipment (2M)
i. All equipments listed 2
ii. Not enough equipment 1.5 1
3 Procedures (15M)
i. As experiment method 15
ii. Too simple and not enough 10
iii. Follow as lab manual and lab sheet only 5
4 Results (10M)
i. Tables 5 2.5 1
ii. Graphs 2.5 1.5 1
iii. Calculations - Example 2.5 1.5 1
5 Discussion / Analysis (20M)
i Discuss on experiment result 8 4 2
ii Is it the result right or wrong 3 2 1
iii Comparison between theoritical and experimental 3 2 1
iv Cause and errorr during experimental 3 2 1
v Safety measure during experiment 3 2 1
6 Conclusion (20M)
i. State the final result getting from experiment 4 2 1
ii. Is it the objectives achieve/reach/accomplish 4 2 1
iii. Actual result from other resources 4 2 1
iv. Method to reduce error and improve method 4 2 1
v. Purpose of testing on industry application 4 2 1
7 References/Appendix (5M)
i. Photo during experiment 1 0.7 0.5
ii. Website reference/ book 1 0.7 0.5
iii. Result attached 3 2 1
TOTAL 80 46.9 25.3

NOTE:
MAX: Maximum NCR: Non Conformance requirements
AVE: Average STU: Student's marks

SUMMARY MARKS FOR ENGINEERING LABORATORY

% %
NO. NAME ID NO. TOTAL
PRACTICAL REPORT

1 KHALIL HAZZIMIE BIN MOHD KHALID AB 20174

2 AISAR MUKHLISS BIN MOHD ROZAIMIE AB 20175

3 RUTHIRAN A/L ARUMUGAM AB 20219

4
5
6
7
8

LAB SUPERVISOR'S NAME AND SIGNATURE

TABLE OF CONTENT

NO TITLE PAGE

1 INTRODUCTION 1-4

2 OBJECTIVE 4

3 APPARATUS 5

4 PROCEDURE 6

5 RESULT 7-10

6 DISCUSSION 11-14

7 CONCLUSION 15-16

8 APPENDIX/REFERENCE 17
INTRODUCTION

This research is introduced a typical piping system involves pipes of different diameters
connected to each other by various fittings or elbows to direct the fluid, valves to control the
flow rate, and pumps to pressurize the fluid. Piping systems involve changes in direction
without a change in diameter, and such flow sections are called bends or elbows. The losses
during changes of direction can be minimized by making the turn easy on the fluid by using
circular arcs (like 90° elbow) instead of sharp turns (like the miter bends).
Other than that, Sudden or gradual expansion or contraction sections are also involved to
accommodate changes in flow rates or properties such as density and velocity. Valves are
commonly used to control the flow rates by simply altering the head loss until the desired
flow rate is achieved.
Head loss is added because in real life situation there are losses. The head loss will
increase when the fluid flow through fittings (elbows or bends) due to the friction effect that
caused by the viscosity. This situation can be proved by calculation of the drop in the flow
rate. Minor losses expressed in terms of loss coefficient, 𝐾𝐿 and defined as, 𝐾𝐿 = ℎ𝐿 / (V²/
(2g). The values of 𝐾𝐿 are related to the pipe friction factors by a constant which is dependent
on the ratio of the bend radius to the pipe diameter.
In this experiment, fluid friction apparatus is used to study the head losses in straight
pipes and pipefittings with the incompressible fluid due to the friction where by the pipe
fitting includes tees, elbows and bend. This is to calculate the total pressure of the water
required to transfer the fluid in the pipes from one point to another. Reynold’s number is
calculated is used to determine whether the fluid flow is either laminar or turbulent. Head loss
in pipes is considered due to the various environment and scenario in real life. Basically, the
increase of friction in the pipes due to viscosity of the liquid will increase the head loss
especially at the fittings and this can lead to the decreasing of the flow rate.

THEORY
The pipe flow indicates the flowing of liquid within a closed conduit and the fluid flow is
typically flowing in a circular pipe. With the fluid flow in a closed conduit, hydraulic
pressure is indeed exerted on the conduit while it does not exert direct atmospheric pressure
due to the atmospheric pressure outside and inside the cylindrical pipe cancelled each other.
Pipe flow can be separated into laminar flow and turbulent flow. Laminar flow is
characterized by a highly ordered motion and smooth flowing speed while turbulent flow is
characterized by highly disordered motion and variation streamline. Hence, Reynold’s
number is used to differentiate between these types of flow. The equation of Reynold’s
number is as shown as below:

1|Page
(equation 1)
𝜌𝑉𝐷
𝑅𝑒 =
𝜇
Whereby,
- 𝜌 = 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
- 𝑉 = 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
- 𝐷 = 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
- 𝜇 = 𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦

When the Reynold’s number is below 2000, the type of flow is considered as laminar flow
while when the Reynold’s number is above 4000, the type of flow is considered as turbulent
flow. As the Reynold’s number lies between 2100 to 4000, the flow is considered as
transitional flow. Transitional flow indicates that the flow is randomly changes between
laminar and turbulent flow.
When ideal fluid which has zero viscosity and incompressible is flowing in a pipe system, it
will be considered that an ideal pipe flow is present and it can be presented in a equation
which apply Bernoulli’s principle such as below:
(equation 2)
𝜌𝑉𝐷
∆(𝑃 + 𝜌𝑔𝑧 + ) = 0
𝜇
Whereby,
- 𝑉 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤
- 𝑔= 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
- 𝑧= 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑧 − 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
- 𝜌 = 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
- P = Presssure

However, in the reality, the environmental effect will become a factor that affect the total
amount of transmitted energy as there will be some loss of energy caused by frictional force
between the fluid and the cylindrical pipe. In this case, the shaft work of pump, ∆𝑷𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒌 and
the pressure drop, ∆𝑷𝑳 has to be takeninto consideration into Bernoulli’s equation:
(equation 3)
𝜌𝑉 2
∆ (𝑃 + 𝜌𝑔𝑧 + ) + ∆𝑷𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒌 − ∆𝑷𝑳 = 0
𝜇

The head loss due to friction can be calculated using the Darcy-Weisbach equation as shown
as below:

2|Page
(equation 4)
𝐿 𝑉2
ℎ𝐿 ,𝑚𝑎𝑗𝑜𝑟 = 𝑓 ( )
𝐷 2𝑔

Whereby,
- 𝑓 = 𝐷𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑦 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
- 𝑔 = 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
- 𝐷 = 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒
- 𝑉 = 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑
- L = length of the pipe
While the equation of Darcy friction factor is:
(equation 5)

64
𝑓=
𝑅𝑒

Due to the viscous effects, the laminar fluid flow will neglect the roughness of the pipe
surface while it is necessary for turbulent fluid flow to consider it and hence frictional factor
is required to be calculated using equation below:
(equation 6)
𝜀
𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 =
𝐷

Whereby,
- 𝜀 = 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠
- 𝐷 = 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒
In a turbulent flow, the friction factor, f, which is a function of Reynold’s number and
relative roughness can be determined from the Moody’s chart. The head loss due to the pipe
fittings, which is also known as minor loss can be calculated using equation as shown as
below:
(equation 7)
𝑉2
ℎ𝐿 ,𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 = 𝐾𝐿 ( )
2𝑔

3|Page
Whereby,
- 𝑔 = 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
- 𝑉 = 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑
- 𝐾𝐿 = head loss coefficient

MOODY DIAGRAM

OBJECTIVE

➢ To determine the relationship between head loss and flow in piping system
➢ To verify conservation of energy law in the piping system
➢ To compare experimental head loss to Theoretical head loss

4|Page
APPARATUS / EQUIPMENT

1) Hydraulic bench 2) Stop watch

3) Piping system (long pipe section located at the dark blue pipeline; expansion and
contraction section located at the light blue pipeline)

5|Page
PROCEDURE

6|Page
 RESULT

1. Long pipe: 914.4mm

Flow Volume: 5L
Diameter pipe: 13.6mm

Test No. Time (s) Flowrate Q Piezometer Tube Experimental Calculated

(m3/s) Reading Head Loss head loss
(h3 – h4) HL
(3) (4)
(m2/s)
1 21.18 2.36 x 10-4 784 553 231 0.18
2 23.25 2.15 x 10-4 754 551 203 0.15
3 25.78 1.94 x 10-4 724 548 176 0.12
4 28.50 1.75 x 10-4 694 545 149 0.10
5 31.59 1.58 x 10-4 664 543 121 0.08

Calculation

(𝜋𝑑2 )
Area, A = (𝑚2)
4

𝜋(0.0136)2
=(
4

= 1.453 × 10-4 𝑚2

𝑉 𝑚3
Flow rate, Q = ( )
𝑡 𝑠

0.005 𝑚3
= ( )
21.18 𝑠

= 2.36 × 10−4 𝑚3/s

7|Page
 𝑄
Velocity, V = ( )
𝐴

= (2.36 × 10−4 /1.453 ×10−4)

= 1.62 m/s

𝑓𝑙𝑣 2
Head loss, 𝐻𝐿 =
2𝑔𝑑

0.020(0.9144)(1.62)2
=
2(9.81)(0.0136)

= 0.18 𝑚3/s

2. Expansion and contraction

section

Flow rate: 5L
Long pipe: 919.4mm
Diameter pipe (7,10): 13.6mm
Diameter pipe (8,9): 26.2mm

8|Page
Test Time Flow Rate Expansion Contraction
No. (s) Q (m3/s)
Piezometer Experimental Calculated Piezometer Experimental Calculated
Tube Head Loss (h7- Head Loss Tube Head Loss Head Loss
Reading h8) Reading (h9-h10)
(mm) (mm)
(7) (8) (9) (10)
1 21.91 2.28 x 10-4 573 613 -40 0.067 598 362 236 0.0034
2 25.13 1.98 x 10-4 543 570 -27 0.050 561 374 187 0.0026
3 29.28 1.71 x 10-4 513 537 -24 0.038 528 384 144 0.0020
4 33.63 1.47 x 10-4 483 499 -16 0.028 493 390 103 0.0014
5 42.50 1.18 x 10-4 453 463 -10 0.018 458 394 64 0.0009

CALCULATION

Area Tube 7,

𝜋𝑑2
A=( )(𝑚2)
4

𝜋(0.0136)2
=( )(𝑚2)
4

= 1.453 × 10−4 𝑚2

Area Tube 8,

𝜋𝑑2
A=( )(𝑚2)
4

𝜋(0.0262)2
=( )(𝑚2)
4

= 5.391 × 10−4 𝑚2

𝑉 𝑚3
Flow rate, Q = ( )
𝑡 𝑠

9|Page
 0.005 𝑚3
= ( )
21.91 𝑠

= 2.28 × 10−4𝑚3/s

Velocity expansion, 𝑣1 = (Q/A)

= (2.28 × 10−4 /1.453 ×10−4)

= 1.57 m/s

Velocity contraction, 𝑣2 = (Q/A)

= (2.28 × 10−4 / 5.391×10−4)

= 0.42 m/s

(𝑣1 − 𝑣2 )2
Head loss expansion, 𝐻𝐿 =
2𝑔

(1.57− 0.42)2
=
2(9.81)

= 0.067 𝑚3/s

𝑘(𝑣2 )2
Head loss contraction, 𝐻𝐿 =
2𝑔

0.375(0.42)2
=
2(9.81)

= 0.0034 𝑚3/s

10 | P a g e
DISCUSSION

1. Plot Graph

Test Friction factor Log Q Log HL

1 0.045 -3.63 -0.74
2 0.045 -3.67 -0.82
3 0.045 -3.71 -0.92
4 0.045 -3.76 -1.0
5 0.045 -3.80 -1.10

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 Test Log Q Log HL
Expansion Contraction
1 -3.64 -1.17 -2.47
2 -3.70 -1.30 -2.59
3 -3.77 -1.42 -2.70
4 -3.83 -1.55 -2.85
5 -3.93 -1.74 -3.05

Log HL vs Log Q
Log Q
-3.95 -3.9 -3.85 -3.8 -3.75 -3.7 -3.65 -3.6
0

-0.5

-1.17 -1
-1.3
-1.42
-1.55 Expansion
-1.74 -1.5
Log HL

Contraction

-2
-2.47
-2.59
-2.7 -2.5
-2.85
-3.05
-3

-3.5

12 | P a g e
 2. From the graphs, the slope values, n, and intercepts, log k, that are already plotted for
each graph can be obtained from the graphs. Because the general formula for a straight
line is y = mx + c, we know that m is the slope value and that y = c is the point where
the line intersects the y-axis. On the y-axis, the value c is known as the intercept. Our
y-axis and x-axis are Log Q and Log HL for each graph in this scenario, based on our
presented graphs. The following is the formula:
𝐿𝑜𝑔 𝐻𝐿 = 𝑛 log 𝑄 + log 𝑘

3. We already have the slope values, n, and the intercepts, log k, from plots of Log HL
against Log Q for long pipe, expansion section, and contraction:
Long pipe:

Log HL = 2.000 Log Q + 6.860

Slope value, n = 2.000

Log k = 6.860

Expansion section:

Log HL = 2.125 log Q + 6.586

Slope value, n = 2.125

Log k = 6.586

Contraction:

Log HL = 2.000 log Q + 5.960

Slope value, n = 2.000

Log k = 5.960

13 | P a g e
 4. As demonstrated in the graph of Log HL vs log Q for long pipes, the lower the flow
rate, the smaller the head loss. The expansion section's graph of Log HL vs. Log Q
demonstrates that as the flow rate decreases, the head loss decreases as well. This
relationship is equivalent to the link between head loss and flow rates for lengthy pipes.
Finally, the graph produced for Log HL versus log Q for contraction is comparable in
both contact for long pipes and expansion sections. The less head loss there is, the lower
the flow rate. There is a reason why head loss decreases as the flow rate decreases.

Increasing the liquid level in the suction tank produces a higher head, while decreasing
the level produces a lower head. Because they can't predict the height of the liquid in
the suction tanks, pump makers and suppliers rarely say how many heads a pump can
generate. Instead, they'll report the number of pump heads, which is the difference in
height between the liquid levels in the suction tank and the highest water column the
pump can reach. The number of heads is unaffected by the liquid level in the suction
tank. With a flow rate of 0, the maximum head (cover head) is obtained.

As the liquid moves from the suction tank to the pump and then from the pump to the
discharge pipe, the flow rate of the liquid increases, creating friction into the system.
The pump's ability to produce a large number of heads is limited due to friction. In
actuality, as the flow increases, so does friction, and the number of heads decreases.
"Friction head" or "friction loss" refers to the number of heads lost due to friction.

5. Copper is a pricey material, but it has the advantage of weighing less than steel and
requiring fewer employees to install, depending on weight and union limits. Copper is
also nobler and more corrosion-resistant than steel or galvanised steel. The head loss
(HL) of steel will be higher than that of copper.

14 | P a g e
 CONCLUSION

i. Conclusion and suggestion how to reduce head loss, hL in piping system

In conclusion. We can conclude that the values for friction that we obtained for the long
pipe are almost consistent with the values in our graph (Log HL vs Log Q) get from the
results discussion. We learned through this experiment that there is a head loss in each pipe
due to internal friction of the pipes. The experiment is accurate and gives us a good idea of
the head loss in pipes.

➢ How to reduce the head losses:

1) Reduce Internal Roughness

- By smoothing the surface of the inner pipe, it will open a clearer path for the
liquid to flow. This means cleaning the pipe thoroughly and keeping it away
from debris. It also requires a proactive approach to combat pipe corrosion.
When pipes corrode, it causes costly drops and clogging. That’s why it’s
important to prevent corrosion from creeping into the pipe surface and eating
away at the metal.

2) Increase the Pipe Diameter

- By widening the diameter of the pipe, it ensures that the liquid does not have
to work hard to squeeze through the pipe. On the other hand, it will reduce the
flow resistance and friction loss on the pipe. Make sure you support larger
pipes with strong and efficient pipe support.

3) Reduce Turns
- By straightening the pipe flow and cleaning its pipe path, it can avoid friction
loss. Complete this by removing the tee, fittings, and other sharp turns when
possible.

15 | P a g e
ii. Relate the experiment to the industry application

- In engineering applications, it is important to increase pipe productivity, i.e. maximizing

the flow rate capacity and minimizing head loss per unit length. According to the Darcy-
Weisbach equation, for a given flow rate, the head loss decreases with the inverse fifth
power of the pipe diameter. Doubling the diameter of a pipe results in the head loss
decreasing by a factor of 32 (≈ 97% reduction), while the amount of material required
per unit length of the pipe and its installation cost nearly doubles. This means that energy
consumption, to overcome the frictional resistance in a pipe conveying a certain flow
rate, can be significantly reduced at a relatively small capital cost.

16 | P a g e
REFERENCE / APPENDIX
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CuuNFqIEhQg
- UMP Laboratory manual
- https://me.queensu.ca/People/Sellens/LossesinPipes.html

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