G9 - Non Dest

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
ENGINEERING LABORATORY II (MATERIALS AND

STRUCTURAL)
SUBJECT CODE DAA 2931
ENGINEERING LABORATORY II (MATERIALS AND

SUBJECT
STRUCTURAL)
EXPERIMENT TITLE NON DESTRUCTIVE TEST
DATE OF
13 JANUARY 2022
EXPERIMENT
GROUP NUMBER 9
SECTION A21LD
GROUP MEMBER ID 1. AMIR LUQMAN BIN ZAWAWI (AB20127)

2. MUHAMMAD AZRAI HAIKAL BIN AFFENDI (AB20065)
NUMBER & NAME
3. NUR FARZANA BINTI MAMAT SOLLEH (AB20148)
4. RAJA NUR NADHIRAH BINTI YUSOF (AB20146)
5. NUR AIN HIDAYATI BINTI YASMI (AB20118)
LECTURER EN. MOHAMMAD AMIRULKHAIRI BIN ZUBIR
PERSON IN CHARGE EN. KAMARUL AZRI BIN HARUN
REMARKS
ENDORSEMENT
Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology
Civil Engineering Technology Laboratory
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT RECEIPT
Faculty's Copy
This section must be filled by student
Subject & Code : DAA 2931 ENGINEERING LABORATORY II

Section : A21LD
Group No. :9
Group Member & ID : 1) AMIR LUQMAN BIN ZAWAWI (AB20127)
2) MUHAMMAD AZRAI HAIKAL BIN AFFENDI (AB20065)
3) NUR FARZANA BINTI MAMAT SOLLEH (AB20148)
4) RAJA NUR NADHIRAH BINTI YUSOF (AB20146)
5) NUR AIN HIDAYATI BINTI YASMI (AB20118)
Title of the Test : NON DESTRUCTIVE TEST

Testing Date : 13 JANUARY 2022
Person In-Charged : EN. KAMARUL AZRI BIN HARUN
Submitted By (Group
Name & ID) : NUR FARZANA BINTI MAMAT SOLLEH (AB20148)
This section must be filled by P
Name :
Date Received :
Stamp & Sign :
Note:
Please make sure that PJP in-charged or technical staff representative stamps & signs complete with date
receive at the front cover of the lab report.
Created By: NMN
(Detached At This Line)
Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology

Civil Engineering Technology Laboratory
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT RECEIPT
Student's Copy
This section must be filled by student.
Subject & Code : DAA2931 ENGINEERING LABORATORY II (MATERIAL AND STRUCTURAL)

Section : A21LD
Group No. :9
Group Member & ID : 1) AMIR LUQMAN BIN ZAWAWI (AB20127)
2) MUHAMMAD AZRAI HAIKAL BIN AFFENDI (AB20065)
3) NUR FARZANA BINTI MAMAT SOLLEH (AB20148)
4) RAJA NUR NADHIRAH BINTI YUSOF (AB20146)
5) NUR AIN HIDAYATI BINTI YASMI (AB20118)
Title of the Test : NON DESTRUCTIVE TEST

Testing Date : 13 JANUARY 2022
Person In-Charged : EN. KAMARUL AZRI BIN HARUN
Submitted By (Group
Name & ID) : NUR FARZANA BINTI MAMAT SOLLEH (AB20148)
This section must be filled by PJP in-charged or technical staff representative.
Name :
Date Received :
Stamp & Sign :
Note:
Please make sure that PJP in-charged or technical staff representative stamps & signs complete with date receive
at the front cover of the lab report.
Created By: NMN
DETAIL EVALUATION FORM FOR ENGINEERING LAB REPORT
SUBJECT/CODE: DAA2931 ENGINEERING LABORATORY II (MATERIAL AND STRUCTURAL)
GROUP NO./SECTION: GROUP 9 / SECTION A21
TITLE OF EXPERIMENT: ULTRASONIC PULSE VELOCITY TEST / PUNDIT TEST
No MAX AVE NCR STU REMARKS/COMMENTS/SUGGESTION
1 Cover Page (1.5M)

Follow the Standard Cover page 1
Not follow the standard Cover page 0.5 0.2
Correct spell of Lecturer name,subject Code etc 0.5
Such as wrong in Lecturer name, Subject Code etc 0.25 0.2
Table of content (1.5M)
Follow Standard Table of Content 1.5
Not follow the standard Table of Content 0.5 0.2
Doesn't have either no., content or page no. 0.25 0.2
2 Introduction/Principles (3M) 3 2 1
Objectives (2M)
Follow as lab manual, lab sheet and extra 2
Too simple and not enough 1
same as lab manual only 1.5
Apparatus/Equipment (2M)
All equipments listed 2
Not enough equipment 1.5 1
3 Procedures (15M)
As experiment method 15
Follow as lab manual and lab sheet only 5
4 Results (10M)
Tables 5 2.5 1
Graphs 2.5 1.5 1
Calculations - Example 2.5 1.5 1
5 Discussion / Analysis (20M)
Discuss on experiment result 8 4 2
Is it the result right or wrong 3 2 1
Comparison between theoritical and experimental 3 2 1
Cause and errorr during experimental 3 2 1
Safety measure during experiment 3 2 1
6 Conclusion (20M)
State the final result getting from experiment 4 2 1
Is it the objectives achieve/reach/accomplish 4 2 1
Actual result from other resources 4 2 1
Method to reduce error and improve method 4 2 1
Purpose of testing on industry application 4 2 1
7 References/Appendix (5M)
Photo during experiment 1 0.7 0.5
Website reference/ book 1 0.7 0.5
Result attached 3 2 1
NOTE:
NCR: Non Conformance requirements
STU: Student's marks
SUMMARY MARKS FOR ENGINEERING LABORATORY
% %
NO. ID NO.
PRACTICAL
TOTAL
REPORT
1 AMIR LUQMAN BIN ZAWAWI AB20127

2 MUHAMMAD AZRAI HAIKAL BIN AFFENDI AB20065
3 NUR FARZANA BINTI MAMAT SOLLEH AB20148
4 RAJA NUR NADHIRAH BINTI YUSOF AB20146
5 NUR AIN HIDAYATI BINTI YASMI AB20118
LAB SUPERVISOR'S NAME AND SIGNATURE

TABLE OF CONTENTS
ULTRASONIC PULSE VELOCITY TEST/PUNDIT TEST .............................................................. 1

INTRODUCTION & PRINCIPLE............................................................................... 1
OBJECTIVES .......................................................................................................... 2
APPARATUS .......................................................................................................... 3
PROCEDURE…………………………………………………………………………………………….………4
RESULT ................................................................................................................. 5
DISCUSSION.......................................................................................................... 6
CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................ 7
REFERENCES ......................................................................................................... 8
REBAR LOCATOR TEST (COVERMETER SURVEY) .............................................................. 9

INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 9
PRINCIPLES & OBJECTIVES ................................................................................. 10
APPARATUS ........................................................................................................ 11
PROCEDURE ....................................................................................................... 12
RESULT ............................................................................................................... 14
DISCUSSION........................................................................................................ 15
CONCLUSION ...................................................................................................... 17
REFERENCES ....................................................................................................... 18
REBOUND HAMMER TEST (SURFACE HARDNESS TEST) ................................................. 19

INTRODUCTION & PRINCIPLE............................................................................. 19
OBJECTIVES APPARATUS ................................................................................... 20
PROCEDURES...................................................................................................... 21
RESULT ............................................................................................................... 23
GRAPH AND DISCUSSION ................................................................................... 26
CONCLUSION ...................................................................................................... 28
ULTRASONIC PULSE VELOCITY TEST/PUNDIT TEST
INTRODUCTION
An ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) test is a non-destructive, in-situ examination of the

quality of concrete and natural rocks. The velocity of an ultrasonic pulse passing through a
concrete structure or natural rock formation is measured in this test to determine the
strength and quality of concrete or rock. As a result, the test is useful for inspecting the
interior body of concrete for the presence of cracks, honeycombs, or voids. This test is
carried out by sending an ultrasonic pulse through the concrete to be tested and measuring
the time it takes for the pulse to pass through the structure. Higher velocities indicate good
material quality and continuity, whereas slower velocities may indicate concrete with
numerous cracks or voids. In general, this test is used to evaluate the quality and
homogeneity of concrete in relation to the specified standard requirements. As shown in
figure 1, the equipment used to perform UPV tests is known as PUNDIT.
Figure 1: Equipment of Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity
PRINCIPLE
The test is based on the principle that the velocity of sound within a solid mass, V, is
proportional to the square root of the ratio of Modulus of Elasticity, E, to Density, ρ.
𝑔𝐸
𝑉=√
ρ
Where,
ρ = density
V = solid mass
g = the acceleration due to gravity
1
An electro-acoustical transducer generates the ultrasonic pulse. When a transducer induces
a pulse into the concrete, it is reflected multiple times at the boundaries of the different
material phases within the concrete. A second electro-acoustic transducer receives the
vibration after it has passed through the concrete and converts it to an electrical signal. The
electronic timing device can measure the time it takes for a pulse to travel from the
transmitting transducer to the receiving transducer. The signal is then routed to a cathode-
ray oscilloscope via an amplifier. The Ultrasonic pulse velocity apparatus used in the test is
capable of measuring pulse velocity to +1 percent accuracy over a range of 20 microseconds
to 10 milliseconds.
It is critical to check the accuracy of the apparatus by taking measurements on two standard
reference specimens with known pulse transit times. The test should be performed on two
steel specimens with minimum transit times ranging from 25 microseconds to 100
microseconds. In general, the supplier of the apparatus specifies this transit time to an
accuracy of 0.2 microseconds. The pulse velocity, V, is calculated by dividing the path length
for the vibration to travel between the two transducers, L, by the transit time, t.
𝐿
𝑉 = ; expressed in km/s
𝑡
As shown in Figure 2, there are three basic ways in which the transducers can be arranged:
a. Direct transmission; transducers on opposing sides
b. Semi-direct transmission (transducers on adjacent faces)
c. Direct transmission; transducers on the same face
Figure 2: Transducers Arrangement
OBJECTIVES
• To determine the uniformity of concrete

• To discover the presence of cracks present within the structure
• To estimate the in-situ strength of existing concrete using supplied correlation chart
2
APPARATUS
1.
Plain concrete beam
2.
Main control unit
3.
Transducer and receiver
3
PROCEDURE
The test spots have been chosen and examined to verify that the surface
is clean, smooth, dry, and free of any formed surface that would cause
an incorrect result if a polished material were used.
The length of the path is measured using a measuring tape
Grease is applied to the surface of the transducer, receiver, and

concrete surface to ensure smoother movement and optimal contact.
The transducer and receiver should be placed perpendicular to the

concrete surface and facing each other to ensure continuous transmission
On the UPV table of results, one of our group members records three
readings per test location, and the test is repeated for another two test
locations.
Using a calculation and chart provided, the average reading and

compressive strength of the test specimen are determined.
4
RESULT
Part Reading Path length, s Transit time, t Pulse velocity, v Average

(km) (s) (km/s) (km/s)
1 1st 0.00015 32.9 x 10-6 4.56 4.56 + 4.59 + 4.30
2nd 0.00015 32.7 x 10-6 4.59 3
=4.48
3rd 0.00015 34.9 x 10-6 4.30
2 1st 0.00015 32.9 x 10-6 4.56 4.56 + 4.07 + 4.36
2nd 0.00015 36.9 x 10-6 4.07 3
= 4.33
3rd 0.00015 34.4 x 10-6 4.36
3 1st 0.00015 34.9 x 10-6 4.30 4.30 + 4.63 + 4.40
2nd 0.00015 32.4 x 10-6 4.63 3
= 4.44
3rd 0.00015 34.1 x 10-6 4.40
5
DISCUSSION
Throughout the experiment, we divided the three portions by positioning the transducer
and receiver at either end of the reference bar. We recorded transit time via the bar utilising
the direct transmission method by measuring transit time at four test locations. The average
pulse velocity for the entire portion was then computed. According to the classification of
concrete quality based on pulse velocity, we need a longitudinal pulse greater than 4.5 km/s
for outstanding concrete quality. Because the value of longitudinal pulse we obtained is less
than 4.5 km/s, therefore we can conclude that our concrete quality is poor.
The density and modulus of elasticity of concrete determine the ultrasonic pulse velocity.
This, in turn, is determined by the cement mix elements and proportions, as well as the
concrete pouring, compaction, and curing processes. Even if the same materials and mix
proportions are utilised, the pulse velocity will be reduced if the concrete is not compacted
as thoroughly as allowed, if there is concrete segregation during installation, or if there are
internal fissures or faults.
In terms of ultrasonic pulse velocity, many elements can influence the quality of concrete in
constructions such as the smoothness of the surface, the pulse's line of travel, the influence
of temperature on pulse velocity, moisture level, the presence of steel reinforcing bars and
the concrete is old. The smoothness of the contact surface under test affects the
measurement of ultrasonic pulse velocity, according to the list above. Most concrete
surfaces are usually sufficiently smooth to ensure good acoustic contact when utilising a
coupling medium and pushing the receiver against the concrete surface. For example, we
should use grease to ensure smoother movement and optimal contact of the surface area
since it is necessary to level the concrete surface before measuring the pulse velocity when
it is rough and uneven. Also, the pulse velocity through concrete increases as the moisture
content of the concrete increases. Low-strength concrete is more affected than high-
strength concrete by this. The pulse velocity of saturated concrete can be up to 2% higher
than that of dry concrete. Concrete drying can cause a reduction in pulse velocity in general.
As a result, we don't receive the desired outcome.
The theoretical result is more accurate compared to the experimental. When we do the
experiment, there are some cause and effect factors to consider, such as making sure the
locations are clean, smooth, and dry before placing the transducer and receiver at the bar.
Before receiving the data, we must also ensure that the receiver and transducer are in line
with one another. To guarantee proper contact of the transducers with the concrete
surface, grease should be applied to the test location's surface. Then, we should also take
some precautions, such as wearing safety boots and goggles and making sure we
understand how to use the instrument. Before using the equipment, we must also ensure
that our hands are dry.
6
In addition, this UPV test has both benefits and drawbacks. The benefits include faster and
more precise findings as well as the utilisation of ultrasonic pulses. This test can be carried
out without causing any destruction or damage to the concrete element. At the same time,
it may assist in the saving of both money and time. The downsides are that we require a
high level of operator expertise and honesty. As a result, skilled and qualified personnel are
required. In most inspections, unlike radiography, there is no permanent record of the
inspection, however, more contemporary equipment does have this capability. In some
materials such as austenitic steel, the large grain size inherent in welds can cause
attenuation, which can hide defects. Unnecessary repairs can be caused by false indications
and signal misreading. When performing any ultrasonic examination, a validated process
should be followed.
Moreover, the data gained from the UPV experiment may be used to evaluate homogeneity,
detect voids, or estimate the depth of a surface crack that we can use to monitor the quality
of concrete during construction. Also, UPV measurements are one of the most promising
non-destructive testing technologies for evaluating concrete structures among those that
are well-known and commercially available.
CONCLUSION
We can conclude that our group was able to fulfil the required objectives in this ultrasonic
pulse velocity test, which included determining the uniformity of concrete throughout the
structure, detecting the presence of fractures, and estimating in-situ strength of existing
concrete. The use of UPV to detect damage in reinforced concrete with corrosion is quite
appealing because it may be done on the spot. Because concrete is a heterogeneous
material, interpreting the relationship between strength and UPV can be difficult. We know
that the UPV test can provide crucial data for decision-making on the state of concrete
structures since we conducted the test. The strength of concrete is also affected by the
number of voids, the ratio, the aggregate type, and other elements. A longitudinal pulse
higher than 4.5 km/s is required for outstanding concrete quality, according to the
classification of concrete quality based on pulse velocity. We conclude our concrete quality
is inadequate because the longitudinal pulse value we obtained is less than 4.5 km/s. The
findings suggest that it is possible to understand how variations in test settings affect UPV
results, which can lead to a reduction in errors when estimating strength. The results
suggest that understanding how test conditions affect UPV results is possible, which could
lead to fewer errors when assessing strength. The correlation between the factors and the
compression strength can be estimated using ultrasonic pulse velocity. It can be concluded
that, by means of UPV, it is possible to contribute with the control of deterioration and
concrete structures quality.
7
REFERENCES
• https://www-pub.iaea.org/mtcd/publications/pdf/tcs-17_web.pdf
• https://www.fprimec.com/on-site-evaluation-of-concrete-strength/
• https://theconstructor.org/practical-guide/non-destructive-testing-of-
concrete/5553/
8
TITLE OF EXPERIMENT: REBAR LOCATOR TEST (COVERMETER SURVEY)
1 Cover Page (1.5M)

Objectives (2M)
3 Procedures (15M)
4 Results (10M)
Tables 5 2.5 1
Graphs 2.5 1.5 1
6 Conclusion (20M)
NOTE:
% %
NO. ID NO.
PRACTICAL
TOTAL
REPORT


REBAR LOCATOR TEST (COVERMETER SURVEY)
INTRODUCTION
During a detailed examination, it is vital to find the exact position of steel reinforcement in
concrete members such as beams, columns and slabs, especially when a core sample is to
be taken from the members. The rebar locator test is a non-destructive test that uses a
magnetic field to identify embedded steel to specify the location of reinforcement bars in
concrete. It may also be used to detect the presence of steel in concrete and establish the
exact concrete cover required. The magnetic rebar locator test is important in construction
because information on the placement of steel bars, concrete covers, and bar diameters is
required in many field applications, either directly or indirectly. For example, knowing a
bar's diameter and location is required to comprehend bar spacing and placement in
existing constructions when drawings may not be available.
Furthermore, in circumstances when core extracts of a concrete specimen are to be taken,

the location of rebars must be identified to avoid the cutting of the same. It's worth noting
that the cover metre test isn't valid for several types of bars, such as glass fibre and post-
tension or pretension strand.
A covermeter is the equipment used in the rebar locator test. A device that uses magnetic
fields to provide information about concrete coverings and steel reinforcement in concrete.
The premise behind magnetic instruments for locating reinforcement steel (found within
the concrete) is that the steel affects the alternating magnetic field. The covermeter can
also be used to determine how thick a concrete cover is. The space between the surface of
the concrete and the surface of the embedded reinforcing bars is known as concrete cover.
The endurance of various concrete buildings subjected to harsh environments during their
service lives such as saltwater desalination plants, jetties, bridges, and reservoirs, depends
on ensuring enough concrete cover.
9
PRINCIPLES
The rebar locator is a portable, lightweight tool. It is also one of the non-destructive testing
(NDT) methods for locating steel bars embedded in concrete prior to drilling and core
testing. It measures both the concrete cover and the diameter of the bars in the same
direction. The rebar detector's main functioning idea is to use a magnetic field to detect
embedded steel. A search head produces an electromagnetic field. The lines of force get
warped when a reinforcing bar or other metal object is present in the field. The disruption
created by the presence of the metal object causes a local change in field strength, which
the search head detects and the metre indicates. It is also the simplest and quickest method
for detecting reinforcing bars in concrete. It's commonly used to detect "safe locations"
before coring or drilling holes. It will also show the location and orientation of the rebar, as
well as the depth of the concrete.
(a) (b)
the rebar detector move from left to right as shown in diagram (a) and move from bottom to top as
shown in diagram (b)
OBJECTIVES
• To determine the location of reinforcement bars in reinforced concrete members

• To determine the diameters of the reinforcement bars
• To determine the effectiveness of the concrete cover
10
APPARATUS
• Cover meter
• Reinforced Concrete Member
• Measuring Tape
11
PROCEDURE
1. Locating Reinforcement Bars
Connect the measuring head to the cover meter.
Using the "DIAM" knob, select the required bar diameter.
Turn the "ZERO" knob to the "ON" position.
Change the "MODE" knob to "LOCATE."
Hold the sensing head away from any metallic object and turn the
"ZERO" knob until the red line on the analogue metre is in the
centre of the two red arrows and the sound output is at a low
frequency (at this point the LCD should be at 0.000v)
Mark the location of the bar on the concrete surface using a pencil.
Place the sensing head directly on the concrete surface and move it
over it until the peak signal is obtained.
12
2. Measurement of the depth of the concrete cover
Connect the measuring head to the cover meter.
Adjust the "DIAM" knob to the desired bar diameter (or estimated)
Turn the "ZERO" knob to the ON position.
Change "MODE" to "CAL"
Turn the "ZERO" knob until the red line on the analogue metre is in
the centre of the two red arrows and the sound output is at low
frequency (at this point the LCD should be at 0.000v)
Set the "MODE" knob to "DEPTH."
Place the black face of the head against the concrete surface in the
centre of the bar position, parallel to the direction of the
reinforcement bar, to obtain the least amount of indication.
Directly measure the depth in millimetres.
13
RESULT
N 1 2 3 4 5 6
D1 37mm 38mm 38mm 44mm 45mm 42mm
X1 30cm 48cm 91.5cm 125.7cm 163cm 191.5cm
Y1 5cm 5cm 4.5cm 4.2cm 4.0cm 5.3cm
Figure 1: Table of the lower part of reinforcement bar
N 1 2 3 4 5 6
D2 35mm 34mm 33mm 35mm 33mm 35mm
X2 32cm 57.5cm 94.5cm 127cm 169.5cm 191cm
Y2 19.5cm 20.5cm 20.6cm 19.7cm 20.5cm 19.5cm
Figure 2: Table of the upper part of reinforcement bar
14
DISCUSSION
i.From the test results, give your comments on the test specimen
Based on the results obtained, there are 12 points of steel detected within the concrete
where two different sides of the reinforced concrete member are scanned whereas X1 and
X2 are the horizontal locations of the steel while Y1 and Y2 are the vertical locations of the
steel. D1 and D2 are the thickness between surface concrete covers and steels. Therefore,
we estimate that the average thickness of the lower part is 40.7 mm meanwhile for the
upper part is 34.2 mm.
ii.What are the advantages and disadvantages of the cover meter test?
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Results obtained have greater precision and Restricted detection range

consistency in measurements
It is also possible to save a backup copy of Dependency on cover depths when it comes
calibrations in the device to minimum bar spacing detection
iii.Can we use cover meter to monitor the quality of concrete during construction?
Yes, it is because a concrete cover meter is a specialized instrument designed to locate rebar
and measure concrete cover. Moreover, cover meters work based on the principle that steel
within the concrete will be affective by the magnetic field applied by the device. By setting a
specific magnetic property for the reinforcing bars with the use of standard bar size, the
device can then predict the location and depth of the reinforcing bar. This is possible as
the cover meter pulses the magnetic field and measures the opposing force created by the
eddy currents within the ferrous material within the concrete structure, which is most likely
coming from the reinforcing bars. With this principle at work, the cover meter can efficiently
be used to monitor the quality of concrete during construction.
15
iv.What are the factors that affect cover meter measurement?
Many factors can affect the cover meter measurement such as the bar diameter setting and
range setting (low or high) on the cover meter that have a greater impact than the other
parameters studied in this experiment. These include neighbouring bars parallel to the bar
being measured, setting of bar diameter during cover measurement, scan location relative
to secondary bars under the bar being measured. Thus, setting the bar diameter to the
actual bar diameter produces more precise results than setting it to the expected bar
diameter. Moreover, there are some causes and errors during this experiment is that the
cover meter accidentally detected the steel link in the concrete which is not our main
objective and also the sensing head is not parallel with the concrete surface and move over
until peak signal is obtained.
Besides, there are also some safety measures that we should follow such as wearing safety
boots and safety goggles. We also need to make sure our hand is dry before using the
device. Anyone who is not familiar with the operating instructions must not use the rebar
locator or must be supervised when using it.
16
CONCLUSION
When we use the cover meter, we can determine the diameter, distance and position of the
steel reinforcement in concrete members based on the experiment results. Also, by using a
measuring tape to measure the distance from the end of the reinforced concrete member
to the point of the steel, we can determine the horizontal and vertical distance of the steel
reinforcement. As a result, we may use the equipment to determine the exact location of
the steel reinforcement, confirming that our data is accurate enough.
Therefore, we have met the objectives to determine the location of reinforcement bars in
reinforced concrete members and its diameter as tabulated. r. The purpose of doing this
experiment is not only to determine the location of reinforcing bar, but also to estimate the
bar size in a concrete structure. Moreover, the experimental data is accurate when
compared to theoretical data as the cover meter can detect the location of the steel
reinforcement within the concrete structure. The results were validated by measuring the
actual diameter, cover depth of the rebar and the other parameters a s well as we do not
encounter any error and its caused mention in the discussion.
For instance, knowing the diameter of a bar and its location is needed to understand the
spacing of bars and their placement in existing structures where drawing may not be
available. On-site testing of reinforced structures, conformity check of new buildings and
corrosion analysis are some of the field applications of rebar locator test (covermeter
survey). Moreover, there are also some safety measures that we should follow in order to
obtain accurate result such as make sure our hand is dry before using the device and
wearing safety boots. Also, we must follow the instructions given throughout the test.
17
REFERENCES
• http://novotest.biz/concrete-cover-meter-novotest-rebar-detector/
• http://concretediagnostics.com.au/concrete-testing---concrete-cover.html
• http://pcteau.blogspot.com/2014/03/know-about-advantages-of-cover-meter.html
18
TITLE OF EXPERIMENT: REBOUND HAMMER TEST (SURFACE HARDNESS TEST)
1 Cover Page (1.5M)

Objectives (2M)
3 Procedures (15M)
4 Results (10M)
Tables 5 2.5 1
Graphs 2.5 1.5 1
6 Conclusion (20M)
NOTE:
% %
NO. ID NO.
PRACTICAL
TOTAL
REPORT


REBOUND HAMMER TEST (SURFACE HARDNESS TEST)
INTRODUCTION
A rebound hammer is a nondestructive testing device that measures the rebound of a

spring-driven mass after it collides with a concrete surface. It provides data on the quality of
the surface layer up to about 30mm in depth. The output of the rebound hammer is known
as the rebound number, and it is related to the surface hardness of concrete. The plunger is
pushed perpendicular to the surface against the concrete. The force of the hammer body
pushing against the concrete causes the latch to release and make an impact on it. The
hammer then strikes the plunger rod's shoulder and bounces back. The rebound distance is
measured by moving the slide indicator away from the hammer mass during the rebound.
The hammer can be positioned in a variety of ways, including upwards, downwards,
horizontally, vertically, and at any angle in between. Commercial devices on the market
employ a variety of methods to display the rebound number following each strike. However,
the advantage of a rebound hammer over other nondestructive tests is that it is simple,
quick, and relatively inexpensive to perform.
PRINCIPLES
i. The Rebound hammer test method is based on the principle that the rebound of an
elastic mass is proportional to the hardness of the concrete surface against which the
mass strikes.
ii. When the rebound hammer's plunger is pressed against a concrete surface, the
spring-controlled mass in the hammer rebounds. The amount of mass rebound is
determined by the hardness of the concrete surface.
iii. As a result, the hardness of concrete and the rebound hammer reading can be linked
to the compressive strength of concrete.
iv. The rebound value is read off a graduated scale and is referred to as the rebound
number or index.
v. The compressive strength can be read directly from the graph on the hammer's body.
19
OBJECTIVES
• To determine the uniformity of the concrete

• To assess the quality of the concrete in accordance with the standard specifications
• To determine the compressive strength of concrete by relating the bounce index and
compressive strength
APPARATUS
Rebound Hammer
• device to measure the elastic
properties or strength of concrete
or rock, mainly surface hardness
and penetration resistance
We were given by the lecturer a pole made

of concrete to be used as a test material
to conduct the experiment by using
rebound hammer
• provides a convenient and rapid
indication of the compressive
strength of concrete
20
PROCEDURES
Use the testing anvil to examine and validate the hammer reading
before and after each test.
Choose ten acceptable test locations. The surface at the test area must
be clean, smooth, and dry. Prefer a moulded or formed surface,
however if trowel surfaces are unavoidable, smooth the surface with
the abrasive stone provided.
formed surface, however if trowel surfaces are unavoidable, smooth
Take 9-12 readings in an area no greater than 300 mm^2 each test
site.Using a 20-50 mm grid,locate the impact points within the test
area
Placing the plunger at a point of impact is a good idea. Press the

plunger forcefully and repeatedly against the concrete at a right
angle to its surface once the spring-loaded mass has been freed
from its locked position.
21
While the hammer is still in the test position after the impact, read
the rebound hammer index, or press the lock button to keep the
reading.
Repeat the test until you've looked at all of the impact points.
Calculate each test location's average reading.
Calculate the compressive strength of the test specimen using the

chart provided.
22
RESULT
Table below shows the result of rebound hammer according to each part:
Location: 1st part of the surface area
Test date: 13 January 2022
REBOUND NUMBERS READING
Reading 1 38
Reading 2 44
Reading 3 34
Reading 4 38
Reading 5 38
Reading 6 30
Reading 7 34
Reading 8 36
Reading 9 34
Reading 10 36
Reading 11 40
Reading 12 38
Average Rebound Reading 36.67
Average Rebound Reading

38 + 44 + 34 + 38 + 38 + 30 + 34 + 36 + 34 + 36 + 40 + 38
=
12
Average Rebound Reading = 36.67

Location: 2nd part of the surface area
Reading 1 42
Reading 2 39
Reading 3 36
Reading 4 39
Reading 5 38
Reading 6 40
Reading 7 38
Reading 8 39
Reading 9 36
Reading 10 30
Reading 11 37
Reading 12 39
42 + 39 + 36 + 39 + 38 + 40 + 38 + 39 + 36 + 30 + 37 + 39
=
12

Location: 3rd part of the surface area
Reading 1 42
Reading 2 33
Reading 3 33
Reading 4 40
Reading 5 37
Reading 6 38
Reading 7 40
Reading 8 36
Reading 9 40
Reading 10 42
Reading 11 37
Reading 12 44

42 + 33 + 33 + 40 + 37 + 38 + 40 + 36 + 40 + 42 + 37 + 44
=
12

GRAPH
READING VS REBOUND HAMMER

50
45
40
35
PART 1
30
READING
25 PART 2
20 PART 3
15
10
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
REBOUND HAMMER
DISCUSSION
i. From the test results, give your comments on the quality of the test specimen
Most importantly, we chose three different locations of the surface area of concrete to
obtain the best quality for the bounce hammer readings. Also, our result shows that
there are 12 times recorded of a knock with the different values and at different
locations of the surface area. Then we calculate the average rebound reading for three
different locations and also get an estimation of the compressive strength of concrete.
The average reading for part 1 is 36.67, for part 2 is 37.75 and for part 3 is 38.5 .The
places are not in a straight line. As can be seen, the location for Part 3 is higher than the
locations for Parts 1 and 2 at the end of the beam. it is maybe because of the location
which is at the middle of beam and that surface hardness is so high.
Furthermore, the output of rebound hammers is referred to as bounce hammers and is
linked to concrete surface hardness. Because the main purpose of a rebound hammer is to
determine the hardness of concrete using the rebound principle, we can use this rebound
hammer test to check the quality of concrete during construction. However, academics have
attempted to apply the approach to various concrete qualities. Assess the in-place
homogeneity of concrete, designate sections in a structure of poor quality or degraded
concrete, and as an in-place approach to estimate concrete strength are among the most
common applications. The use of a rebound hammer to estimate concrete strength has
remained the most contentious of these applications. When it comes to testing concrete
strength with a rebound hammer, researchers are split.
ii. What are the advantages and disadvantages of the rebound hammer test?
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Hammer rebound equipment is very easy The results obtained are based on a local
to use point.
The equipment used is inexpensive. Flaws cannot be detected with accuracy
Used for the rehabilitation of old The test results are not directly related to
monuments. the strength and the deformation property
of the surface.
iii. Can we use rebound hammer to monitor the quality of concrete during construction?
Yes, a bounce hammer test is a surface hardness tester in which an elastic mass is
thrown on a surface and the bounce is measured, producing a bounce hammer number.
Although there is a correlation between bounce number and surface strength,
estimating the concrete strength from the bounce hammer number needs to be done
carefully because various superficial influences may alter the bounce without affecting
the concrete resistance. Despite the lack of a strong theoretical link between concrete
strength and bounce numbers, several empirical connections have been developed and
tested, with conflicting results. Nowadays, the bounce hammer method is commonly
used to make an initial assessment of uniformity or to locate areas of suspected low or
cracked concrete. Given the convenience of the application, a quick map of a large area
can be done in a short time. That is the way the test was used in this study.
We also need to know some cause and error during this test. We need to make sure the
surface should be smooth, clean and dry. The loose surface should be rubbed off with a
grinding wheel or stone, before testing. The point of impact should be at least 20mm away
from the edge or sharp discontinuity. The test should not be conducted on the rough
surface resulting from incomplete compaction of concrete, loss of grout, spoiled or tooled
surface. There are also some safety precautions we should follow such as wearing safety
boots and safety goggles. Anyone who is not familiar with the operating instructions must
not use the rebound hammer or must be supervised when using it.
CONCLUSION
Rebound hammer test is the most appropriate and useful testing methods for comparing
the relatively weaker and stronger areas of concrete. The rational use of the various
available methods, as well as a possible combination of more than one method, can be
particularly interesting from the viewpoint of the validity of results. Rebound hammer
devices give a measure of the only surface hardness of the concrete, and then the
relationship to any other property of the concrete is empirical
Therefore, from this experiment, we can conclude that all 12 values will be calculated to get
the mean at every location and also to estimate the compressive strength of concrete in
structure where we calculated average reading for every part of the surface area. Therefore,
the average reading for part 1 is 36.67, for part 2 is 37.75 and for part 3 is 38.5. Also, we
achieve all the objectives stated to access the quality of the concrete in accordance with the
standard specification determine the uniformity of the concrete. Other than that, we need
to make sure the surface should be smooth, clean, and dry before conducting the test. Also,
the loose surface should be rubbed off with a grinding wheel or stone before testing. To
gain more accurate data, we should also read the reading on the rebound hammer
equipment precisely.
Purpose of testing on industry application such as it is used to test in-situ concrete as well
as fresh concrete after final set. Also, it is used to find out the exact location of poor quality
and deteriorated concrete. In addition to that, the rebound hammer can be used for the
concrete surface which is at the horizontal, vertical or intermediate angle. Care should be
taken that the hammer should be provided perpendicular to the surface under test.
REFERENCES
➢ https://www.iricen.gov.in/LAB/res/html/Test-31.html
➢ https://www.fprimec.com/estimate-concrete-strength-using-rebound-hammer/

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FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

ENGINEERING LABORATORY II (MATERIALS AND

ENGINEERING LABORATORY II (MATERIALS AND

EXPERIMENT TITLE NON DESTRUCTIVE TEST

GROUP MEMBER ID 1. AMIR LUQMAN BIN ZAWAWI (AB20127)

LECTURER EN. MOHAMMAD AMIRULKHAIRI BIN ZUBIR

PERSON IN CHARGE EN. KAMARUL AZRI BIN HARUN

Subject & Code : DAA 2931 ENGINEERING LABORATORY II

Title of the Test : NON DESTRUCTIVE TEST

This section must be filled by P

Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology

Subject & Code : DAA2931 ENGINEERING LABORATORY II (MATERIAL AND STRUCTURAL)

Title of the Test : NON DESTRUCTIVE TEST

This section must be filled by PJP in-charged or technical staff representative.

SUBJECT/CODE: DAA2931 ENGINEERING LABORATORY II (MATERIAL AND STRUCTURAL)

GROUP NO./SECTION: GROUP 9 / SECTION A21

TITLE OF EXPERIMENT: ULTRASONIC PULSE VELOCITY TEST / PUNDIT TEST

No MAX AVE NCR STU REMARKS/COMMENTS/SUGGESTION

1 Cover Page (1.5M)

SUMMARY MARKS FOR ENGINEERING LABORATORY

1 AMIR LUQMAN BIN ZAWAWI AB20127

LAB SUPERVISOR'S NAME AND SIGNATURE

ULTRASONIC PULSE VELOCITY TEST/PUNDIT TEST .............................................................. 1

REBAR LOCATOR TEST (COVERMETER SURVEY) .............................................................. 9

REBOUND HAMMER TEST (SURFACE HARDNESS TEST) ................................................. 19

An ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) test is a non-destructive, in-situ examination of the

Figure 1: Equipment of Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity

Figure 2: Transducers Arrangement

• To determine the uniformity of concrete

Plain concrete beam

Main control unit

Transducer and receiver

The length of the path is measured using a measuring tape

Grease is applied to the surface of the transducer, receiver, and

The transducer and receiver should be placed perpendicular to the

Using a calculation and chart provided, the average reading and

Part Reading Path length, s Transit time, t Pulse velocity, v Average

SUBJECT/CODE: DAA2931 ENGINEERING LABORATORY II (MATERIAL AND STRUCTURAL)

GROUP NO./SECTION: GROUP 9 / SECTION A21

TITLE OF EXPERIMENT: REBAR LOCATOR TEST (COVERMETER SURVEY)

No MAX AVE NCR STU REMARKS/COMMENTS/SUGGESTION

1 Cover Page (1.5M)

SUMMARY MARKS FOR ENGINEERING LABORATORY

1 AMIR LUQMAN BIN ZAWAWI AB20127

LAB SUPERVISOR'S NAME AND SIGNATURE

Furthermore, in circumstances when core extracts of a concrete specimen are to be taken,

• To determine the location of reinforcement bars in reinforced concrete members

• Reinforced Concrete Member

1. Locating Reinforcement Bars

Connect the measuring head to the cover meter.

Using the "DIAM" knob, select the required bar diameter.

Turn the "ZERO" knob to the "ON" position.

Change the "MODE" knob to "LOCATE."

Connect the measuring head to the cover meter.

Turn the "ZERO" knob to the ON position.

Change "MODE" to "CAL"

Set the "MODE" knob to "DEPTH."

Directly measure the depth in millimetres.

D1 37mm 38mm 38mm 44mm 45mm 42mm

X1 30cm 48cm 91.5cm 125.7cm 163cm 191.5cm

Y1 5cm 5cm 4.5cm 4.2cm 4.0cm 5.3cm

Figure 1: Table of the lower part of reinforcement bar