Formal report

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY TENAGA NASIONAL
Semester 1 2021/2022
Mechanics and Materials Lab
MEMB221/MEMB2031

Title of : Experiment 1: Thin Cylinder

Experiment Turnitin %:
*Leave this table empty

Name and ID : Nicholas Lo Zhan Xin *Criteria CO1 CO5

(ME0106424)
A (i)
Group Members
A(ii)
: Muhammad Solehen Bin Ibrahim
(ME0107347) B

: Mohammad Abdulhadi C
(ME0105493)
D
:
E

G(i)
Group No : 1
G(ii)

Section : H
4B
I

Day & Date of : J

18/11/2021
Experiment
K
Date of :
Others
submission
Total /90 /10
Name of : Dr. Abreeza Noorlina binti Abd.
Instructor Manap Overall /100
 1) Nicholas Lo Zhan Xin 3) Mohammad Abdulhadi
2) Muhammad Solehen Bin Ibrahim

1) ME0106424 2) ME0107347 3) ME0105493

04B 01 18/11/2021

58.5 mm

30.1 mm

Sample A (Silver) Sample B (Gold)

A&C B
The modulus of elasticity, E can be calculated as shown by
dividing the y and x as indicated from the stress-strain curve.
However, the y/x can only be used before the yield strength
point, this is because it can only be applied within the elastic
limit. The yield strength point has already surpassed the
elastic limit therefore, the modulus of elasticity cannot be
calculated after the point.

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Table of Content
Table of Content ........................................................................................................................................... 3
Summary / Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... 4
Objectives ..................................................................................................................................................... 4
Theory ........................................................................................................................................................... 5
Figure 1: Stress-strain graph ................................................................................................................. 5
Equipment ..................................................................................................................................................... 6
Figure 2: WP 300 Material Testing Tool .............................................................................................. 6
Table 1: Description of WP 300 Material Testing Tool ....................................................................... 6
Procedure ...................................................................................................................................................... 7
Data and observations ................................................................................................................................... 8
Initial and final observation of Sample A ............................................................................................. 8
Initial and final observation of Sample B ............................................................................................. 8
Table 1 : Data collected for Sample A .................................................................................................. 9
Table 2 : Data collected for Sample B ................................................................................................ 10
Analysis and Results ................................................................................................................................... 11
Table 3 : Stress and strain for Sample A............................................................................................ 11
Graph 1: Stress-strain curve for Sample A ......................................................................................... 11
Table 4 : Stress and strain for Sample B ............................................................................................ 12
Graph 2: Stress-strain curve for Sample B ......................................................................................... 12
Table 5 : Analysis of data for Sample A and B .................................................................................. 13
Discussion ................................................................................................................................................... 13
Conclusion .................................................................................................................................................. 15
References ................................................................................................................................................... 15

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Summary / Abstract
For our experiment, we use a tensile tester as the main equipment. The tensile tester as the name suggests,
is to measure the tensile strength of a material. The theory behind our experiment is that a material will
undergo structural changes when a load if applied at a constant rate, uniformly over the surface of the
material.

The main objectives of the experiment are to understand the principles behind tensile test, to plot
the stress-strain graph of the materials and to determine the characteristics of the material by calculating
its elongation at fracture, tensile strength, yield strength and Modulus of Elasticity. Furthermore, the
materials should be predicted based on the tensile test.

Firstly, two metallic test subjects were provided for tensile testing and the initial dimensions were
measured but the information of the material of the test subjects were not provided. For this, data must be
collected based on the elongation of the test subjects, and then calculated to form a stress-strain graph. The
test subjects are applied with gradually increasing load until fracture, the elongation of the material is
measured. With those data obtained, a stress-strain graph can be produced, and the characteristics of the
material can be determined.

Objectives
The objectives of this lab experiment include:

- To understand the principles behind a tensile test.

- To construct and plot a stress-strain graph based on the data obtained from the experiment.
- To calculate the values for elongation at fracture, tensile strength, yield strength and Modulus of
Elasticity of the two materials.
- To predict the materials used for the test subjects.

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Theory
In usual circumstances, there are 3 methods to apply load, which includes, compression, shear and tension.
For this experiment, the focus is on tension force. The theory determines that a material behaviour can be
determined if a load is applied constantly over the cross section of the material through the construction of
a stress-strain graph. The tensile test is conducted at room temperature.

The more common type of stress-strain graphs is through the means of tension. As mentioned, the
graph can determine the mechanical characteristics and its behaviour towards an applied stress of a
material. Every material differs according to its own characteristic patter of stress and strain. To sum up
the graph, a constantly increasing tensile load exert on a material uniaxially will cause it to deform and still
maintain its elasticity if within its limit, but as the load surpasses the limit the shape of the material becomes
permanently elongated and this will eventually lead to a fracture along the axis of the material/specimen.
An example of a stress-strain graph can be observed in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Stress-strain graph

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 Equipment
This is the ragid machine that was used during our experiment to achieve our main objectives. It is the WP
300 Material Testing Tool, a durable machine developed for technical teaching. The unit’s versatility
allows for a variety of tests including different forces such as tensile or compressive. The device as shown
in Figure 1 consists of different components. The components description and function is labelled in Table
1.

Figure 2: WP 300 Material Testing Tool

Table 1: Description of WP 300 Material Testing Tool
Number Description Function
label
1 Machine Base The unbending machine base, formed of cast press, frames the setup, and
ensures the test unit's soundness in terms of the four elastic feet. The
hydrodynamics and the edge are supported by the machine base
2 Support with The test unit was helped by the posts (1) and crosshead (2) form. The crosshead
cross-head is attached with the several stable specimen repositories. Its low-contact direct
metal rollers are also fitted on the variable load outline.
3&4 Load Frame & The upper and lower crossmember (3 & 4 in Figure 1), as well as the guiding
Crossmember pole, make up the load frame (3). The test constraint is transferred from the
pressure-driven basic barrel to the relevant example through the load frame. In
the cross-leader of the help, the load frame is slide-mounted. The top cross-part
and the crosshead brace pliable specimens, while the lower cross-part and the
crosshead tighten compressive specimens.
5&6 Main Cylinder & Hydraulic pressure is used to provide the test force. A hydrostatic weight is
Master Cylinder created in the principal barrel by a cylinder in the ace chamber that is actuated
Hand Wheel by the hand wheel and the strung shaft.

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7&8 Force Display & The manometer concept is used to run the force measurement gadget. It gauges
Elongation the hydraulic system's hydrostatic pressure. The huge display, which measures
Measurement 160 mm in diameter, allows for precise reading. The maximum force is stored
in a maximum pointer. The elongation is measured with a dial gauge that may
be adjusted. The dial gauge shows the distance between the top cross-member
and the crosshead in millimetres.

9 Gripping Hands The holding heads are designed for instances with a M10 strung head that are
bendable. Furthermore, level pressure cushions may be easily implanted in the
cross-head and cross-part and kept in place by a nut.

Procedure

1. Dial gauge is pushed upwards until the pin touches the drive

2. Rotating scale on the gauge has been set to zero to recalibrate

3. Max pointer on the force display has been adjusted to zero

Experimental steps

1. Gradual slow constant movement of rotation of hand wheel for loading.

2. Force is applied in the interval of 5-10 minutes

3. Force must be stable and gradually increased, not having any jerk.

4. Dial gauge and the specimens were given a sharp observation

5. Force is read for every increment of 0.1mm and recorded and after one whole turn, it will be increased
for 0.2mm for the next. Results are carefully noted.

6. When necking happens, specimen is carefully observed as the force starts decreasing.

7. Maximum force is read and taken down

8. Sample is removed from the gripping heads

9. Hand wheel is twisted back until maximum and load frame is moved down.

10. The same procedures have been repeated with the other specimen.

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Data and observations

Initial and final observation of Sample A

Observation

Total length, mm 58.5 61.7

Diameter of head, mm 9.8 9.8
Elongation, mm 0 3.2
Cross-Sectional area, mm2 Π (4.12)/4 = 13.2

Initial and final observation of Sample B

Observation

Total length, mm 60.8 62.4

Diameter of head, mm 9.8 9.8
Elongation, mm 0 1.6
Cross-Sectional area, mm2 Π (4.12)/4 = 13.2

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 Table 1 : Data collected for Sample A
Extension obtained from dial gauge, mm Force of extension, kN
0.1 1.8
0.2 3.4
0.3 5.0
0.4 6.2
0.5 6.5
0.6 6.6
0.7 6.7
0.8 6.8
0.9 6.9
1.0 7.0
1.2 7.0
1.4 7.0
1.6 7.1
1.8 7.1
2.0 7.1
2.2 7.1
2.4 7.1
2.6 7.1
2.8 7.0
3.0 6.8
3.2 6.6
3.4 6.4
3.6 6.2
3.8 5.9
4.0 5.6

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 Table 2 : Data collected for Sample B
Extension obtained from dial gauge, mm Force of extension, kN
0.1 3.3
0.2 6.6
0.3 9.5
0.4 11.4
0.5 12.5
0.6 13.0
0.7 13.5
0.8 13.8
0.9 13.9
1.0 14.0
1.2 14.2
1.4 14.3
1.6 14.5
1.8 14.5
2.0 14.6
2.2 14.7
2.4 14.8
2.6 14.9
2.8 14.9
3.0 14.9
3.2 14.95
3.4 15
3.6 15
3.8 15
4.0 15
4.2 15
4.4 14.5
4.6 14.5

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Analysis and Results
Table 3 : Stress and strain for Sample A
Extension obtained Force of extension, kN Stress, MPa Strain
from dial gauge, mm
0.1 1.8 136.3636364 0.001709402
0.2 3.4 257.5757576 0.003418803
0.3 5.0 378.7878788 0.005128205
0.4 6.2 469.6969697 0.006837607
0.5 6.5 492.4242424 0.008547009
0.6 6.6 500 0.01025641
0.7 6.7 507.5757576 0.011965812
0.8 6.8 515.1515152 0.013675214
0.9 6.9 522.7272727 0.015384615
1.0 7.0 530.3030303 0.017094017
1.2 7.0 530.3030303 0.020512821
1.4 7.0 530.3030303 0.023931624
1.6 7.1 537.8787879 0.027350427
1.8 7.1 537.8787879 0.030769231
2.0 7.1 537.8787879 0.034188034
2.2 7.1 537.8787879 0.037606838
2.4 7.1 537.8787879 0.041025641
2.6 7.1 537.8787879 0.044444444
2.8 7.0 530.3030303 0.047863248
3.0 6.8 515.1515152 0.051282051
3.2 6.6 500 0.054700855
3.4 6.4 484.8484848 0.058119658
3.6 6.2 469.6969697 0.061538462
3.8 5.9 446.969697 0.064957265
600

500

400
Stress, MPa

300

200

100

0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07
Strain

Graph 1: Stress-strain curve for Sample A

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 Table 4 : Stress and strain for Sample B
Extension obtained Force of extension, kN Stress, MPa Strain
from dial gauge, mm
0.1 3.3 250 0.001644737
0.2 6.6 500 0.003289474
0.3 9.5 719.697 0.004934211
0.4 11.4 863.6364 0.006578947
0.5 12.5 946.9697 0.008223684
0.6 13.0 984.8485 0.009868421
0.7 13.5 1022.727 0.011513158
0.8 13.8 1045.455 0.013157895
0.9 13.9 1053.03 0.014802632
1.0 14.0 1060.606 0.016447368
1.2 14.2 1075.758 0.019736842
1.4 14.3 1083.333 0.023026316
1.6 14.5 1098.485 0.026315789
1.8 14.5 1098.485 0.029605263
2.0 14.6 1106.061 0.032894737
2.2 14.7 1113.636 0.036184211
2.4 14.8 1121.212 0.039473684
2.6 14.9 1128.788 0.042763158
2.8 14.9 1128.788 0.046052632
3.0 14.9 1128.788 0.049342105
3.2 14.95 1132.576 0.052631579
3.4 15 1136.364 0.055921053
3.6 15 1136.364 0.059210526
3.8 15 1136.364 0.0625
4.0 15 1136.364 0.065789474
4.2 15 1136.364 0.069078947
4.4 14.5 1098.485 0.072368421
4.6 14.5 1098.485 0.075657895

1200

1000

800
Stress, MPa

600

400

200

0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08
Strain

Graph 2: Stress-strain curve for Sample B

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 Table 5 : Analysis of data for Sample A and B
Sample A Sample B
Modulus of Elasticity (E), GPa 73.86 142
Ultimate Tensile Strength, MPa 537.8787879 1136.364
Yield Strength (0.2%), Mpa 530.3030303 1083.333
Material Aluminium Copper-Nickel Alloy
Actual Modulus of Elasticity 69 150
Ductility Less Ductile More Ductile

Sample calculation

Value Formula used

Stress, Mpa 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑁 3300
𝜎= = = 250 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 − 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎, 𝑚𝑚2 13.2

Strain 𝐸𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑚𝑚 0.1

Modulus of Elasticity, GPa
𝐸=
(Only within elastic limit)
Є= = = 0.001644737
𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ, 𝑚𝑚 60.8
𝑌, 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 719.697 − 250
= = 142
𝑋, 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 0.004934211 − 0.001644737

Ultimate Tensile Strength, MPa Highest Value of calculated Stress

Yield Strength (0.2%), Mpa Estimated amount of stress that will result in a plastic strain of 0.2%
based on the stress-strain curve.

Discussion
Modulus of elasticity, Ultimate Tensile Strength, yield strength and ductility of the materials

• This is listed in Table 5: Analysis of data for Sample A and B.

Sample A is predicted as Aluminium, whilst Sample B is predicted as Brass. Why?

• Before calculating, the colour of each sample is very important. This is not galvanized as the
fractured content within the sample has the same colour as the outer surface of the sample. With
Sample A having a silver colour and a Modulus of Elasticity quite similar to the actual Modulus of
Elasticity of Aluminium alloy, this can be predicted that Sample A is made of Aluminium alloy.

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 • For Sample B predicted as Brass, the yellowish and almost goldish colour and has the Modulus of
Elasticity being very close to the actual Modulus of Elasticity of Copper-Nickel Alloy. Hence, it is
predicted that Sample B is made of Copper-Nickel Alloy.

How Sample A and B can be applied in Engineering Applications

• Considering engineering applications that require wire drawing,
o Sample A has a lower yield strength and ultimate tensile strength comparing to Sample B.
Hence, Sample A is a better option for wire drawing and this is because it can undergo
elastic changes as a lower force due to its lower yield strength, furthermore causing plastic
deformation at a load due to its ultimate tensile strength.

Possible causes of Error throughout the experiment

• There were still some differences between the actual and calculated Modulus of Elasticity between
the sample and the predicted materials. However, the predicted materials may also be incorrect,
which might lead to either a bigger difference or smaller. That said, there are many possible errors
in this experiment and this includes:
o Human error, controlling the handwheel and monitoring the gauge from a lower point of
view can cause certain accumulated tiny errors. Also, during the calibration of the scale and
handling of the sample into the machine would affect the final reading. Furthermore, there
might also be error during the measurement of the sample piece as it was only done once.
o Machine error, the machine may have aged and calibration might be ineffective compared
to when it was new. The accuracy of the machine and the scale of its reading may not
represent the actual data.

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Conclusion
In conclusion, all objectives were achieved by the end of our experiment. This experiment has shown the
application of the stress-strain curve and to understand certain behaviour of materials specific to Modulus
of Elasticity, Ultimate Tensile Strength etc. However, the possible errors from the experiment may have
affected the final results obtained. That said, this experiment highlighted the importance of testing materials
without too much wastage, the sample piece is quite small, but the experiment was able to predict its
behaviour even at a large scale as the data collected does not change size of the material.

References

1. James F. Shackelford. 2000. Materials Science for Engineers. 5th edition. Upper Saddle River,
New Jersey : Prentice – Hall, Inc.

2. David G Rethwisch, William D. Callister, Jr..2000. Materials Science and Engineering – An

Introduction. 8th edition. New York : John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

3. Ferdinand P. Beer, E. Russell Johnston, Jr. John T. DeWolff. 2004. Mechanics of Materials.
Third Edition in SI Unit. McGraw Hill
4. Mechanics and Materials Laboratory Manual Book, UNITEN

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