Formal report

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY TENAGA NASIONAL
Semester 1 2021/2022
Mechanics and Materials Lab
MEMB221/MEMB2031

Title of :
Experiment 6: Thin Cylinder
Experiment Turnitin %:
*Leave this table empty

Name and ID : *Criteria CO1 CO5

Nicholas Lo Zhan
Xin (ME0106424) A (i)
Group Members
: A(ii)
Muhammad Solehen Bin
Ibrahim (ME0107347) B
: Mohammad C
Abdulhadi
(ME0105493) D
:
E

G(i)
Group No : 1
G(ii)

H
Section : 4B
I

Day & Date of : J

11/11/2021
Experiment
K
Date of : Others
submission
Total /90 /10
Name of : Dr. Abreeza Noorlina binti Abd.
Instructor Overall /100
Manap
 1) Nicholas Lo Zhan Xin 3) Mohammad Abdulhadi
2) Muhammad Solehen Bin
Ibrahim
1) ME0106424 2) ME0107347 3) ME0105493
04B 01 11/11/2021

To understand the characteristics of the aluminium alloy in an open-end condition and

close-end condition. Also, to know the principle ends for both open and close ends
condition.

The six active gauges cemented onto the cylinder in various position to measure strain
which differs at various angles along the axis. Negative reading equates to compressive
strain, whilst positive reading equates to tensile strain.

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Table of Content

Table of Content............................................................................................................................................3
Summary / Abstract.......................................................................................................................................4
Objectives......................................................................................................................................................4
Theory...........................................................................................................................................................5
Open-ends condition.................................................................................................................................5
Poisson’ Ratio (Open-Ends Condition).....................................................................................................6
Mohr’s Circle............................................................................................................................................6
Figure 1: Mohr’s Circle with strains.....................................................................................................6
Equipment.....................................................................................................................................................7
Figure 2: SM1007 thin cylinder............................................................................................................7
Figure 3: Software for thin cylinder......................................................................................................7
Open-Ends Condition................................................................................................................................8
Figure 4: Open-Ends Condition............................................................................................................8
Closed-Ends Condition.............................................................................................................................8
Figure 5: Closed-Ends Condition..........................................................................................................8
Strain gauges.............................................................................................................................................9
Figure 6: Six active gauges...................................................................................................................9
Thin cylinder technical information..........................................................................................................9
Table 1: Technical Description of SM1007..........................................................................................9
Procedure.....................................................................................................................................................10
Data and observations.................................................................................................................................11
Table 2 : Open Ends Experiment........................................................................................................11
Table 3 : Closed Ends Experiment......................................................................................................11
Table 4: Determination of Young’s Modulus (E) ‘Open Ends Condition’.........................................12
Graph 1: Graph of Hoop Stress against Hoop Strain..........................................................................12
Graph 2: Graph of Longitudinal Strain against Hoop Strain..............................................................13
Table 5: ‘Open Ends Condition’ at a cylinder pressure of 3 MN/m2.................................................. 13
Table 6: ‘Close Ends Condition’ at a cylinder pressure of 3 MN/m2..................................................14
Analysis and Results...................................................................................................................................14
Discussion...................................................................................................................................................16
Conclusion...................................................................................................................................................20
References...................................................................................................................................................20

3
Summary / Abstract
In this experiment, the thin cylinder was the main apparatus of study. Thin cylinder is an apparatus used
to measure and observe biaxial and circumferential stresses within the cylinder itself. The theory of this
experiment involves the complex and two-dimensional stress systems which represents the stress and
strain within the oil of the cylinder.

However, the main objective of this experiment is to identify the principle stress under different
conditions specifically open-ends and closed-ends. These configurations can be set using the handwheel.
The results of strain and pressure readings are obtained through the software of the computer. The
controlling variable is the cylinder pressure, a total of 6 readings were taken starting from 0.5 MN/m2 to
2.5 MN/m2 of cylinder pressure.

For each reading, the direct hoop pressure, strain values of all active gauges are also being
tabulated and recorded into a table. This is essential for the calculation of Young’s Modulus of the
cylinder, longitudinal strain against Hoop strain, Poisson’s ratio, principal strains and finally both
theoretical and actual Mohr’s Circle values. It can be shown that this experiment clearly illustrates the
difference between open and close ends of the thin cylinder, showcasing the effect axial stress has on a
fluid within a capsuled container.

Objectives
The objectives of this lab experiment include:

- To understand how aluminium alloy 6063 behaves in a thin cylinder that has open-ends and
closed-ends condition.
- To find out the principle strains for both the conditions above.
- To calculate and compare theoretical Mohr’s Circle with the actual Mohr’s Circle value.

4
Theory
For our thin cylinder, value for H (hoop stress) and L (longitudinal stress) may be assumed reasonably
constant over the area due to its small ratio of wall thickness to internal diameter. With each equation
shown below:

pd (1)
 H  2t

pd
 L  4t (2)

Open-ends condition
The cylinder in this condition has no end constraint and therefore the longitudinal component of stress σ L
will be zero, but there will be some strain in this direction due to Poisson effect. Considering an element
of material:
σH will cause strains of:-
H
 
(3)
H1
E

and  L    H
1 (4)
E

These are the two principal strains. As can be seen from equation (17), in this condition εL will be
negative quantity, i.e. the cylinder in the longitudinal direction will be in compression.

Closed-ends condition
By constraining the ends, a longitudinal as well as circumferential stress will be imposed upon the
cylinder. Considering an element of material:
σH will cause strains of:-
H
 
(5)
H
E

and L   H (6)
E

σL will cause strains of:-

L
  (7)
5
L
E

6
  L
and   (8)
H
E

The principal strains can be calculated as so:-

1
  (  )
(9)
H H L
E
1
and   (  ) (10)
L L H
E

The principal strains may be evaluated, and a Mohr Strain Circle constructed for each test
condition. From this circle the strain at any position relative to the principal axes may be
determined.

Poisson’ Ratio (Open-Ends Condition)

Dividing equations (3) and (4) gives:-
 1
L
 
 (11)
1
H

Mohr’s Circle
A negative quantity equates to a compressive strain. A positive quantity equates to a tensile strain. The
strains obtained from the equations from open-ends and closed-ends can be used to construct the Mohr’s
Circle.

Figure 1: Mohr’s Circle with strains

As shown in figure 1,
- OR is the maximum principal strain.
- OP is the minimum principal strain.
7
- Q is the center of the strain circle, this is determined by dividing 2 between the maximum and
minimum.

8
Equipment
For this experiment, the cylinder unit is the main apparatus and another computer linked to it with a
software that allows the thin cylinder to be monitored in the most accurate way possible. The model name
for our thin cylinder is SM1007. The adjustment screw can be used to modify the different end condition
either open-ends or closed-ends. The maximum allowable operating pressure of the pressure gauge is at
3.5MN/m2. Closing the return valve located at the outlet of the pump will allow pressure to be increased,
whilst the hand pump will increase pressure when being stimulated. By unscrewing the return valve, the
pressure is released.

The actual cylinder unit is located and rested on four dowels within the piston, it is being
supported by the outer frame and is located at an axial position by the locking screw and the hand wheel.
Figure 1 and 2 illustrates the thin cylinder model and the software used on the computer to monitor the
equipment.

Figure 2: SM1007 thin cylinder

Figure 3: Software for thin cylinder

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Open-Ends Condition
To alter the condition of the cylinder to open-ends, the hand wheel is screw inwards, this causes the
piston distance from the end plate, whilst ensuring full load axially from the frame; this results to the
removal of longitudinal stress from the cylinder. Full transmission of axial load from the cylinder to
frame is maintained by the hardened steel rollers situated at the end of the locking screw and hand wheel.
This is illustrated in Figure 3.

Figure 4: Open-Ends Condition

Closed-Ends Condition
For closed-ends condition, the opposite is being performed. The handwheel is screw outwards, this causes
the piston to push towards the caps at the end plate by the pressurized oil within the cylinder; this
configuration causes a closed-ends condition within the thin cylinder. Hence, longitudinal stress is being
taken by the cylinder wall. This is illustrated in Figure 4.

Figure 5: Closed-Ends Condition

1
Strain gauges
The six active gauges cemented onto the cylinder in various position to measure strain which differs at
various angles along the axis. Negative reading equates to compressive strain, whilst positive reading
equates to tensile strain. The readings are then multiplied with a gauge factor; this factor allows better
consistent result from strain gauges of different manufacturers.

Figure 6: Six active gauges

Thin cylinder technical information

Table 1: Technical Description of SM1007
Components Characteristics
Overall dimensions 370 mm high x 700 mm long x 380 mm front to back
Total mass 30kg
Supply of electricity 85 VAC to 264 VAC 50 Hz to 60Hz
Fuse type 20 mm 6.3 A Type F
Maximum allowable pressure in cylinder 3.5 MNm-2 Set by a pressure relief valve on the hand
pump
Active strain gauges Electrical resistance self-temperature compensation type
Oil within cylinder Shell Tellus 37 (or equivalent)
Total oil volume An approximate of 2 litres
Material of cylinder Aged aluminium alloy 6063
Young’s modulus (E) 69 GN/m2
Poisson’s ratio 0.33

1
Procedure

1) All appliances are first ensured to be switched on including the computer and the thin cylinder.
Pressure to the thin cylinder is also turned on.
2) Next, the software for the thin cylinder is turned on and time was given for connection of the
equipment to the computer.

Open-ends condition

3) To begin with open-ends condition, the hand wheel is first screwed inwards and the release valve
is unscrewed to release pressure within the cylinder.
4) After pressure is relieved, the release valve is screwed back and the button for calibration is hold
until the strain gauge readings become zero.
5) Furthermore, pressure is increased to 0.5 MN/m 2 by using the pumping the handpump. A few
seconds is given to allow stabilization of the pressure and strain readings. After stabilizing,
readings of the strain gauges, cylinder pressure and hoop stress are being recorded.
6) Step 5 is repeated for 1.0 MN/m2, 1.5 MN/m2, 2.0 MN/m2, 2.25 MN/m2 and 2.5 MN/m2.
7) After completion, pressure is relieved with the release valve.

Closed-ends condition

8) For closed-ends condition, the handwheel is screwed outwards and the release valve is also
unscrewed to release the pressure within the cylinder.
9) Steps 4, 5 and 6 is repeated here.
10) Finally, ensure all electrical appliances are switched off and pressure to the thin cylinder is off.

1
Data and observations

Table 2 : Open Ends Experiment

Cylinder Condition: OPEN ENDS
Hoop Strain (με)
Cylinder Stress Gauge Gauge Gauge Gauge Gauge Gauge
Reading Pressure (MN.m-2) 1 2 3 4 5 6
(MN.m-2)
1 0.03 0.40 0 0 0 1 0 0
2 0.51 6.80 106 -30 -1 34 72 108
3 1.00 13.33 205 -68 -4 67 136 211
4 1.50 20.00 309 -105 -8 101 204 316
5 2.00 26.67 410 -143 -12 134 271 420
6 2.25 30.00 462 -163 -14 152 305 471
7 2.50 33.33 515 -179 -13 170 340 527
Values from actual Mohr’s Circle
(at 3 MN.m-2) - -217 -9 200 405 -
Values from theoretical Mohr’s
Circle 580 -191 2 195 388 580
(at 3 MN.m-2)

Table 3 : Closed Ends Experiment

Cylinder Condition: CLOSED ENDS
Hoop Strain (με)
Cylinder Stress Gauge Gauge Gauge Gauge Gauge Gauge
Reading Pressure (MN.m-2) 1 2 3 4 5 6
(MN.m-2)
1 0.01 0.13 0 0 0 0 1 1
2 0.50 5.67 103 -34 -2 35 68 103
3 1.00 13.33 205 -72 -6 68 133 206
4 1.50 20.00 307 -109 -8 102 202 311
5 2.00 25.87 407 -147 -13 135 268 414
6 2.25 30.00 457 -167 -15 152 301 466

1
 7 2.50 33.33 511 -184 -16 169 336 520
Values from actual Mohr’s Circle
(at 3 MN.m-2) - -217 -9 200 405 -
Values from theoretical Mohr’s
Circle 580 -191 2 195 388 580
(at 3 MN.m-2)

1) Determination of Young’s Modulus

Table 4: Determination of Young’s Modulus (E) ‘Open Ends Condition’

Cylinder Pressure Hoop Stress, σH (MN/m2) Measured Hoop Strain, εH (με)
(MN/m2) Gauge No.1 Gauge No.2
0.01 0.13 0.0 0.0
0.50 6.67 97 -36
0.98 13.07 195 -74
1.50 20.00 301 -113
2.00 26.67 402 -148
2.53 33.73 511 -187
3.01 40.13 609 -224

Graph of Hoop Stress against Hoop Strain Gauge

1
45
40 y = 0.0656x + 0.2405
Hoop Stress (MN/m2)

35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0

0100200300400500600700
Hoop Strain (MN/m2)

Graph 1: Graph of Hoop Stress against Hoop Strain

1
 Young’s Modulus is 65.6GPa according to Graph 1.
(Gradient of graph is 0.0656TPa)
The actual value of Young’s Modulus is 69GPa.
Percentage Error = (69-65.6)/(69) = 4.93%

Graph of Longitudinal Strain against Hoop Strain

50

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Longitudinal Strain

-50

-100

-150

y = -0.3564x + 3.8884
-200
Hoop Strain

Graph 2: Graph of Longitudinal Strain against Hoop Strain

Poisson’s ratio is 0.37 according to Graph 2

(Gradient of the graph is –0.3564)
The actual value of the Poisson’s ratio given is 0.33
The Percentage error = (0.33-0.3564)/(0.33) = 8%

2) Open Ends Condition

Table 5: ‘Open Ends Condition’ at a cylinder pressure of 3 MN/m2

Gauge No. Actual Strain, (με) Theoretical Strain, (με) Error
1 585.3 609 23.7
2 -204.7 -224 -19.3
3 13.6 -19 -32.6
4 172.7 204 31.3
5 391.3 403 11.7
6 571.9 628 56.1

1
3) Closed Ends Condition

Table 6: ‘Close Ends Condition’ at a cylinder pressure of 3 MN/m2

Gauge No. Actual Strain, (με) Theoretical Strain, (με) Error
1 485 503 18
2 103.3 92 -11.3
3 207.8 196 -11.8
4 281.3 308 26.7
5 393.1 401 7.9
6 471.1 517 45.9

Analysis and Results

1) Determination of Young’s Modulus

From the graph the average experimental value of Young’s Modulus is obtained:-

Experimental value = 65.6 GN/m2

Theoretical value = 69.0 GN/m2

% error
= 69.0−69.6
| | × 100 = 4.93%
69.0

2) Calculation of Poisson’s Ratio

Using equation (24):-

 1

  L

H 1

Where εL1 – actual strain from gauge 2

εH2 – average actual strain from gauges 1 and 6

L  205
  0.354
1
Therefore  
H 1 579

1
3) Calculation of Principle Strains – ‘Open Ends Condition’
From equation (16):-
H
 
1
H
E

Where σH = 40.0 MN/m2 (table 2)

E = 69.6 GN/m2 (graph 1)

Therefore

H  H 40.0MN / m2  575
1
 E  69.6GN / m2


L1   H
 E
 1

L
= -191 με (Gauge 2 )

 n = ( ( (-191+575)/2 ) +( (-191-575) /2 ) ) (cos 60)

= 0.5με (for Gauge 3)

 n =( ( (-191+575)/2 ) +( (575+191) /2 ) ) (cos 60)

= 387.25με (for Gauge 3)

Closed Ends:
1
  (   )
H H L
E
H =

= 484με (Gauge 1 & 6 )

1
  (   )
L L H
E
L
= 99με (Gauge 2 )

 n = ( ( (99+484)/2 ) +( (99 -484) /2 ) ) (cos 60)

= 195με (for Gauge 3)

1
 n = ( ( (99+484)/2 ) +( (484-99) /2 ) ) (cos 60)

= 388με (for Gauge 5)

From equation (17):-

L 1   H
 E

Where
  0.354

 H  0.354 40.0MN / m2

Therefore    202 

L1
E 69.6GN / m 2

Discussion
Answering questions from the lab manual
Open Ends Conditions

1. Plot a graph of Hoop Stress against Hoop Strain. Find the Young’s Modulus for the cylinder
material. Compare your result.
 refer Graph 1

2. Plot a Longitudinal Strain against Hoop Strain. Find the Poisson’s ratio for the cylinder material.
Compare your result.
 refer Graph 2

3. Draw the Mohr’s Circle at 3 MN/m2. Identify the Principle Strains for Open Ends Conditions.

 Gradient of the graph = 0.3564

 Given Poisson’s Ratio = 0.33
 Percent error = 8%

1
Theoretical Principal Strain
Poisson’s Ratio = 0.33
Young’s Modulus = 69GN/m²
Hoop Stress at 3MN/m² = 40N/m²
𝜀𝐻𝑜 = 𝜎𝐻𝑜/𝐸
𝜀𝐿𝑜 = −𝑣𝜎𝐻𝑜/𝐸
Principal Strain Hoop = 40/69*109 = 5.7971*10-10
Principal Strain Longitudinal = -0.33 * 40/69*109 = -1.913*10-10

Mohr’s Circle Readings

Angle Direct Strain Shear Strain
30o 2 343
45o 200 398
60o 400 343

1
Closed Ends Conditions

1. Draw the Mohr’s Circle at 3 MN/m2. Identify the Principle Strains for Closed Ends Conditions.

Mohr’s Circle Readings

Angle Direct Strain Shear Strain
30o 200 170
45o 300 200
60o 400 175

2. Compare the values with theoretical Mohr’s Circle

Theoretical Principal Strain

Poisson’s Ratio = 0.33
Young’s Modulus = 69GN.m-2
Hoop Stress at 3MN.m-2 = 40N.m-2

𝜀𝐻𝑐 = (𝜎𝐻 − 𝑣𝜎𝐿)/𝐸

𝜀𝐿𝑐 = (𝜎𝐿 − 𝑣𝜎𝐻)/𝐸
Principal Strain Hoop = 40 – (0.33 * 20)/69*109 = 4.841*10-10
Principal Strain Longitudinal = 20 - (0.33 * 40)/69*109 = 0.986*10-11

2
For the open-ends part of the experiment, longitudinal strain does not exist directly, however longitudinal
stress can still be found from gauge 2 and this is due to hoop stress for causing such stress. Depending on
the positive or negative value of the strain, positive equates to tension, whilst negative equates to
compression. According to the graph of longitudinal and hoop strain, the measured gradient of the line is
partially similar to the ratio of Poisson, this indicates that compressive stress causes longitudinal strain.
Finally, it is seen that the Mohr’s circle can predict direct strain perfectly for both open-ends and closed-
ends experiments.

Example for engineering applications with regards to the thin cylinder experiment for both open-
ends and closed-ends experiment.

The thin cylinder experiment for both open ends condition and closed ends condition is an important way
to describe and visualize the behaviour of pressure of a fluid within a cylinder. This is applied in
especially manufacturing pressure cylinders like gas extinguishers, as the pressure within the vessel also
contains different loads from different angles, the experiment will be extremely useful for testing the
pressure limits of these appliances.

Discussion on report

The results and data collected and calculated showcases how theoretical Mohr’s Circle and Poisson’s
ratio can be a great indicator of the behaviour of the fluids under a pressurised vessel. However, there are
many possible errors throughout this analysis. The main one being human errors, as most of the
calculations are done manually, error in calculation maybe a huge problem which will undoubtedly
impact the overall result and the conclusion. Next, calibration error and overall machine error is another
factor in providing wrong results, this is especially true in older machines such as ours, it might be
uncalibrated, and the readings taken might be inaccurate especially if the fluid consists of impurities
through its life within the cylinder.

That said, some of the errors such as parallax errors do not exist, this is because data collected is
directly sent into the computer through software. Allowing the process to not only be more accurate, but
faster and efficient. For the final results, the obtained Young's Modulus, E, is 69.6 GN/m2. The Young's
Modulus percentage error was determined to be 0.87 percent. The computed Poisson's Ratio is 0.354. The
Principal Strains for the 'open ends' condition are computed to be H = 579 and L = -205. Circumferential
stress and coupled stress were both recognized concepts.

2
Conclusion
In conclusion, all objectives were achieved in this experiment. The behaviour of the aluminium alloy has
been observed for both conditions, allowing better visualization for learning engineers like ourselves.
Next, the principle strains were better understood in both conditions. Finally, Mohr’s circle was
successfully calculated and compared between the theoretical Mohr’s Circle and the actual Mohr’s Circle.
Again, the collected results showed that the Young's Modulus, E, is 69.6 GN/m2 with percentage error
only being
0.87 percent. The computed Poisson's Ratio is 0.354. The Principal Strains for the 'open ends' condition
are computed to be H = 579 and L = -205. Circumferential stress and coupled stress were both recognized
concepts.

References

1. James F. Shackelford. 2000. Materials Science For Engineers. 5th edition. Upper Saddle River,
New Jersey : Prentice – Hall, Inc.

2. William D. Callister, Jr..2000. Materials Science and Engineering – An Introduction. 5th edition.
New York : John Wiley & Sons, Inc..

3. Ferdinand P. Beer, E. Russell Johnston, Jr. John T. Dewolf. 2004. Mechanics of Materials. Third
Edition In SI Unit. McGraw Hill

4. Mechanics and Materials Laboratory Manual Book, UNITEN