FFF (1) Hoang Tien Dat

PROJECT OF FOUNDATION DESIGN LECTURERS: Ph.D.
NGUYEN VAN CHUNG

Students: HOANG TIEN DAT_19149052
HCMC UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY AND EDUCATION

FACULTY FOR HIGH QUALITY TRANING
----🙠🙠🕮🙢🙢----
SUBJECT: PROJECT OF FOUNDATION
REPORT
Lecturers: Ph.D Nguyen Van Chung
Student: 19149052 Hoang Tien Dat
Code:212PFDE311518E
1
PROJECT OF FOUNDATION DESIGN LECTURERS: Ph.D. NGUYEN VAN CHUNG
1.1. Statistical theory……………………………………………………….........5

1.1.1. Geological processing and statistics for foundation calculations……....5
1.1.2. Division of geological units……………………………………………......5
1.1.3. Standard values of soil characteristics………………………………...…8
1.1.4. Computational features of soil characteristics………………………......9
1.2. Geological statistics of shallow foundation. (MBMN_DC03)…………....13
1.2.1. Division of geological elements…………………………………………..13
1.2.2. Statistical…………………………………………………………………………………………..…15
1.3. Deep foundation geological statistics (MBMC_DC11)………………....…27
1.3.1. Division of geological elements…………………………………………...27
1.3.2. Statistical……………………………………………………………………………………………...29
1.4. Summarizing results…………………………………………………….......58
1.4.1. Summary table of shallow foundation geological results: (MBMN-DC03)
…………………………………………………………………………………….58
1.4.2. Summary table of pile foundation geological results :( MBMC-DC11).60
CHAPTER 2: DESIGN SHALLOW FOUNDATION DESIGN

2.1. Calculated load……………………………………………………………...62
2.1.1. Loads…………………………………………………………………….....62
2.1.2. Basic geological parameters……………………………………………....63
2.2. Geological cross sections…………………………………………………....64
2.2.1. Material parameter……………………………………………………….64
2.2.2. Choose the depth of foundation………………………………………….64
2.3. Determine the load bearing capacity for the foundation……………........65
2
2.3.1. Determine the size of the foundation………………………………….....66

2.3.2. Check the size of the foundation…………………………………………67
2.4. Settlement deformation conditions…………………………………...........69
2.5. Penetration condition…………………………………………………….....72
2.6. Reinforcement arrangement…………………………………………..........74
2.6.1. Reinforcement arrangement in long-term direction………………....…74
2.6.2. Reinforcement arrangement in short-term direction…………………...75
CHAPTER 3: CALCULATE STRIP FOUNDATION DESIGN
3.1. Calculate data…………………………………………………………….....77
3.1.1. Loads…………………………………………………………………...….77
3.1.2. Geological parameters…………………………………………………....78
3.1.3. Material parameter……………………………………………………....79
3.2. Determine the size and the depth of strip foundation…………………....79
3.2.1. Height of the footing……………………………………………………...80
3.2.2. Determine the center of gravity G…………………………………….....82
3.3. Determine the size of the foundation bottom b x L.....................................83
3.3.1. Determine the load capacity of the ground soil………………………....83
3.3.2. Determine the size of the foundation………………………………….…83
3.4. Stable condition………………………………………………………….….85
3.5. Non-slip condition……………………………………………………...…...85
3.6. Strength condition…………………………………………………………..87
3.7. Settlement condition………………………………………………………...87
3.8. Penetration condition……………………………………………………….90
3.9. Internal force calculation…………………………………………………...91
3
3.10. Reinforcement ……………………………………………………………..93

3.10.1. Reinforcement for foundation beam……………………………………93
3.10.2. Reinforcement for foundation plate…………………………………….95
3.11. Stirrup………………………………………………………………………96
CHAPTER 4: PILE FOUNDATION DESIGN
4.1. Designing data……………………………………………………………….99
4.1.1. Internal forces……………………………………………………………..99
4.1.2. Geological parameters…………………………………………………….99
4.1.3. Materials……………………………………………………………….....101
4.2. Determine the depth to place the footing and the size of piles………….101
4.2.1. The depth placing the footing…………………………………………...101
4.2.2. Determine the size of piles……………………………………………….101
4.2.3. Determine bearing capacity of pile…………………………………………….102
4.3.1. Bearing capacity of pile following mechanical target of the ground…103
4.3.2. Bearing capacity of pile following the strength of soil………………...104
4.3.3. Bearing capacity of pile following the SPT test …………………….…106
4.4. Choose the amount of piles and their dimension………………………...109
4.5. Check the bearing capacity of the pile…………………………………....110
4.5.1. The single pile………………………………………………………….....110
4.5.2. The pile group……………………………………………………......…..110
4.6. Check the stable condition……………………………………………..….110
4.7. Check the settlement condition…………………………………………....113
4.8. Pile cap designing………………………………………………………..…115
4.9. Penetration condition……………………………………………………....115
4.10. Reinforcement arrangement…………………………………………...…117
4.10.1. In b-direction………………………………………………………….....117
4.10.2. In L-direction…………………………………………………………....118
4.11. Bearing capacity of pile when moving and setting up……………….….120
4.11.1. When moving pile………………………………………………………120
4.11.2. When bristle up…………………………………………………………120
4.11.3. Anchor reinforcement…………………………………………….........121
4
CHAPTER 1. GEOLOGICAL STATISTICS

1. THEORETICAL BASIS OF STATISTICS
1.1. Statistical theory
1.1.1. Geological processing and statistics for foundation calculations:
-Soil investigation documental are content information about boreholes and

samples of soil layer. Engineer must choose the most suitable coefficient to for
design data of the foundation.
-At first, drilling works for sample is based on the observation of soil color and
grains level to divide the soil into different layers.
-Following design code TCVN 9362-2012, soil with specific thickness is qualified
for construction if only when the soil characteristics with the variation coefficient (
σ
v= ) are under the limited condition.
A
- All the sample with the data different from the average data for a geology unit
will be neglected and not take into account.
- Hence soil investigation is the very first step and play a critical role in foundation
design.
1.1.2. Division of geological units:
1.1.2.1. Variation coefficient:
- We rely on the coefficient of variation v unary division.

σ
- The coefficient of variation y is determined by the formula c: v= A
n
- In which the average value of a feature: ∑ Ai

A= k =0
n
5
√
n
1
- Deviation mean average: σ = ∑ ( A − A)2
n−1 i=1 i
 Where: Ai is the value of the particular characteristics from a separate

experiment.
n: number of experiments.
 Note : When checking to eliminate gross errors for double criteria such
as adhesive force (c) and internal friction angle (φ ), the mean squared
deviation is determined as follows:
√
n
1
σ= ∑
n−1 i=1
( A i− A )
2
1.1.2.2. Rules for the exclusion of raw errors:
Characteristic of the land Coefficient of variation

Particle density 0.01
Specific weight 0.05
Natural moisture 0.15
Limit Atterberg 0.15
Deformation module 0.30
Cut resistance index 0.30
One-axis compressive strength 0.40
Table 1.1: The largest coefficient of idleness according to TCVN 9362 – 2012
Number of Standar Number of Standar Number of Standar
6
determination d value determination d value determination d value

sn V sn V sn V
6 2.07 21 2.80 36 3.03
7 2.18 22 2.82 37 3.04
8 2.27 23 2.84 38 3.05
9 2.35 24 2.86 39 3.06
10 2.41 25 2.88 40 3.07
11 2.47 26 2.90 41 3.08
12 2.52 27 2.91 42 3.09
13 2.56 28 2.93 43 3.10
14 2.60 29 2.94 44 3.11
15 2.64 30 2.96 45 3.12
16 2.67 31 2.97 46 3.13
17 2.70 32 2.98 47 3.14
18 2.73 33 3.00 48 3.14
19 2.75 34 3.01 49 3.15
20 2.78 35 3.02 50 3.16
Table 1.2: Table to look up the values of V
-In the sample set of a soil layer with coefficient of variation v < [v], it is achieved,
otherwise, we must exclude data with large or small errors.
- In which [v]: the largest coefficient of variation, look up Table 1 depending on

each type of characteristic:
- Check statistics, exclude too large or too small values of A according to the
following formula:
| A− Ai|≥ V σ cm
7
√
n
-In which, the deviation is estimated: σ cm= 1 ∑ ( A i− A ) 2
n i=1
 Note: When n ≥ 25, take σ cm=σ

1.1.3. Standard values of soil characteristics:
1.1.3.1. Standard values of single indicators:
- The value of all these criteria just target single ( physical indicators such as
humidity, density area, indicators to A , which would not, ... and the mechanical
indicators such as total variable labor modules, compressive strength,... ) is the
average of the individual test results after excluding gross errors .
 Note: For indirect physical parameters (hollow coefficient, plasticity

index,...) and total strain modulus, their standard values are determined
from the standard values of the test criteria. which calculates the standard
value of the indirect criterion according to the soil mechanics formula.
1.1.3.2. Standard value of dual indicators:
- The standard values of the dual criteria of unit adhesive force (c) and internal
friction angle (φ) are made according to the method of least squares of the linear
relationship of normal stress ai and contact stress. extreme limit of equivalent shear
experiments. τ =σtgφ +c
- Standard unit stick force and friction angle in standard φtc auto are determined by
the following formula:
(∑ ∑ )
n n n n
1
 c =∆
tc
τi σ i−∑ σ i ∑ τ i σ i
i=1 i=1 i=1 i=1
(∑ )
n n n
1
 tgφ = ∆ n τ i σ i−∑ τ i ∑ σ i
tc
i=1 i=1 i=1
8
( ( ))
n n 2
 ∆= n ∑ σ − ∑ σ i
2
i
i=1 i=1
- Note: If you can calculate ctc < 0 according to the above formula, choose ctc =
n
∑ τiσ i
i=1 tc
0 and recalculate according to the formula: tgφ = n
∑σi
i=1
1.1.4. Computational features of soil characteristics:

1.1.4.1. Calculation value of single indicators:
-In order to improve the safety for the stability of the load-bearing foundation,
some calculation of the stability of the foundation is carried out with the
calculation characteristics.
- The calculated value of single criteria is determined according to the following
formula:
tc
tt A
A =
Kd
 Where:
- Atc is the standard value of the features under consideration.

1
- The factor of safety for soil is determined by the formula: K d = 1± ρ
- The accuracy index is determined by the formula:

tα
ρ=
√n
 Where:
9
- t α is a coefficient that depends on the confidence probability α.

- Dynamic coefficient is determined according to item 1.2.1
- When calculating the background according to strain (TTGH II), then α = 0.85
- When calculating the background by intensity ( TTGH I ), then α = 0.95
Note:
- The minimum number of a certain criterion experiment with each engineering
geological unit needs to be 6.
- If within the engineering geological unit there are less than 6 samples, the
calculated values of their criteria are calculated according to the method of
minimum average and maximum mean.
tc tc
tt A + Amax tt A + A min
A = ∧A =
2 2
- The choice of calculation according to one of the two formulas depends on the
criteria that increase the safety of the works.
1.1.4.2. Calculation value of double indicators:
- The calculated value of the dual criteria is determined according to the

following formula:
tc
tt A
A =
Kd
 Where:
- Atc is the standard value of the features under consideration.

1
- The factor of safety for soil is determined by the formula: K d = 1± ρ
- For double criteria such as: stick force c and coefficient of friction tgφ.
10
We have the formula: ρ=t α . v

- The coefficient of variation v is determined according to the following
formulas:
σc
vc= tc
∧v tg
σ
- The mean square deviation is determined according to the following formula:
√ √
n
1 n
σ c =σ τ n ∑ σ 2∧σ tgφ=σ τ
∆ i=1 i ∆
√
n
1
∑
2
σ τ=
n−2 i=1
( σ i tgφ tc + ctc −τ i)
- When calculating the background according to strain (TTGH II), then α = 0.85
- When calculating the background by intensity (TTGH I), then α = 0.95
Note:
- To find the standard value and the calculated value c and it is necessary to
determine not less than 6 values for each value of normal pressure σ.
- When finding the calculated value c, uses the total number of experiments c as
n.
Free step t value corresponds to the probability of 
(n -1) with
Rn &  0,85 0,9 0,95 0,98 0,99
(n - 2) with c
&
2 1,34 1,89 2,92 4,87 6,96
3 1,25 1,64 2,35 3,45 4,54
4 1,19 1,53 2,13 3,02 3,75
5 1,16 1,48 2,01 2,74 3,36
6 1,13 1,44 1,94 2,63 3,14
7 1,12 1,41 1,9 2,54 3
8 1,11 1.4 1,86 2,49 2,9
11
9 1,1 1,38 1,83 2,44 2,82

10 1,1 1,37 1,81 2,4 2,76
11 1,09 1,36 1,8 2,36 2,72
12 1,08 1,36 1,78 2,33 2,68
13 1,08 1,35 1,77 2,3 2,65
14 1,08 1,34 1,76 2,28 2,62
15 1,07 1,34 1,75 2,27 2,6
16 1,07 1,34 1,75 2,26 2,58
17 1,07 1,33 1,74 2,25 2,57
18 1,07 1,33 1,73 2,24 2,55
19 1,07 1,33 1,73 2,23 2,54
20 1,06 1,32 1,72 2,22 2,53
25 1,06 1,32 1,71 2,19 2,49
30 1,05 1,31 1,7 2,17 2,46
40 1,05 1,3 1,68 2,14 2,42
60 1,05 1,3 1,67 2,12 2,39
- The features calculated according to TTGH I and TTGH II have values in the
range Att =A tc ± ∆ A
- Depending on the specific design case, we take the sign (+) or the sign (-) to
ensure more safety.
- When calculating the background according to the intensity and stability, we
take the calculation characteristics TTGH I (in the larger range α = 0.95).
- When calculating the background according to deformation, we take the
characteristics calculated according to TTGH II (in the smaller range α = 0.85).
 Note: When calculating statistically the number of samples n ≥6, the
statistic of the limit state. If n < 6 then we perform statistical check v < [v]
and take the standard value = the average value.(moisture w, density  ).
- With the adhesive force c and the internal friction angle φ with the undrained
rapid shear test sample number 1 (corresponding to 3 pairs (σ ,τ) n =3), only
the standard value of the number of test samples 2 is calculated 6 pairs (σ, τ)
n=6) are statistic according to the limit state.
12
- When looking up the table tα note n-1, n-2.

- Using LINEST function in EXCEL to support the cohesion statistic c and the
friction angle in φ.
- When making statistics for the initial indicators, we have to check the
statitics with each pressure level to know if there is any type of sample or not
2. SHALLOW FOUNDATION GEOLOGIC STATISTICS
1. Geological statistics of shallow foundation. (MBMN_DC03)
1.1 Division of geological elements:
Layer K
-Thickness: 1.3(m)
-Depth: 1.3(m)
-Description: Leveling (sand, stone mix)
Layer 1
-Thickness: 1.4(m)
-Depth: 2.7(m)
-Description: light-phase clay, yellow-brown-gray white color, soft plastic state
-Sample number: 1
- Model number: HK1-1
o Layer 2
-Thickness: 4.5 (m)

-Depth: 7.2(m)
-Description: laterite clay mixed with gravel, yellow-brown-pink-brown-reddish
color, hard plastic state.
-Sample number: 2
- Model number: HK1-2, HK1-3
13
o Layer 3
-Thickness: 19.8(m)
-Depth: 27(m)
-Description: mixed sand, yellow brown - white gray - red brown.
-Sample number: 10
-Model number: HK1-4,HK1-5,HK1-6,HK1-7,HK1-8,HK1-9,HK1-10,HK1-
11,HK1-12,HK1-13
o Layer 4
-Thickness: 3.0 (m)
-Depth: 30(m)
-Description: heavy phase clay, gray-brown-black-grey-yellow brown color, soft
plastic state
-Sample number: 2
-Model number: HK1-14, HK1-15
1.2 Statistical
Layer 1
 Natural weight of class 1:
No. Sample Sampling γw (km/m3)

designation depth (m)
1 HK1-1 1.8-2.0 19.4
Average 19.4
-We have:γ tb=¿19.4(km/m3)
-Standard values:γ tc=γ tb=19.4(km/m3)
14
 Empty coefficient e of class 1:
No. Sample Samplin Hollow coefficient for each pressure level,

designation g depth Ԑi
(m) 0 50 100 200 400
1 HK1-2 3.8-4.0 0.683 0.632 0.602 0.567 0.531
Average 0.683 0.632 0.602 0.567 0.531
 Viscosity:
No. KH sample Viscosity IL

1 HK1-1 0.54
Total 0.54
Average value: IL tb = 0.54
Standard value: IL tb = IL tc = 0.54
 Cohesion c, Angle of fiction φ of class 1
No. σ (kN/m2) τ (kN/m2) Use the LINEST function

1 100 35 tgφ = 0.208 ctc=13.6333
200 54.1 σ tgφ= 0.0098 σc = 2.12
300 76.6
-Statistics checking:
σ tgφ 0,0098
v tgφ= = =0,047 < [v] = 0.3
tgφ 0,208
15
c
σ 2.12
v c = tc = =0,155< [v] = 0.3 (TCVN 9362 – 2012)
C 13.6333
Thus, the samples are selected.

-Standard values:
tgφtc = 0,208=> φtc = 11044’
ctc = 13.6333 kN/m2
σ tgφ 0,0098
v tgφ= = =0,047 < [v] = 0.3
tgφ 0,208
c
σ 2.12
vc= tc
= =0,155< [v] = 0.3 (TCVN 9362 – 2012)
C 13.6333

-Standard values:
tgφtc = 0,208=> φtc = 11044’
ctc = 13.6333 kN/m2
o Layer 2
Natural weight of class 2:
No. Sample Sampling γw (km/m3) (γw – γwtb)2

1 HK1-2 3.8 – 4.0 19.7 0.01
2 HK1-3 5.8 – 6.0 19.5 0.01
Total 39.2 0.02
Average 19.6
-Check statistics:
16
√ √
n
1 1
σγ = ∑ (γ −γ )2 = 2−1 x 0.02=0.141
1−n i=1 w i
σ 0.141
v = A = 19.6 =0.0071< [ v ]=0.05→ ok
-We have:γ tb=¿19.6(km/m3)
-Standard values:γ tc=γ tb=19.6(km/m3)
 Efficient e of class 2:
No. Sample Sampling Hollow coefficient for each pressure

designatio depth (m) level, Ԑi
n 0 50 100 200 400
1 HK1-2 3.8-4.0 0.778 0 0 0 0
2 HK1-3 5.8-6.0 0.564 0.747 0.725 0.697 0.656
Total 1.342 0.747 0.725 0.697 0.656
Average 0.671 0.3735 0.362 0.348 0.328
 Viscosity:

1 HK1-2 0.27
2 HK1-3 0.29
Total 0.56
Average value: IL tb = 0.28
No. Sample σ (kN/m2) τ (kN/m2) Use the LINEST function
17
designatio
n
1 HK1-2 100 0 tg=0.2245 ctc=28.3333
200 0 σ=0.0083 σc = 1.808
300 0
2 HK1-3 100 50.3
200 74.2
300 95.2
-Statistics checking
σ tgφ 0.0083
v tgφ= = =0.036 < [v] = 0.3
tgφ 0.2245
c
σ 1.808
vc= tc
= =0.0638 < [v] = 0.3 (TCVN 9362 – 2012)
C 28.3333

-Standard values
tgφtc = 0.2245=> φtc = 12039’
ctc = 28.3333 kN/m2
Layer 3
 Natural weight of class 3
Sample Sampling
No. γw (km/m3) (γw – γwtb)2
1 HK1-4 7.8-8.0 20,1 0,0484

2 HK1-5 9.8-10.0 20,1 0,0484
18
3 HK1-6 11.8-12.0 19,1 0,6084
4 HK1-7 13.8-14.0 19,4 0,2304
5 HK1-8 15.8-16.0 20,4 0,2704
6 HK1-9 17.8-18.0 20,2 0,1024
7 HK1-10 19.8-20.0 19,8 0,0064
8 HK1-11 21.8-22.0 20,5 0,3844
9 HK1-12 23.8-24.0 19,3 0,3364
10 HK1-13 25.8-26.0 19,9 0,0004
Total 198,8 2,036

Average 19,88
- Check statistics:
√ √
n
1 1
σγ = ∑ (γ −γ )2 = 10−1 x 2.036=0.4756
1−n i=1 w i
σ 0.4756 −3
v = A = 19.88 =2.392 x 10 < [ v ] =0.05 → ok
- We have:γ tb=¿19.88(km/m3)
- Standard values:γ tc=γ tb=19.88(km/m3)
 Empty coefficient e of class 3:

level, Ԑi
19

0 50 100 200 400
1 HK1-4 7.8-8.0 0,564 0,531 0,513 0,497 0,477
2 HK1-5 9.8-10.0 0,595 0,563 0,546 0,531 0,513
3 HK1-6 11.8-12.0 0,745 0,708 0,689 0,672 0,654
4 HK1-7 13.8-14.0 0,673 0,635 0,604 0,596 0,577
5 HK1-8 15.8-16.0 0,541 0,517 0,503 0,490 0,474
6 HK1-9 17.8-18.0 0,580 0,548 0,533 0,520 0,503
7 HK1-10 19.8-20.0 0,593 0,565 0,549 0,537 0,523
8 HK1-11 21.8-22.0 0,531 0,501 0,487 0,475 0,459
9 HK1-12 23.8-24.0 0,718 0,692 0,674 0,660 0,642
10 HK1-13 25.8-26.0 0,608 0,575 0,557 0,544 0,528
Total 6,148 5,835 5,655 5,522 5,35
Average 0,615 0,584 0,565 0,552 0,535
 Cohesion c, Angle of fiction φ of class 3:
No. Sample σ τ (kN/m2) Use the LINEST function

designation (kN/m2)
1 HK1-4 100 47,4 tgφ tc = 0,4139 ctc =
8,65677
200 83,1 σ tgφ= 0,01179 σc = 2,5479
300 124
2 HK1-5 100 49,2
200 84,8
20
300 129,4
3 HK1-6 100 49,8
200 91,2
300 134,2
4 HK1-7 100 45,6
200 82
300 118,5
5 HK1-8 100 51,2
200 93,9
300 136,7
6 HK1-9 100 49,2
200 87,5
300 131,3
7 HK1-10 100 50,5
200 87,5
300 136,7
8 HK1-11 100 49,2
200 85,7
300 131,3
9 HK1-12 100 51
200 94,2
300 139,6
10 HK1-13 100 52,1
200 99
300 141,3
21
-Statistics checking
σ tgφ 0,01179
v tgφ= = =0,0285 < [v] = 0.3
tgφ 0,4139
c
σ 2,5479
vc= tc
= =0 , 29<¿ [v] = 0.3 (TCVN 9362 – 2012)
C 8,65677

-Standard values
tgφtc = 0, 4139 => φtc = 22o29'
ctc = 8,66 kN/m2
Determine the value according to limit state I (TTGH I)
-With limit state I then the confidence probability α = 0,95.
-Look up the table (n – 2 = 28) we get tα = 1,704
 Angle of fiction φ:
o ρtgφ =t α . ν tgφ=1,704 x 0,0285=0,048564
o tg φ I =tg φ tc ( 1❑tgφ )=0,4139(1 0,048564)=(0,3937 ÷ 0,434)
=> φI = 21029’  23027’
 Cohesion c:
o c = tα. ν c = 1,704 x 0 , 29 = 0,327
o cI = ctc (1  c ) = 8,66 (1  0,327) = (5,83 ÷ 11,49) (kN/m2)
Determine the value according to limit state II (TTGH II)
-With limit state II then the confidence probability α = 0,85.
o ρtgφ =t α . ν tgφ=1,054 × 0,0285=0 , 03
o tg φ II =tg φtc (1❑tgφ)=0 , 4139(1 0 , 03)=(0 , 4 ÷ 0,426)
22
=> φII = 21048’  2304’

 Cohesion c:
o c = tα. ν c = 1,054 x 0 , 29 = 0,305
o cII = ctc (1  c ) = 8,66(1  0,305) = (5,629÷11,691) (kN/m2)
o Layer 4
 Natural weight of class 4
Sample Sampling
No. γ (km/m3) (γw – γwtb)2
designation depth (m) w
1 HK1-14 27,8-28,0 18,3 0,0625

2 HK1-15 29,8-30.0 18,8 0,0625
Total 37,1 0,125
Average 18,55
- Check statistics:
√ √
n
σγ= 1 ∑ (γ w −γ i )2 = 1 x 0,125=0.353
1−n i=1 2−1
σ 0,353
v = A = 18 ,55 =0 ,02< [ v ] =0.05 → ok
- We have:γ tb=¿18,55(km/m3)
- Standard values:γ tc=γ tb=18,55(km/m3)
Efficient e of class 4:
23
No. Sample Sampling Hollow coefficient for each pressure level, Ԑi

designation depth (m) 0 50 100 200 400
1 HK1-14 27.8-28.0 0,908 0,853 0,815 0,766 0,695
2 HK1-15 29,0-30 0,876 0,805 0,762 0,715 0,660
Total 1,784 1,658 1,577 1,481 1,355
Average 0,892 0,829 0,7885 0,7405 0,6775
 Viscosity:

1 HK1-14 0.71
2 HK1-15 0.67
Total 1,38
Average value: IL tb = 0,69
No. Sample σ (kN/m2) τ (kN/m2) Use the LINEST

designatio function
n
1 HK1-2 100 37 tg=0.199 ctc=17,983
200 56,5 σ=0.0176 σc = 3,823
300 74,7
2 HK1-3 100 40,7
200 55,2
300 82,6
24
σ tgφ 0,0176
v tgφ= = =0,088 < [v] = 0.3
tgφ 0,199
c
σ 3,823
v c = tc = =0,2125 < [v] = 0.3 (TCVN 9362 – 2012)
C 17,983

-Standard values:
tgφtc = 0,199=> φtc = 11015’
ctc = 17,983 kN/m2

o ρtgφ =t α . ν tgφ=2 , 13 ×0,088=0,18744
o tg φ I =tg φ tc ( 1❑tgφ )=0,199(1 0,18744)=(0,1616 ÷ 0,2363)
=> φI = 9010’  13017’
 Cohesion c:
o c = tα. ν c = 2,13 x 0,2125 = 0,452
o cI = ctc (1  c ) = 17,893 (1  0,452) = (9,8 ÷ 25,98) (kN/m2)
o ρtgφ =t α . ν tgφ=1 , 19 ×0 , 088=0,1047
25
o tg φ II =tg φtc (1❑tgφ)=0,119(1 0,1047)=(0,178 ÷ 0,219)

=> φII = 1005’  12022’
 Cohesion c:
o c = tα. ν c = 1,19 x 0,2125 = 0,2529
o cII = ctc (1  c ) = 17,893x (1  0,2529) = (13,37 ÷22.42) (kN/m2)
2. DEEP FOUNDATION GEOLOGICAL STATISTICS: (MBMC_DC11)
2.1 Division of geological elements:
o Layer K
o -Thickness: 1.6(m)
o -Depth: 1.6(m)
o -Description: Sand reclamation
o Layer 1
o -Thickness: 3,1(m)
o -Depth: 4,7(m)
o -Description : mixed clay silt, dark gray, gray brown, plastic flowing
state
o -Sample number: 2
o - Model number: HK1-1, HK1-2
o Layer 2
o -Thickness: 6.8 (m)
o -Depth: 11.5 (m)
o -Description: laterite clay mixed with gravel gravel, reddish brown,
white gray, yellow brown, hard plastic state
26
o -Sample number: 6
o - Model number: HK1-3, HK1-4, HK1-5, HK2-3, HK2-4, HK1-5
o Layer 3
o -Depth: 13.7(m)
o -Description : heavy phase clay, blue-gray, dark gray, soft plastic state
o -Sample number:2
o - Model number: HK1-6, HK2-6
o Layer 4
o -Depth: 23.0(m)
o -Description : mixed sand, pink-brown-gray-white-reddish brown
o -Sample number:11
o - Model number: HK1-7, HK1-8, HK1-9, HK1-10, HK1-11, HK2-7,
HK2-8, HK2-9, HK2-10, HK2-11, HK2-12
o Layer 5
o -Depth: 30,0(m)
o -Description: mixed sand, golden brown color
o -Sample number: 7
o - Model number: HK1-12, HK-13, HK-14, HK-15, HK2-13, HK2-14,
HK2-15
2.2 Statistical
27
o Layer 1
No. Sample designation Sampling depth (m) γw (km/m3) (γw – γwtb)2

1 HK1-1 2,8-3,0 16,1 0,3025
2 HK1-2 3,8-4,0 15,0 0,3025
Average 15,55
Total 31,1 0,605
-Check statistics:
√ √
n
1 1
σγ = ∑
1−n i=1
(γ w −γ i )2 =
2−1
x (0,605) = 0,7778
σ 0,7778
v = A = 15 , 55 = 0.05< [v] = 0.05
- standard values:γ tc=γ tb=15,55(km/m3)

designation depth (m) level, Ԑi
0 50 100 200 400
1 HK1-1 2.8-3.0 0,061 0,588 0,531 0,498 0,464
2 HK1-2 3,8-4,0 0,064 0,574 0,554 0,529 0,5
Total 0,125 1,162 1,085 1,027 0,964
Average 0,0625 0,581 0,5425 0,5135 0,482
 Humidity:
No. Sample Sampling Wi (%) Note
28

1 HK1-1 2.8-3.0 59,59
2 HK1-2 3,8-4,0 76,33
Total 135,92
The value of average: Wtb = 67,96 %
The value of calculate: Wtt = Wtb = 67,96%
 Flow limit
No. KH sample Sampling depth W L%
(m)
1 HK1-1 2.8-2.0 42,0
2 HK1-2 3,8-4,0 62,3
Total 104,3
The value of average: WL tb = 52,15%
The value of calculate: WL tt = WL tb = 52,15%
 Plasticity index IP (%)
No. KH sample Sampling depth WP (%)

(m)
1 HK1-1 2.8-3.0 19,8
2 HK1-2 3,8-4,0 46,7
Total 66,5%
The value of average: IP tb = 33,25%
The value of calculate: IP tt = IP tb = 33,25%
29
 Viscosity:

1 HK1-1 0.56
2 HK1-2 0.29
Total 0,85


designation
1 25 7,3 tg=0,089 ctc=6,033333
50 9,7 σ=0,015692 σc = 0,87455
75 11,1
2 25 9,1
50 11,3
75 14,2
3 25 8,6
50 11,8
75 13,3
4 25 7,3
50 10,6
75 11,5
-Check statistics:
30
σ tgφ 0,015692
v tgφ = = 0,089 = 0,176< ¿ [v] = 0.3;
tgφ
c
σ 0,87455
vc= tc
= =0,145 < [v] = 0.3 (TCVN 9362 – 2012)
C 6,033333

-Standard values:
tgφtc = 0,089=> φtc = 505’
ctc = 6,033333kN/m2
-Look up the table (n – 2 = 4=10) we get tα = 1.83
o ρtgφ =t α . ν tgφ=1.83 × 0,176=0,32208
o tg φ I =tg φ tc ( 1❑tgφ )=0,089(1 0,32208)=(0 ,06 ÷ 0,117)
=> φI = 3026’  6040’
 Cohesion c:
c = tα. ν c = 1.83x 0,145= 0,26535
o cI = ctc (1  c ) =6,033333 (1 0,26535) = (4,43÷7,634) (kN/m2)

o ρtgφ =t α . ν tgφ=1.10 × 0,176=0,1936
o tg φ II =tg φtc (1❑tgφ)=0,089(1 0,1936)=(0 , 07÷ 0,106)
=> φII = 400’  603’
31
 Cohesion c:
o c = tα. ν c = 1,10 x 0,145 = 0,1595
o cII = ctc (1  c ) = 6,033333 6x (1  0,1595) = (5,07÷6,99) (kN/m2)
Calculate the design value by limit sate I:
-Look up the table (n – 1 = 11) we get tα = 1.80
t αx v c 1.80 x 0,145
ρ= = =0,079
√n √ 11
γ I =γ ¿ )= 15,025(1± 0,079 ¿=¿ ÷16,21) (kN/m2)
tt tc
Calculate the design value by limit sate II:

t αx v c 1.09 x 0,145
ρ= = =0,047
√n √ 11
γ I =γ ¿ )= 15,025 (1± 0,047 ¿=¿÷15,73) (kN/m2)
tt tc
o Layer 2
 efficient e of class 2:
Sample Sampling
No. γw (km/m3) (γw – γwtb)2
1 HK1-3 5.8-6 19,7 0,00027889
32
2 HK1-4 7.8-8.0 20,0 0,08
3 HK1-5 9.8-10.0 19,3 0,174
4 HK2-3 5.8-6.0 19,6 0,0136
5 HK2-4 7.8-8.0 19,7 0,00027889
6 HK2-5 9.8-10.0 20,0 0,08
Total 118,3 0,348

Average 19,7167
- Check statistics:
√ √
n
1 1
σγ = ∑ (γ −γ )2 = 6−1 x 0,348=0,2638
1−n i=1 w i
σ 0,2638
v = A = 19.7167 =0,013< [ v ] =0.05 → ok
-We have:γ tb=¿19,7167 (km/m3)
-Standard values:γ tc=γ tb=19,7167 (km/m3)
Hollow coefficient for each pressure

Sample Sampling level, Ԑi
No.
0 50 100 200 400
1 HK1-3 5.8-6.0 0,732 0,708 0,689 0,660 0,619
2 HK1-4 7.8-8.0 0,696 0,679 0,664 0,635 0,587
3 HK1-5 9.8-10.0 0,801 0,756 0,730 0,700 0,663
33
4 HK2-3 5.8-6.0 0,748 0,710 0,682 0,653 0,615
5 HK2-4 7.8-8.0 0,761 0,742 0,727 0,701 0,659
6 HK2-5 9.8-10.0 0,675 0,661 0,648 0,625 0,587
Total 4,413 4,256 4,14 3,972 3,732
0,735 0,709 0,690 0,662 0,622

Average 5
 Humidity:

1 HK1-3 5.8-6.0 25,64
2 HK1-4 7.8-8.0 24,20
3 HK1-5 9.8-10.0 27,47
4 HK2-3 5.8-6.0 26,30
5 HK2-4 7.8-8.0 27,26
6 HK2-5 9.8-10.0 23,00
Total 153,87
The value of average: Wtb = 25,65%
 Flow limit
34
(m)
1 HK1-3 5.8-6.0 42,4
2 HK1-4 7.8-8.0 39,1
3 HK1-5 9.8-10.0 43,3
4 HK2-3 5.8-6.0 39,6
5 HK2-5 7.8-8.0 48,2
6 HK2-6 9.8-10.0 40,2
Total 252,8

(m)
1 HK1-3 5.8-6.0 19,8
2 HK1-4 7.8-8.0 17,5
3 HK1-5 9.8-10.0 21,5
4 HK2-3 5.8-6.0 20,6
5 HK2-4 7.8-8.0 19,5
6 HK2-5 9.8-10.0 18,2
Total 117,1%
 Viscosity:
35
1 HK1-3 0.26
2 HK1-4 0,31
3 HK1-5 0,27
4 HK2-3 0,30
5 HK2-4 0,27
6 HK2-5 0.22
Total 1,63
Average value: IL tb =0,27


designation
1 100 45,8 tg=0,223 ctc=26,9167
200 65,6 σ=0,0137 σc = 2,964
300 87,5
2 100 48,5
200 69,3
300 91,7
3 100 49,2
200 72,2
300 95,2
36
4 100 47,9
200 68,4
300 91,5
5 100 47,8
200 73,8
300 92,6
6 100 55,2
200 80,6
300 104,8
-Check statistics:
σ tgφ 0,0137
v tgφ = = 0,223 = 0,06¿ [v] = 0.3;
tgφ
c
σ 2,964
v c = tc = =0 , 11< [v] = 0.3 (TCVN 9362 – 2012)
C 26,9167

-Standard values:
tgφtc = 0,223 => φtc = 12034’
ctc = 26,9167 kN/m2
o ρtgφ =t α . ν tgφ=1 , 75 ×0 , 06=0,105
o tg φ I =tg φ tc ( 1❑tgφ )=0,223(1 0,105)=(0,199585÷ 0,24642)
=> φI = 11017’  13050’
37
 Cohesion c:
o c = tα. ν c = 1,75x 0 , 11 = 0,1925
o cI = ctc (1  c ) = 26,9167 (1  0,1925) = (21,735÷32,098) (kN/m2)
-Look up the table (n – 2 =16) we get tα = 1.07
Angle of fiction φ:
o ρtgφ =t α . ν tgφ=1.07 × 0 , 06=0,0642
o tg φ II =tg φtc (1❑tgφ)=0,223(1 0,0642)=(0,2086 ÷ 0,2373)
=> φII = 11046’  13020’
 Cohesion c:
o c = tα. ν c = 1.07 x0 , 11 = 0,1177
o cII = ctc (1  c ) = 26,9167x (1  0,1177) = (23,7486÷30,0847) (kN/m2)
t αx v c 1 , 74 x 0 ,11
ρ= = =0,046
√n √ 17
γ I =γ ¿ )= 19,7167 (1± 0,046 ¿=¿÷20,623) (kN/m2)
tt tc

t αx v c 1 , 07 x 0 ,11
ρ= = =0,0285
√n √ 17
38
γ I =γ ¿ )= 19,7167 (1± 0,0285 ¿=¿÷20,2786) (kN/m2)

tt tc
Layer 3

1 HK1-6 11,8-12 17,8 0,025
2 HK2-6 11,8-12 17,7 0,025
Average 17,75
Total 35,5 0,05
- Check statistics:
√ √
n
σγ= 1 ∑ (γ w −γ i )2 = 1 x (0 , 05) = 0,2236
1−n i=1 2−1
σ 0,2236
v = A = 17 , 75 = 0,0126< [v] = 0.05
- We have:γ tb=¿ 17 , 75 (km/m3)
- Standard values:γ tc=γ tb=17 , 75 (km/m3)

- efficient e of class 3:

0 50 100 200 400
1 HK1-1 11,8-12 1,109 1,047 1,016 0,977 0,913
2 HK1-2 11,8-12 1,102 1,050 1,018 0,980 0,927
Total 2,211 2,097 2,034 1,957 1,84
Average 1,105 1,049 1,017 0,979 0,920
39
 Humidity:

1 HK1-1 11,8-12 39,57
2 HK1-2 11,8-12 38,61
Total 78,81
 Flow limit
(m)
1 HK1-2 11,8-12 44,1
2 HK1-2 11,8-12 45,5
Total 98,6

(m)
1 HK1-1 11,8-12 28,1
2 HK1-2 11,8-12 30,3
Total 58,4%
40

 Viscosity:

1 HK1-1 0.72
2 HK1-2 0.55
Total 1,27

Standard value: IL tb = IL tc = 0,63

designation
1 HK1-1 100 31,5 tg=0.163 ctc=14,4167
200 44,7 σ=0.0086 σc = 1,87
300 62,3
2 HK1-2 100 31
200 47,4
300 65,5
σ tgφ 0.0086
v tgφ= = =0,00527 < [v] = 0.3
tgφ 0.163
41
c
σ 1 , 87
v c = tc = =0,1297 < [v] = 0.3 (TCVN 9362 – 2012)
C 14,4167

-Standard values:
tgφtc = 0.163=> φtc = 9015’
ctc = 14,4167kN/m2
o ρtgφ =t α . ν tgφ=2 , 13 ×0,00527=0,1122
o tg φ I =tg φ tc ( 1❑tgφ )=0.163(1 0,1122)=(0,1447 ÷ 0,1812)
=> φI = 8014’  10016’
 Cohesion c:
o c = tα. ν c = 2,13 x 0,1297 = 0,276
o cI = ctc (1  c ) = 14,4167 (1 0,276) = (10,4376 ÷18,395) (kN/m2)
o ρtgφ =tα . ν tgφ=1 , 19 ×0,00527=0,00627
o tg φ II =tg φtc (1❑tgφ)=0.163(1 0,00627)=(0,1527 ÷ 0,1732)
=> φII = 8040’  9049’
 Cohesion c:
o c = tα. ν c = 1,19 x0,1297 = 0,1543
42
o cII = ctc (1  c ) = 14,4167 x (1 0,1543) = (12,1922÷16,64) (kN/m2)

t αx v c 2.01 x 0,1297
ρ= = =0,1165
√n √5
γ I =γ ¿ )= 17 , 75 (1± 0,1165 ¿=¿÷19,817) (kN/m2)
tt tc

t αx v c 1 , 16 x 0,1297
ρ= = =0,0672
√n √5
γ I =γ ¿ )= 17 , 75 (1± 0,0672 ¿=¿ ÷18,9428) (kN/m2)
tt tc
o Layer 4
o Natural weight of class 4:

1 HK1-7 13,8-14 20,6 0,04
2 HK1-8 15,8-16 20,6 0,04
3 HK1-9 17,8-18 20,1 0,09
4 HK1-10 19,8-20 20,7 0,09
5 HK1-11 21,8-22 21,2 0,64
6 HK2-7 13,8-14 20,1 0,09
7 HK2-8 15,8-16 20,6 0,04
8 HK2-9 17,8-18 20,7 0,09
9 HK2-10 19,8-20 20,2 0,04
43
10 HK2-11 21,8-22 20,3 0,01

11 HK2-12 23,8-24 19,5 0,81
Average 20,4
Total 224,4 1,98
Check statistics:
√ √
n
1 1
σγ = ∑
1−n i=1
(γ w −γ i )2 =
11−1
x (1 , 98) = 0,4449
σ 0,4449
v = A = 20 , 4 = 0.022< [v] = 0.05
- We have:γ tb=¿20,4 (km/m3)

- standard values:γ tc=γ tb=20,4 (km/m3)

0 50 100 200 400
1 HK1-7 13,8-14 0,591 0,544 0,521 0,491 0,457
2 HK1-8 15,8-16 0,587 0,564 0,546 0,520 0,491
3 HK1-9 17,8-18 0,671 0,645 0,628 0,605 0,574
4 HK1-10 19,8-20 0,566 0,546 0,532 0,510 0,476
5 HK1-11 21,8-22 0,473 0,440 0,423 0,402 0,375
6 HK2-7 13,8-14 0,633 0,607 0,588 0,563 0,526
7 HK2-8 15,8-16 0,572 0,522 0,538 0,516 0,483
8 HK2-9 17,8-18 0,566 0,549 0,533 0,510 0,474
9 HK2-10 19,8-20 0,625 0,596 0,577 0,555 0,518
10 HK2-11 21,8-22 0,545 0,513 0,496 0,475 0,444
44
11 HK2-12 23,8-24 0,715 0,688 0,671 0,646 0,615

Total 6,523 6,248 6,05 5,797 5,434
 Humidity:

1 HK1-7 13,8-14 20,47
2 HK1-8 15,8-16 19,84
3 HK1-9 17,8-18 22,62
4 HK1-10 19,8-20 28,48
5 HK1-11 21,8-22 15,02
6 HK2-7 13,8-14 21,39
7 HK2-8 15,8-16 18,98
8 HK2-9 17,8-18 18,07
9 HK2-10 19,8-20 20,34
10 HK2-11 21,8-22 15,38
11 HK2-12 23,8-24 23,41
Total 213,95
 Flow limit
(m)
45
1 HK1-7 13,8-14 30,5

2 HK1-8 15,8-16 36,5
3 HK1-9 17,8-18 42,2
4 HK1-10 19,8-20 39,6
5 HK1-11 21,8-22 30,2
6 HK2-7 13,8-14 32,4
7 HK2-8 15,8-16 38,2
8 HK2-9 17,8-18 42,3
9 HK2-10 19,8-20 38,5
10 HK2-11 21,8-22 26,3
11 HK2-12 23,8-24 36,2
Total 392,7

(m)
1 HK1-7 13,8-14 16,0
2 HK1-8 15,8-16 16,3
3 HK1-9 17,8-18 18,0
4 HK1-10 19,8-20 17,0
5 HK1-11 21,8-22 14,3
6 HK2-7 13,8-14 17,5
7 HK2-8 15,8-16 18,2
46
8 HK2-9 17,8-18 17,5

9 HK2-10 19,8-20 18,8
10 HK2-11 21,8-22 14,3
11 HK2-12 23,8-24 19,3
Total 187
 Viscosity:

1 HK1-7 0.31
2 HK1-8 0,18
3 HK1-9 0,19
4 HK1-10 0,07
5 HK1-11 0,05
6 HK2-7 0,26
7 HK2-8 0,04
8 HK2-9 0,02
9 HK2-10 0,08
10 HK2-11 0,09
11 HK2-12 0.24
Total 01,43

Standard value: IL tb = IL tc = 0,13
47

designation
1 100 46,1 tg=0,4 ctc=12,71276
200 67.5 σ=0.03885 σc = 3,7936
300 90.8
2 100 52.0
200 77.7
300 103.9
3 100 55.6
200 77.1
300 103.2
4 100 47.9
200 68.4
300 91.5
100 100
5 200 81,3
300 105,7
100 61,1
6 200 84,4
300 109,6
100 50,5
7 200 90,8
300 136,4
8 100 52,1
200 98,4
48
300 1,463
9 100 52,0
200 98,4
300 146,0
10 100 48,9
200 90,2
300 131,3
11 100 50,3
200 91,3
300 134,2
σ tgφ 0.03885
v tgφ= = =0,097 < [v] = 0.3
tgφ 0, 4
c
σ 3,7936
vc= tc
= =0,298 < [v] = 0.3 (TCVN 9362 – 2012)
C 12,71276

-Standard values:
tgφtc = 0.4 => φtc = 21048`’
ctc = 12,71276 kN/m2
o ρtgφ =t α . ν tgφ=1,697 × 0,097=0,1646
o tg φ I =tg φ tc ( 1❑tgφ )=0.4(1 0,1646)=(0,33416 ÷ 0,4654)
49
=> φI = 18028’  24057’

 Cohesion c:
o c = tα. ν c = 1,697 x 0,298 = 0,5057
o cI = ctc (1  c ) = 12,71276 (1 0,5057) = (6,2839 ÷19,1416) (kN/m2
o Calculate the design value by limit sate I:
o -With limit state I then the confidence probability α = 0,95.
o -Look up the table (n – 1 = 32) we get tα = 1,697
t αx v c 1,697 x 0,298
o ρ= = =0,089
√n √ 32
o γ ttI =γ tc ¿ )= 17 , 75 (1± 0,089 ¿=¿ ÷19,329) (kN/m2)
o Layer 5
o Natural weight of class 5:

1 HK1-12 23,8-24 19,7 0,09
2 HK1-13 25,8-26 19,8 0,04
3 HK1-14 27,8-28 20,4 0,16
4 HK1-15 29,8-30 19,0 1,00
5 HK2-13 25,8-26 20,8 0,64
6 HK2-14 27,8-28 20,2 0,04
7 HK2-15 29,8-30 19,9 0,01
Average 20,0
Total 140 1,98
√ √
n
σγ= 1 ∑ (γ w −γ i )2 = 1 x (1 , 98) = 0,5744
1−n i=1 7−1
50
σ 0,5744
v = A = 20 , 0 = 0,02872< [v] = 0.05
- standard values:γ tc=γ tb=20,0(km/m3)
- Efficient e of class 5:

0 50 100 200 400
1 HK1-12 23,8-24 0,652 0,627 0,614 0,599 0,585
2 HK1-13 25,8-26 0,628 0,603 0,591 0,579 0,566
3 HK1-14 27,8-28 0,543 0,519 0,506 0,494 0,484
4 HK1-15 29,8-30 0,750 0,725 0,712 0,700 0,688
5 HK2-13 25,8-26 0,492 0,476 0,464 0,451 0,435
6 HK2-14 27,8-28 0,571 0,547 0,532 0,517 0,499
7 HK2-15 29,8-30 0,622 0,606 0,596 0,584 0,574
Total 4,242 4,102 4,018 3,927 3,829
 Humidity:

1 HK1-12 23,8-24 22,38
2 HK1-13 25,8-26 20,65
3 HK1-14 27,8-28 17,73
4 HK1-15 29,8-30 25,20
5 HK2-13 25,8-26 16,50
51
6 HK2-14 27,8-28 18,86

7 HK2-15 29,8-30 21,32
 Flow limit
(m)
1 HK1-12 23,8-24 NP
2 HK1-13 25,8-26 NP
3 HK1-14 27,8-28 NP
4 HK1-15 29,8-30 NP
5 HK2-13 25,8-26 NP
6 HK2-14 27,8-28 NP
7 HK2-15 29,8-30 NP
Total NP
The value of average: WL tb = 0%
The value of calculate: WL tt = WL tb = 0%

(m)
1 HK1-12 23,8-24 NP
2 HK1-13 25,8-26 NP
3 HK1-14 27,8-28 NP
4 HK1-15 29,8-30 NP
52
5 HK2-13 25,8-26 NP
6 HK2-14 27,8-28 NP
7 HK2-15 29,8-30 NP
Total NP
The value of average: IP tb 0%
The value of calculate: IP tt = IP tb = 0%
 Viscosity:

1 HK1-12 0
2 HK1-13 0
3 HK1-14 0
4 HK1-15 0
5 HK2-13 0
6 HK2-14 0
7 HK2-15 0
Total 0
Average value: IL tb = 0
Standard value: IL tb = IL tc = 0

designation
1 100 50.3 tg=0,4367 ctc=6,714
200 99.5 σ=0,00598 σc = 1,2922
53
HK1-12 300 135.8 2

2 100 50.7
HK1-13 200 95.2
300 141.8
3 100 50.3
HK1-14 200 94.8
300 140.4
4 100 50.5
HK1-15 200 92.6
300 137.8
5 100 50.1
HK2-13 200 91.5
300 137.3
6 100 49.4
HK2-14 200 94.8
300 133.4
7 100 49.2
HK2-15 200 94.4
300 135.4
σ tgφ 0,005982
v tgφ= = =0,0136 < [v] = 0.3
tgφ 0,4367
c
σ 1,2922
vc= tc
= =0,1924 < [v] = 0.3 (TCVN 9362 – 2012)
C 6,714

-Standard values:
54
tgφtc = 0,4367=> φtc = 23035’

ctc = 6,714 kN/m2
-Look up the table (n – 2 =19) we get tα = 1.73
Angle of fiction φ:
o ρtgφ =t α . ν tgφ=1.73 × 0,0136=0,0235
o tg φ I =tg φ tc ( 1❑tgφ )=0,4367(1 0,0235)=(0,4264 ÷ 0,446)
=> φI = 2305’  2402’
 Cohesion c:
o c = 1.73 x 0,1924 = 0,332852
o cI = ctc (1  c ) = 6,714 (1  0,332852) = (4,479 ÷ 8,948) (kN/m2)
o ρtgφ =t α . ν tgφ=1.07 × 0,0136=0,014552
o tg φ II =tg φtc (1❑tgφ)=0,4367(1 0,014552)=(0 , 43÷ 0,443)
=> φII = 23016’  23053’
 Cohesion c:
o c = tα. ν c = 1.07 x 0,1924 = 0,205868
o cII = ctc (1  c ) = 6,714 (1  0,205868) = (5,3318 ÷8,096) (kN/m2)
o 3. Summarizing results
55
o 3.1 Summary table of shallow foundation geological results:

(MBMN-DC03):
Property Layer
1 2 3 4
(0-2,7) (2,7-7,2) (7,2-27) (27-30)
γ (kN/m3 ) 19,5 19,6 19,88 18,55
IL 0,54 0,28 0 0,69
Void 0.683 0.671 0,615 0,892

ratio e0
for each e 50 0.632 0.3735 0,584 0,829
pressure
e 100 0.602 0.362 0,565 0,7885
s
e 200 0.567 0.348 0,552 0,7405
e 400 0.531 0.328 0,535 0,6775
c Standard 13.6333 28,333 8,66 17,983
(kN/m2) value
Limit 0 0 5,83 ÷ 11,49 9,8 ÷ 25,98
state I
Limit 0 0 5,629÷11,69 13,37÷22.42
state II
φ Standard 11044’ 12039’ 22o29' 11015’
value
Limit 0 0 21029’23027’ 9010’13017’
state I
56
Limit 0 0 21048’  2304’ 1005’12022’

state II
3.2 Summary table of pile foundation geological results :(MBMC-DC11)
Property Layer
1 2 3 4 5
(0-4,6) (4,6-6,5) (6,5-9,2) (9,2-38,5) (38,5-40,5)
γ (kN/m3 ) Standar 15,55 19,7167 17,75 20,4 20,0
d value
Limit 13,83÷16,21 18,809÷20,62 15,682÷19,8 16 , 17÷19,32 18,522÷21,4
state I 17 9 78
Limit 14,31÷15,73 19,157÷20,27 16,557÷18,9 0 19,088 ÷20,9
state II 428 12
IL 0,425 0,27 0,63 0,13 0
Wi (%) 67,96 25,65 38,09 19,45 20,38
W L% 52,15 42,1 44,8 36,7 0
WP (%) 33,25 19,5 29,2 17,0 0
Void ratio 0,0625 0,7355 1,105 0,593 0,606

for each e0
pressures e 50 0,581 0,709 1,049 0,568 0,586
e 100 0,5425 0,609 1,017 0,550 0,574
e 200 0,5135 0,662 0,979 0,527 0,561
57
e 400 0,482 0,662 0,902 0,494 0,547

c (kN/m2) Standard 6,033 26,9167 14,4167 12,71276 6,714
value
Limit 4,43 ÷ 7,634 21,73÷ 10,43÷18,3 6,2839 4,497
state I 32,098 9 ÷19,1416 ÷8,948
Limit 5,07 ÷6,99 23,74 ÷ 30,08 12,19÷16,6 0 5,3318
state II 4 ÷8,096
φ Standard 505’ 12034’ 9015’ 21048’ 23035’
value
Limit 3026’  11017’  8014’  18028’2405 2305’2402’
state I 6040’ 13050’ 10016’ 7’
Limit 400’  603’ 11046’  8040’  0 23016’2305
state II 13020’ 9049’ 3’
58
CHAPTER 2: DESIGN SHALLOW FOUNDATION DESIGN

1. Caculated load:
1.1. Loads:
1.1.1. Load calculation:
 Select column 2A to calculate
Table 2.1: Internal Force calculations
Ntt 486,70 kN
Qtt 76,88 kN
Mtt 76,25 kN.m
1.1.2. Standard load:

 Overload coefficient: n = 1.15
- N < 500 (then take the value of the vertical force N = 1,35N, Q and
M unchange)
- N > 500 (then take the value of the vertical force N = 1.15N, Q and
M unchange)
Table 2.2: Internal Force standard

Ntc 360,518 kN
Qtc 56,948 kN
Mtc 56,481 kN.m
1.2. Basic geological parameters:
59
Property Layer
1 2 3 4
(0-2,7) (2,7-7,2) (7,2-27) (27-30)
γ (kN/m3 ) 19,5 19,6 19,88 18,55
IL 0,54 0,28 0 0,69
Void 0.683 0.671 0,615 0,892

ratio e0
for each e 50 0.632 0.747 0,584 0,829
pressure
e 100 0.602 0.725 0,565 0,7885
s
e 200 0.567 0.697 0,552 0,7405
e 400 0.531 0.656 0,535 0,6775
c Standard 20,6 28,333 8,66 17,983
(kN/m2) value
Limit 0 0 5,83 ÷ 11,49 9,8 ÷ 25,98
state I
Limit 0 0 5,629÷11,69 13,37÷22.42
state II
φ Standard 11044’ 12039’ 22o29' 11015’
value
Limit 0 0 21029’23027’ 9010’13017’
state I
Limit 0 0 21048’  2304’ 1005’12022’
state II
60
1.3. Geological cross section:
Concrete B20 Rbt 0.9 MPa

Rb 11.5 MPa
Eb 27000 MPa
Steel AI Rs 225 MPa
Φ < 10 Es 210000 MPa
Rsw 175 MPa
AI Rs 280 MPa
Φ ≥ 10 Es 210000 MPa
Rsw 225 MPa
1. Choose the depth of foundation
- The depth of foundation: 1 m< Df <3 m

- Foundation is placed in good soil for construction
- The bottom of the foundation is at least 0.2m from the boundary between
good soil and soft soil
- The bottom of the foundation must be at least 0.5m higher (lower) than
the groundwater level (-7,8m)
- Foundation laying depth should be smaller than foundation laying depth
of neighboring works to avoid causing additional load on the foundation
of that works
→ Choose Df =2.5 m. The depth of foundation is placed at the class 1
61
2. Determine the load bearing capacity for the foundation:

- b = 1m
- Cohesion force: c II =20 , 6 kN /m2
- Natural weight of soil of the foundation: γ II =γ ¿II =19.5 kN /m3
{
o
A=0 , 22
- φ=11 44 ’ → B=1 , 91
D=4.39
{
K tc =1
- Clay mixed with consistence b=0.04 ≤ 0.5 → m1=1.2
m2=1
(TCVN 9362 – 2012, table 15)
-
1.2×1 2
¿ × ( 0.22 ×19.5 ×1+1 , 91 ×19.5 ×2 , 5+4.39 ×20 ,6 )=224 , 93 kN /m
1
62
3. Determine the size of the foundation:

3.1. Determine the size of the foundation:
- Eccentricity
tc
M 56,481
e ¿ = tc =¿ = 0,156
N 360,518
L
- choose α = b = (1+ e¿ ) ÷ ( 1+2 e¿ )=(1.1566 ÷1.3132)
→ choose α=1, 2
- Determine the required width of the foundation:
√ √
tc
N 360,518
- b ≥ b yc = = =1,305 m
α ( R −γ tb D f )
tc
1.2 × 224 , 93−19.5 × 2, 5 )
(
→ choose b=2 m→ L=α ×b=1.2 ×2=2 , 4
2
→ choose L=2 ,8 m → F=b × L=2 ×2 , 8=5 , 6 m
3.2. Determine the height of the footing:
- The column size have to be sastified the condition below:
tt
N 486 , 70 2
Fc ≥ = =0.047 m
φb R b 0.9× 11.5×103
- Due to eccentric load-bearing column, choose:
2 2
F c =30 ×30=900 cm ≥ 513 cm
- The height of the footing follow the Caquot fomular:
b−b c 2−0 ,3
h0≥ = =0.425 m so choose h o=0 , 6 m
4 4
→ hđ =h 0+ a=0.6+0.05=0.65 m→ hđ =0.65 m
- The height of the footing flange:
63
h cm ≥ 200 cm → choose h cm=200 cm=0.2 m

4. Check the size of the foundation:
4.1. Stable condition:
With b=2 m
64
tc 1.2 ×1 2
→R = × ( 0.22× 19.5× 2+1 , 91× 19.5× 2 ,5+ 4.39 ×20 , 6 )=229 ,61 kN /m
1
-
{
ptctb ≤ Rtc
tc tc
- e condition: p max ≤1.2 R
p tcmin ≥ 0
- Eccentricity in x-direction:
tt tt
M +Q +h đ 76 , 25+76 , 88+0 , 65
ex= tt
= =0.315 m
N 486 , 70
- Minimum standard pressure at the bottom of the footing
p =
N tc
tc
min
F
6e
(
1− x + γ tb D f =
L
360,518
5,6 )
× 1−
6× 0,315
2, 4 ( )
+22 ×2 , 5=68 ,68 kN /m2 (γ tb =( 20 ÷25 ))
- Maximum standard pressure at the bottom of the footing
(
6 ex
) ( )
tc
tc N 360,518 6 ×0,315 2
pmax = 1+ +γ tb Df = × 1+ + 22× 2 ,5=170,076 kN /m
F L 5 ,6 2,4
- The average of the standard pressure at the bottom of the footing:
tc
tc N 360,518 2
ptb = +γ tb Df = + 22× 2, 5=119,378kN /m
F 5 ,6
{
tc tc
ptb =119,378 ≤ R =229 , 61
p max =170,076 ≤1.2 R =275 ,53 → OK
tc tc
-
ptcmin =68 , 68 ≥ 0
4.2. Strength condition:
qult
- Condition: pttmax ≤ q a=
FS
- Maximum active pressure at the bottom of the footing
6ex
( ) ( )
tt
tt N 486 , 70 6 ×0.315 2
p max = 1+ + γ tb Df = × 1+ + 22× 2, 5=210 ,35 kN /m
F L 5 ,6 2,4
- Extreme load capacity of the ground
{
FS=2(safety factor )
Where c=20 ,6 kN /m2
γ =19 ,5.5 kN /m3
65
{
N γ =0 , 8
tc o
φ =11 44 ’ → N q=3 , 2 (Terzaghi table)
N c =10 , 5
(
q ult =0.4 × 19.5× 2× 0 , 8+19.5 ×2 , 5× 3 , 2+ 1+0.3 ×
2
2,4)× 20 , 6 ×11, 5=464,605 kN /m2
q ult 464,605
- Check condition: pttmax =210 , 35 ≤q a= = =232,3025→ OK
FS 2
4.3. Settlement deformation conditions:
- Determine the settlement following the sum of the settlement of all the
layer:
e 1i −e2 i
S=∑ S i=∑ h
1+e 1 i i
- For accurate calculation, ensure the deformation in the ground and
applied pressure is a linear relation, we should divide the ground soil into
small layers (portion) with the thickness
→ 0.4< h<0.8 → chooseh=0.6 (m)
- Requirement:
{
The smaller thelayer division ,the higher the accuracy
Each portion have be totally located ∈1 layer ¿ Each portion have ¿ b
¿
- The pressure causing settlement at the bottom of the footing
360,518 2
¿ + (22−19 ,5 ) × 2, 5=70 ,62 kN /m
5.6
- Self-stress at the bottom of the footing

σbt = γx Df =¿19,5x2,5=48,75
- Position to stop calculating settlement: σ bt ≥ 5 σ gl → with well soil

bt gl
σ ≥ 10 σ → with weak soil
- Permissible settlement of civil construction S gh=8 cm
66
- Experiment result of Layer 1

P(kPa) 0 50 100 200 400
e 0.683 0.632 0.602 0.567 0.531

P(kPa) 0 50 100 200 400
e 0.671 0.747 0.725 0.697 0.656

P(kPa) 0 50 100 200 400
e 0,615 0,584 0,565 0,552 0,535

P(kPa) 0 50 100 200 400
e 0,892 0,829 0,7885 0,7405 0,6775
-Table of settlement:
Z P1 i P2 i e1i Si
Layer Point
(cm)
γ 2z/b σbt k0 σgl e2i
(cm)
1 0 19,5 0 48,75 1 70.62
2 0,6 0,6 60,76 0.9165 64.72323 54.8 122.4 0.744888 0.718728 0.0375
3 1,2 1,2 72,52 0.703 49.64586 66.6 123.8 0.739696 0.718336 0.0381
2 4 1,8 19,6 1,8 84,28 0.4995 35.27469 78.4 120.9 0.734504 0.719148 0.0328
5 2,4 2,4 96,04 0.352 24.85824 90.2 120.2 0.729312 0.719344 0.0248
6 3 3 107,8 0.258 18.21996 101.9 123.5 0.724468 0.71842 0.0172
7 3,6 3,6 119,56 0.192 13.55904 113.7 129.6 0.721164 0.716712 0.0142
8 4,2 19,88 4,2 131,32 0.1395 0.718728
3 9.85149 stop 0.0375
Sum 0,1645
67
- Because of the Deformation Modulus E = 3,2 MPa  5 MPa so it is needed to

calculate the settlement until σ bt ≥ 10 σ gl
- At z = 5m: σ bt=131 , 32 kN /m2 ≥ 10 σ gl=10 ×9,85149=98,5149 kN /m2 .Stop calculating
the settlement here
- Total settlement: S = 0,1645cm ¿ 8 cm  Satisfy
2.4.1. Penetration condition
- Penetration area: h 0=hđ −a=0 , 65−0 , 05=0 ,6 m
L−h c −2h 0 2 , 8−0 ,3−2 ×0 , 6
- x= = =0 , 65 m
2 2
- Approximate penetration cross-section area (rectanguler):
L−hc −2 h0 2
o S xt =b =2 ×0 ,65=1 ,3 m
2
- Minimum and maximum pressure at the bottom of the footing:
68
F ( ) ( )
tt
6ex
o pttmax = N 1+ + γ tb × Df =
486 , 70
× 1+
6 ×0,315
+22 ×2
L 5,6 2,8
2
¿ 189,575 kN /m
( 6e
) ( )
tt
o pttmin = N 1− x +γ tb × D f = 486 ,7 × 1− 6 ×0 ,3 + 22× 2
F L 5,6 2,8
2
¿ 72,245 kN /m
69
- Penetration pressure:
tt tt
o p xt = pmax + p 1 S xt
2
o ptt1 = p ttmin + ( p ttmax− p ttmin ) ( L+ ( h c +2 h 0 )

2L )
¿ 72,245+ ( 189,575−72,245 ) × ( 2 , 8+( 02 ,×23+2, 8×0 , 6) )=162,337 kN /m
2
189,575+162,337
 p xt = 2
×1 , 3=228,7428 kN
- Puncture strength:
o pcx=0 ,75 Rbt ( bc + h0 ) h0
¿ 0 , 75 ×0 , 9 ×1000 × ( 0 ,3+ 0 ,6 ) × 0 , 6=364 ,5 kN
 pcx=364 , 5 kN > p xt =228,7428 kN  Satisfy
2.4.1. Reinforcement arrangement
2.4.7.1. Reinforcement arrangement in long-term direction

- Calculated diagram is console beam with trapezium-shape applied load (p tt2 ,
pttmax) or distributed load ptt.
70
- Moment of at the bottom of the column M1-1
o ptt2 = p ttmin + ( p ttmax− p ttmin ) ( L+h

2L )
0
¿ 72,245+ ( 189,575−72,245 ) × ( 22×, 8+02 ,8, 6 )=143,481 kN /m 2
tt tt
o ptt = pmax + p 2 = 189,575+143,481 =166,528 kN /m2
2 2
1 tt
 M 1−1= 8 p ¿ x 166,528x (2,8 – 0,3)2 x 2 = 260,2 kN/m2
1−1 260 , 2 x 100 M 2

- Reinforcement area: A s= 0 , 9 R h = 0.9 x 28 x 60 ¿17,208 cm
s 0
- Choose 14 with as = 153,93 mm2

A
- The amount of rebar: n= a =11,179  Choose n = 10
s
b−100 2000−100
- Distance between rebars: @= n−1 = 12−1 =¿172,72mm
 Choose @ = 170mm
- So the reinforcement management of the L-direction: 10@170
71
2.4.7.2. Reinforcement arrangement in short-term direction
- Calculated reaction at the bottom of the footing:

tt
o pttnet = N = 486 , 70 =86 , 91 kN /m2
F 2 x 2 ,8
- Moment of at the bottom of the column M2-2
1
o M 2−2= pttnet ¿ x 86 , 91x (2 – 0.3)2 x 2,8 = 87,909 kN/m2
8
1−1 M
87,909 x 100 2
- Reinforcement area: A s= 0 , 9 R h = 0.9 x 28 x 60 =5,814 cm
s 0
- Choose 10 with as = 78,5 mm2

A
- The amount of rebar: n= a =7 , 04  Choose n = 8
s
L−100 2800−100
- Distance between rebars: @= n−1 = 8−1 =385 ,7 mm
 Choose @ = 380mm
- So the reinforcement management of the L-direction: 10@380
72
73
CHAPTER 3: CALCULATE STRIP FOUNDATION DESIGN

A.1. Calculate data:
3.1.1. Loads:
- Plan IV, column 2-A, 2-B,2-C,2-D,2-E, 2-F,2-G
N < 500 (then take the value of the vertical force N = 1.4N, Q and M
unchange)
N > 500 (then take the value of the vertical force N = 1.2N, Q and M
unchange)
Table 3.1: The value of internal force of strip foundation
Column Qtt Ntt Mtt Qtc Ntc Mtc

1-C 104,66 595,92 91,908 87,22 496,60 76,59
1-D 109,2 629,064 92,328 91,00 524,22 76,94
1-E 116,628 589,74 93,48 97,19 491,45 77,90
1-F 96,26 584,04 91,5 76,88 486,70 76,25
Sum 426,748 2398,76 369,216 352,29 1998,97 307,68
1.1.1 Geological paramters

Table of geological parameters of shallow foundation
Property Layer
1 2 3 4
(0-2,7) (2,7-7,2) (7,2-27) (27-30)
74
γ (kN/m3 ) 19,5 19,6 19,88 18,55
IL 0,54 0,28 0 0,69
Void 0.683 0.671 0,615 0,892

ratio e0
for each e 50 0.632 0.747 0,584 0,829
pressure
e 100 0.602 0.725 0,565 0,7885
s
e 200 0.567 0.697 0,552 0,7405
e 400 0.531 0.656 0,535 0,6775
c Standard 20,6 28,333 8,66 17,983
(kN/m2) value
Limit 0 0 5,83 ÷ 11,49 9,8 ÷ 25,98
state I
Limit 0 0 5,629÷11,69 13,37÷22.42
state II
φ Standard 11044’ 12039’ 22o29' 11015’
value
Limit 0 0 21029’23027’ 9010’13017’
state I
Limit 0 0 21048’  2304’ 1005’12022’
state II
3.1.2. Material parameter:

Table 3.2: Material parameter
Concrete B20 Rbt 0.85 MPa
75
Rb 11.5 MPa
Eb 26500 MPa
Steel AI Rs 225 MPa
Φ < 10 Es 210000 MPa
Rsw 175 MPa
AI Rs 280 MPa
Φ ≥ 10 Es 210000 MPa
Rsw 225 MPa
3.2 Determine the size and the depth of strip foundation
-The depth of foundation: 1 m< Df <3 m
-Foundation is placed in good soil for construction
-The bottom of the foundation is at least 0.2m from the boundary between
good soil and soft soil
-The bottom of the foundation must be at least 0.5m higher (lower) than
the groundwater level (-7,8m)
-Foundation laying depth should be smaller than foundation laying depth

of neighboring works to avoid causing additional load on the foundation
of that works
→ Choose Df =2.5 m. The depth of foundation is placed at the class 1
76
3.2.1 Height of the footing:

tt
N max 629,064 2
Fcot ≥ = 3 = 0,0607m
0.9 xRb 0.9 x 11.5 x 10
Select bc x hc = 0.3 x 0.3 = 0.09 m2 = Fc = 0.09 m2`

- Select height preliminary of foundaion beam h:
1 1 1 1
h = ( 12 ÷ 6 )Lmax = ( 12 ÷ 6 ) x 5000 = (416.67 ÷ 833.3)
=> Choose h = 800 mm
77
- Width of foundation beam:

bs = (0.3 ÷ 0.5) x h =(0.3 ÷ 0.5) x 800 = (240 ÷ 400) mm
=> Choose bs = 400 mm
bs ≥ bc + 100 = 300 + 100 = 400 mm
- Foundation plate height:
1 2 1 2
hb = ( 2 ÷ 3 )h = ( 2 ÷ 3 ) x 800 = (400 ÷ 533.33) mm
=> Choose hb = 500 mm

- Foundation plate head height:
2 2
ha ≤ 3 ×h b = 3 ×500 = 333.33 mm
ha ≥ 200 mm
=> ha = 300 mm
A.1.1.Determine the center of gravity G:
- Call G be center of gravity, we have:
x G=
∑ M +h ∑ Q +5 N C +9 , 5 N D + 13 ,5 N E
tt tt tt tt tt
∑ N tt
369,216+0.8 x 426,748+5 x 595 , 92+9 , 5 x 629,064 +13.5 x 589 , 74
¿
2398 , 76
=7,35m
-Design condition of central foundation and the internal forces from 4 – F extend
0,7 m.
-Reduce stress by extend both sides 0.5 m.
La = 0.5 m; Lb = 1,2 m
Total length of strip foundation:
L = La + LCD + LDE + LEF + Lb =0,5+4+5+5+1,2=15,7m
3.2.1 Determine the size of the foundation bottom b x L:
3.2.1 Determine the load capacity of the ground soil9876:
78
Choose preliminary b = 1 m
The load capacity of the ground soil: According TCVN 9362 – 2012:
m1 x m2
Rtc = k tc
x ( A x b x γ 2 +B x Df x γ 1 + D x C )
Where:
{
A=0 , 22
- 0
φ = 11 44’’ → B=1 , 91
D=4.39
o Coefficients A, B, D (According to the standard: TCVN 9362 – 2012)

o The groundwater level is at a depth of 7,8 m and the first layer has a
thickness of 2.7 m, so γ2 = 19.5 kN/m3
o Cohesion: c = 20,6 kN/m2
o ktc = 1.1
o m1 = 1.2
o m2 = 1 (Because I do not know the length of the building)
m1 x m2
Rtc = k tc
1 x 1, 2
= 1.1 x (0.22 x 1 x 19.5+ 1, 91 x 2 , 5 x 19.5+ 4.39 x 20.6)
= 204,91 kN/m2
A.1.1.1. Determine the size of the foundation:
tc
P =
∑ N tc + γ tc ∑ N tc =
1998 ,97
=13,334 m
2
tb × D f ≤ R → F ≥ tc
F R −γ tb × Df 204 ,91−22× 2 ,5
F 13,334
=> b ≥ L = 15 ,7 =0 , 85 m
79
=> Choose b = 1.2 m

=> So the foundation area: F=L× b=15 ,7 × 1 ,2=18 ,84 m2
-Load-bearing area of foundation soil under foundation bottom:
o
φ o 11 44 '
¿
Kb= bxTan(45 + 2 =1,2xTan(45 +
o
¿ =1,47m
2
-Since the distance from the bottom of the foundation to the groundwater level is -
7.8(m), the load bearing area is 1.47(m)
=>Unaffected by groundwater level.
-Size foundtation condition:
- Recalculate the load capacity with b = 1.2 m
m1 x m2
Rtc = k tc
1 x 1, 2
= x (0.22 x 1 , 2 x 19.5+1 , 91 x 2 ,5 x 19.5+4.39 x 20.6)
1.1
= 205,84 kN/m2
-Total moment of action at the center of the foundation base:
∑ M tcđ =∑ M tc +h s ∑ Qtc +¿ ∑ N tci x i ¿
¿ 251,819+0.8 x 252, 79−7 , 63 x 442 , 48−2 ,63 x 460 , 22+1 ,87 x 329 ,21+5 , 87 x 580 , 47=−109 , 46 kN . m
- Eccentric
ex=
∑ tc
M đ ¿−109 , 4
=
b 2.8
=0 , 06< = =0 , 46 → Small eccentricity
∑ N đ 1812 ,38
tc
6 6
1.1. Stable condition

- Standard pressure at the bottom of the footing:
tc
pmax =
∑ N tc + ∑ M tc¿ 0 + γ
tb D f
F W
tc
pmin =
∑ N tc − ∑ M tc¿0 + γ D
tb f
F W
tc
ptb =
∑ N tc +γ D
tb f
F
80
- Center of load G coincide with the center of the foundation O →

∑ M tc¿ 0=0
tc tc tc 1998 , 97 2
→ p max= p min= p tb = +22 ×2.5=161,102 kN /m
18 , 84
- Check the condition:
{
ptctb =161,102< Rtc =205 , 84 kN /m2
tc tc 2
p max =161,102< 1.2 R =247 kN /m
p tcmin >0
1.2. Non-slip condition:

- Slip force: ∑ F slip =Qtt +b × E a
- Non-slip force: ∑ F non =Rd + b × E p
- Friction force between the ground and the foundation
(( ) )
tt
N
Rd = + γ D f × tan φ+ c × F
F
¿
(( 2398 , 76
18 ,84
0 '
)
+ 22× 2, 5 × tan 11 44 +20.6 ×18 , 84=1101, 53 kN
)
- Active pressure coefficient of layer 1
( ) ( )
0 '
2 0 φ 2 0 11 44
K a =tan 45 − =tan 45 − =0.662
2 2
- Active pressure at the depth z:
σ a=γ ×0 × K a−2 ×c × √ K a=−2 ×20.6 × √ 0.662=−33 , 52(kN /m )
0 2
σ a =γ ×1.5 × K a −2× c × √ K a
1.5
¿ 19.5 ×1.5 ×0.662−2× 20.6 × √ 0.662=−14 , 15(kN /m )

2
- Passive pressure coeficient of layer 1
( ) ( )
0 '
2 0 φ 2 0 11 44
K p=tan 45 + =tan 45 + =1.51
2 2
- Passive pressure at the depth z:
σ p=γ × 0 × K a+2 × c × √ K a=2× 20.6 × √ 1.51=50,627 (kN /m )
0 2
σ p =γ ×1.5 × K a +2 × c × √ K a =19.5× 1.5 ×1.51+2 ×20.6 × √ 1.51=94 , 79(kN /m )

1.5 2
- Total active soil pressure:

1
E a= ×1.5 × (−33 , 52+14 , 15 )=−14.527<0 → Ea=0 kN /m
2
- Total passive soil pressure:
81
1
E p = ×1.5 × ( 50,627+ 94 , 79 )=109 , 06 kN /m
2
→
{
∑ F slip=Qtt + b× Ea =426,748+1 , 2 x 0=426,748 kN
∑ F non=Rd + b × E p =1101, 53+1 ,2 ×109 , 06=1233 , 05 kN
Condition: ∑ F slip ≤
∑ F non → 426,748 ≤ 1233 , 05 =616,525 →OK
FS 2
1.3. Strength condition:

qult
- Condition: pttmax ≤ q a=
FS
- Maximum active pressure at the bottom of the footing
tt
pmax =
∑ N tt + γ Df =
2398 , 76
+22 ×2 ,5=182,322 kN /m
2
tb
F 18 , 84
- Extreme load capacity of the ground
γb
q ult = N +γ D f N q +c N c
2 γ
{
FS=2(safety factor )
Where c=20.6 kN /m2
γ=19.5 kN /m3
{
N γ =0 , 8
tc 0 '
φ =11 44 → N q=3 , 2 (Terzaghi table)
N c =11, 5
19.5 × 1, 2
q ult = × 0 , 8+19 , 5× 2 ,5 ×3 , 2+20.6 ×11 ,5=¿402,26kN /m2
2
q ult 402 , 26
- Check condition: pttmax =182,322 ≤q a= = =201 , 13 →OK
FS 2
3.3.4 Settlement condition
- Determine the settlement following the sum of the settlement of all the layer:
e 1i−e2 i
S=∑ S i=∑ h
1+e 1 i i
- For accurate calculation, ensure the deformation in the ground and applied
pressure is a linear relation, we should divide the ground soil into small layers
(portion) with the thickness 0 , 2 b<h< 0 , 4 b
82
Requirement:
 The smaller the layer division, the higher the accuracy
 Each portion have to be totally located in 1 layer
 Each portion have to be totally located upper or under the water ground
level
 0 , 2 b<h< 0 , 4 b  0 , 24< h=0.4 <0 , 48 (m)
The pressure causing settlement at the bottom of the footing:
o σ gl= ptc −γ D f = ∑
tc
N
+ ( γ tb −γ ) D f
F
1998 ,97 2
¿ + (22−19 ,5 ) × 2, 5=112,352kN /m
18 ,84
- Self-stress at the bottom of the footing
o σ bt=γ 2 × Df =19 , 5× 2.5=48 , 75 kN /m2
- Position to stop calculating settlement

 σ bt ≥ 5 σ gl  with well soil
 σ bt ≥ 10 σ gl  with weak soil
- Permissible settlement of civil construction Sgh = 8cm
P(kPa) 0 50 100 200 400
e 0.683 0.632 0.602 0.567 0.531

P(kPa) 0 50 100 200 400
e 0.671 0.747 0.725 0.697 0.656

P(kPa) 0 50 100 200 400
e 0,615 0,584 0,565 0,552 0,535

P(kPa) 0 50 100 200 400
e 0,892 0,829 0,7885 0,7405 0,6775
83
Z P1 i P2 i e1i Si
Layer Point
(cm)
γ 2z/b σbt k0 σgl e2i
(cm)
1 1 0 19,5 0 48.75 1 112.352
2 0.6 0.6 60.76 0.9165 102.9706 54.8 162.4 0.7449 0.7075
3 1.2 1.2 72.52 0.703 78.98346 66.6 157.6 0.7397 0.7089
4 1.8 1.8 84.28 0.4995 56.11982 78.4 146.0 0.7345 0.7121
5 2.4 2.4 96.04 0.352 39.5479 90.2 138.0 0.7293 0.7144
6 3 3 107.80 0.258 28.98682 101.9 136.2 0.7245 0.7149
2 19,6
0.192 0.7212 0.7141
7 3.6 3.6 119.56 21.57158 113.7 139.0
0.1395 0.7179 0.7127
8 4.2 4.2 131.32 15.6731 125.4 144.1
0.118
17 4.8 4.8 143.08 13.25754 Stop
Sum
0,029
bt gl
- σ ≥ 10 σ → 143 , 8 ≥182,322 →OK
- S=2, 9 cm ≤ [ S ] =8(cm)→ OK
1.4. Penetration condition:
84
- Consider a strip of 1m long in the direction of the length of the

foundation to calculate the shear resistance for the foundation
- To check penetration condition, consider the ratio:
pc ≤ pcc
- Penetration area:h 0=hb −a=0.5−0.05=0.45 m
- Approximate penetration cross-section area:
b−b s−2 h o 1 , 2−0.4−2 ×0.45 2
S xt = = =−0 , 05 m
2 2
- Average pressure at the bottom of the footing:
ptt
=
∑ N tt 2398 ,76
= =127 ,32 kN /m2
tb
F 18 , 84
- Puncture strength:
3 2
pcc =0.75 R b h0 x 1 m=0.75 ×0.9 ×10 × 0.45 x 1=303 , 75 kN /m
85
- Penetration pressure:
tt 2
pc = ptb S xt =127 ,32 ×−0 , 05=−6,366 kN /m
→ p c =¿−6,366 ≤ pcc =303 ,75 → OK
2. Internal force calculation:

p tt
=
∑ N tt 6 ∑ M tc¿ 0
±
max
min L L2
- Center of load G coincide with the center of the foundation O → ∑ M tc¿0=0
tt 2398 , 76
→ p net= =152 , 78 kN /m
15 , 7
- Shear force
 At the center of column C
L tt
QC = p net l a=152 ,78 × 0.5=76 ,39 kN
R tt tt
QC = p net l a−N A =76 , 39−595 , 92=−519 ,53 kN
 At the center of column D

Q D=QC + pnet CD =−519 ,53+152 , 78 × 4=91 ,59 kN
L R tt
Q D=Q D−N D =91 , 59−629,064=−537 , 47 kN

R L tt
 At the center of column E

L R tt
Q E=Q D + pnet DE=¿−537 , 47+152 ,78 ×5=226 , 43 kN
R L tt
Q E=Q E−N E =226 , 43−589 ,74=−363 , 31 kN
 At the center of column F

L R tt
Q F=Q E + pnet EF=−363 , 31+137 , 8 ×5=325 ,69 kN
Q F=Q F −N F =325 , 69−¿584,04¿−258 ,35 kN
R L tt
- Moment
 At the center of column C
L L
M C =0.5 QC l a=0.5 × 76 ,39 × 0.5=19,0975 kNm
R L tt tt
M C =M C +QC hs + M C =19,0975+ 104 , 66 ×0 , 8+91,908=194 , 73 kNm
 At the middle of columns CD
86
R2 2
CD R QC (−519 , 53 )
M max =M − tt =194 , 73−
C =−688 , 61kNm
2 pnet 2 ×152 , 78
 At the center of column D

L2 2
L DC QD 91 , 59
M =MD max + tt =−688 , 61+ =−661, 156 kNm
2 p net 2× 152 ,78
R L tt tt
M D =M D +QD h s + M D =−661 , 156+109 , 2× 0 , 8+92,328=−481,468 kNm
 At the middle of columns DE

R2 2
DE R QD (−537 , 47 )
M max =M D − tt
=−481,468− =−1426 , 86 kNm
2 pnet 2 ×152 , 78
 At the center of column E

L2 2
L DE QE 226 , 43
M =ME max + tt
=−1426 , 86+ =−1259 , 06 kNm
2 p net 2 ×152 , 78
R L tt tt
M E =M E + QE h s+ M E =−1259 , 06+116,628× 0 ,8+ 93 , 48=−1072 ,27 kNm
 At the middle of columns EF

R2 2
EF R QE (−363 ,31 )
M max =M − tt =−1072, 27−
E =−1504,244 kNm
2 pnet 2 ×152 ,78
 At the center of column F

L2 2
L EF QF 325 , 69
M F =M max + tt
=−1504,244 + =−1157 , 09 kNm
2 p net 2× 152, 78
R L tt tt
M F =M F +QF hs + M F =−1157 , 09+96 , 26 × 0 ,8+ 91 ,5=988,582 kNm
87
3. Reinforcement
3.1. Reinforcement for foundation beam
- With negative moment
 Footing plate is compressive, calculated section is T-shape section
 Height: h=hs =0 , 8 m
 Width of foundation beam: b s=0.4 m
 Width: b f =b=1 , 2 m
 Height of flange: h f =hb=0 , 5 m
88
 Determine the neutral axis:

h 0=h−a=0 ,8−0 , 05=0 ,75 m
3
M f =Rb b hb ( h 0−0.5 hb ) =11.5×10 × 1, 2 ×0 , 5 × ( 0 , 75−0.5× 0 , 5 )=3450 kNm
M f =3450> M max =675,845→ The neutral axis go through the flange, so
BC
we calculate reinforcement with big rectangular section

b × h=1200 × 800(mm)
- We have R s=280 MPa ; Rb =11,5
- With positive moment
Footing plate is tensile, calculate reinforcement with small rectangular
section b s × h=400 ×800 (mm)
- Fomular and calculating result
M ξ R b b h0
α m= 2
→ ξ=1−√ 1−2 α m → Area of steal A s=
Rb b h0 Rs
R = 0.615
R =0.426
As Rb 11.5
μmin =0.05 % ≤ μ= ≤ μmax =ξ R =0.615 × =2.52 %
b s h0 Rs 280
Section M b h0 αm ξ As Choose rebar A s choose μ
89
(kNm) (mm) (mm) (mm 2 ¿ (mm 2 ¿

Column
194 , 73 400 750 0,063 0,0656 807,97 425 1018 0,339
C
CD 750
688 , 61 1200 0,079 0,0822 3138,18 425 2250 0,386
span
Column
661 , 15 1200
750
0,071 0,0564 3027,18 425 2250 0,25
D
DE
1426 , 86 1200
750
0,098 0,0912 4758,3 425+428 3481 0,386
span
Column
1259 , 06 1200
750
0,092 0,0477 4273,25 425+228 3481 0,25
E
EF
1504 , 24 1200
750
0,099 0,0437 4951,32 425+228 3481 0,25
span
Column
988 , 58 400
750
0,83 0,1491 1425,67 425 2250 0,75
F
3.2. Reinforcement for foundation plate:

- In short-term dicrection
 Calculated diagram is a console beam, one fixed support side
connect to the foundation beam, one side is free
 Calculated and arrange reinforcement for a strip 1m
 Calculated reaction at the bottom of the footing
pttnet / 1 m=
∑ N tt ×1 m= 2398 , 76 =127 , 32 kN /m
F 18 , 84
 Moment at the bottom of the column M
1 tt 2 1 2
M 1−1= pnet / 1 m ( b−b s ) = ×127 , 32×(1 , 2−0.4 ) =10,185 kNm
8 8
 Reinforcement area:
M 1−1 10,185 ×10
3
2
A s= = =119 ,75 mm
0.9 R s h0 0.9× 210 ×(0.5−0.05)
 Choose ϕ10 with a s=78 , 5 mm
2
As
 The amount of rebar: n= a =1 ,52 → choose n=4
s
L−100 1200−100
 Distance between rebar: @= n−1 = 4−1 =366 ,6 mm
90
 So the reinforcement management of the L-section: ϕ10@300

- In long-term direction
Due to the long direction, the foundation is very hard because the
foundation beam can bear almost all the force acting on the foundation,
so only the steel is arranged according to the structure ϕ10@300
4. Stirrup
- Maximum shear force: Qmax =537 , 47 kN
- Check calculating condition:
- Qb=φb 3 ( 1+φ f +φ n ) R bt b h0
Where:
φb2 = 2; φb3 = 0.6; φb4 = 1.5: Influence coefficient of the concrete
φf = 0: Influence coefficient compression flange area (rectangular section)
φn = 0: Influence coefficient of vertical force (ignore longitudinal force
effects)
β = 0.01: Heavy concrete
−3
→ Qb=0.6 × ( 1+ 0+0 ) ×0.9 × 10 ×400 × 750=162<Qmax
→ Concrete is not capable of bearing so need to calculate the stirrup
- Choose stirrup ϕ8, n = 4, asw = 50.3 mm2
- Determine the step of stirrup:
2
4 φ b 2 ( 1+φ f + φn ) R bt b h0 Rsw n asw 4 ×2 ×1 × 0.9× 400 ×750 2 ×170 × 4 × 50.3
Stt = = =191,815 mm
Q2max 537 , 47 2 × 106
2
φb 4 ( 1+ φf + φn ) Rbt b h 0 1.5 ×1 ×0.9 × 400 ×7502
Smax = = 3
=565,147 mm
Q max 537 , 47 ×10
- Stirrup step condition:
{
hs 800
S ≤ = =266 , 66 mm
At the beginning L/4 of beam: ct 3 3
500 mm
{
3 h s 3 × 800
S ≤ = =600 mm
At the middle L/2 of beam: ct 4 4
500 mm
- Stirrup designed:
At the beginning L/4 of beam: S=min ( S tt , S max , S ct ) =191,815 ≈ 190 mm
91
- Destructive checking according to inclined section

5 E s n asw 5 ×210000 × 4 × 50.3
φ w 1=1+ =1+ =1.01
E b bS 27000 × 400 ×190
φ b 1=1−β R b=1−0.01× 11.5=0.885
−3
- 0.3 φ w 1 φ b 1 Rb b h 0=0.3 ×1.01 ×0.885 ×11.5 ×10 × 400 ×750=925,134 kN > Qmax=
537 , 47 kN
→ Beam is not damaged on inclined section
- Shear resistance of the stirrup
R sw n a sw 175 × 4 ×50.3
q sw = = =185 , 32 kN
S 190
√
Qswb = 4 φb 2 ( 1+ φf + φn ) Rbt b h 20 q sw =√ 4 ×1.5 ×1 ×0.9 ×10 3 × 0.45× 0.952 ×185 , 32=637,512 kN
Qswb =637,512 kN >Qmax =537 , 47 kN
→ Beam is not damaged, stirrup and concrete have sufficient shear resistance
92
CHAPTER 4: PILE FOUNDATION DESIGN
4.1. Designing data

4.1.1. Internal forces
-Plan IV, column 3-C
-Safety facetor n = 1.15
-Calculating and Standard values of internal forces of 3-C
tc tc tc
Column N (kN ) Q ( kN ) M ( kN )
3-C 1445 80,87 115,3
tt tt tt
Column N ( kN ) Q ( kN ) M (kN )
3-C 1661.8 92.9 132.9
4.1.1. Geological parameters :

Waterground level (-3.8m)
Property Layer
1 2 3 4 5
93
(0-4,6) (4,6-6,5) (6,5-9,2) (9,2-38,5) (38,5-40,5)

γ (kN/m3 ) Standar 15,55 19,7167 17,75 20,4 20,0
d value
Limit 13,83÷16,21 18,809÷20,62 15,682÷19,8 16 , 17÷19,32 18,522÷21,4
state I 17 9 78
Limit 14,31÷15,73 19,157÷20,27 16,557÷18,9 0 19,088 ÷20,9
state II 428 12
IL 0,425 0,27 0,63 0,13 0
Wi (%) 67,96 25,65 38,09 19,45 20,38
W L% 52,15 42,1 44,8 36,7 0
WP (%) 33,25 19,5 29,2 17,0 0
Void ratio 0,0625 0,7355 1,105 0,593 0,606

for each e0
pressures e 50 0,581 0,709 1,049 0,568 0,586
e 100 0,5425 0,609 1,017 0,550 0,574
e 200 0,5135 0,662 0,979 0,527 0,561
e 400 0,482 0,662 0,902 0,494 0,547
c (kN/m2) Standard 6,033 26,9167 14,4167 12,71276 6,714
value
Limit 4,43 ÷ 7,634 21,73÷ 10,43÷18,3 6,2839 4,497
state I 32,098 ÷19,1416 ÷8,948
Limit 5,07 ÷6,99 23,74 ÷ 30,08 12,19÷16,6 0 5,3318
state II 4 ÷8,096
94
φ Standard 505’ 12034’ 9015’ 21048’ 23035’

value
Limit 3026’  11017’  8014’  18028’2405 2305’2402’
state I 6040’ 13050’ 10016’ 7’
Limit 400’  603’ 11046’  8040’  0 23016’2305
state II 13020’ 9049’ 3’
4.1.3 Materials
Materials of designing pad foundation 1-C (MPa)
Rbt 1,9
CONCRETE B20 Rb 11,5
Eb 2,7 . 103
Rs 260
REINFORCEMENT CB300 Rsw 210
Es 200000
4.2 Detemine the depth to place the footing and the size of piles
4.2.1The depth placing the footing
- Calculated according to the method of low footing pile foundation.
- Preliminary selection of the width of the footing Bđ = 1.5m
(
Df ≥ 0.7 tan 450−
φ
2 )√ 2 H tt
γ Bđ
Where
 = 15,55kN/m3
 = 505’
Htt = Qtt = 92.9kN
( ) √
o
0 5 5’ 2× 92 , 9
→ Df ≥ 0.7 × tan 45 − × =1 ,81 m
2 15 ,5 ×1.5
 Choose Df = 2,5 m
4.2.2 Determine the size of piles
95
- Base on the geological parameters, the depth to fix piles in the ground in the
layer which has SPT index larger than 10 (layer 4), choose the length of pile L
= 16m (2 parts, L1p = 8m/part).
- The pile part is fixed in the footing with the length is 500mm
- Reinforcement: Choose 416 (As = 804 mm2)
- The pile is fixed in the footing (100mm), break a part of the pile head to
anchor the steel to the foundation (400mm). Total length anchor in the footing
is 500mm.
- Effective length of the pile: Lc = L – 0.5 = 15.5m
- The depth of the pile shoe Zm = Lc + Df = 15.5 + 2.5 = 18 m
- Choose the type of pile with the size: D =300 (mm)
96
4.2.3 Determine bearing capacity of pile:
- Bearing capacity of material

- Area of the pile: A pile =b × h=0.3 ×0.3=0.09 m2
- Area of reinforcement: A s=804 mm2
- Area of concrete in pile: Acr = A pile −A s =0.089 m2
- Bearing capacity of material follow the fomular: Qm =φ(R b A cr + R sc A s )
Ltt
Where: φ=1.028−0.0000288 λ2−0.0016 λ ; λ=
D
- Case 1: Bearing capacity of material during construction

8
Calculated width: Ltt =μ × L1 p=1 × 8=8 → λ= 0.3 =26.67 m
2
→ φ=1.028−0.0000288 ×26.67 −0.0016 × 26.67=0.965
3 3 −6
→ Qm=0.965 ×(11.5× 10 × 0.89+210 ×10 ×804 ×10 )=1191.4 kN
- Case 2: Bearing capacity of material when working
10.85
Calculated width: Ltt =μ × L c=0.7 ×15.5=10.85→ λ= 0.3 =36.17 m
2
→ φ=1.028−0.0000288 ×36.17 −0.0016 × 36.17=0.93
→ Qm=0.93 × ¿
4.3.1 Bearing capacity of pile following machenical target of the ground

According to TCVN 10304:2014 the bearing capacity is:
Rc ,u −1 =γ c ( γ cq qb A pile + u ∑ γ cf f i l i )
97
Where
Working coefficient of pile in the ground soil: γ c =1
Working condition coefficient of soil under the pile tip: γ cq =1
Working condition coefficient of soil of the pile body:γ cf =1
Strength of resistance of the soil under the tip of the pile, with Z m=17 m, clay
soil layer (plasticity index I p ≤ 4 and void ratio e < 0.8)→ qb and fi are
determined as same as medium-tight dust sand → qb =2692 ,5 kPa
Horizontal area of pile: A pile =b × h=0.3 ×0.3=0.09 m2
Horizontal circumference of pile body: u=4 D=4 × 0.3=1.2 m
Strength of resistance on pile body in layer “i”: fi
The length of a part of pile in layer “i”: Ii
Layer Thickness Li(m) Z tbi(m) IL fi f i Li

(kN/m2) (kN/m)
1 5,0 1,5 3,25 0,425 22,875 34,31
1 4,5 26,75 26,75
2 6,4 1,2 5,6 0,27 46 55,2
1,2 6,8 47.84 57,41
2 8,4 49,86 99,72
2 10,4 52,148 104,29
3 1,9 1,9 12,55 0,63 16,46 31,274
1,3 14,55 78,657 102,25
1,4 15,9 0,13 80,212 112,29
1 17,1 90,6 90,6
4 14,7 1 18,1 91,74 91,74
2 19,6 93,42 186,84
2 21,6 97,788 195,58
2 23,6 101,15 202,3
2 25,6 104,51 209,02
98
2 27,6 106,86 213,72

Sum 1813,294
- Bearing capacity of pile following machenical target of the ground:

Rc ,u −1 =1× ( 1× 2692, 5 ×0.09+1.2 ×1 ×1813,294 )=2418,2778 kN
4.3.2. Bearing capacity of pile following the strength of soil:
-Formula for determining extreme load bearing according to TCVN 10304-2014:

Rc ,u −2 =R p + Rs
Bearing capacity of pile due to pin resistance: R p =q p A p
2
A p =0.3 ×0.3=0.09 m
¿
q b=c N c +σ vp N q
Where:
Cohesion force of soil under the pin of pile: c = 12,712kN/m2
¿
Effective verticacl stress at the pile tip due to self-weight: σ vp
σ vp=∑ γ i hi =15 ,55 × 4 , 6+19,7167 × 1.9+17 , 75× 2 ,7 +20 , 4 ×10 ,3=367,06373 kN /m
¿ 2
Nc, Nq: bearing capacity depends on the internal friction of the soil,
the shape of the pile pin, and the method of construction
0
σ =21 48 →
'
¿
{ N c =16 , 67
N q=7 , 84
2
q b=c N c +σ vp N q=12,71276 ×16 ,67 +367,06373 ×7 , 84=3089,701 kN /m
R p =q p A p =3089,701× 0.09=278 , 07 kN
Pile resistance: R s=u ∑ f si l si
- f i=α cu , i ( for sticky soil)
Where: c u ,i is the non-drainage cutting resistance defined by the formula
c u ,i =6.25 N with N is the average SPT at soil layer depth
α is the non-draining sticky force of the soil layer “i”
li is pile length located in the soil layer “i”
¿
- f i=k i σ tan δ i (for loose soil). Where: k i=1−sinφ
v , zi
99
Pile-body strength stats sheet (for sticky soil)

Layer Thicknes Li (m) Zi (m) N s ,i 2
c u ,i (kN /m ) α fi (kN/m2) fili (kN/m)
s
5,0 1,5 3,25 2 12,5 1 12,5 18,75
1 1 4,5 2 1
12,5 12,5 12,5
6,4 1,2 5,6 9 56,25 0,834 46,913 56,295
1,2 6,8 9 56,25 0,834 46,913 56,295
2
2 8,4 9 56,25 0,834 46,913 93,826
2 10,4 9 56,25 0,834 46,913 93,826
3 1,9 1,9 8 0,9
12,55 50 45 85,5
1,3 14,55 24 150 0,375 56,25 73,125
1,4 15,9 24 150 0,375 56,25 78,75
4 1 17,1 25 156,25 0,35 54,687 54,687
14,7 1 18,1 25 156,25 0,35 54,687 54,687
2 19,6 26 162,5 0,3375 54,844 109,688
2 21,6 26 162,5 0,3375 54,844 109,688
100
2 23,6 27 168,75 0,325 54,8 109,6

2 25,6 28 175 0,3125 54,6875 109,375
2 27,6 28 175 0,3125 54,6875 109,375
∑ f i li 1225,967
Calculation results: Rc ,u −2 =R p + Rs =278 , 07+1.2× 1225,967=1749 ,23kN
4.3.3 Bearing capacity of pile following the SPT test
- According to Japanese’s institute of Architecture fomula (1988), the bearing

capacity is:
Where:
qb : strength of resistance of the soil pin.
Due to use the driven pile → qb = 9Cu (when the tip of the pile is in the cohesive
soil)
f c ,i=α p f L c u ,i ↔
{
c u ,i =6.25 N
f L =1
(G.11TCVN 10304−22014)
Np = 25 is the average SPT index between 4d below and 1d above the pile tip
Horizontal circumference of pile body: u=1.2m
lc,i is the length of the pile in the cohesive soil layer
Because the method of lowering the pile is the driving pile, the coefficient α p , f L is
determined by looking up the graph of appendix G TCVN 10304-2014
101
Laye Thickness Li Zi N s ,i c u ,i α '

c u ,i /σ v
'
σv L/d fLi fc,i f c ,i l i
r (m) (m)
1,5 3,25 2 1 0,23 10,17 1 12,5
12,5 54,35 18,75
1 4,6 2 1
1 4,5 12,5 0,23 54,35 13,67 1 12,5 12,5
2 1,9 1,2 5,6 9 0,834 0,46 112,28 18,5 1 46,913
56,25 56,29
1,2 6,8 9 0,834 0,46 112,28 16,7 1 46,913
56,25 56,29
2 8,4 9 0,834 0,46 112,28 19,3 1 46,913
56,25 93,8
2 10,4 9 0,834 0,46 112,28 18,7 1 46,913
56,25 93,8
2,7 1,9 8 0,9 0,4 1
12,55 23,67 45
3 50 125 85,5
1,3 14,55 24 0,375 0,8 20,4 1 56,25
150 187,5 73,13
4 10,3 1,4 15,9 24 0,375 0,8 1
150 187,5 21,3 56,25 78,75
1 17,1 25 0,35
0,82 190,55 30,5 1 56,69
156,25 56,69
25
1 18,1 156,25 0,35 0,82 190,55 32,83 1 56,69 56,69
26
2 19,6 162,5 0,3375 0,83 195,78 36,67 1 54,84 109,68
26
2 21,6 162,5 0,3375 0,83 195,78 41,67 1 54,84 109,68
27
2 23,6 168,75 0,325 0,85 198,53 48,33 1 54,843 109,69
2 28 0,3125 0,87
25,6 175 201,15 55 0,97 53,04 106,08
2 28 0,3125 0,87
27,6 175 201,15 61,67 0,94 51,4 102,8
∑ f c ,i li 1220,12
- Because the tip of the pile is in the loose soil layer:

2
q b=9 Cu=9× 6.25 ×25=1406 , 25 kN /m
2
→ R c ,u−3=1406 , 25 ×0.09+ 1.2× 1220 ,12=1590 ,71 N /m
- Determination of design load capacity:
102
Load capacity of piles is both safe, bearing and economical

Rck =min ( Rc ,u −1 , R c .u−2 , R c, u−3 )=( 1404,3906 ; 1228,292 ; 1146, 8 ) =1021,829 kN
γ 0 Rc ,k 1.15 ×1590 , 71
Q a= = =908,977<Qm =1151.4 kN
γn γ k 1.15 × 1.75
γ o: Working conditions coefficient, including the factor of increasing the
uniformity of the ground when using pile foundations, take 1 for single piles
and take 1.15 for foundations with many piles.
γ n: Coefficient of importance of works, obtained equal to 1.15 for works of
grade 2 importance: houses, manufacturers, industrial houses, public houses.
The value of γ k depends on the pile station:
The pile is located on a good layer of soil: γ k =1.4
The pile is located on the deformed layer, γ k depending on the
expected number of piles:
The foundation has at least 21 piles: γ k =1.4 (1.25)
The foundation has 11 to 20 piles:γ k =1.55 (1.4)
4.4 Choose the amount of piles and their dimension:
- Suppost that the rectangular pile cap have h=0.8

d
m {B =1.5 m
- Calculated weight of pile cap
tt 2
W d =n γ cr V p=1.1 ×25 × 1.5 × 0.8=49.5 kN
- Total compressive pressure applied on pile
∑ N tt=N tt +W ttd =¿ 1661 ,8+ 49.5=1711, 3 kN ¿
- Determine the amount of pile
n=k
∑ N tt =( 1.2÷ 1.4 ) × 1711, 3 =2 ,25 ÷ 2 , 64
Qa 908,977
Choose n = 4, distance between 2 centers of 2 piles is 3d = 0.9 m, distance
between the pile’s center and the edge of the pile cap is 1d = 0.3 m
103
- So the dimension of the pile cap is: B× L× h=1.5 × 1.5× 0.8( m)

4.5 Check the bearing capacity of the pile
4.5.1 The single pile
-When the pile foundation is subjected to an eccentric load, the load acting on each
pile in the group is unequal and is determined by the formula:
- When the pile foundation is subjected to an eccentric load, the load acting on
each pile in the group is unequal and is determined by the formula:
tt
N +W My
Pi= ± 1 xi
n
∑ xi2
i=1
{
W =B d L c Df γ tb =1 , 5× 1 ,5 ×2 , 5 ×22=123 , 75 kN
M y =M tt + Qtt × hd =132 , 9+ 92 , 9× 0.8=207 ,22 kNm
Where: x :coordinates of the center of the pile∈the x−direction
i
( x1 =x2 =−0.45 m; x 3=x 4 =0.45 m )
{
1661 ,8+ 123 ,75 207 , 22 ×0.45
P1=P2=Pmin = − =331,265> 0
4 4 ×0.45
2
→ OK
1661 , 8+123 , 75 207 , 22 ×0.45
P3=P4 =Pmax = + =561 , 51<Qa=908,977
4 4 ×0.45
2
4.1.1 The pile group:
104
- Consider the effect of the pile group:
[
( n1−1 ) n2+(n2 −1) n1
η=1−θ
90 n1 n 2 ]
{
n1=2 ; n2=2 :the amount of rows of pile∧amount of piles∈each row
d=0.3 ( distance of the pile ) ; s=0.9 m(distance between center of 2 piles)
θ ( deg )=arctg
0.3
0.9 ( )
=18 , 43
→ η=1−18 , 43 ×
[ ( 2−1 ) ×2+ ( 2−1 ) × 2
90 ×2 ×2 ]
=0.8
- Allowed bearing capacity of the pile group

tt
Qa (nhom)=nηQ a=4 ×0.8 × 908,977=2908 , 73> N +W =1785 , 5
→ OK
4.6 Check the stable condition:
−φ tb is the average of friction angle that pile go through:

0 ' 0 ' 0 ' 0 '
5 5 × 5 , 0+ 12 34 × 6 , 4+ 9 15 ×1 , 9+21 48 ×14 ,7
φ tb =
15.5
0 '
¿ 28 38
- The dimension of conventional foundation block section Bqu x Lqu
( )
φ tb
( )
0 '
28 38
Bqu=Lqu=( Ld −d ) + 2 Lc tan =( 2 ,5−0.3 )+2 ×15.5 × tan =6 ,1
4 4
- The area of conventional foundation block section Bqu x Lqu
2
F mqu=6 , 1× 6 ,1=37 , 21(m )
105
- Check the stable conditions of the ground at the bottom of the conventional
foundation block
 The standard stable condition (TCVN 9362-2012)
m1 m2
tc
R ≈ R II =
k tc
[ A Bqu γ II + B ( Df + Lc ) γ II + Dc ]
¿
Where:
{
m1=1; m2=1 (table 15 ,TCVN 9362−2012)
k tc=1 ( 4.6 .11TCVN 9362−2012 )
γ II =15 , 55
c II =6,033
The average volumetric weight of soil above ground to the bottom of the
conventional foundation block foundation. Beacause the waterground
level
106
(-3,8m)
¿
γ II =
∑ γ i h i = 15 , 55× 5 , 0+19,7167 ×3 , 6+17 , 75 ×1 , 9+20 , 4 × 11, 2 =18,937( kN /m3)
∑ hi 5 , 0+3 ,6+ 1, 9+11 ,2
{
0 '
A=0,599
φ=21 48 → B=3,399
D=6
tc 2
→ R =0,599× 6 , 7 ×15 , 55+3,399 ×18 ×18 , 37+6 × 6,033=1216 , 93 kN /m
 Standard pressure at the bottom of the conventional foundation block
p
max
=
∑ tc
±
tc
N qu M y
min
F mqu Wy
Where:
{
M tcy =M tc +Q tc × hd =115 , 3+80 , 87 × 0.8=179,996 kNm
w
Bqu × Lqu 6 , 1× 6 , 12
W y= = =37 , 83 m2
6 6
∑ N tcqu is the total vertical force acting on the bottom of the conventional
block foundation, including the compressive force from the structure, the
weight of the pile, the weight of the pile, and the weight of the soil
inside the conventional foundation block.
tc
N =1445 kN
Weight of pile cap
tc
W d =V d × γ btct =1.5 ×1.5 × 0.8× 25=45 kN
Weight of pile
tc
W pile =n× V p × γ btct × Lc =4 ×0.3 × 0.3× 25 ×15.5=139.5
Weight of layer 1 above the bottom of pile cap, above the groundwater
W 1= [ ( F mqu−F pile ) ×2.5 ] × γ 1= [ (37 ,21−0 , 09 ) × 2 ,5 ] ×15 ,55=1443 , 04 kN
Weight of layer 1 below the bottom of pile cap, above the groundwater
W '1= [ ( F mqu−F pile ) ×1 ,3 ] × γ 1=[ ( 37 , 21−0.09 ) ×1 , 3 ] ×15 , 55=750 , 38 kN
Weight of layer 1 below the bottom of pile cap, below the groundwater
''
W 1 =( F mqu−4 A pile ) × 1 ,9 × γ 1 =( 37 , 21−4 ×0.09 ) ×1 , 9 ×15 , 55=1088 , 73 kN
W 2 =( Fmqu−4 A pile ) ×1 , 9 × γ 2=( 37 , 21−4 × 0.09 ) × 1 ,9 × 19,7167=1380 , 46
W 3 =( F mqu−4 A pile ) ×2 , 7 × γ 3= (37 ,21−4 × 0.09 ) ×2 ,7 × 17 , 75=1766 , 04 kN
W 4=( F mqu−4 A pile ) × 8 , 8 ×γ 4 =( 37 , 21−4 ×0.09 ) ×8 , 8 ×20 , 4=6615 ,31 kN
107
∑ N tcqu=13043 , 96 kN
{
13043 , 96 179,996
pmax = + =355 ,31<1.2 Rtc =1460 ,32
37 , 21 37 , 83
→ 13043 , 96 179,996 →OK
p min= − =345 , 79>0
37 , 21 37 , 83
355 , 31+ 345 ,79 tc
ptb = =350 , 55< R =1216 , 93
2
4.7 Check the stable condition:
−φ tb is the average of friction angle that pile go through:
- Self stress at the bottom of the foundation

σ bt =∑ γ i hi=( 20 , 5 ×10 , 8 ) + ( 2 ×11, 1 ) + ( 4 , 5× 11, 5 )=295 , 35 kN /m
' 2
- Settlement stress at the bottom of the foundation

tc 2
σ gl = ptb −σ bt =350 , 55−295 ,35=55 , 2 kN /m
- Thickness of each element: hi =( 0.4 ÷ 0.6 ) Bqu=( 1 , 88÷ 2 , 82 ) m
→ choose hi=2 , 5 m
P(kPa) 0 50 100 200 400
e 0,5487 0,5194 0,5046 0,4913 0,4749

P(kPa) 0 50 100 200 400
e 0,540 0,518 0,502 0,481 0,455

P(kPa) 0 50 100 200 400
e 0,506 0,4915 0,4825 0,469 0,452
Z P1 i P2 i e1i
Si
Laye Poin e2i
(cm γ 2z/b σbt k0 σgl
r t (cm)
)
108
295, 295, 379, 0,4834 0,4765 0,0116

1
1 0 10, 0 4 84,2 4 6 8 7 4
4
8 3,3 322, 0,1 11,6
2 2,5 3 4 5 5 stop
Sum 1,164
- Position to stop calculating settlement is layer 4:

→ σ bt =317 ≥10 σ gl =10 , 65(z =2 ,5)→ with well soil
- Permissible settlement of civil construction S gh=8 cm<S i=1,164 cm
→ OK
4.8 Pile cap designing:
- Dimension of foundation column have to be sastisfied the condition

tt
N 2057 ,5 2 2
Fc ≥ = =0,179 m → F c =h c × bc =0.4 × 0.4=0.16 m
Rb 11.5 × 103
Height of pile cap: hd = 0.8 m
Effective height of pile cap: h 0=800−100−50=650 mm
4.9 Penetration condition

- Condition: Pcx > P xt
- Penetration resistance:
Pcx =
α [
2 h0 Rbt h 0
c1
(
h0
b c + c2 ) + ( hc +c 1 )
c2 ]
{
R bt :tensile strength of concrete
Where α =1 :for piles dumped whole block
c is projection length of the side of the punctured compression tower
S D bc 900 300 400
c 1=c 2= − − = − − =100<0,4× ho=260mm
2 2 2 2 2 2
→ c 1=c 2=0 , 26 m
[ ]
3
2× 0 , 65× 0 , 9 ×10 0 ,65 ( 0 , 65 (
→ P cx = × 0 , 4 +0 , 26 ) + 0 , 4 +0 , 26 ) =3861 kN
1 0 ,26 0 , 26
- Penetration force:
P xt =∑ Pi=P1 + P2 + P3+ P4=331,265× 2+561 ,51 ×2=1785 ,55< P cx
→ OK
4.10 Reinforcement arrangement:
109
4.10.1 In b-direction
- Moment M I =( P3 + P4 ) × 0.25=561 , 51× 2× 0.25=280,755 kNm

- Rebar total area:
M1 280,755 ×10
6
2
A s 1= = =1845 , 85 mm
0.9 R s h0 0.9 × 260× 650
- Reinforcement content:
110
A s 1 1845 , 85 ×10−6
μ= = ×100=0 ,19 %
B d h0 1 , 5 ×0 , 65
Rb 11.5
→ μ min =0.05 %< μ=0 , 19 %< μ max=ξ R =0.656 × =2.9 %
Rs 260
- Choose ϕ12 with a s=113.1mm 2
- The amount of rebar:
A s 1845 , 85
n= = =16 ,32 → choose n=18
as 113 , 1
- Distance between rebars:
B d−100 1500−100
@= = =82 , 35 mm→ choose @=80 mm
n−1 18−1
→ choose ϕ 12 @80
4.10.2 In L-direction
- Moment M II =( P2 + P3 ) ×0 , 25=(331,265+561 , 51)×0 ,25=223 ,19 kNm

- Rebar total area:
M2 223 , 19 ×10
6
2
A s 1= = =1467 , 38 mm
0.9 R s h0 0.9 × 260× 650
- Reinforcement content:
111
A s 1 1467 , 38 ×10−6
μ= = ×100=0 ,15 %
B d h0 1.5 ×0.65
Rb 11.5
→ μ min =0.05 %< μ=0 , 15 %< μ max=ξ R =0.656 × =2.9 %
Rs 260
- Choose ϕ12 with a s=113.1mm 2
- The amount of rebar:
A s 1467 ,38
n= = =12 , 97 → choose n=14
as 113.1
- Distance between rebars:
B d−100 1500−100
@= = =107 , 99 mm → choose @=100 mm
n−1 14−1
→ choose ϕ 12 @100
4.11 Bearing capacity of pile when moving and setting up:
-We choose the position of the hool so that the moment caused by the two part in
tension and in compression are equal
-Weight of pile:
q=K d A pile γ btct =1.5 × 0.09× 25=3.375 kN /m
K d =1.5 :aerodynamic coefficient
4.11.1 When moving pile
-Choose a so that M g =M n → a=0.207 × L=1.656 m

2 2
q a 3.375 ×1.656
M 1= = =4.36 kNm
2 2
112
4.11.2 When bristle up
-Choose b so that M n=M g → b=0.294 × L=2.352

2 2
q b 3.375 ×2.352
M 2= = =9.34 kNm
2 2
-We see that M 1 < M 2 so we use M 2 to calculate
-Pile’s section: b × h=300 ×300 (mm)
-Choose 4ϕ16 to design
-Choose a=25 mm → h0=300−25=275 mm
-Area for design pile

M2 9.34 × 10
6
2
A s= = =145.07 mm
0.9 R s h0 0.9× 260 ×275
-Reinforcement subjected to beanding moment 2ϕ16 ( A s=402 mm 2)

→ OK. Piles can withstand load when transporting, crane mounting
4.11.3 Anchor reinforcement
-Tensile force of 1 branch:
113
qL 3.375 ×8
P= = =13.5 kN
2 2
-Rebars area need to install:

3
13.5× 10 2
A s= =51.9 mm
260
-Because each anchor have 2 branch → choose ϕ14 (As = 153.94 mm2)
-Anchor length: Ln ≥30 d =30× 14=420 mm → Ln=450 m
114
115

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PROJECT OF FOUNDATION DESIGN LECTURERS: Ph.D.

NGUYEN VAN CHUNG

HCMC UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY AND EDUCATION

1.1. Statistical theory……………………………………………………….........5

CHAPTER 2: DESIGN SHALLOW FOUNDATION DESIGN

2.3.1. Determine the size of the foundation………………………………….....66

3.10. Reinforcement ……………………………………………………………..93

CHAPTER 1. GEOLOGICAL STATISTICS

-Soil investigation documental are content information about boreholes and

- We rely on the coefficient of variation v unary division.

- In which the average value of a feature: ∑ Ai

 Where: Ai is the value of the particular characteristics from a separate

1.1.2.2. Rules for the exclusion of raw errors:

Characteristic of the land Coefficient of variation

Number of Standar Number of Standar Number of Standar

determination d value determination d value determination d value

- In which [v]: the largest coefficient of variation, look up Table 1 depending on

 Note: When n ≥ 25, take σ cm=σ

 Note: For indirect physical parameters (hollow coefficient, plasticity

i=1 i=1 i=1

1.1.4. Computational features of soil characteristics:

- Atc is the standard value of the features under consideration.

- The accuracy index is determined by the formula:

- t α is a coefficient that depends on the confidence probability α.

1.1.4.2. Calculation value of double indicators:

- The calculated value of the dual criteria is determined according to the

- Atc is the standard value of the features under consideration.

We have the formula: ρ=t α . v

9 1,1 1,38 1,83 2,44 2,82

- When looking up the table tα note n-1, n-2.

-Thickness: 4.5 (m)

No. Sample Sampling γw (km/m3)

-We have:γ tb=¿19.4(km/m3)

-Standard values:γ tc=γ tb=19.4(km/m3)

 Empty coefficient e of class 1:

No. Sample Samplin Hollow coefficient for each pressure level,

(m) 0 50 100 200 400

1 HK1-2 3.8-4.0 0.683 0.632 0.602 0.567 0.531

Average 0.683 0.632 0.602 0.567 0.531

No. KH sample Viscosity IL

 Cohesion c, Angle of fiction φ of class 1

No. σ (kN/m2) τ (kN/m2) Use the LINEST function

Thus, the samples are selected.

Thus, the samples are selected.

No. Sample Sampling γw (km/m3) (γw – γwtb)2

-We have:γ tb=¿19.6(km/m3)

-Standard values:γ tc=γ tb=19.6(km/m3)

No. Sample Sampling Hollow coefficient for each pressure

No. KH sample Viscosity IL

 Cohesion c, Angle of fiction φ of class 2

No. Sample σ (kN/m2) τ (kN/m2) Use the LINEST function

Thus, the samples are selected.

1 HK1-4 7.8-8.0 20,1 0,0484

3 HK1-6 11.8-12.0 19,1 0,6084

4 HK1-7 13.8-14.0 19,4 0,2304

5 HK1-8 15.8-16.0 20,4 0,2704

6 HK1-9 17.8-18.0 20,2 0,1024

7 HK1-10 19.8-20.0 19,8 0,0064

8 HK1-11 21.8-22.0 20,5 0,3844

9 HK1-12 23.8-24.0 19,3 0,3364

10 HK1-13 25.8-26.0 19,9 0,0004

Total 198,8 2,036